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Study Material of 24/6/2020

For Class Nursery to XII

Class Nursery

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Practice Book: Pg 20

· Reading Book Pg 31

· Do in the book

· Revision

Math

· Practice Book – Pg 48 (26 – 30)

· Do in the book

Art/Craft

· Pg 8

· Do in the book

Conversation

· Reading Book – Pg 26(1 – 5)

· Learn

Class KG I

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Small cursive letters

· Y, Z – write in copy

Math

· Numbers Name 1 – 5

· Write in the copy

Bengali

· সংখ্যা লেখঃ ১১ – ১৫

· Write in the copy

Hindi

· Rhymes है भगवान!

· Check WhatsApp for the audio (Listen, repeat and learn)

Drawing

· Learn how to draw an umbrella

· Check WhatsApp for the steps. (Do in the drawing copy)

Class KG II

Subject

Topic

Execution

English (Term I)

· Pg 51

· Do in the book

Science (Term I)

· Pg 127

· Do in the book

Bengali

· এসো লিখিঃ Pg ১৪

· Write in the book

Hindi

· Worksheet

· Check WhatsApp

Drawing

· Draw a chick and colour it

· Do in the drawing copy, (Check WhatsApp for the picture)

Class I

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

English 1 orchid

Mother’s love

The poem is about the love and care between every child and his/her mother. Be it humans or animals. And a mother’s love always understands, comforts, supports and guides her children through the challenges and hurdles that are found in the difficult journey of life.

**** Read the poem.

English 2

Sounds of animals

Done

Read page 66

Maths

Chapter 5

Done

Do in book page 212

No. 2

EVS

Chapter 9 good manners and habits

Healthy habits:-

Habit is the usual behaviour of a person how you behave with others.

You should include certain habits in your life to be healthy.

Some of them are-

# keep yourself clean.

# wear clean clothes.

# take a bath everyday.

# brush your teeth twice a day.

# chew your food properly.

Other good habits are-# never hurt animals

# be responsible

#throws garbage in the dustbin.

# study regularly

# You should always keep your class and school clean.

******* Read the chapter (full).

Class II

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Eng literature

CH 1 Brave Jiya

Book Orchid

Refer to pg 12

Ex J [do in the book]

*** read the sentences and then write.

Ex J ] Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

1. Rohit is in the playground.

2. He is with his friend.

3. They are playing football.

4. They are very happy.

Eng language

Ch 8 Having Verbs

REFER TO PG 45

DO IN THE BOOK

[read and understand and then write]

EX D] Fill in the blanks with have, has or had

Answers

1. had

2. had

3. has

4. has

EVS

Ch 8 Safety First

Children in this chapter

We will learn how to protect ourselves from any kind of accidents. We all should follow certain safety rules to protect ourselves. There are different places where we should keep in mind this safety rules. They are-

· safety at home

· safety on the road

· safety in a bus

· safety in a car

· Safety in swimming pool and playground and other safety measures.

*** Read pg 135 and 136

Bengali

বই –বর্ণ পরিচয়

পাতা–১৮

১। ণ–ফলাযুক্ত শব্দ লেখো :-

বিষন্ন , তৃষ্ণা , সহিষ্ণু , পরাহ্ন , অপরাহ্ন

২। ন- ফলাযুক্ত শব্দ লেখো :-

ভগ্ন , অগ্নি ,অন্ন ,রত্ন , ভিন্ন , নিম্ন , স্নেহ ,জাহ্নবী

৩।ম ফলা যোগে শব্দ লেখ:-

গুল্ম, যুগ্ম , আত্মীয় , পদ্ম , জন্ম , সম্মান , রশ্মি , ভস্ম , স্মরণ , বিস্মিত

Hindi

सर्वनामCh 7

सर्वनाम- जो शब्द संज्ञा शब्द की जगह बोले जाते हैं, वे सर्वनाम कहलाते हैं।

हिंदी में बोले जाने वाले कुछ सर्वनाम शब्द इस प्रकार हैं- मैं ,हम ,यह, तुम, यह, वह ,आप, मैंने, उसने,…..

** Read the chapter

Mathematics

CHAPTER-5 SUBTRACTION

WORD PROBLEM

2) MADHU BOUGHT 200 TOFFEES ON HER BIRTHDAY. SHE DISTRIBUTED 130 TOFFEES. HOW MANY TOFFEES ARE LEFT WITH HER?

SOLUTION:

HTO

NO. OF TOFFEES. = 200

NO.OF TOFFEES DISTRIBUTED = -130

------------------

LEFT = 70

-----------------

ANS:-70 TOFFEES WERE LEFT WITH HER.

**** PRACTICE THE GIVEN WORD PROBLEM

Computer

PLAYING WITH MS PAINT

THE SHAPES GROUP

DOES SHAPES GROUP ON THE HOME TYPE OF PERSON VARIOUS OPTIONS TO DRAW DIFFERENT SHAPES SUCH AS LINE, SQUARE, RECTANGLE AND OVAL ETC.

SAVING A PICTURE: THE STEPS ARE:

· CLICK ON THE PAINT BUTTON.

· CLICK THE SAVE OPTION.

· THE SAVE AS DIALOG BOX WILL OPEN UP.TYPE A FILE NAME.

CLICK ON THE SAVE BUTTON.

** READ THE SUMMARY PART

Class III

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Eng language

24/6/20

Ch 12 Verbs

Action words are called verbs. For eg play, walk, run, etc

Words such as sings, talks, plays also tell us about some action and so these are also called verbs.

Words like has, have , and had tells about what a person or a thing has.

For eg- She has a pet dog.

They have a nice car .

He had his birthday yesterday.

A verb is a word that tells us what someone or something is ,what someone or something does and what someone or something has.

Read pg 47 and 48 and try to understand the examples.

