Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy

134 P. K. Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 7/5/2020

For Class Nursery to XII

Class Nursery

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Letter ‘L’

· Write in the copy

Math

· Numbers ‘12’ & ‘13’

· Write in copy

Hindi

· बाल गीत - छुट्टी (कविता)

· Listen and repeat

Bengali

· স্বরবর্ণ

· ‘ঐ’ ‘ও’ বর্ণ দুটি ৫ লাইন লেখ – write in copy

Class KG I

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· Write E – H

· Write in cursive letters E-H in copy

Math

· Forward counting 35-50

· Write in copy

Activity

· Card Making for Mother’s day.

*Use folded A4 size sheet, ear buds and paints

· Make a flower with the help of earbuds and colours. Dab the buds into the paint then onto your card. Inside the card write ---

‘Happy Mother’s Day’

Class KG II

Subject

Topic

Execution

English

· 6 CVC words with ‘a’ in the middle.

· Learn

Math

· Table of 1

· Write in copy

Bengali

· বানান লেখ ১-১০

· Write in copy

Hindi

· ऋ की मात्रा से 5 शब्द

· Write in copy

Class 1

Subject EVS

Topic festivals and celebrations

We celebrate many festivals. We enjoy and have fun on festivals.These are of two types:

· National festivals

· Religious festivals

National festivals

Festivals which the people of a nation celebrate to recall an important event of the past are called National festivals.Some of them are:

Republic day

It is celebrated on January 26 every year.The President of India hoists the NationalFlag on this day at Rajpath in New Delhi.

Independence day

It is celebrated on August 15 every year. India got freedom on this day. The Prime Minister of India hoists the NationalFlag at the Red Fort in New Delhi, on this day .

Gandhi Jayanti

It is celebrated on October 2 every year.It is the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.

Religious festivals

People of different religionscelebrate different festivals in different ways.Letus read about them.

Diwali

It is the festival of lights. On this day ,we decorate our homes with diyasrangoli and lights.People exchange gifts and sweets.

Dussehra

On this day, Lord Rama killed Ravana,the demon king of Lanka.Models of Ravanastuffed with crackers are burnt on this day.

EidulFitr

EidulFitr is celebrated after a whole month of fasting.People goes to the mosque to offer prayers or namaz.

Guru Parab

It marks the birthdays of the major Gurus of Sikhs. On this day, people go to Gurudwara to pray.Colourful processions are taken out at various places.

Christmas

It is celebrated on December 25 every year. It is the birthday of Jesus Christ.People decorate Christmas trees on this day and go to church to pray.

Other celebrations

APerson’s birthday is a special day for him or her. We celebrate birthdays with our family and friends.

Wedding is also a special day.It is celebrated with family members and friends, over several days.People sing, dance and eat lots of sweets and tasty food in weddings.

Subject Maths

Orderingofnumbers:-

1.Ascending/increasingorder:- When numbers are arranged from smaller to bigger number, then they are said to be in increasing or ascending order.

2.Decreasing/ descendingorder:- When numbers are arranged from bigger to smaller number ,then they are said to be in decreasing or descending order.

Write in Increasing order:-

1)5, 0,2,9,6

Ans:-0, 2,5,6,9

2)9, 12, 15, 7, 3

Ans:-3, 7, 9, 12, 15

Write in decreasing order:-

1)8, 1,4,7,0

Ans:-8, 7,4,1,0

2)13, 19, 6,16,4

Ans:-19, 16, 13, 6, 4

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Class 2

Date -7/4/20

Subject – EVS

Topic- ch 5 Eating Healthy [ pg 114 and 115]

Children in the last chapter we have learnt that our body is like a machine which has different parts and each part performs different functions. Just like a car needs petrol or diesel to move similarly our body needs food to move and do work. Food is our basic need because -

· It gives us energy to work

· It helps us to grow

· It keeps us healthy and fit to fight diseases.

Our body need different kinds of food and we need them all daily to keep fit. Foods can be divided into 3 types -

1. Energy –giving food- We need energy to do our work and foods like wheat,potato,rice etc are all energy –giving food.

2. Body building food- Food that helps us to grow and become strong are called bodybuilding food such as pulse, milk, eggs etc.

