TABLE OF CONTENTS

Letter From USGs Introduction to the Committee Agenda Item 1: Nuclear Armament Race Agenda Item 2: Nuclear Weapon Conflict Between the USA

and IR of Iran Past Actions

a) Past Actions on Nuclear Armament Raceb) Past Actions on Nuclear Weapon Conflict Between the

USA and IR of Iran Country Positions

a) The USAi. The USA’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

ii. The USA’s Policy on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

b) Islamic Republic of Irani. Iran’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

ii. Iran’s Policy on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

c) Russian Federationi. Russia’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

ii. Russia’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

d) Indiai. India’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

e) Francei. France’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. France’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict

between the USA and IR of Iran

f) Israeli. Israel’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. Israel’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict

between the USA and IR of Irang) North Korea

i. North Korea’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. North Korea’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon

Conflict between the USA and IR of Iranh) Pakistan

i. Pakistan’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. Pakistan’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict

between the USA and IR of Irani) Japan

i. Japan’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. Japan’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict

between the USA and IR of Iranj) Iraq

i. Iraq’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. Iraq’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict

between the USA and IR of Irank) United Kingdom

i. United Kingdom’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

ii. United Kingdom’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

l) PR Chinai. China’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. China’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict

between the USA and IR of Iran

m) Turkeyi. Turkey’s Position in Nuclear Armament Raceii. Turkey’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict

between the USA and IR of Irann) Saudi Arabia

i. Saudi Arabia’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

ii. Saudi Arabia’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

o) Italyi. Italy’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

p) Germany i. Germany’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Conclusion

LETTER FROM USGs

Esteemed Delegates,

It is a great pleasure for us to welcome you all in Disarmament and International Security Committee of KONYAMUN’19.

As a team, we have been working tough to make KONYAMUN’19 a unique experience for all of the participants. We strongly believe that this conference will provide all of its participants satisfaction derived from researching, learning and meeting new people.

In DISEC, you are going to discuss about nuclear armament race among countries, nuclear weapon they have and most importantly tension between USA and Iran. This is a significant topic that has been on the agenda of the world and has been discussed for a long while.

As the new generation, we must be aware of what's happening around us. While we were writing this study guide with our fellows, we had a chance to understand the importance of the problems of our world that we have heard a lot before, but have not paid much attention to. We read through lots of different sources and collected as much information as possible to make this guide useful. Hopefully, that study guide can actually guide your studies.

We are looking forward to see how creative solutions you are going to find for the beneficence of our world!

If you have any further questions or something you want to share, feel free to contact us via e-mail.

Sincerely,

Official e-mail account of DISEC is konyamun19disec@gmail.com to send your position papers 😊

The USGs of Disarmament and International Security Council

Edibe KURT & Ebrar ACAR

sadiyeedibe@gmail.com & ebraracar992@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE The Disarmament and International Security Committee was first created in the United Nations Charter, under Chapter IV, with intentions of advocating, debating, and solving matters of international disarmament and security. Out of six General Assembly committees, DISEC is also known as the First Committee in the United Nations. It is important to note that DISEC, while it deals with disarmament and international security matters, cannot specifically mandate individual state action, sanctions, or armed intervention.

Main purpose of the General Assembly is creating and maintaining cooperation and peace globally between states related to educational, security, cultural, health, social and economic concerns. The DISEC issues resolutions thus focusing on the establishment of disarmament and security at a global level.

The work of the Committee falls under seven thematic clusters:

Nuclear weapons Other weapons of mass destruction Outer space. (disarmament aspects) Conventional weapons Regional disarmament and security Other disarmament measures and international security Disarmament machinery

Regarding the members of DISEC, Under the United Nation’s Charter all 193 UN members are automatically eligible as representatives in DISEC’s body and have equal vote.

The official languages, which are used during the sessions of DISEC, are what take place in the scope of UN official languages. There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish.

REFERENCES:

1)https://bestdelegate.com/

2)https://www.un.org/

3)https://www.academicdestressor.com/

AGENDA ITEM 1: NUCLEAR ARMAMENT RACE

After years of wars in which swords, spears and other weapons were used, muskets and rifles had come to use. Because of the ability they had to kill more people with less time, they were quite popular.

But after years passing with the speed of newly-discovered science, scientists realized that atoms could be split. They saw that the energy atomic explosion created was extremely enormous. This brought the idea of producing a weapon out of the atomic energy.

Nuclear weapons were first created in 1930s. They are so powerful that if only one of them is used, it can destroy a whole city or a country. The radiation it spreads all over its target can even stay for centuries. Right after they were created and how their energy and power were huge was understood, a race to get it occurred among countries.

Leaded by the USA, countries started testing their nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons became a means for its producers to dominate their satellite states. Especially the USA was trying to get a higher position among other countries by producing and testing nuclear weapons. The efforts of the USA caused thousands of deaths, areas that cannot even raise grass, and a devastated Japan in the World War 2.

The only examples of nuclear weapons being used are Hiroshima and Nagasaki cities in Japan. After that, nuclear armament race got even more power. China, the USSR, the UK and some other countries started to produce and provide nuclear weapons to be the winning side on a possible nuclear war.

When the Cold War started, the USA and the USSR paid even more importance on nuclear armament. Therefore, it was thought that a raining-

death nuclear war was very close. It didn’t happen, but did cause the other countries to get armed.

