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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Causes• Review: • German military build-up• Anschluss • The Sudetenland • Czechoslovakia • Germany invades Poland• England and France declare war on
Germany
Two Sides• 1. The Allies
- Britain, France, U.S.S.R., The U.S., Canada, and other Commonwealth countries• 2. The Axis
- Germany, Italy, and Japan
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Phony War• When Germany invaded Poland and
Britain and France declared war on Germany, neither country rushed to the aid of Poland, this was to become know as a period of “phony war”
• Hitler and Germany took Poland very quickly à less than 1 month using a strategy he called “Blitzkreig” (lightening war)
Here Comes Canada• Canada was now in charge of their own
dealings with foreign nations thanks to the Statute of Westminster (1931)
• So naturally, they waited a week after Britain declared war to declare war on Germany
• King called in Parliament and passed a war declaration
• He promised the war effort from Canada would be to help in the forms of food and manufactured goods, and very few soldiers.
• He also said there would be no conscription …
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Here Comes Canada Cont’d• The goal was to avoid dividing Canada on
the issue of conscription again• By 1940 however, Canada would make a
full scale war effort after France was defeated and Britain stood alone and also in danger of being defeated
• Germany had also already taken smaller countries such as Belgium and Norway
Not so Phony War• After France fell Canada was Britain’s
most powerful ally• UNTIL 1941• IN 1941 THE US WAS LOOKING FOR A
REASON TO GO TO WAR, BUT REALLY HAD NO REASON TO GET INVOLVED IN EUROPE THAT WOULD BE BELIEVED BY THE PEOPLE OF THE COUNTRY
• AND THEN JAPAN BOMBED PEARL HARBOUR AND THE US HAD A JUSTIFIED REASON TO DECLARE WAR AGAINST THE AXIS POWERS
• THIS IS A PERIOD OF TIME THAT HAS COME TO BE REFERRED TO AS TOTAL WAR
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Battle of Dunkirk
• MAY 25-31, 1940• FRANCE• GERMAN FORCES PUSHED THE ALLIES TO THE
ENGLISH CHANNEL • THE GERMANS TOLD HITLER THEY COULD DEFEAT
THE ALLIES IN 3 DAYS. BRITAIN AND FRANCE NEEDED TO EVACUATE OR THEY WOULD LOSE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF TROOPS.
• CIVILAN SHIPS AND PLEASURE CRAFTS CROSSED THE ENGLISH CHANNEL TO HELP EVACUATE THE SOLDIERS à THIS WAS A HUGELY HEROIC EXAMPLE OF BRAVERY FROM CIVILIANS
• THE WEATHER WAS FOGGY AND THE LUTWAFFE’S EFFORTS WERE INHIBITED.
• 338, 226 MEN WERE EVACUATED FROM DUNKIRK • THIS WAS A HUGE DEAL, AND BASICALLY A
MIRACLE
Battle of Britain• 1940-1941• BRITAIN WAS STILL UNCONQUERED • HITLER ORDERED MILITARY AND CIVILIAN
ATTACKS IN BRITAIN • BRITISH AND CANADIAN FORCES FOUGHT
THE GERMAN EFFORTS UNTIL THEY CEASED
• 8 MONTHS LONG• OVER 40, 000 DEATHS (MEN, WOMEN,
AND CHILDREN)
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Battle of Britain Cont’d• GERMANY COULD NOT GAIN AIR
SUPERIORITY OVER BRITAIN AND DECIDED TO TURN TOWARDS THE U.S.S.R
• THIS WAS THE FIRST GERMAN DEFEAT OF THE WAR
Battle of the Atlantic• BRITAIN GOT A LOT OF THEIR SUPPLIES
FROM COUNTRIES ACROSS THE ATLANTIC SUCH AS CANADA AND THE US
• MANY MERCHANT SAILORS FROM CANADA WORKED ON SHIPS CARRYING SUPPLIES TO BRITAIN
• THESE SHIPS WERE CONSTANTLY UNDER THREAT OF ATTACK FROM GERMAN SUBS
• THESE SHIPS CARRIED FOOD, FUEL, WEAPONS, ETC. They were important
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:More Battle of the Atlantic• Canadian soldiers also served on ships
that were to protect merchant ships• And then in 1940 Germany launched an
attack to cut off the supplies headed to Britain.
• These ships were basically the lifeline for Britain – this was bad!