Bengali

বই – বাংলা সাহিত্য পরিচয়

পাঠ – ৮

গল্প – টুনটুনি ও রাজার কথা

লেখক – উপেন্দ্রকিশোর রায়চৌধুরী

অনুশীলনীর প্রশ্নোত্তর

১। সঠিক উত্তরে টিক দাও :-

ক) টুনটুনি ও রাজার কথা গল্পটির লেখক উপেন্দ্রকিশোর রায়চৌধুরী

খ) টুনটুনি যে টাকাটা তার বাসায় এনে রেখেছিল সেটি ছিল চকচকে।

গ) রাজার রানী ছিল সাতজন।

ঘ) রাজাকে ব্যাঙ ভাজা খেতে দিয়েছিল রানীরা।

২। একটি বাক্যে উত্তর দাও :-

ক) রাজার বাগানের এক কোণে টুনটুনির বাসা ছিল ।

খ) চকচকে টাকাটা টুনটুনি নিজের বাসায় নিয়ে গিয়ে রেখেছিল ।

গ) টুনটুনির বাসায় এক টাকা ছিল ।

ঘ) টুনটুনি যখন বলেছিল রাজার কাছে যে অর্থ আছে টুনির কাছেও সেই অর্থ আছে তখন রাজা খিলখিল করে হেসে ছিল ।

ঙ) জল্লাদ সাত রানীর নাক কেটে ফেলেছিল ।

চ) রাজা ঢেকুর তোলার পরে টুনটুনি পেটের থেকে বেরিয়ে এলো ।

ছ) রানীরা রাজাকে ব্যাঙ ভাজা খাইয়েছিল ।

জ) রাজার নাক কাটার জন্য রাজা নিজেই দায়ী ।

Science

Birds (Some other interesting facts about birds)

Some other interesting facts about birds

Eggs of birds – The eggs of birds are different shapes, sizes and colours. Ostriches are the largest birds in the world and the hummingbirds are the smallest birds in the world. That’s why ostriches lay the world's largest eggs and the smallest eggs are laid by the hummingbirds. The colour of the eggs is usually white but some birds lay coloured eggs.

Bird sounds – Birds communicate with each other by a variety of sounds. Birds make sounds to call other birds and define territory (locality). They alert other birds with high-pitched sounds when they face danger. Male birds sing to attract females.

Book’s Exercise

Question & Answers:

5. How does a chisel shaped beak help a woodpecker?

Ans. A chisel shaped beak of woodpecker helps them to poke holes in tree trunks and pull out insects.

Social studies

Our home planet Earth.

Solved exercises:

Answer the following:

1. Define the solar system.

Ans: The Sun, the eight planets, their moon and dwarf planets together form the Solar System.

2. What is a Satellite? Name the Earth’s natural satellite.

Ans: An object that revolves around a planet in an orbit is called a satellite.

Moon is a natural satellite of the Earth.

3. Why do you think Earth can support life?

Ans: Earth can support life because it is surrounded by a layer of air called atmosphere.

4. Differentiate between maps and globes.

Ans: Globes cannot be carried everywhere but maps are easy to carry. In maps, it is very easy to locate and compare different places at the same time but it is very difficult to locate a place in globe.

5. What is a compass?

Ans: A compass is a device used to locate the directions (North, South, East and West).

MATHEMATICS

Ch: 6

Division

Word problems on division

Exercise – 37

Working

9 558 62

-54

18

-18

3. The product of two numbers is 558. If one of them is 9, find the other.

· Solution:

The other number =

= 62.

Working

6 864 144

-6

26

-24

24

-24

6. There are 6 exercise books of the same kind. Find the number of pages in each exercise book if the total number of pages is 864.

· Solution:

The number of pages in each exercise book = = 144 pages.

Working

7 889 127

-7

18

-14

49

-49

9. A poultry farm sold 889 eggs in a week. How many eggs were sold each day?

· Solution: 1 week = 7 days

Number of eggs were sold each day = (8897)eggs = 127eggs.

11. 973 boxes of apples are to be loaded equally in 5 tracks. Find the maximum number of boxes loaded in each truck and the number of boxes left out

· Solution:

5 973 194

-5

47

-45

23

-20

3

194 boxes loaded in each truck and 3 boxes left out.

Practice at Home:

Exercise – 37

(7) and (10)

Class IV

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Social studies

India physical divisions

Solved exercises:


3. Why is Central plateau called the Black cotton soil region?

Ans: The Central plateau soil is good for growing cotton, so very often this region is known as the Black Cotton Soil region.

4. What is alluvium?

Ans: The fine silt which is deposited by the rivers is called alluvium.

5. Write about two main group of islands in India.

Ans: The two main group of islands in India are Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep islands.

English language

Gender

Grammatical gender is a system of noun classification.A common gender classification includes masculine and feminine categories. Masculine nouns are words for men, boys and male animals. Feminine nouns are words for women, girls and female animals.

Masculine.Feminine

1.Duke. Duchess

2.Waitor. Waitress

3.Landlord. Landlady

4.King. Queen

5.Bachelor. Spinster

6.Emperor. Empress

7.Host. Hostess

8.Prince. Princess

9.Lord. Lady

10.Salesman. Saleswoman

11.Grandfather Grandmother

12.Man-servant. Maid-servant

13.Peacock. Peahen

14.Milkman. Milkmaid

15.Actor. Actress

16.Shepherd. Shepherdess

17.Heir. Heiress

18.Count. Countess

19.Uncle. Aunt

20.Monk. Nun

21.Father. Mother

22.Bull. Cow

23.Nephew. Niece

24.Lion. Lioness

Bengali

বই–বাংলা সাহিত্য পরিচয়

পাঠ–১০

গল্প– বিবেকানন্দের ছেলেবেলা

লেখক–শশীভূষণ দাশগুপ্ত


১। সঠিক উত্তরে টিক দাও :-

ক) স্বামী বিবেকানন্দের ছেলে বেলার নাম ছিল নরেন।

খ) রামরতন বাবুর বাড়ির এক কোণে ছিল চাঁপা ফুলের গাছ।

গ) এখানেও গেছোসর্দার নরেন।

ঘ) রামরতন বাবু বললেন , দেখলাম ওই গাছটার ডালে বেম্ভদত্যি।

ঙ) নরেন সন্ধ্যার সময় চাঁপা গাছে দোল খাচ্ছিল।

২।একটি বাক্যে উত্তর দাও :-

ক) ছেলেরা রামরতন বাবুর চাঁপা গাছে দোল খেত।

খ) ছেলেদের সর্দারের নাম নরেন।

গ) ছেলেদের ভয় দেখানোর জন্য রামরতন বাবু বললেন চাঁপা গাছে ব্রম্ভদত্যি আছে।

ঘ) নরেনের বন্ধুরা রামরতন বাবুর কথা বিশ্বাস করেছিল।

ঙ) নরেন ছিল নির্ভীক , দৃঢ় চেতা ও দুরন্ত।

MATHEMATICS

Ch: 8

Factors & Multiples

Properties of multiples:

1. Every number is a multiple of 1.

2. Every number is a multiple of itself.

3. 0 is multiple of every number.

4. Every (non-zero) multiple of a whole number is either greater than or equal to the number.

Exercise – 34

1. List the first four multiples of 5.

· Solution: 5, 10, 15, 20.

2. List the first five multiples of 9.

· Solution: 9, 18, 27, 36, 45.

3. List the first three multiples of 17.

· Solution: 17, 34, 51.

5. Find the seventh multiple of 23.

· Solution: 237 = 161.