Because of the race and inclination showed by other countries to get nuclear-armed and this danger being a huge problem even for uninvolved countries; the USA, the USSR, the UK, France and China which are the countries with nuclear weapon made efforts to stop the race and limit nuclear armament.

The most successful result of those efforts was Non-Proliferation Treaty which was signed by fifty countries.

Today; the USA, the UK, Russia, France, China, North Korea, India and Pakistan have nuclear weapons. With Israel whose nuclear action is unknown but believed to exist, the number of nuclear-armed countries goes 9.

REFERENCES:

1) http://www.tuicakademi.org

2) http://tasam.org

3) https://www.afad.gov.tr

4) https://www.ilimvemedeniyet.com

5) https://globalsecurity.org

6) https://www.armscontrol.org/

AGENDA ITEM 2: CONFLICT BETWEEN the USA and IR of IranBackground of the Conflict

Forty years after the 1979 Iranian Revolution, relations between the United States and Iran are as tense as they have ever been. As Iran advances its nuclear program and trains proxy forces throughout the Middle East, the potential for conflict continues to increase.

Iran has pursued a nuclear program since at least 1957, with varying degrees of success. By the late 1980s during a brutal war with Iraq, Iran decided to develop nuclear weapons to ensure its security and, consequently, Iran pursued nuclear agreements with China and Russia throughout the 1990s to support its ongoing research into the development of nuclear weapons. Under growing scrutiny and international pressure, in 2003-04 Iran agreed to terminate its nuclear weapons program, insisting only that it maintain its nuclear centrifuges for nuclear energy. However, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) discovered and exposed that Iran had continued to pursue nuclear weapons later in 2003 and a coalition of countries known as the P5+1—the United States, China, France, Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom—began a series of negotiations in an effort to constrain Iran’s nuclear program and prevent the development of nuclear weapons. To encourage Iran to cease uranium enrichment and come to the negotiating table, the UN Security Council imposed economic sanctions on Iran in 2006. The sanctions resulted in 20 percent domestic unemployment and a severe contraction of Iran’s gross domestic product, which in part enabled Hassan Rouhani to win Iran’s presidential election in 2013—he campaigned on promises to lift sanctions and restore the economy

Over the next two years, the United States convened several rounds of bilateral talks and led the P5+1 in negotiations with Iran, which resulted in

official agreement on the JCPOA in 2015. Once key parties had signed the agreement, the UN Security Council approved resolution 2231, which paved the way for sanctions relief. The JCPOA requires Iran to reduce its stockpile of enriched uranium by 98 percent for fifteen years, cut the number of operating centrifuges by two-thirds for ten years, and provide International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) inspectors access to enrichment facilities within twenty-four days if the IAEA suspects violations. Moreover, if the IAEA confirms violations, the JCPOA allows for the immediate reinstatement of sanctions. After the JCPOA entered into force on January 16, 2016, Iran received sanctions relief that totaled nearly $100 billion.

Though Iran’s nuclear ambitions were restricted by the JCPOA, Iran’s regional ambitions continued to grow. Iran has continued to arm and train Shiite militants through its Quds Force—the IRGC’s international arm—which has led to sectarian divisions. The Quds Force has provided advanced armed drones to Hezbollah in Lebanon, trained and funded more than one hundred thousand Shiite fighters in Syria, supplied ballistic missiles and drones to Yemen’s Houthis, and helped Shiite militias in Iraq build missile capabilities. The U.S. government considers Iran to be the foremost state sponsor of terrorism—spending more than one billion dollars on terrorist financing annually—and there are between 140,000 and 185,000 IRGC-Quds Force partner forces in Afghanistan, Gaza, Lebanon, Pakistan, Syria, and Yemen.

Iran has also continued to develop ballistic missiles, which, according to the United States, violates UN resolution 2231. In response, the United States continues to impose sanctions on Iran’s ballistic missile program and the IRGC through the Countering Iran’s Destabilizing Activities Act of 2017 and the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act.

Because the JCPOA only addressed Iran’s nuclear program—and not its revisionism or ballistic missile programs—the Trump administration asserted that the agreement was a stopgap. Thus, in May 2018, President Trump withdrew the United States from the JCPOA, pledging to seek a more comprehensive deal.

Iran has also continued to develop ballistic missiles, which, according to the United States, violates UN resolution 2231. In response, the United States continues to impose sanctions on Iran’s ballistic missile program and the IRGC through the Countering Iran’s Destabilizing Activities Act of 2017 and the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act.

Because the JCPOA only addressed Iran’s nuclear program—and not its revisionism or ballistic missile programs—the Trump administration asserted that the agreement was a stopgap. Thus, in May 2018, President Trump withdrew the United States from the JCPOA, pledging to seek a more comprehensive deal. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo subsequently issued twelve requirements for a new agreement, which Iranian Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded to by proposing seven conditions for remaining in the JCPOA. Since May 2018, the Trump administration has re-imposed and raised new sanctions against Iran and demanded that European countries withdraw from the JCPOA as part of a new containment strategy. France, Germany, and the United Kingdom refused to do so and have since attempted to devise a backchannel for trade with Iran; the Trump administration responded by threatening European allies and European companies with consequences should they continue to do business with Iran. Iran’s oil exports have since decreased by more than half. U.S. sanctions have sparked the worst economic crisis Iran has faced in forty years and emboldened Iranian hardliner.