3. Protective food- We need food to remain healthy and and build a strong immunity that can fight against all kinds of diseases. Example green leafy vegetables, and fruits.

Key words

Disease- a condition of bad health

Fulfil- to satisfy a need

Energy- strength to do different activities

Protect- keeps us safe from harm

CLASS II DATE-07/05/20

SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER- ORDINAL NUMBERS

ORDINAL NUMBERS

REPRESENTATIONS

FIRST

1st

SECOND

2nd

THIRD

3rd

FOURTH

4th

FIFTH

5th

SIXTH

6th

SEVENTH

7th

EIGHTH

8th

NINTH

9th

TENTH

10th

ELEVENTH

11th

TWELFTH

12th

THIRTEENTH

13th

FOURTEENTH

14th

FIFTEENTH

15th

SIXTEENTH

16th

SEVENTEENTH

17th

EIGHTEENTH

18th

NINETEENTH

19th

TWENTIETH

20th

PRACTICE THE TABLE

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CLASS III DATE-07/05/20

Subject: social studies Topic: Changes and adaptation

Tanya lived with her family in Gurugram. Due to her father’s work, they have to move to United States of America. Tanya was excited as well as sad because she was going to leave her friends. Sunaina, Tanya’s friend asked her mother that why Tanya’s father had been shifted to US and her mother replied and told her that Tanya’s father has a transferable job. So after every few years he gets transferred to a new place.

Apart from getting transferred from one place to another due to job, there are many other reasons people migrate. Some people move from one place to another to earn money for livelihood, some people move from a small town to cities for better education. Sometimes the whole community is forced to shift to a new place for some reason. This is called displacement. Now we will get back to Tanya’s life. Tanya’s flight took 20 hours to reach New York. As soon as they got down, first thing they did was to adjust their watches according to the local time zone in the US. They were very happy to see skyscrapers, cleaned roads, disciplined traffic, clean sky, beautiful houses. They compared it with the environment in their own country.

Word meaning:

Displacement- shifting of a community for some reason.

Skyscrapers – a very tall buildings of many floors or storeys.

Migrate – moving from one place to another.

Local time zone – a region where the people observe same standard of time of that particular place.

Subject: Science

Ch: 1 (Living and Non-living Things)

Features of living things:

4. Living Things Feel: Living things can feel the changes around them. Animals have sense organs such as eyes, nose, ears, tongue and skin to feel the surroundings. Insects like cockroaches have feelers that help them to feel.

Plants are living things, so they can also feel the changes around them. They feel the warmth of sunlight, the leaves of touch-me-not plant close when we touch them.

5. Living Things Grow: Living things grow from babies into their adult form. A child grows into an adult, a chick grows into a hen, a kid grows into a goat etc. In case of plants, a sapling or a baby plant grows into a tree.

6. Living Things Reproduce: Living things produce babies. Human beings, cows, dogs, cats, tigers give birth to babies. Some animals such as birds, snakes, frogs, fish and insects lay eggs and their babies come out of these eggs.

Plants produce new plants from their seeds, roots and stems.

7. Living Things Give Out Waste: Living things produce waste products. They give out waste to stay well and fit. Animals give out waste such as urine and sweat. Our nose helps us to remove impure air from our body.

Plants also produce waste. They remove waste gases and excess water through their leaves and also through their barks which is the outermost layers of stems of woody plants.

Non-living things do not feel, don’t grow, do not reproduce and also do not give out waste.

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Class IV

Subject: social studies

Topic: Movement and domains of the Earth

Revolution:

The movement of the Earth around the sun is called revolution.The earth move around a fixed path called an orbit. The orbit of the Earth is elliptical in shape. The Earth takes 365 ¼ days to complete one revolution. Our calendar has 365 days. The balance of ¼ days is addedup together for 4 years in a row, which gives us an additional 24 hours or one day. After every 4 years this day is added in the month of February. Thus after every 4 years February has 29 days in that particular year. The year with 366 days is known as leap year.

The picture above shows the revolution of the Earth.