6. Is the fourth multiple of 3 equal to the third multiple of 4?

· Solution: Yes. [ Because, 34 = 12= 43]

7. Answer the following: (b) Is 48 a multiple of 12?

· Solution: Yes [Because, 48 is divisible by 12]

8. Say whether each of the following statements is true or false:

(a) 1, 2, 4, 6 are multiples of 2.

(b) 3, 6, 9, 18 are multiples of 3.

(c) 4, 8, 12, 18, 20 are multiples of 4.

· Solution:

(a) False [Because 1 is not multiple of 2].

(b) True.

(c) False [Because 18 is not multiple of 4].

9. Find the multiples of 4 which are greater than 20 but less than 32.

· Solution: 24 and 28.

SUBJECT- FRENCH (3RD LANGUAGE)

Les alphabets avec vocabularies

Alphabets with vocabularies

· Ananas

· Ballon

· Chat

· Dents

· Escargot

HOMEWORK:-LEARN THIS VOCABULARIES WITH PROPER PRONUNCIATION

Class V

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

COMPUTER

Algorithm and flow chart

1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM TO ADD TWO NUMBERS.

SOLUTION:

STEP 1-START

STEP 2-TAKE TWO NUMBERS

STEP 3-ADD TWO NUMBERS

STEP 4-STOP

2) DRAW A FLOW CHART TO ADD TWO NUMBERS

3) WRITE AN ALGORITHM TO INPUT FOUR NUMBERS AND FIND THEIR AVERAGE.

SOLUTION:

STEP 1-START

STEP 2- TAKE FOUR NUMBERS.

STEP 3-FIND THE SUM

STEP 4-FIND THE AVERAGE

STEP 5-STOP

4) DRAW A FLOWCHART TO INPUT FOUR NUMBERS AND FIND THE AVERAGE.

Solution:

*** PRACTICE THE SUMMARY PART

Science

Pollination

Self-pollination – When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers to the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant, it is known as self-pollination.

Cross-pollination – When the pollen grains get transferred from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same type, it is known as cross-pollination.

Book’s exercise

B. Write T for True or F for False: Correct the false statements.

1. Flowers help the plant in reproduction. – True

2. A flower is attached to the stem by a pedicel. – True

3. The stamens of a flower are together called the gynoecium. – carpels of a flower are together called gynoecium.

4. Pollen grains are formed inside the ovary. – pollen grains are formed in the anther.

5. A papaya plant has unisexual flowers. – True

Bengali


পাঠ–১৫

গল্প–মাস্টারদা

লেখক–অশোক কুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়

লেখক পরিচিতি:- বাংলা সাহিত্যে যাদের লেখার মধ্য দিয়ে আমরা স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামীদের কথা জানতে পারি তেমনি এক প্রথম সারির লেখক হলেন অশোক কুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়।

সারমর্ম:-

মাস্টারদা গল্পটিতে বিখ্যাত স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী সূর্যকুমার সেন ওরফে মাস্টারদার দুঃসাহসিক অভিযানের কথা বর্ণিত হয়েছে । চট্টগ্রামের কিছু তরুণ ছেলে উমাতারা হাইস্কুলের অঙ্কের শিক্ষকের আদর্শে এবং স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামে এগিয়ে আসার আহ্বানে উদ্বুদ্ধ হয়ে সশস্ত্র সংগ্রামে অবতীর্ণ হয়। তারা মাস্টারদার নেতৃত্বে চট্টগ্রামেইংরেজদেরঅস্ত্রাগার লুণ্ঠন করে আগুন লাগিয়ে দেয়। টেলিফোনওটেলিগ্রাফের অফিসে আগুন জ্বালিয়ে , রেল লাইন ভেঙ্গে ,মালগাড়িউল্টিয়ে বাইরের অন্যান্য অঞ্চলের সাথে যোগাযোগ বিচ্ছিন্ন করে দেয় । বৃটিশঘাঁটিতে উড়িয়ে দেয় স্বাধীন ভারতের পতাকা। মাস্টারদার এইউল্লেখযোগ্য পদক্ষেপের জন্য ভারতের স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামে মাস্টারদা সূর্যসেন চিরস্মরণীয় হয়ে আছেন।

প্রশ্ন :-

১। মাস্টারদা গল্পটি কার লেখা ? তার লেখনীর বিশেষত্ব কি ?

উঃ মাস্টারদা গল্পটির লেখক হলেন অশোক কুমার মুখোপাধ্যায়।

তার লেখনীর বিশেষত্ব হলো তিনি স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামীদের নিয়েই বেশি সাহিত্য রচনা করেছেন।

২। গল্পটি কাকে নিয়ে লেখা ?

উঃ গল্পটি স্বাধীনতা সংগ্রামী মাস্টারদা সূর্য সেনকে নিয়ে লেখা।

Social studies

The Indian Constitution

Solved exercises:

True or false:

1.True

2.True.

3.False.

4.True.


1.Define the term constitution.

Ans: The constitution is an important document that lays down the fundamental principles of a country.

2.Why was Constituent Assembly made?

Ans: To make the Constitution, an assembly of the elected representatives of the people was formed. It was called the Constituent Assembly.

3. What is the importance of the Indian Constitution?

Ans: The importance of the Indian Constitution are:

It contains the information on the structure, duties and responsibilities of the Government.

It prevents misuse of power by the Government.

It safeguards the rights of its citizens and provides the fundamental rights to protect them from any type of injustice by the Government.

4. What does our Preamble state?

Ans: Our Preamble states the vision and objectives of the constitution and the goals of the government.

5. What is Universal Adult Franchise?

Ans: All Indian citizens who are 18 years and above can vote. This is called Universal Adult Franchise.

English literature

Sour grapes

A fox was trotting on one day and he saw lovely grapes just above his head. The grapes where rich, ripe and purple- red. He was impatient to grab the fruit but it was too high. He gave it up by letting out a deep sigh. He then said to himself that he has wasted his time upon such a common fruit and he is sure that those grapes were sour.

The poet then concludes the poem by saying that we often say this in our real life. When we fail to do or achieve something in our lives, we often say like the fox that “we’re sure the grapes are sour”.

***** Read and learn the poem.

MATHEMATICS

Ch: 6

Common fractions

1. Addition of fractions:

(i) Addition of like fractions.

(ii) Addition of unlike fractions.

2. Addition of mixed numbers:

To add two or more mixed numbers, we change them to improper fractions and then add.

Exercise – 27

Add the following:

1.

· Solution: = = = 1

3.

· Solution: =

= = 2

13.

· Solution: The L.C.M of 4, 18 and 36 = 36

Now, ; and

= + = = = 1

= 1

15.