REFERENCES:

1) https://www.aljazeera.com/2) https://theconversation.com3) https://www.bbc.com4) https://www.cnbc.com5) https://www.economist.com/6) https://www.un.org/

PAST ACTIONS

Past Actions on Nuclear Armament RaceBefore 1940: With the new discoveries being made and studies on atom, the science slowly approached modern nuclear technology. The World War 2 started in 1939.

1942: The Manhattan Project was established by the USA that pursued to create the first nuclear weapon.

1945: On July, the first nuclear test which starts the nuclear age was done by the USA. The tested nuclear weapon, Trinity, had a power equal to 20.000 tonnes of TNT.

On 6 August, the USA dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, killing more than 140000 people within months. Many more died of radiation-caused illnesses on the advancing times.

On 9 August, the other Japanese city Nagasaki shared the same destiny with Hiroshima. About 75000 people died until the end of 1945.

1946: After witnessing many people die in Japan, UN called to eliminate nuclear weapons and set up a commission to deal with the atomic problem.

1949: The USSR practised its first successful nuclear weapon test, becoming the second country to do so.

1952: On October, The UK becomes the third country to test a nuclear device with its test in Australia.

On November, the USA tests the first hydrogen bomb which equals 500 Nagasaki bomb.

1955: Bertrand Russell, Albert Einstein and other leading scientists published a manifesto, warning all governments about the nuclear danger.

1958: The UK started a campaign for nuclear disarmament.

1959: According to the Antarctic Treaty, “any nuclear explosion in Antarctica and the disposal there of radioactive waste material shall be prohibited”.

1960: France practised its first nuclear weapon, an atomic bomb, in the Sahara Desert.

1961: The largest and strongest bomb ever, nicknamed “Tsar Bomb” was tested by the Soviet Union.

1962: Cuban Missile Crisis occurred when the USA discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba. The crisis brought the superpowers to the brink of a nuclear war.

1963: The Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed by the USA, the USSR and the UK.

1964: China attended the group of countries that had conducted their nuclear tests.

1968: The NPT was signed.

1974: India conducted its first nuclear test, codenamed “Smiling Buddha”.

1982: One million people rallied in New York City’s Central Park to support disarmament. This was the largest anti-war demonstration in the history.

1986: On September, Israel’s nuclear programme was revealed by the Sunday Times. The information coming from an Israeli nuclear technician concluded that Israel might have up to 200 nuclear weapons.

On October, US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev met and discussed an abolition for nuclear weapons.

1987: The Soviet Union and US sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty to eliminate all land- based missiles held by the two states.

1996: On July, The International Court of Justice points out that threat or use of nuclear weapons would generally be contrary to international law.

On September, the CTBT was opened for signatures at the UN. Unlike China, France, the UK, Russia and the US, India didn’t sign.

1998: Pakistan conducted six nuclear weapons as a tit-for-tat for India that conducted three underground nuclear tests.

2003: North Korea declared its withdrawal from NPT.

2006: The North Korean government announced that it had successfully conducted a nuclear test, becoming the eighth country in the world to do so.

2007: The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons was founded. It demanded an immediate prohibition for nuclear weapons.

2013: The Norwegian government hosted the first-ever intergovernmental conference to examine the humanitarian impact of nuclear weapons, bringing together diplomats from 128 states.

2014: The second and third humanitarian conferences was held in Mexico and Vienna, both calling for a ban and stigmatization for nuclear weapons.

2016: North Korean President Kim Jong-Un confirmed that North Korea had tested a hydrogen bomb.

2017: On July, the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons was ratified by 90 countries.

On September, North Korea conducted its seventh nuclear test with a yield between fifty and two hundred fifty kilotons, causing an international crisis.

REFERENCES:

1) http://www.tuicakademi.org

2) http://tasam.org

3) https://www.afad.gov.tr

4) https://www.ilimvemedeniyet.com

5) https://globalsecurity.org

Past Actions on Nuclear Weapon Conflict Between the USA and IR of Iran

1953: The CIA-backed coup overthrows the Mossadegh government

1957: US - Iran signs nuclear agreement

Iran, under Shah Reza Pahlavi, signed a nuclear agreement with Washington on March 5, 1957 under the "Atom for Peace" policy on the use of atomic energy for civilian purposes.

1979: Iran annulls nuclear deal

1979 - 1981: The Hostage Crisis

Shortly after the Iranian Islamic Revolution, the regime-backed Iranian students who raided the US Embassy in Tehran on November 4, 1979, took 52 diplomats hostage. Negotiations were held between President Ronald Reagan and Iran. The US suspended oil imports from Iran to increase pressure, and Iran's billions of dollars were frozen. American diplomats were released on January 20, 1981, 444 days later, under the Algerian Agreement, as the longest-lasting diplomatic

hostage crisis in modern history. Washington pledges not to intervene in Iranian policy in exchange for diplomats release

1985 - 1986 Iran-Contra Scandal

1980 - 1988 Iran and the Iraq War

1988: Tensions in the Persian Gulf

American battleships sunk an Iranian frigate in the Persian Gulf. In addition, the US bombed two Iranian oil platforms near the Strait of Hormuz.