Seasons:

Seasons occur because of:

1. Revolution of the Earth and

2. The tilt in the axis of Earth

When our part of the Earth leans towards the Sun, the other part moves away. The part leaning towards the Sun experiences summer, while the other part leaning away from the Sun experiences winter. But sometimes during Earth’s revolution, the two poles are at an equal distances from the Sun. This is the time when we experience autumn and spring. It’s neither too hot nor too cold. Seasons are very important forhumans, plants and animals as they greatly influence our lifestyle.

The above two pictures shows about the different seasons of the Earth.

Class: IV Subject: MATHEMATICS

Date: 07/05/2020 Ch: 4 (Addition)

Ch 4: Addition (Word problems)

Word problems/Story problems: Once you know your basic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division), you will encounter story problems, also known as word problems, which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answer.

The most common types of word problems are distance problems, age problems, work problems, mixture problems, number problems.

Addition Word Problems: The concept of addition is used in many daily life situations. We should read the problem and find out what is to be done, then solve it.

Exercise-9

12. The cost of a scooter is Rs.5685 more than the cost of a T.V. If the cost of the T.V. is Rs. 22643, find the total cost of scooter and T.V.

· Solution:1 1

1st Part:The cost of the T.V. is Rs. 2 2 6 4 3

The cost of the scooter is Rs. + 5 6 8 5 more

The cost of the scooter is Rs. 2 8 3 2 8

2nd Part: Now, the scooter is Rs. 2 8 3 2 8

And the cost of the T.V. is Rs. +2 2 6 4 3

Total cost is Rs. 5 0 9 7 1 The total cost of scooter and T.V. is Rs. 50971

13. A milk booth sold 25802, 22729 and 29083 litres milk in the last quarter of 2017. How much total milk was sold in the last quarter?

· Solution:

[A quarter refers to one-fourth of a year and is typically expressed as “Q1” for first quarter, “Q2” for second quarter, and so 3er and 4th. Here in the given problem – “The last quarter means, last three months.]

So, milk sold in the last quarter of 2017,1 1 1 1

2 5 8 0 2 litres

2 2 7 2 9 litres

+2 9 0 8 3 litres

7 7 6 1 4 litres

Total 77614 litres milk was sold in the last quarter.

14. Three ropes are 52381 metres, 22832 metres and 5912 metres long respectively. Find the total length of these ropes. Write the number sentence.

· Solution:

Three ropes are, 1 2 1

5 2 3 8 1 metres

2 2 8 3 2 metres

+ 5 9 1 2 metres

8 1 1 2 5 metres The total length of the ropes is 81125 metres.

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Class V

Subject: social studies

Topic: Evolution of Man

Sources of information:

There are many archaeological sources of information which tell us about the lives of early humans. Some of them are:

Fossils:

Evolution of human took place in Africa. The fossils of early humans excavated from different sites tell us a lot about their physical appearance and features. The bones, their sizes and shapes tell us how they moved and handled the tools. They also tells us about the changes in the sizes of the brain that evolved over years.

Pottery:

Different shapes and sizes of pots made with hand and on potters wheel, have been excavated from several sites. Some of them were glazed and decorated. It reveals the fact that the early man stored grains and cooked food in the utensils, made with clay.

Above picture is the picture of pottery items

Cave paintings:

Early man used to paint on the walls of the caves, rock shelters and on slabs of stone. In those paintings, they are shown performing various activities like hunting, dancing and doing other tasks. These paintings throw light on the tools, utensils and jewellery used by them. The cave paintings also showed early men running on wild horses, bisons and bears.

The above picture shows the cave paintings done by early human.

Class: V Subject: MATHEMATICS

Date: 07/05/2020 Ch: 3 (Addition and Subtraction)

Ch 3: Addition and Subtraction (Subtraction)

Exercise: 8 (Word Problems on Addition)

2. A factory produced 5592857 pink bulbs and 4267979 green bulbs. How many bulbs did it produce altogether?

· Solution: 1 1 1 1 1

A factory produced 5 5 9 2 8 5 7 pink bulbs

+4 2 6 7 9 7 9 green bulbs

Total 9 8 6 0 8 3 6 bulbs

The factory produced 9860836 bulbs altogether.