· Solution: The L.C.M. of 3, 9 and 24 = 72

Now, ; and

= + + = = = 1

2 9, 12, 24

2 9, 6. 12

3 9, 3, 6

3, 1, 2

23. 3

· Solution: =

Now, the L.C.M. of 9, 12 and 24

= 22233 = 72

; and

=

= + + = = = 8

Practice at Home:

9. 24. 1 + 2 +

Class VI

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

BIOLOGY

Ch-8 Adaptations

Pg-115

A. Short answer questions

1. Why do we find a variety of organisms in different habitats?

Ans - Every organism has a unique ecosystem within which it lives. All organisms need to adapt to their habitat to be able to survive. Those animals which cannot adapt to these changes die out, and only the adapted ones survive. Animals adapt to different a biotic factors in different ways. The result is variety of organisms present in different habitats.

2. Differentiate between desert and mountain habitats.

Desert habitats

Mountain habitats

1. Climate is hot

1. Climate is cold.

2. Covered with sand.

2. Covered with snow during winter.




· Ananas

· Ballon

· Chat

· Dents

· Escargot


Class VII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali


পাঠ–১৬

গল্প–সভ্য ও অসভ্য

লেখক–ঈশ্বরচন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগর


৪। ক) সভ্য ও অসভ্য গল্পে প্রকৃত সভ্য হলো আমেরিকার আদিম নিবাসী ব্যক্তিটি , কারণ সে ইউরোপীয় ব্যক্তি কে সাহায্য করে মানবিকতার পরিচয় দেয়।

খ) আমেরিকার আদিম নিবাসী ব্যক্তির ইউরোপীয় ব্যক্তির কাছে সাহায্য প্রার্থনার ঘটনাটির কথা বলা হয়েছে ।

এই ঘটনার ছয় মাস পরে ইউরোপীয় ব্যক্তি আমেরিকার আদিম নিবাসী ব্যক্তির কাছে সাহায্য প্রার্থনা করে।

গ) ইউরোপীয় ব্যক্তিটি অধোবদনে দন্ডায়মান রইলেন । পূর্বে আমেরিকান যখন তার কাছে অসহায় অবস্থায় সাহায্য প্রার্থনা করেছিল তখন তিনি সাহায্য না করে তাড়িয়ে দিয়েছিলেন কিন্তু ইউরোপীয় ব্যক্তি পরবর্তীকালে অসহায় অবস্থায় আমেরিকান ব্যক্তির কাছে সাহায্য প্রার্থনা করলে যথেষ্ট আদৃতহন , সেই লজ্জায় তিনি অধোবদনে দাঁড়িয়ে ছিলেন।

ঘ) সারমর্ম ও পূর্ববর্তী প্রশ্নোত্তর অবলম্বনে উত্তরটি নিজের ভাষায় লেখো।

History and civics

The Delhi Sultanate

Muhammad Ghori:

After a gap of 150 years, India was invaded again. Muhammad Ghori, the ruler of small Kingdom of Ghor in Afghanistan, captured Ghazni in 1173 A.D. and turned his attention to India. In his first invasion in 1190 AD, Muhammad Ghori occupied Peshawar, Lahore and Sialkot.

Ghori then turned to the Gangetic plain. However he was defeated in 1191 AD in the First Battle of Tarain by Prithviraj Chauhan the ruler of Delhi and Ajmer. Ghori himself was badly wounded. This time, although Prithviraj received some help from other rulers of the north, he was defeated and killed. This second Battle of Tarain 1192 AD and the victory of Muhammad Ghori on the Indian soil proved to be a turning point in the history of India. It also paved the way for the defeat of Jaichand of Kannauj in the Battle of Chandawar in 1194 AD. After finally annexing Kannauj in 1198 AD Ghori returned to Afghanistan.

Causes and Consequences of the success of the Turks:

Disunity among the Rajput rulers was the most important cause of Muhammad Ghori's success.

The Indian rulers continued to quarrel among themselves.

The Turks enjoyed military supremacy in terms of armour, planning and strategy as well as swift horses.

An important cause of the success of the Turkish Invaders was their religious zeal.

In 1206 AD Qutub-ud-din Aibak laid the foundation of the Delhi Sultanate under a dynasty popularly known as the Slave dynasty. He was the most trusted slave and commander Muhammad Ghori.

The rule of the Delhi Sultanate lasted about 320 years from 1206 to 1526 AD.

1. When was the First Battle of Tarain fought and between whom?

Ans: First Battle of Tarain was fought in 1191 AD between Prithviraj Chauhan and Muhammad Ghori.

2. What happened in the Second Battle of Tarain?

Ans: The Second Battle of Tarain was fought in 1192 AD. In this battle, Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithviraj Chauhan.

3. Give two causes of the success of the Turks.

Ans: The Indian rulers continued to quarrel among themselves.

The Turks enjoyed military supremacy in terms of armour, planning and strategy as well as swift horses.

GEOGRAPHY

ATMOSPHERE

IMPORTANCE OF THEATMOSPHERE:

1. The atmosphere protects the Earth from the solar radiation. It filters the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

2. The atmosphere traps the required heat of the sun and allows the rest to escape into space, thus maintaining a moderate temperature on the Earth. This ensures the existence of various life forms.

3. Meteors burn up in the atmosphere before they can hit the Earth’s surface.

4. Soil absorbs nitrogen and oxygen which is present in the atmosphere. This helps plants to grow.

5. The water cycle takes place due to the processes of evaporation, condensation and precipitation. Water vapor is a part of atmosphere, condenses to form clouds resulting in rainfall.

Q1. Write any two major impacts of atmosphere in our life.

A1. The two major impacts of the atmosphere are -

1. The atmosphere protects the Earth from the solar radiation. It filters the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.

2. The atmosphere traps the required heat of the sun and allows the rest to escape into space, thus maintaining a moderate temperature on the Earth. This ensures the existence of various life forms.

Class VIII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

CHEMISTRY

MATTER

Question 7.

Give reasons:

(a) A gas can fill the whole vessel in which it is enclosed.

(b) Solids cannot be compressed.

(c) Liquids can flow.

(d) When magnesium is burnt in air, there is an increase in mass after the reaction.

Solution:

(a) Because, in gases, the molecules are free to move. They are not stuck to each other and the intermolecular force of attraction is least in the gases. So the gas almost filled the whole vessel in which it is enclosed.

(b) In solids, particles are closely packed. The intermolecular space is almost zero due to a strong force of attraction. Therefore the molecules are not free to move, which makes them hard and rigid. So solids cannot be compressed.

(c) Due to the weaker intermolecular forces in liquids, the particles are not closely packed and hence there is large intermolecular space. So molecules in liquids can move randomly and hence liquids can flow easily.