2003: The invasion of Iraq

2011: The Syrian Civil War

2015: The Yemen Civil War

2018: Trump withdraws from nuclear dealUS President Donald Trump announced on 8 May 2018 that he had withdrawn from the nuclear agreement signed with Iran in 2015 under former President Barack Obama. Trump then re-imposed heavy sanctions on Iran, including the energy sector.

2019: Iranian Army of Revolutionary Guards on terror list

President Trump announced in April that he recognized the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Army as a terrorist organization. For the first time, Washington described the military power of a country as a terrorist organization.

REFERENCES:

1) https://www.businessinsider.com/

2) https://www.foxnews.com/

3) https://abcnews.go.com/

4) https://www.express.co.uk/

5) https://www.un.org/

COUNTRY POSITIONS

THE USA

a) The USA’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

As the country which started nuclear studies almost the earliest among the others and is the only country that used nuclear weapons, the position of the USA in the nuclear world is irreplaceable. As the World War 2 was going on, the USA carried on nuclear studies that it had started just before the war. In 1941, the USA declared war against Japan and went to the war.

After four years, with the purpose of finishing the war, the USA used two atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. The attack caused so many deaths (between 154000 - 224000 people) that no other country dared to use nuclear weapons again.

With the World War 2 ending in 1945, nuclear armament studies got more power and spread to the other countries. In 1947, the Cold War started and because of the two superpowers stocking more nuclear weapons day by day, a devastating nuclear war was expected. But it never happened.

In 1963, the USA signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty which stipulated banning nuclear tests on the atmosphere, sea and out space. After a big lot of accidents happening and the possibilities of big massacres while nuclear weapons are being transported, the NPT was signed by a few countries including the USA.

Until the end of the Cold War, nuclear armament race went on gaining power. As the Cold War ended, everything calmed down and efforts to limit nuclear empowerment and tests got more power. In 1996, the USA was one of the countries that signed Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) which was accepted by the United Nations. As a step to decrease nuclear weapons

and make the nuclear armament race slow down, the USA and Russia signed Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (SORT) in 2002. According to the treaty, both countries would limit their strategic nuclear warheads between 1700-2000.

√ The USA is the biggest producer of nuclear power in the world, considering more than %30 of worldwide nuclear generation of energy.

√ The USA has 98 operating nuclear power reactors in 30 states, operated by 30 different power companies.

√ The USA possesses 6185 nuclear warheads which means a huge amount.

b) The USA’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

The relations between the USA and Iran have been strained since 1979, the year in which the Shah Revolution happened. The revolution restructured the relations, and the allies of the first half of the 20th century turned out to be poles apart.

In fact, when Iran started its own nuclear programme they had support from the USA and European countries. After the revolution, the study had been shelved until the USSR became an ally to Iran which didn’t have another alternative.

The opposition of the USA towards Iran about nuclear developments had other reasons, but was mainly because with the reactors and stations being opened day by day, Iran’s work gained the qualification to produce nuclear weapons.

The USA’s George Bush describing Iran as an “axis of evil” and the USA policies on Iran at that era triggered Iran even more to keep working on the nuclear program. On the advancing years, the USA’s UN-backed sanctions on Iran got answered with intimidations of Iran.

After the president of Iran changed, the new president Rouhani pointed out that his country would never produce nuclear weapons and wants to start a result-focused negotiation process in 2013. As a result in 2015, Iran and the P5+1 countries that include the USA came to an agreement.

However, after the new president Trump was elected, the game restarted with the USA declaring its withdrawal from the agreement in 2018. This fired the complex situation in the Middle East. The USA is trying to get more countries on its side. In this context, some agreements like INSTEX and alliances of other countries with Iran has come to a full stop. The tension keeps increasing.

REFERENCES

1) http://www.nukleer.web.tr/

2) https://www.world-nuclear.org/

3) https://insamer.com

4) https://www.armscontrol.org/

THE ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN

a) Iran’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

The year Iran attended the nuclear armament race is 1957. Iran’s nuclear program was launched as a part of the USA’s “Atoms for Peace” program. Iran’s cooperation in this program was mainly with the European countries and the US. Iran signed Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) in 1968.

A German company began the construction of the first nuclear plant near Iran’s south eastern city of Bushehr in 1974. But the Iranian Revolution of 1979

changed everything about Iran and most of the alliances and cooperation with other countries were cut off. Therefore, as the new Iranian administration cancels all the agreements, the construction stopped.

During the Iran-Iraq War, Iran was led to decide to once again embark on a nuclear program. Iranian officials concluded that the country’s nuclear development should continue. Consequently, an agreement between Iran and Russia on building a two-unit nuclear power plant and providing Iran with nuclear experts and technical information was signed in 1992.

When the 2000s started, the revelation of Iran’s clandestine uranium enrichment program raised concerns that it might be intended for non-peaceful uses. The IAEA launched an investigation in 2003 after an Iranian dissident group revealed undeclared nuclear activities carried out by Iran. The IAEA said Iran has failed to comply with NPT after the agency finds traces of highly enriched uranium. Because of Iran’s noncompliance with its NPT obligations, the United Nations Security Council demanded that Iran suspend its enrichment programs.

Iran’s response remained negative as the UN and the other countries imposed sanctions and blocked negotiations. Neither the West believed the excuses Iran made, nor Iran accepted suspending its enrichment programs.