5. A godown has 6035712 bags of wheat, 1278995 bags of rice and 589378 bags of sugar. Find the total number of bags in the godown?

· Solution: 2 2 2 1 1

A godown has 6 0 3 5 7 1 2 bags of wheat

1 2 7 8 9 9 5 bags of rice

+ 5 8 9 3 7 8 bags of sugar

7 9 0 4 0 8 5 bags

There are total 7904085 bags in the godown.

SUBTRACTION– With Regrouping (Carrying)/Without Regrouping (Carrying):

Regrouping in math is a term used to describe the process of changing groups of ones into tens to make adding easier.

In subtraction situation, you can’t subtract a bigger number from a smaller number. When the top digit is less than the bottom digit, you need regrouping.

But without regrouping means subtract ones to ones, tens to tens, hundreds to hundreds till the end.

Exercise : 9

10. Find the difference between 6509312 and 5483609.

· Solution: T-L L T-Th Th H T O

4 (10) 8 (13) 0 (12)

6 5 0 9 3 1 2

-5 4 8 3 6 0 9

1 0 2 5 7 0 3

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Class VI

SUBJECT – BIOLOGY

CHAPTER – THE LEAF

_______________

The two main part of a plant are  –  

· The root system 

· The shoot system 

The root system 

The part of a plant that grow under the ground is called the root.  

Types of root -  

1. Tap root  

1. Fibrous root 

Function of roots 

1. Root hold the plant to the ground .

1. Root absorb water and minerals from the soil for the plant. 

The shoot system 

The part of a plant that grow above the ground is called the shoot system. It has stem, buds, flower and fruits.

Function of the stem 

1. It hold the plant upright. 

1. It bears branches, buds, leaves, flower and fruits. 

1. It provide water and minerals from the root to the other part of the plant. 

1. Some green stem contains chlorophyll so they can manufacture food. 

Leaf  

The flat, thin and green lateral structure attached to the node of a stem is called a leaf. 

Parts of a leaf-  

A leaf  has the following parts-  

1. Petiole 

1. Lamina or leaf blade 

1. Midrib 

Types of leaves 

1. Simple leaf 

1. Compound leaf 

Different shapes of leaves 

1. Heart shaped leaf , example peepal 

1. Circular shaped leaf , example lotus 

1. Oblong shaped leaf , example banana 

1. Needle shaped leaf , example pine 

1. Sword shaped leaves , example nerium 

1. Linear shaped leaves , example wheat 

1. Tapered shaped leaves , example ashok 

Arrangement of leaves 

1. Alternate arrangement , example sunflower 

1. Opposite ararrangement , example Jasmine 

1. Whorled arrangement , example nerium 

Venation in leaves 

The arrangement of vein on a lamina is called venation. The venation in leaves are of two types –  

1. Reticulate venation 

Veins form a net like pattern on both side of the midrib. This type of venation is called reticulate venation. Example  China rose, mustard and mango 

1. Parallel venation 

Veins run parallel to each other or parallel to the midrib, this type of venation is called parallel venation. For example bamboo, banana, wheat and grass. 

Functions of the leaf 

1. Leaves prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis. 

1. Transpiration is performed by the leaves. 

1. The exchange of gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place mainly through the surface of leaves. 

Subject – Mathematics.

Chapter: Number System (consolidating the sense of Numberness)

To form the smallest and the greatest numbers using given digits.

(i)When the given digits include digit 0.

(a) To obtain the smallest number:

The smallest digit, other than zero , is put at the extreme left, then put zero, and then the remaining digits in ascending (increasing) order of their values.

(b) To obtain the greatest number:

Put the greatest digit at the extreme left , then put the remaining digits in descending order of their values with 0 at the end.

(ii) When the given digits do not include digit 0

1. To obtain the smallest number:

Write the digit with smallest value at the extreme left, and then the remaining digits in ascending order of their values.

1. To obtain the greatest number:

Write the digit with largest value at the extreme left, and then the remaining digits in descending order of values.