(d) When magnesium ribbon is burnt in air, a white solid, magnesium oxide is formed. The mass of magnesium is more than the mass of magnesium oxide. This is because the mass of oxygen used is not taken. If that is considered, the total mass of the reactants and the products are found to be almost equal.

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

(Magnesium) (Air) (Magnesium oxide)

Question 8.

Fill in the blanks:

(a) The change of a solid into a liquid is called melting or fusion.

(b) The process in which a solid directly changes into a gas is called sublimation.

(c) The change of water vapour into water is called condensation.

(d) The temperature at which a liquid starts changing into its vapour state is evaporation or vaporization.

Question 9.

Give two examples for each of the following:

(a) The substances which sublime.

(b) The substances which do not change their state on heating.

Solution:

(a) Camphor, iodine, naphthalene, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), etc.

(b) Gases do not change their state on heating. For example, O2.

Question 10.

Define:

(a) Diffusion.

(b) Brownian motion.

Solution:

(a) Diffusion: The motion of their particles causes the intermixing of two or more substances in order to get a uniform mixture is called ‘diffusion’:

(b) Brownian motion: The haphazard, random motion of suspended particles on the surface of a liquid or in the air is called ‘Brownian motion’.

HISTORY AND CIVICS

TRADERS TO RULERS

BATTLE OF PLASSEY:-

The Battle of Plassey was a decisive victory of the British East India Company over the Nawab of Bengal and his French[1] allies on 23 June 1757, under the leadership of Robert Clive which was possible due to the defection of Mir Jafar Ali Khan, who was Siraj-ud-Daulah's commander in chief. The battle helped the Company seize control of Bengal. Over the next hundred years, they seized control of the entire Indian subcontinent and Myanmar - and briefly Afghanistan.

The battle took place at Palashi (Anglicised version: Plassey) on the banks of the Hooghly River, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Calcutta and south of Murshidabad, then capital of Bengal (now in Nadia district in West Bengal). The belligerents were the Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company. Siraj-ud-Daulah had become the Nawab of Bengal the year before, and he ordered the English to stop the extension of their fortification. Robert Clive bribed Mir Jafar, the commander-in-chief of the Nawab's army, and also promised him to make him Nawab of Bengal. Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta.[2]

The battle was preceded by an attack on British-controlled Calcutta by Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah and the Black Hole massacre. The British sent reinforcements under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal and recaptured Calcutta. Clive then seized the initiative to capture the French fort of Chandernagar.[3] Tensions and suspicions between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British culminated in the Battle of Plassey. The battle was waged during the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), and, in a mirror of their European rivalry, the French East India Company (La Compagnie des Indes Orientales)[1] sent a small contingent to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had a numerically superior force and made his stand at Plassey. The British, worried about being outnumbered, formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army chief Mir Jafar, along with others such as Yar Lutuf Khan, Jagat Seths (Mahtab Chand and Swarup Chand), Umichand and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan thus assembled their troops near the battlefield but made no move to actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army with 50,000 soldiers, 40 cannons and 10 war elephants was defeated by 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, owing to the flight of Siraj-ud-Daulah from the battlefield and the inactivity of the conspirators. The battle ended in 11 hours

*** Answer the following questions:-

SHORT NOTE:-The Battle Of Plassey

HOMEWORK: - Learn.

GEOGRAPHY

MIGRATION

URBAN TO RURAL/ SUBURBAN MIGRATION:

This migration takes place when the population outgrows the carrying capacity of an urban area, leading to congestion, pollution and unhygienic living conditions. As a result small towns and suburban areas they provide better living conditions, with more space to live in and convenient transport system. The workers prefer to live inthese suburban and commute to cities for work, as we see around big cities Mumbai, Kolkata, Bangkok.

URBAN TO URBAN MIGRATION:

Urban to urban migration is common in highly urbanized countries of the World. The inter-urban migration is governed by economic factors. People move to another urban culture with a view to improve their employment prospects.

RURAL TO RURAL MIGRATION:

Rural to rural migration is common in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and others countries. This is chiefly due to better prospects for farmers in terms of irrigation, extension of farmlands, reclamation of wastelands or better land reforms. This types of migration mainly involves movement of people from crowded agriculture lowlands to sparsely populated farmland areas undergoing developmental activities.

Q1. How the urban to rural migration take place?

A1. The urban to rural migration take place when the population outgrows the carrying capacity of an urban area, leading to congestion, pollution and unhygienic living conditions.

Q2. What is the main cause of rural to rural migration?

A2. The main cause of rural to rural migration may be better prospects for farmers in terms of irrigation, extension of farmlands, and reclamation of wastelands or better land reforms.

Q3. In which country, we can see the rural to rural migration?

A3. Rural to rural migration is very common in some developing and underdeveloped countries. It can be seen in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan etc.

COMPUTER

ALGORITHM AND FLOWCHART

OUR COMPUTER DOES NOT UNDERSTAND OUR LANGUAGE.THE LANGUAGES WE USE TO GIVE INSTRUCTIONS TO A COMPUTER ARE CALLED PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.

A PROGRAM IS A SET OF INSTRUCTIONS WRITTEN IN A LANGUAGE UNDERSTOOD BY A COMPUTER.

A PROGRAMMING TASK CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO STEPS.

FIRST STEP INVOLVED CREATING A SEQUENCE OF STEPS TO UNDERSTAND THE PROBLEM.

THE SECOND STEP INVOLVES IMPLEMENTING THE PROGRAM.

ALGORITHM

AN ALGORITHM IS A SEQUENCE OF STEPS CARRIED OUT TO SOLVE A GIVEN PROBLEM. ALGORITHM IS WRITTEN USING SIMPLE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. ALGORITHM MUST BE EFFICIENT AND WRITTEN WITH CLEAR AND LIMITED NUMBER OF STEPS.

YOU CAN SEE THE EXAMPLES IN PAGE 46 OF YOUR BOOK.

ALGORITHM IS NOTHING JUST A SEQUENCE OF STEPS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TO SOLVE THE GIVEN PROBLEMS.

FLOWCHART

A FLOWCHART IS A GRAPHICAL DEPICTION OF AN ALGORITHM. FLOW CHARTS SHOW THE SEQUENCE OF INFORMATION IN A PROGRAM. VARIOUS SYMBOLS ARE USED TO CREATE A FLOWCHART.

THE SYMBOLS WITH THEIR NAME AND MEANINGS ARE GIVEN BELOW IN A TABLE

RULES FOR CREATING A FLOWCHART

1. THERE CAN BE ONLY WON'T START AND STOP SYMBOL IN A FLOWCHART.

1. THE DIRECTION OF FLOW LINES MUST BE FROM TOP TO BOTTOM OR LEFT TO RIGHT.

1. THE ARROWS MUST ALWAYS BE MARKED WITH ARROW HEADS.

· USE PROPER SYMBOL AT EACH STEP LIKE INPUT/OUTPUT,DECISION OR PROCESSING.