In exchange for suspending its enrichment program, Iran has been offered “a long-term comprehensive arrangement which would allow for the development of relations and cooperation with Iran based on mutual respect and the establishment of international confidence in the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran’s nuclear program.” However, Iran has consistently refused to give up its enrichment program, arguing that the program is necessary for its energy security, that such “long term arrangements” are inherently unreliable, and would deprive it of its inalienable right to peaceful nuclear technology.

Various talks between Iran and P5+1 countries (the permanent five members of the UN Security Council -the US, the UK, Russia, China, France- plus Germany) were held in different cities like Istanbul or Baghdad, but no progress was made until the president of Iran changed. With the new president Hasan Rouhani’s take-over, the tense situation slowed down a little. Even more, Hasan Rouhani and the US president of the time Obama talked by phone about the nuclear program, marking the highest level of contact between the two countries’ leaders since the revolution in 1979.

Reaching an agreement took years for the sides. In mid-July 2015, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Iran was signed, after protracted negotiations. Iran agreed that over the next 15 years it will not enrich uranium above 3.67% and will reduce its stockpile of low-enriched uranium (over 200kg of it near 20% enriched) from 9000 to 300 kg of enriched uranium.

Iran has expressed a willingness to remain in the JCPOA despite the U.S. withdrawal in 2018, and all other P5+1 states reiterated their commitment to full implementation of the deal.

b) Iran’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

Since 2015 in which the JCPOA was signed, relations between Iran and the P5+1 countries advanced without a problem. The US elections on 2016 concluded with Donald Trump’s glory and a new era started on the USA’s foreign policy.

Even before he was selected, during the presidential campaign, Trump referred to the JCPOA as the worst deal ever negotiated and pledged to renegotiate it. One month after Trump was selected, the Congress passes a 10-year extension of the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA), which becomes law on December 15th. Response of Iran wasn’t late and President Rouhani announces Iran will respond by researching and developing nuclear propulsion for marine vessels. The conflict went on as the US blames Iran and Iran denies all the accusations.

On 8 May 2018, the new US President Trump officially withdrew the United States from the JCPOA and reinstate U.S. nuclear sanctions on the Iranian regime.

As the world entered to 2019, the conflict gained more power. In May 2019, Iran announced that it would no longer be bound by stockpiles limitations on enriched uranium and heavy water reserves in the JCPOA and could restart construction on its unfinished heavy water reactor at Arak and resume higher level enrichment in the future if the other parties to the agreement do not deliver on sanctions relief. Everything can now change in a minute.

REFERENCES

1) http://www.nukleer.web.tr/

2) https://www.world-nuclear.org/

3) https://insamer.com

RUSSIAN FEDERATION

a) Russia’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) nuclear weapons program began during World War II and culminated in a successful nuclear test on 29 August 1949. The Soviet explodes a nuclear weapon code-named “First Lightning” in Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan. It becomes the second nation to develop and successfully test a nuclear device.

Especially in terms of state economy, scientific research and innovations; The Soviet has always seen the USA as its biggest opponent. Obviously making a qualified progress on the way of improving nuclear weapons was one of the purposes of The Soviet to move ahead of United States. With the effects and returns of Cold War which broke out towards the 1950s, both United States and The Soviet Union started to allocating high budgets seriously for forceful nuclear devices and tests to prove their superiorities to the whole world and each other.

On 11-12 October 1986 a discussion meeting which was expected to come to an agreement has been held so, US President Ronald Reagan and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev meet at Reykjavik, Iceland, where they seriously discuss the possibility of achieving nuclear abolition. As a consequence, The Soviet Union and the US sign the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty to eliminate all land-based missiles held by the two states with ranges between 300 and 3,400 miles.

The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, which was signed by five countries, including Russia and the USA, opens for signatures at the United Nations.

Russia has historically participated in numerous bilateral arms control treaties and initiatives with the United States. These bilateral initiatives helped reduce the Russian arsenal substantially from its Soviet-era peak of about 40,000 warheads to approximately 4,350 according to the most recent estimate. Under the terms of the New START agreement, signed in April 2010, Russia was required to cut its strategic nuclear arsenal to 1,550 operational warheads and

800 deployed and non-deployed launchers by February 2018. According to the February 2018 New START data exchange, Russia met this obligation.

In accordance with the last updates, in today’s world Russia shares more than %90 of the total nuclear warheads with United States.

b) Russia’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between USA and IR of Iran

Russia’s direct involvement in the U.S.-Iran conflict, should such a confrontation take place, is highly improbable. From the Russian perspective, Iran serves as a valuable geostrategic foil to U.S. dominance of the Middle East and its resulting ability to further influence global oil and gas prices to Russia’s detriment. Iran also limits the U.S. ability to reallocate its resources to pressure Russia to enter into the U.S.-led international order. In withdrawing from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) and re-imposing sanctions, the Trump administration is forcing other countries to choose between trade ties with Iran and with the United States—essentially no choice at all. Countries that had been importing Iranian oil have been obliged to stop, and are in need to provide oil, currently from the United Arab Emirates but likely more from Russia in the future. Other countries, now unable to do business with Iran, will inevitably have to approach Moscow, whose oil is of lower quality than Iran’s in terms of sulfur content. Furthermore, in the longer term, this may even soften the European policy of sanctions on Russia. This would undoubtedly be a major achievement for the Kremlin. At the same time, Russia’s pro-JCPOA rhetoric gives it a chance to build a platform of cooperation between Moscow and the EU, in opposition to the US.Although Moscow could financially gain from a politically isolated and less economically competitive Iran, the geopolitical fallout from a regime change in Teheran will significantly outweigh the potential economic benefits. A war against Iran would also shake the Pax Americana regional security architecture in the Persian Gulf, giving Moscow—which has already benefited from its intervention in support of Syrian dictator Bashar al-Assad—greater opportunity to reduce American influence in the Middle East. REFERENCES: 1) https://www.icanw.org/