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Class-VII

Subject – Mathematics.

Topic: Number System.

Chapter: Integers.

Division of integers:

Division is a inverse process of multiplication.

Example: 96 ÷ 16 = 6

Again, 16 × 6 = 96

Important notes:

(i) When two integers with same sign divides , we get positive integer.

Example: 15 ÷ 3 = 5 ; (-16) ÷(-4) = 4

(ii) When two integers with different sign divide, we get negative integer.

Example : (-24) ÷ (6) = -4

Properties of division of integers.

(i) When two integers divide we can not get integer as a result in the all case.

Example : 46/7 Which is not an integer.

(ii) When a non – zero integer divide by itself we get result 1.

Example: 5/5 =1 and -8/-8 = 1

(iii) When an integer which is non-zero divide by 1 and we get the same non-zero integer.

Example: 27 ÷ 1 = 27

(iv) When 0 is divided by a non-zero integer we get 0 as a result.

Example: 0 ÷ 8 = 0

But its reciprocal is not true.

Example: 6 ÷ 0 = it is meaningless.

Using DMAS rule :

When there is more than one operation in a sum. At that moment, we use DMAS rule. That mean first we perform division, then multiplication , Addition and finally subtraction.

Example: 6 – (-16) ÷ (-4) +(-5)×3

= 6 – 4 + (-5)×3

= 6 – 4 + (-15)

= 6 – 4 – 15

= 6 – 19

= -13

Class –VII

Subject – Biology

Topic – Chp -1: Tissue.

Types of animal tissues

1. Epithelial tissue

• Epithelial tissue is made up of closely packed cells. It presents over the surface of organs and inner lining of the body cavity. Its main functions are protection, secretion and absorption.

On the basis of shape and function of cells, this tissue is of four types:

1) Squamous epithelium: present in lining of mouth andoesophagus . Tt protects the body frominjury and prevents entry of germs.

ii) Columnar Epithelium : Cells are long and column like. It is present in stomach and small intestine. It helps in digestion of food and secretion of mucus.

iii)Cuboidal Epithelium : Present in the inner liningof kidney tubules and glands. It helps in excretion, absorption and secretion

iv) Ciliated Epithelium : Cells are tall and column likeand have hair like projections, cilia. These are present in the lining of the windpipe and bronchai, causesforward movement of particles.

2. Connective Tissues

Connective tissue are of different types-a) Loose connective tissue-Areolar tissue, Adipose tissue, b) Dense connective tissue- Tendon, ligament, c) Supportive connective tissue- bone, cartilage, d) Fluid connective tissue –blood, lymph.

A. Fluid connective tissue ( Blood and Lymph)

Blood:

i) Blood is red in colour.

ii) It is made up of three types of cell – RBC, WBC and Platelets.

iii) It circulates through blood vessels.

iv) It contains hemoglobin

Lymph

i) Lymph is colourless fluid.

ii) It contains more of lymphocytes and other few WBC.

iii) It circulates through lymph vessels and lymphatic glands.

iv) No haemoglobin

B. Loose Connective tissue

It includes areolar tissue white fibrous tissue, yellow fibrous tissue and adipose tissue, Tendon, ligament.

Tendon

v) It connects muscle to a bone.

vi) It is formed of white fibrous tissues.

vii) Fibers are formed of collagen protein.

viii) It helps in the movement of bone.

Ligament

i) It connects two bones.

ii) It is formed by yellow elastic fibrous tissue.

iii) Fibers are formed of elastin protein.

iv) It restricts or limit the movement of bone

C. Supportive connective tissue includes bone and cartilage

3. Muscular Tissue

Voluntary

i) Found over the skeleton in arms,legs,face.

ii) Have alternative dark and light band.

iii) One cell have multi-nucleus.

iv) Cells are elongated cylindrical

Involuntary

i) Found in the inner organs like food pipe, wind pipe.

ii) Don’t have any band.

iii) One cell have one nucleus.

iv) Cells are spindle in shape.