EXAMPLES :

1) WRITE AN ALGORITHM TO ADD TWO NUMBERS.

SOLUTION:

STEP 1-START

STEP 2-TAKE TWO NUMBERS

STEP 3-ADD TWO NUMBERS

STEP 4-STOP

2) DRAW A FLOW CHART TO ADD TWO NUMBERS

3) WRITE AN ALGORITHM TO INPUT FOUR NUMBERS AND FIND THEIR AVERAGE.

SOLUTION:

STEP 1-START

STEP 2- TAKE FOUR NUMBERS.

STEP 3-FIND THE SUM

STEP 4-FIND THE AVERAGE

STEP 5-STOP

4) DRAW A FLOWCHART TO INPUT FOUR NUMBERS AND FIND THE AVERAGE.

SOLUTION:

***** READ THE SUMMARY PART

MATHEMATICS

Ch: 9

Interest

1. Principal (P): It is the money (sum) borrowed or the sum lent.

2. Interest (I): It is the money paid by the borrower to the money lender, for the use of money borrowed.

3. Amount (A): It is the total of the sum borrowed and the interest on it.

Amount = Principal + Interest [A=P+I]

4. Time (T): It is the time for which the money is lent or is borrowed.

· The formula for calculating interest: I = [R = rate of interest]

· The formula for calculating amount: A = P + I = P +

= P

(i) P = (ii) R = and

(iii)T =

Exercise – 9(A)

2. Rohit borrowed Rs.24,000 at 7.5% per year. How much money will he pay at the end of 4 years to clear the debt?

· Solution:

P = Rs.24,000: R = 7.5%; T = 4years

Amount = P = Rs.24,000

=Rs. = Rs.31,200

Rohit will pay Rs.31,200 at the end of 4 years to clear the debt.

3. The interest on a certain sum of money is Rs.1,480 in 2years and at 10% per year. Find the sum of money.

· Solution:

I = Rs.1,480; T = 2 years R = 10%

P = = Rs. = Rs.7400.

The sum of money is Rs.7400.

4. On what principal will the simple interest be Rs.7,008 in 6 years 3 months at 5% per year?

· Solution:

I = Rs.7008; T = 6years3months = 6 years = yrs. R = 5%

P =Rs.( ) = Rs. = Rs. =Rs.22,425.60

10. In what time will the interest on a certain sum of money at 6% be of itself?

· Solution: Let the sum of money be Rs.x

The interest =Rs. and R = 6%

Time = years = yrs. = yrs. =10yrs. = 10years 5 months

Practice at home: Ex-9(A)

12. Raj borrows Rs.8000; out of which Rs.4,500 at 5% and remaining at 6%. Find the total interest paid by him in 4 years.




· Ananas

· Ballon

· Chat

· Dents

· Escargot


Class IX

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Commercial

Studies

Chapter-7

Joint Stock Company

Let us today start with new chapter

Joint Stock Company.

A joint stock company is an incorporated association of persons having a separate legal existence, perpetual succession and common seal. Its capitals generally divided into shares which are transferable, subject to certain conditions.

Features of Joint Stock Company;

It has a separate legal entity.

It has a perpetual existence.

It has limited liability.

It use its common seal as its signature.

It is a voluntary association

Question:

Define Joint Stock Company.

Answer) Joint Stock Company is a voluntary association of individuals for profit, having a capital divided into transferable shares, the ownership of which is the condition of membership.

Explain the main features of Joint Stock Company.

Answer) Following are the main features of Joint Stock Company:

Voluntary Association- A Joint Stock Company is a voluntary association of certain persons formed to carry a common goal or purpose. Members of a company can join and leave the company at their will.

Separate legal entity: A Joint Stock Company is separate from its owner. A company has its own identity ,hence it can own property, make contracts in its own name.

Perpetual Existence- A company is created by law(Companies Act 1956),and can bring to an end only by law. Hence its continuity does not effect with the death, insolvency of members.

Limited Liability- Liability of every member is limited to the nominal value of the shares brought by him in the business. No members will be held liable for the debts of the company.

Artificial legal person- A company is an artificial legal person created by law. It exists only in contemplation of law. It has no physical body of human being.

Common Seal- Being an artificial person a company cannot sign of its own. Thus the company seal is affixed on all documents as a token of the company’s approval. The company’s seal is the official signature of the company

Economics

Chapter:4

Basic Problems of An Economy.

Today let discuss about the meaning of Resources, types of resources.

Meaning of Resources.

Resources are those materials which are made available and usable by the technology present with the objective of satisfying human wants. In other words, the natural substance that have utility and have the capacity to fulfil human needs are termed as natural resources.

Types of Resources

Resources are generally classified into natural, man-made and human resources.

Natural Resources- Natural resources are the contribution of nature. Whatever exists in nature and is usable by man is termed as a natural resources.

Man-made resources- Resources or new things made by humans exploiting the natural resources are called man-made resources. It made our life comfortable.

Example: Air- conditioner, refrigerator etc.

Question:

Define renewable resources.

Answer) Renewable resources refer to those resources which do not get exhausted with use, but get renewed by natural process. Like, wind energy, solar energy, forests area etc.

Define non-renewable resources.

Answer) Non-renewable resources refer to those resources which get exhausted with use and cannot be renewed. Like, fossils fuel, minerals.

What do you mean by Resources?

Answer) Resources are those materials which are made available and usable by the technology present with the objective of satisfying human wants. In other words, the natural substance that have utility and have the capacity to fulfil human needs are termed as natural resources.

Define man-made resources.

Answer) Resources or new things made by humans exploiting the natural resources are called man-made resources. It made our life comfortable.

Example: Air- conditioner, refrigerator etc.

Define natural resources.

Answer) Natural resources are the contribution of nature. Whatever exists in nature and is usable by man is termed as natural resources.

Chemistry

Chapter-1

L-2

The Language of Chemistry

Valency

Radicals

Valency:-

It is the combining capacity of the elements.

e.g. -

In water molecule H2 O, Oxygen atom has the capacity to combine with 2 atoms of Hydrogen. So, the valency of Oxygen atom is 2.

Electronic Concept of Valency:-

The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are called ‘Valence Electrons’ and the maximum valency of an element is equal to the Number of the Valence electrons.

Variable Valency:-

Certain elements have more than one combining capacity that is ‘Variable Valency’.

e.g. –

FeCl3 (Ferrous chloride) has valency of 3.

FeCl5 (Ferric chloride)has valency of 5.