• The Germans used u-boat wolf-packs to cut off supplies from overseas
• This was the worst in the “Black-Pit” à An area of the Atlantic that could not be defended by aircraft
• The threat of u-boats in the atlantic was constant after 1940
The War on the Eastern Front• Equal in importance to the war on the
Western front• Russia and Germany’s fight against one
another is known as the most expensive, most aggressive and largest fight in the war
• Some of the most aggressive and lethal battles in human history happened between Germany and russia in WWII
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The USA and the Lend Lease Act• The lend-lease act was passed by the
united states• This gave Roosevelt (The President) the
power to lend or lease military aid to Britain and the allies
• Up to this point u-boats were sinking allied ships faster than they could be made à after this Canadian and American shipyards were able to build merchant ships faster then U-Boats could sink them.
• This was a good thing J
Sailors on Merchant Ships• Were not given the same benefits as
veterans (navy, air force, or army) because they were considered civilian participants in the war
• They were ineligible for : pensionable benefits, free university education, housing or land grant benefits, financial aid for small business, health care benefits for small business
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Hong Kong• Keep in mind that while the war in Europe
is happening the war in the pacific is going on as well
• 2000 Canadian soldiers are sent to hold Hong Kong
• They are unable to hold Hong Kong
The US Enters the War• The United States boycotted Japan …• On December 7th 1941, the Japanese
attacked the US naval base at pearl harbour in Hawaii
• Pearl Harbour Attack • After this attack, The United States
declares war on Japan• Germany and Italy declare war on the US • Together the Allies decide on fighting and
defeating Germany first and then Japan
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Dieppe, France• In order to retake Europe the allies had
planned a series of attacks across the English Channel by 1942
• The French town of Dieppe was in enemy hands at this point, a raid was planned and Canadian troops were given the job of capturing the town
Dieppe: The Plan• The idea of the plan was that at night
Canadian troops would surprise enemy forces from the beach and bombers would simultaneously attack German guns from the air and destroy them.
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Dieppe: The Problems• The ships were delayed and landed on the
beach in daylight• Bombers were delayed on their attack • Soldiers began to run for cover and were
picked off one by one • Commanders on ships had no idea what
was going on on land because they couldn’t see what was happening
• They kept sending reinforcements in
Dieppe: The Aftermath• 4963 Canadians landed: 2853 were killed
or captured• On this day, more Canadians died in a few
hours than on any other day in WWII• (This was however, still less than vimy
ridge in WWI)• The town of Dieppe remained under
German control • Until the liberation of France in 1944
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:The Italian Campaign• “Soft underbelly”• In July of 1943 Canada invaded Sicily• Mussolini (remember him?) was forced
out of office• He was later shot and hung• The new Italian Government surrendered
on Sept 3, 1943• Italy declared war on Germany in 1944• Germany immediately seized control and
the allies faced German troops up the Italian Peninsula
More Italian “Soft Underbelly”• Germans held control of Northern Italy in
the Alps until the spring of 1945• Soldiers on the Italian Campaign are often
referred to as “D-Day Dodgers” because they were fighting when the main invasion of the mainland began
• The men who fought against Hitler’s elite Waffen SS Paratroopers are not really fond of this nickname
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:D-Day• The long awaited invasion on Europe
across the English Channel by the Allies• June, 1944• This was code named Operation Overlord• This involved almost 1 million solders• British, American, and Canadians• All of them stormed up on shore along the
coast of the French province of Normandy• The Allies were back on French Soil• This was the beginning of the end for
Germany
D-Day: The Canadians and Juno Beach• The Canadians objective was Juno Beach• Canadian troops poured out of their
landing craft and started to advance into the town of Caen across the sand
• They started at the first daylight • Canadians fought for months • Taking back all of the French ports along
the English Channel • Canadians also helped in the liberation of
Belgium and the Netherlands from German control
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Canada & The End of the War in Europe• Holland: The people who lived here had
suffered greatly under German control. Canadian soldiers were given the difficult task of liberating Holland.