2) https://www.nti.org/

INDIA

a) India’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

It seems India is going to be supporting Iran in that conflict. In a written statement from the Indian Navy, "the Indian Navy in the Gulf of Oman, after the developments in maritime security, the Basra and Gulf of Oman to serve or to pass the flag of India ships (ships) shipped to the region, " the statement said. The navy's Chennai and Sunayna warships were shipped to Oman and the Persian Gulf to conduct maritime safety operations, the statement said. In addition, aircraft belonging to the Indian navy in the region said that aerial surveillance. The local press assessed that the energy security of the country in connection with New Delhi's decision was linked to the transit security of its ships in the Persian and Arabian Gulf. Additionally, India is one of nine countries who have nuclear. The total number of nuclear weapon is 160.

FRANCE

a) France’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or biological weapons. France was the fourth country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon in 1960, under the government of Charles de Gaulle. The French military is currently thought to retain a weapons stockpile of around 300 operational nuclear warheads, making it the third-largest in the world, speaking in terms of warhead. France relies on nuclear deterrence as an ultimate guarantee of French sovereignty. It adheres to its principle of “strict sufficiency” whereby it keeps its nuclear arsenal at the lowest possible level in accordance with the strategic context.

Historically, France has adopted a conservative approach towards nuclear disarmament. In September 1996, Paris signed and two years later ratified the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), and dismantled its nuclear testing sites at the Pacific Testing Center (CEP) in 1998. [38] France also no longer produces fissile material for nuclear weapons, ceasing production of plutonium in 1992 and production of highly enriched uranium (HEU) in 1996.France's maintains up to 300 warheads and deploys submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) and fighter aircraft. In February 2015, President

François Hollande reaffirmed this warhead limit, which was first announced by former President Nicholas Sarkozy in 2008.Home to 58 nuclear power plants generating about 75 percent of the country's electricity, France has a robust civil nuclear sector. France is also Europe's largest provider of electricity generated from nuclear power, which it regularly supplies to neighboring countries such as Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

b) France’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

Having good relationships with the both sides, France plays a significant role as a peacekeeper in the tense situation between the US and Iran. Many efforts and initiatives have been made by French executives to get Iranian and American officials to sit on the table to negotiate. Even more, President Emmanuel Macron has developed a four-point framework that looks like a plausible basis for a resumption of US-Iranian dialog. Macron’s formula is vague and aspirational, but it meets the basic demands of Washington and Tehran.

REFERENCES:1) https://www.armscontrol.org/ 2) https://www.nti.org/

ISRAEL

a) Israel’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Though Israeli officials have never confirmed or denied the existence of the country’s nuclear weapons and have stated that Israel will not be the first country to introduce nuclear weapons in the Middle East, experts estimate that it possesses 80-90 nuclear warheads and enough fissile material for 200 total warheads. Israel has deliberately maintained a highly ambiguous nuclear posture and nuclear doctrine and has been secretive about its capabilities, but it is believed to have developed a nuclear triad for delivering its nuclear weapons. Some reports have claimed that Israel maintains offensive biological and chemical weapons activities. Israel is not a party to the NPT and never signed or ratified the Biological Weapons Convention and signed but never ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention. Israeli officials have been vocal critics of the nuclear deal with Iran, known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of

Action (JCPOA), and have made public threats to attack Iranian nuclear facilities. Israel has taken military action in the past against what it considered were proliferation threats in Iraq and Syria.

b) Israel’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

Israel is preparing to stand by the US in a possible war in the region as Iran withdraws from the nuclear deal, drops a US unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and shoots oil tankers in the Gulf.

NORTH KOREA

a) North Korea’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

North Korea has a military nuclear weapons program and, as of early 2019, is estimated to have an arsenal of approximately 20–30 nuclear weapons and sufficient fissile material for an additional 30–60 nuclear weapons. North Korea has also stockpiled a significant quantity of chemical and biological weapons. North Korea possesses a large and increasingly sophisticated ballistic missile program, and conducts frequent missile test launches, heightening East Asian tensions. In 2017, North Korea successfully tested the Hwasong-14 and Hwasong-15, its first ICBMs, which some experts believe gives North Korea the capability to deliver a nuclear payload anywhere in the United States.

b) North Korea’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

Iran and North Korea are the foremost destabilizing actors in their regions and rank among the world’s most repressive regimes. The threats posed by Iran and North Korea to the U.S. and its allies are broad and multifaceted. The Iranian-North Korean threat is compounded by the two nations’ cooperation, especially in the realm of nuclear and ballistic missile development.