Lower valency state ends with a suffix –‘ous’

Higher valency state ends with a suffix- ‘ic’

Radical:-

It is defined as an atom or a group of atoms which carries Positive or Negative charge and behaves as a single unit in chemical reaction.

It has two types-

Electropositive Radicals/Cations/Basic Radicals

The positively charged part

Electronegative Radicals/Anions/Acid Radicals

The negatively charged part

IMPORTANT QUESTIONS ABOUT TODAY'S TOPIC:-

1) What do you mean by Valence Shell and Valent Electron?

2) What is the Electronic concept of Valency?

3) What is the reason for Variable Valency?

4) State the different classifications of Radicals.

5) Classify the two different types of radical according to their valency.

EVS

Chapter 2 – Living Things in Ecosystems

Species interaction with each other

• Predation

A predator is an organism that eats another organism. The prey is the organism which the predator eats. Some examples of predator and prey are lion and zebra, bear and fish, and fox and rabbit.

• Competition

Ecological competition is the struggle between two organisms for the same resources within an environment. Resources are components of the environment that are required for survival and reproduction such as food, water, shelter, light, territory, and substrate. Members of the same species may also compete for mates. Competition among members of different species is referred to as intraspecific competition, while competition among members of the same species is called inter-specific competition.

Long Answer Question

Q) What are the abiotic components of eco system ? .

Ans-Abiotic component –

The non living components of ecosystem is known as abiotic component.

Following are the abiotic components-

1. Inorganic substance ( macronutrients and micronutrients )

2. Organic compounds

3. Climatic factors ( air water and humidity sunlight )

Climatic includes the climate, temperature and water. For example, sunlight is an example of a general abiotic factor that can lead to other more detailed abiotic factors such as humidity or even sweat. Abiotic factors refer to all the non-living chemical and physical factors present in the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and lithosphere. Sunlight, air, precipitation, minerals, and soil are some examples of abiotic factors. These factors have a significant impact on the survival and reproduction of species in an ecosystem.

Examples of A biotic Factors

Abiotic examples typically depend on the type of ecosystem. For instance, abiotic components in a terrestrial ecosystem include air, weather, water, temperature, humidity, altitude, the pH level of soil, type of soil and more. Abiotic examples in an aquatic ecosystem include water salinity, oxygen levels, pH levels, water flow rate, water depth and temperature.

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

English literature

All Sumner in a Day

Answer the following question:-

1) When would the Sun shine again? Why had the children locked Margot in the closet?

Ans:- The sun would shine after seven years. The children knew Margot loved the sun and had waited to see it. But they hated her and so did not want her to see the sun and locked her in the closet.

2) Why were the children avoiding looking at each other?

Ans:- The children glanced out at the world that was raining now and raining and raining steadily. They could not meet each other's glances. Their faces were solemn and pale. They looked at their hands and feet, their faces down because they were guilty of hurting Margot by not letting her see the Sun. Now it would shine on Venus only after seven years. They had been cruel to Margot.

Commercial Studies

Chapter-14

Banking

Let us today start with a new chapter: Banking

Today we will learn about the meaning of Bank, meaning of Banking and Types of Banks

Meaning of bank:

A bank is an institution which accepts deposits from the public and advances loans. It purchases and sells money and transacts other related business. A bank is different from other financial institutions which may accept deposits and advances loans but they cannot create credit.

Meaning of Banking:

Banking means the accepting for the purpose of lending or investment of deposits of money from the public repayable on demand or otherwise and withdrawal by cheques draft ,order or otherwise.

Types of Banks:

1. Commercial Banks:

These banks play the most important role in modern economic organization. Their business mainly consists of receiving deposits, giving loans and financing the trade of a country. They provide short-term credit, i.e., lend money for short periods. This is their special feature.

2. Exchange Banks:

Exchange banks finance mostly the foreign trade of a country. Their main function is to discount, accept and collect foreign bills of exchange. They also buy and sell foreign currencies and help businessmen to convert their money into any foreign money they need. Their share in the internal trade of a country is usually small. In addition, they carry on ordinary banking business too.

3. Industrial Banks:

There are a few industrial banks in India. Industries require capital for a long period for buying machinery and equipment. Industrial banks provide this type of Mock capital. Industrial banks have a large capital of their own. They also receive deposits for longer periods. They are thus in a position to advance long-term loans. IDBI(Industrial Development Bank of India), ICICI( Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India), IFCI(Industrial Finance Corporation of India)

4. Agricultural Banks

The main business of agricultural banks is to provide funds to farmers. They are worked on the co-operative principle. Long-term capital is provided by land mortgage banks, nowadays called land-development banks,

5. Merchant bank-

It is a company that conducts underwriting, loan services, financial advising, and fundraising services for large corporations and high net worth individuals. Some of the largest merchant banks in the world include J.P. Morgan, Goldman Sachs, and Citigroup.

6.Cooperative Banks;

These banks are organized by people with limited means for their mutual benefit. These are organized and managed on cooperative basis. They accept deposits from and grant loans to their members at concessional rate of interest. Such banks are found in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas there are agricultural cooperative banks which accept deposits and given loans to farmers and rural artisans. In urban areas cooperative banks accepts deposits and grant loans to their members.

7. Indigenous Banks;

These are moneylenders in villages and small towns. They accept deposits from and grant loans to farmers, artisans and local traders. They generally charge high rate of interest. They are also known by different names, e. g. Mahajans, Seths, Sahukars,etc.

8. Post Office Savings Banks:

Post Offices serves as savings for the benefit of general public. These banks accept various types of deposits from public and allow interest on these deposits. However restrictions are imposed on the amount and number of withdrawals per month. Saving Banks only accept small deposits but do not lend loans.

9. Central Bank:

The Central Bank is apex bank of a country. It control and regulates all other banks of a country. It controls the credit function of commercial banks of a country. The Reserve Bank of India is the central bank of India. It acts as a banker’s bank. It carries out the country’s monetary policy. It occupies a central position in the banking system of the country.

Geography

Natural Vegetation

CONSERVATION OF FORESTS:

Forest conservation means the proper use of forest resources without causing any adverse effect on our economy or environment. There is a need to develop and promote sustainable management of forests that are managed forhuman needs.

Vanamahotsava was launched to make people aware of the importance of planting trees. The Chipko Movement is a perfect example of general public awareness about forests.

Some steps that can be taken for forest conservation are:

1. Indiscriminate deforestation should be prohibited.

2. Wastage of forest resources, such as timber and fuel wood, should be avoided.

3. Forest fires should be prevented.

4. Reforestation of the deforested areas should be undertaken.

5. Large a forestation should be done in areas unfit for agriculture.

FOREST CONSERVATION ACT:

The Forest Conservation Act 1980 was enacted by the government of India to help conserve thecountry’s forests. It strictly restricts and regulatesthe de-reservation of forests or use of forest landform non-forest purposes without the prior approval lays down the prerequisites for the diversion of Central Government. To meet this end the Act lays down the prerequisites for the diversion of forest land for non-forest purposes.