• 6300 Canadians were killed or wounded in the operation
• By mid-April most of the German units had surrendered
• Canadians turned their attention to help the Dutch
• Canada also played a significant role in the Italian Campaign
Yalta Conference • February of 1945• Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met to
discuss final plans for German defeat
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The End of the War in Europe• March, 1945 • The Allies advance into Germany• May 8, 1945: German forces surrender
and the war in Europe is officially over • Ve or Victory in Europe Day• Allies agreed that the US, Britain, France,
and the Soviet Union should occupy France to oversee a program of political and economic reform
• Churchill’s declaration of peace and the end of the war
The End of the War: Japan• May 8th, 1945 peace came to Europe• The war in Japan continued• In the united states: Canadians, British,
and American scientists had been developing new technology
• The atomic bomb
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:End of the War in Japan Cont’d• President Truman in the United States
decided to bomb two Japanese cities • Hiroshima and Nagasaki• Approximately 500, 000 died• On august 15, 1945 the Japanese
surrendered• They realized that they could not go on in
a war where the enemy was willing to use atomic weapons on civilian populations
The Creation of the United Nations• At the end of the war • Delegates from countries of the world met
in San Francisco• They met to create an organization that
would make sure a global conflict such as WWI and WWII would never happen again
• A compromise was made between the United States, Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union (And other smaller countries)
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:U.N. Sponsored Organizations• World Health Organization: Battles global
Health Problems• United Nations International Children’s
Emergency Fund (UniCef): Originals responsible for assisting child welfare in countries devastated by WWII
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco): works to improve education standards and promote cultural activities
• Canada sees the UN as the best means to contribute to world peace to solve the problems of global health, pollution, poverty, and discrimination
Capturing Berlin• Spring 1945: Berlin is captured by the
Allies• Hitler called for anyone willing to defend
the city • He told them to go to the death• May 7th, Germany had surrendered all it’s
territories• May 8th became known as VE-Day (Victory
of Europe)• The Allies split Germany up into four
spheres of influence • Then the United Nations was established.
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:Hitler’s Death• April 29th Hitler married Eva Braun in his
personal bunker• The following day, they both committed
suicide • There has been a lot of speculation
around this death
Japan: The War in the Pacific Continues• The war in Europe ended on May 8th, 1945• The War in the Pacific continued • After a firebombing campaign of Japan
that destroyed numerous cities the allies prepared to invade Japan
• The United States accompanied by the United Kingdom and the Republic of China called for Japan to surrender by threatening “prompt and utter destruction”
• The Japanese ignored this
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Questions/Main Ideas: Notes:The Manhattan Project• August 1945• The allied Manhattan project used
Canadian uranium • Used to develop and test atomic bombs • The US Boeing B-29 delivered them
The Bombing of Japan• The Atomic Bombs were dropped with the
approval of US President Harry S. Truman • They were dropped on the Japanese cities
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945• These two events are the only use of
nuclear weapons during war • The “Little Boy” atomic bomb was
dropped on Hiroshima à Aug 6th, 1945• The “Fat Man” bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki à August 9th, 1945• The Japanese surrendered in September,
this was known as VJ-Day• They could not fight a war against people
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The Marshall Plan• Following WWII the economies of
European countries were falling apart• They had borrowed significant amounts
of money from the US and had been badly damaged in the years during WWII
• The USSR was unsure of Western countries and would not move out of the territories they had captured (Poland, Finland, and Germany)
• 1947, The Marshall Plan is created by the United States to try and help put money back into the European economy
• The Soviets did not participate
The Beginning of the Cold War• Before 1933, the US did not formally
recognize the USSR• Stalin distrusted western powers• Both the United States and the USSR were
the superpowers following WWII • They had opposing economic and political
views• Capitalism vs. Communism• Democracy vs. Totalitarianism • This clash between the US and the USSR
and their political and economic beliefs resulted in the Cold War
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NATO• As tensions in the post WWII world grew,
the western powers tried to give Germany back to the people
• The Soviets refused to do so• The United States created NATO – The
North Atlantic Treaty Organization à1949• This would unite and protect the western
powers
The Warsaw Pact• 1955• Soviets create the Warsaw Pact that
joined the eastern European powers together
• Hungary actually tried to resist the pact• No western powers came to their aid• Hungary was invaded by the Soviet Union
and forced into the pact
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Split• The world had now officially been split
into two camps and the Cold War had begun
The United Nations Created to:1. Keep peace among nations2. Increase cooperation between nations3. Defend human rights4. Improve the living conditions of people
everywhere in the world5. The U.N. sponsors a wide variety of
agencies that carry out legal, economic and humanitarian work around the world
By 1951, the U.N. had expanded it’s scope to developing countries
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