Cardiac:

i) Found only in the heart.

ii) Have alternative dark light bands.

iii) One cell have one nucleus.

iv) iv) Cells are elongated with multiple branches

4. Nervous Tissue :

It is made up of 50 % neuron and 50 % neuroglial cells

Class:VIII

Date: 07/05/2020

Subject: MATHEMATICS

Ch 2: Exponents

Ch 2: Exponents

An exponent refers to the number of times a number is multiplied by itself.

For example, 4 to the 3rd (written like this: 43) means: 444 = 64.

EXPONENCIAL FORM:

When a number x is multiplied several times, say n times, then the product x x x x … n times can be written as xn, read as x raised to the power n or to the power n.

The notation xn is called the exponential form or power notation.

The number x is called the base and n is called the exponent or the index of the exponential expression, xn.

RULE: If is any rational number, then for any positive integer m, ()m =

RULE: For a rational number (where p 0, q 0), we have: ()-1 = .

And, the reciprocal of ()m is given by ()m, i.e., {()m}-1 = ()m.

LAWS OF EXPONENTS OR LAWS OF INDICES

Let x be any rational number and m and n be any positive integers. Then, we have the following laws:

Law 1. Xm xn = xm+n.

Law 2. = , where m > n.

Law 3. = , where m < n.

Law 4. (xm)n = xmn.

Law 5. X-m = and = xm.

Law 6. X0 = 1.

Law 7. For two different numbers x and y, we have:

(i) (xy)m = xmym (ii)()m = , where m is a positive integer.

Law 8. If xm = xn , then m = n provided x > 0 and x 1.

Exercise: 2(B)

12. Prove that:

= 1

· Solution:

LHS = = =

= = = 1 = RHS (proved)

Subject –BIOLOGY

Topic – Chp- 1: Transport of water &Minerals in plants.

Ascent of sap or, movement of water molecules.

Water molecules move in plants in three ways - diffusion, osmosis and active transport.

The concentration of water in soil is higher as compared to root cells.

• Water enters the root cells from the soil through osmosis.

• The concentration of water and minerals is same in all root cells.

• When water enters the root cells, its concentration increases as compared to the adjacent cortex cells.

• Water moves from the root have cells to the cells of the cortex, then endodermis, then pericycle and finally reaches the to xylem tissue though osmosis.

• The upward movement of water and minerals in a plant through Xylem is called ascent of sap.

• Unlike water, the concentration of minerals is more in the root hair cells than in the soil, so it needs enregy.

• The movement of particles from a region of lower to higher concentration by utilising energy - Active transport.

• When the concentration of minerals in soil is higher than root hair, they enter the root hair cells through diffusion.

The loss of water from a leaf creates a suction force. As a result, water from the cell below that rises upwards. This pulls are helpful for tall trees.The process of transpiration and absorption of water by root hair are interdependent.

Transpiration:

• The loss of excess water from plants mainly through leaves as water vapour.

Factors affecting the rate of transpiration:

i) Sunlight - The rate is faster during daytime.

ii) Temperature - The rate increases with increase in temperature.

iii) Humidity - The rate decreases with an increase in humidity.

iv) Wind - The rate of transpiration increases when wind blows faster.

Importance of transpiration:

I) Absorption of water and dissolved mineral: When leaves lose water through transpiration, more water is pulled upwards. It helps to maintain the concentration of sap inside the plant body by osmosis process.

II) Cooling effect : During the process of transpiration, water is evaporated from plant and for this evaporation latent heat is collected from plant body that cools down plant.

Wilting :

• Due to excessive loss of water, the leaves stem and flowers begin to droop.

Translocation:

• The transportation of food from leaves to other parts of a plant.

• This process is done by phloem tissue.

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CLASS IX

Subject -Economics

Topic- Introduction to Economics (ch-1)

The subject matter of Economics is broadly divided into two parts- microeconomics and macroeconomics.

Meaning of microeconomics :The word 'micro' has been derived from the Greek word 'mikros' meaning small. Microeconomics studies behaviour of small economic units of an economy like individual consumers, producers and resource, owners (factors of production). In micro the letter I stands for individuals. Thus, microeconomics studies the economic behaviour of individuals.