SOCIAL FORESTRY:

The term, social forestry, was first used in 1976 by the National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India. Social forestry may be defined as the science and art of growing trees in and outside traditional forest areas like barren and deforested lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social and rural development.

Q1. Write some steps should be taken for forest conservation in India.

A1. Some steps that can be taken for forest conservation are:

a. Indiscriminate deforestation should be prohibited.

b. Wastage of forest resources, such as timber and fuel wood, should be avoided.

c. Forest fires should be prevented.

d. Reforestation of the deforested areas should be undertaken.

e. Large a forestation should be done in areas unfit for agriculture.

Q2. What do you mean by social forestry?

A2. The term, social forestry, was first used in 1976 by the National Commission on Agriculture, Government of India. Social forestry may be defined as the science and art of growing trees in and outside traditional forest areas like barren and deforested lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social and rural development.

Class XI

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

EVS

Chapter-2 Ecology

Chapter discussion completed

Answer the following questions briefly

Q. Draw a pyramid to show the energy flow .

Ans-

Q. Why is a food chain never very long ?

Ans -A food chain never very long .Most food chains have no more than four or five links. There cannot be too many links in a single food chain because the animals at the end of the chain would not get enough food (and hence, energy) to stay alive.

Class XII

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

POLITICAL SCIENCE

THE CONSTITUTION

An amendment of the Indian Constitution:-

It can be initiated only by the introduction of a Bill in either House of Parliament. The Bill must then be passed in each House by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting.

An amendment of USA Constitution:-

Congress may submit a proposed constitutional amendment to the states, if the proposed amendment language is approved by a two-thirds vote of both houses. Congress must call a convention for proposing amendments upon application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states (i.e., 34 of 50 states).

An amendment of UK Constitution:-

To make a new Act of Parliament, the highest form of law, both Houses must read, amend, or approve proposed legislation three times. ... In practice, most constitutional litigation occurs through administrative law disputes, concerning the operation of public bodies, and human rights.

Answer the following questions:-

Short notes:-

1.An amendment of Indian constitution.

2. An amendment of USA constitution.

3. An amendment of UK constitution.

Homework:- Learn.

Biology

Chapter -5: Inheritance & Variations

Today we will discuss about Mendel’s Principles or Laws of Inheritance

MENDEL’s Laws of INHERITANCE :

1. First Law: Law of dominance :Out of a pair of contrasting characters present together of , only y one is able to express itself while the other remain suppressed. The one that is dominant character and the one unexpressed is the recessive.

2. 2nd Law:Law of segregation : The two members of a pair of factors separate during the formation of gametes.

3. 3rdLaw : Law of Independent Assortment : When there are two pairs of characters , the distribution of the alleles of one character into the gametes is independent of the distribution of the alleles of the other character.

BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MENDELISM :

· It shows the pattern of inheritance of character from parents to offspring.

· It provides the reason for variation in the offspring.

· It also signifies that the characters are transferred from the parents to the offspring in the form of gene present in the chromosomes of gametes.

DIHYBRID CROSS : Mendel conducted experiments to study the segregation and transmission of two pairs of contrasting characters ( Yellow Round and Green Wrinkled ) at a time.

Mendel found that in F1generation, all seeds are round and yellow but in F2 generation, offspring were produced in the ratio of 9:3:3;1 . Hence, yellow round 9/16 , green round 3/16, yellow wrinkled 3/16 and green wrinkled 1/16.

Chemistry

Chapter -11: Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

Today we will discuss about nomenclature of alcohol by three different system

1. COMMON SYSTEM:

Common names of alcohols are obtained by adding the word ‘alcohol’after the name of alkyl group .Ex CH3OH – Methyl alcohol

2. CAR BINOL SYSTEM:

CH3OH is known as Caribnol and other alcohols are considered to be derived from methyl alcohol (Caribnol). EX CH3OH = Caribnol, CH3CH2OH (Methyl Caribnol )

3. IUPAC SYSTEM :

i) The longest continuous chain that contains the -OH group is selected as parent structure.

ii) The IUPAC name of the alcohol is then obtained by replacing ‘e’ of the corresponding alkane by the suffix ol .

iii) The position of the -OH group is indicated by the numbering the carbon chain so as to give the lowest possible number to the carbon bearing the –OH group.

iv) Hydroxyl groups take precedence over alkyl groups and halogen substituent in determining the direction in which a

Carbon chain is numbered. EX CH3CH2 CH2OH = Propan-1 –ol

FCH2CH2CH2OH= 3 –Fluro- propan-1-ol

v) Alcohol derived from alkenes or alkynes are referred to as alkenols or alkynols EX CH3CHOHCH= CH2-----bute- 3 –en-2-ol

vi) Cyclic alcohols are named using the prefix cyclo and considering the-OH group attached to C1. EX Cyclohexanol, 2 metylcyclohexanol etc.

Commerce

Chapter-5

Management

Let us today discuss about ;

Objectives of Management

Importance of Management

Objectives of Management:

Organisational/economical objectives

1. Survival: The most important objective of every business is to survive and in order to survive it should earn enough revenue to cover it’s costs.

2. Profit: It is the incentive of the word for carrying out a business. It is a situation when the firm’s revenue are able to cover cost and risks of the business.

3. Growth: It is an extension of objective of Survival and profit. Business organisation must grow and expand their activities in terms of sales, profits, number of products produced and sold.

Social Objectives:

These objectives deals with the commitment of an organisation. It involves creating employment opportunities for disadvantaged sections of society, providing good quality product at reasonable prices, any payment of taxes, using eco friendly methods of production and conducting business in fair and careful manner

Importance of Management

Importance of Management means some of the reasons that have made management worth- while. These are:

1. Management helps in achieving group goals. Every organisation has a set of goals to be achieved. Management is required in an organisation to achieve the goals by giving proper direction to the efforts of all individuals.

2. Management increases efficiency: By making optimum utilisation of all resources such as men, money and material, management increases efficiency.

3. Management creates a dynamic organisation: Every organisation works in and ever changing environment and individuals resist such change. Management helps people to adapt to these changes so that an organisation is able to maintain its competitive circumstances.

4. Management helps in achieving personal objective: Through motivation and leadership management help an individual to achieve his or her personal goals and fulfil his financial, social and higher level means.

5. Management helps in the development of the society: Management fulfils several social objective like providing employment, providing good quality product at reasonable price on using eco friendly methods of production and providing schools, hospitals and to the Employees. All these objectives contribute towards the development of society

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