PAKISTAN

a) Pakistan’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Pakistan currently has a nuclear “triad” of nuclear delivery systems based on land, in the air and at sea. Islamabad is believed to have modified American-

built F-16A fighters and possibly French-made Mirage fighters to deliver nuclear bombs by 1995. Since the fighters would have to penetrate India’s air defense network to deliver their payloads against cities and other targets, Pakistani aircraft would likely be deliver tactical nuclear weapons against battlefield targets.

b) Pakistan’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

Pakistan and Iran's relationship is often viewed as peripheral to Pakistan's relations with the United States, Saudi Arabia, India and Afghanistan. Pakistan’s relations with both US and Iran have been intertwined in the past. Map it on to a timeline and a similarity emerges: in the 1960s under General Ayub Khan and in the 1970s under Bhutto, Pakistan had an inclination towards the US and was friendly with Iran. It received support from India during its war with India twice and in countering turmoil in Balochistan. After the Islamic Revolution and Afghan War, where Iran’s relations with the US reverse, they did leave an impact on Pakistan as well that is often accused of supporting the Sunni Taliban.

JAPAN

a) Japan’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Japan's nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation policy is comprised of four main pillars:

1.The Atomic Energy Basic Law of 1955, which restricts Japan's nuclear energy use exclusively to peaceful purposes;

2.The "Three Non-Nuclear Principles" adopted in 1968 by the Japanese Diet, in which Japan pledges not to manufacture, possess, or permit the introduction of nuclear weapons onto Japanese soil;

3.Tokyo's compliance with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) and its active participation in strengthening the NPT regime; and

4.Tokyo's reliance on the U.S. extended nuclear deterrent. In the case of USA and Iran Japan is expected to be neutral.

b) Japan’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

Abe stayed in the Iranian capital as the first Japanese prime minister to visit the country in 41 years, with the stated aim of defusing tensions between Tehran and Washington Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Kono said his country would use its good relations with both Iran and the United States to try to alleviate tensions between the two countries Recalling that Japan is neutral in its beliefs in the Middle East and has no negative relationship with the region, Kono stressed Japan's long-standing friendship with Iran. He added that Japan will be able to talk sincerely to all parties and will do all it can to reduce regional tensions through dialogue.

IRAQ

a) Iraq’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Iraq today has no active nuclear, chemical, biological or ballistic missile programs, and is a member of all relevant non-proliferation treaties and regimes.

b) Iraq’s Reaction on Nuclear Weapon Conflict Conflict between the USA and IR of Iran

Iraq, which has a fragile structure in political, economic and social fields, was among the countries that the US granted 180 days exemption for Iran sanctions. This exemption was simply postponed instead of solving the problem. Because it was not a real exemption the US granted to Iraq. Iran's dependence on imports of electricity, natural gas and food makes it impossible for Iraq to comply with US sanctions. While the US focuses on production alternatives to eliminate this dependency, it seems impossible to achieve this in a short-term way. On the other hand, in line with its policy of establishing balanced relations with regional and international actors, Iraqi Prime Minister Adil Abdelmehdi has repeatedly stated that they will not comply with US sanctions. Not only the government, but also the religious leader Ali Sistani reacted to Trump's unilateral policies that squeezed Iraq. Sistani stated that they do not accept the use of Iraqi territory for actions that would harm neighboring countries. On the other hand, most Iraqi politicians are not satisfied with the US military presence in the country.

The UK

a) United Kingdom’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Initially conducting its own research, the United Kingdom later sent several scientists to Los Alamos to contribute to the Manhattan Project. Following the war, and the passing of the Atomic Energy Act in the United States, the United Kingdom decided to pursue its own nuclear weapons program. This program was led by William G. Penney—a British scientist who worked on the Manhattan Project. Penney's position at Los Alamos Laboratory equipped him with the tacit knowledge needed for a successful nuclear program.

Multiple factors influenced the United Kingdom's decision to pursue an indigenous nuclear weapons program. As a result of its diminished economic and military strength in the immediate post-war years, the United Kingdom viewed nuclear weapons as a way to maintain its status as a global power. An independent nuclear deterrent was also intended to augment, or at least "hedge" against a breakdown of, the U.S. nuclear guarantee in Europe.

b) United Kingdom’s Reaction on the Conflict Between the USA and IR of Iran

The UK's Foreign Office minister, Andrew Murrison, has warned Iran to stop its attacks in the Gulf of Oman as fears of conflict between Iran and the USA grow.

CHINA

a) China’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

China possesses nuclear weapons, a range of ballistic missile capabilities, and the ability to develop chemical and biological weapons. A key uncertainty is how current military modernization efforts will ultimately reshape China's strategic nuclear capabilities. China is diversifying and modernizing its nuclear arsenal, and U.S. officials and experts remain concerned about the lack of transparency surrounding China’s nuclear arsenal and doctrine. U.S. deployments of missile defenses, the weaponization of space, and cyber warfare capabilities will likely influence China’s future military development.

China currently participates to some degree in all of the multilateral regimes dedicated to the non-proliferation of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons. It has also joined or enacted control lists consistent with export control regimes concerning proliferation-sensitive goods and technology. Although Chinese controls on the trade of sensitive WMD-related materials have improved over the last decade, the United States continues to sanction Chinese companies for sensitive exports.

b) China’s Reaction on the Conflict Between the USA and IR of Iran

China does not want a conflict between US and Iran, and continues to call for restraint as the parties are locked in dispute over the nature of the Iranian nuclear programme. However, despite their good relations with Tehran, the Chinese could consider the creation of a US-led military escort force for shipping in the Persian Gulf as the lesser of two evils.