Meaning of macroeconomics:Macroeconomics studies the aggregate of an economy or economy as a whole like Gross Domestic Product, total employment, aggregate demand, aggregate supply , general price level etc. In macro the letter A stands the aggregates.

Examples of microeconomics studies:

•Price determination of a commodity or service.

• Household income.

• Demand of a good or service in themarket.

• Supply of a commodity producer’s equilibrium.

Examples of macroeconomics studies:

• Determination of general price level

• National income

• Aggregate demand of goods and services in an economy

•Aggregate supply of goods and services

• Economy's equilibrium.

Distinction between microeconomics and macroeconomics

Basis

Microeconomics

Macroeconomics

Meaning

Microeconomics is the study of individual economic units of an economy such as consumer, producer etc.

Macroeconomics is the study of economy as a whole and its aggregates such as national income, total consumption, general price level etc.

Scope

Microeconomics is primarily concerned with the determination of relative prices of goods (I.e., prices of goods individually).

Macroeconomics is concerned with the determination of aggregate output and general price level in the economy as a whole.

Tools

Demand and supply of a particular commodity or factors of production are the main tools of microeconomics

Aggregate demand and aggregate supply of all goods and services are the main tools of macroeconomics.

Degree of aggregation

There is a limited amount of aggregation in microeconomics

There is hi degree of aggregation in macroeconomics.

Types of activities

Human life is full of activities which are broadly classified into economic and non economic activities .

Economic activities: Meaning

All those activities which are concerned with money and wealth are called economic activities .

Non economic activities:Meaning

Non economic activities are those activities which are performed for pleasure, love and affection. These activities do not have money aspect.

Class -IX

Subject – Mathematics.

Topic : Pure Arithmetic.

Chapter : Rational and Irrational numbers.

Irrational number:

A number which can not be expressed as p/q form where p and q are integers and q not equal to zero (0) is called Irrational number.

Example : √2 ,√3 ,5+√7 etc.

To prove a number is a irrational number , we have to learn the two theorem.

Theorem – 1 : If a , n are any natural numbers and p is a prime number such that p divides an , then p divides a.

Theorem – 2 : If a and b are any natural numbers and p is a prime number such that p divides ab then p divides a or p divides b or p divides both.

Example : prove that √7 is an irrational number.

Solution : Let , √7 be a rational number , then √7 = p/q

Where p and q are integers and q not equal to zero (0) and p , q have no common factors except 1

Or, (√7)2 = (p/q)2

Or, 7 = p2/q2

Or, p2 = 7q2

Therefore, 7 divides 7q2, so 7 divides p2 where 7 is prime number.

Therefore, 7 divides p

Again let, p = 7m where m is an integer. Then

Or, (7m)2 = 7q2

Or, 49m2 = 7q2

Or, 7m2 = q2

Therefore, 7 divides 7m2, so 7 divides q2 where 7 is prime number

Therefore, 7 divides q

From the above result we see p and q have common factor 7, which is contradicts our assumption.

Therefore, √7 is an irrational number.

CLASS – IX

DATE- 07-05-20

SUBJECT – EVS

CHAPTER –1(UNDERSTANDING OUR ENVIRONMENT)

Effects of pollution on human health and other organisms – 

1. Pollution main cause many skin allergies due to chemicals and radiation . 

2. Long-term health hazard like asthmatic attacks , allergies can occur due to pollution . 

3. Transient hazards can occur due to accidental spillage of chemicals in a factory . 

Extinction of species 

A) Natural causes of extinction of species --

1. Climatic heating and cooling 

2. Changes in sea levels 

3. Acid rains 

4. Diseases 

5. Spread of Invasive species 

B) Human causes of extinction --

1. Habitat destruction 

2. Growth of the human population 

Global perspective of environmental problems 

Our environment is constantly changing. Day by day the environmental problems are increasing . The major environmental problems are given below- 

1. Pollution 

2. Global warming 

3. Ozone layer depletion 

4. Overpopulation 

5. Natural resource depletion 

6. Waste disposal 

7. Climate change 

8. Loss of biodiversity 

9. Deforestation 

10. Ocean acidification 

Root of environmental problems 

· Population crisis –

Overpopulation can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources.  This situation is known as population crisis.