TURKEY

a) Turkey’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Turkey is not known to possess nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons or weapons programs, and is a member in good standing of all of the major treaties governing their acquisition and use. Turkey is also active in proliferation prevention efforts such as the U.S.-led Proliferation Security Initiative. While Turkey is situated in a notoriously "dangerous neighborhood" and is often mentioned as a possible proliferation domino should Iran acquire nuclear weapons, it has relied on the nuclear and conventional deterrence provided by U.S./NATO security guarantees for more than half a century. Turkey's dedication to then non-proliferation regime is further solidified by its commitment to the European Union accession process, as prospects for Turkish EU membership would be gravely diminished should Turkey choose to develop nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons. Thanks in part to decades of U.S. military aid and cooperation, Turkey has robust conventional defense capabilities, including short-range ballistic missiles. Ankara is also working to procure advanced ballistic missile defense capabilities.

b) Turkey’s Reaction on the Conflict Between the USA and IR of Iran

Iran sanctions will further burden the Turkey-US relationship. In terms of Turkey, the topic is seen so: Unilateral withdrawal from a multilateral

international agreement signed as a result of prolonged negotiations and saying, ’I do not like this agreement, I will impose heavy sanctions on you again if you do not accept my new conditions’ is contrary to the spirit of international negotiations and practices. If this situation becomes commonplace, no country will be able to make an agreement with the other because there is no guarantee that the next administration will comply with the agreement. The second reason for Turkey's principled stance on issues related to all kinds of resolving international disputes through dialogue and negotiations. Ankara already thinks that the language of sanctions and threats does not help anyone under the conditions of the crisis. Other reasons related to Turkey's interests; President Erdogan in Iran as stated considered a strategic partner for Turkey, one of the main forces in as regional and economic have very good relations and our primary energy provider, in this case just wants a wing in the US said Turkey is against Iran Turkey to take tough attitude is not realistic that even under Obama did not attend to these unilateral sanctions.

SAUDI ARABIA

a) Saudi Arabia’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

Saudi Arabia does not possess weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) and is a party to most relevant non-proliferation treaties and agreements. Saudi Arabia possesses intermediate-range ballistic missiles capable of delivering unconventional warheads, although Riyadh has publicly declared that it will only pair these missiles with conventional payloads.

b) Saudi Arabia’s Reaction on the Conflict Between the USA and IR of Iran

Statements from Riyadh and the US Central Command (CENTCOM) have confirmed the deployment of US forces in Saudi Arabia amid a looming threat of war with Iran.

Riyadh and Washington have not revealed the number of troops that will be deployed in the kingdom, but some US media reports claim at least 500 American soldiers will be located at the Prince Sultan military air base, south of Riyadh.

Relations between Tehran and the US have deteriorated significantly since President Donald Trump withdrew from the 2015 nuclear deal last year and re-imposed tough sanctions that have hit Iran's oil exports.

ITALY

a) Italy’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race

In the 2018 Brussels Summit, NATO reaffirmed that the fundamental purpose of NATO’s nuclear forces is deterrence, and that as long as nuclear weapons exist, NATO will remain a nuclear alliance.

Italy, as a NATO country hosting U.S. nuclear weapons, is not a signatory to the UN Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW).

Unlike other NATO countries, Italy passed a resolution that allowed the Italian government to consider ratifying a ban on nuclear weapons. This suggests that the TPNW and NATO states are not necessarily incompatible.

GERMANY

a) Germany’s Position in Nuclear Armament Race In the 2018 Brussels Summit, NATO reaffirmed that the fundamental

purpose of NATO’s nuclear forces is deterrence, and that as long as nuclear weapons exist, NATO will remain a nuclear alliance.

Germany is a member of the Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Initiative (NPDI), a group of non-nuclear weapon states dedicated to disarmament, non-proliferation and peaceful nuclear activities as outlined in the NPT and the 2010 NPT Review Conference.

Germany, as a NATO country that hosts U.S. nuclear weapons, does not support the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). It believes U.S. nuclear weapons are vital to Germany’s security.

REFERENCES:

1) https://www.voanews.com/

2) https://www.cnnturk.com/

3) https://www.bbc.com

4) https://www.euronews.com/

5) https://www.trtworld.com/

6) https://www.japantimes.co.jp

7) https://www.aljazeera.com/

8) https://www.dw.com

CONCLUSION The DISEC Committee aims to establish general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles

governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments. In this context, considering that only one nuclear weapon can destroy a whole city, potentially

killing millions, and jeopardizing the natural environment and lives of future generations through its long-term catastrophic effects, nuclear arms and the

race among countries for nuclear arming is unacceptable. Furthermore, Nuclear Weapons Conflict between USA and Iran is also because nuclear

weapons, and a potential nuclear war between the two sides in all probability will cost lives of millions and contamination of land and sea caused by radiation emission on a large scale. It would be wiser for the countries that have nuclear

power to focus more on protection of world peace and a solution for the tension between Iran and the US.