· Consumption crisis - Humanity as a whole over consumes and waste millions of tones of natural resources every year. The term over consumption is defined as the state in which renewable resources are being exhausted at a higher rate than they can naturally replenished themselves. Due to tremendous increase in population, most of the natural resources are being rapidly consumed. This high rate of consumption has disturbed our ecosystems. 

 

Sustainable development 

The development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs is called Sustainable development.

Sustainable societies – 

An environmentally sustainable community is one that meets the current and future basic resource needs of its people in a just and equitable manner without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their basic needs.

· To promote sustainable society the following things need to be done – 

1. Using renewable energy sources 

2. By improving the quality of human health 

3. By forming ecovillage

4. By promoting sustainable agriculture 

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Hindi 2ndlang

विनय के पद तुलसीदास जी

संसार में श्रीराम के समान कोई उधार नहीं है वेबिना सेवा के ही गरीबजनपर प्रसन्न हो जाते हैं ऐसे राम के समान कोई दूसरा नहीं है जो गति बहुत प्रयत्न करने पर भी ज्ञानी मुनि हासिल नहीं कर पाते वह गति प्रभु ने गिद्ध जटायु और शबरी को दे दी जो संपदा रावण ने अपने शीर्ष अर्पण करके भगवान शिवजी से पाई थी वही सब संपदा श्री राम जी ने सब कुछ आते हुए विभीषण को दे दी तुलसीदास जी कहते हैं कि हे मेरे मन यदि तू सब प्रकार से अपना सुख चाहता है तो राम का भजन कर यह कृष्ण के समान है तेरे सारे काम पूरे करेंगे।

जिसके हृदय में सीताराम जी के प्रति प्रेम नहीं उसे करोड़ों दुश्मनों के समान जान कर छोड़ देना चाहिए चाहे वह परम मित्र ही क्यों ना हो प्रभु से विरोध के कारण प्रह्लाद ने अपने पिता का क्या कर दिया था ने अपने भाई का क्या किया था भारत ने अपनी माता का और राजा बलि ने अपने प्रभु गुरु शुक्राचार्य का क्या किया था ब्रज की गोपियों ने अपने पतियों को छोड़ दिया था श्रीकृष्ण के लिए जिसके कारण उनके सबका मंगल हो गए कोई आपका प्रिय मित्र हो या शुभ सेवक राम के कारण ही उससे प्रेम करो अर्थात अगर वह श्रीराम का भक्त नहीं है और उसकी शिक्षाओं का अनुसरण नहीं कराता है तो हमें उस से प्रेम नहीं करना चाहिए बल्कि उसे छोड़ देना चाहिए ज्यादा क्या कहें पर उस अंजन आंखों पर लगाने वाला मलहम का क्या लाभ जिससे आंख फूट जाए तुलसीदास जी कहते हैं कि मेरा तो मानना है कि जो हमें राम की भक्ति और उनके चरणों में प्रेम कराएं वही हमारे लिएपूज्य और प्राणप्रिय है वही हमारे लिए कल्याणकारी भी है।

तुलसीदास जी राम के अनन्य भक्त थे प्रस्तुत पदों में उन्होंने राम की महिमा का गुणगान किया है राम की कृपा होने से मनुष्य भवसागर से पार हो जाता है उसे सांसारिक सुखों की भी कमी नहीं रहती है शबरी, जटायु ,विभीषण के उदाहरणों से यही बात समझाई गई है।

Bengali

দেবতার জন্ম

প্রশ্ন)“এটা খুঁড় ছিলেন কেন? কোন স্বপ্ন টপ্ন পেয়েছেন নাকি? “

ক) কার লেখা ? কোন কবিতার অংশ ?

খ) ‘এটা‘ বলতে কী বোঝানো হয়েছে ?

গ) তিনি সেটা খুঁড় ছিলেন কেন ? এর পিছনে তার উদ্দেশ্যই বা কী ?

ঘ) এখানে ‘স্বপ্নটপ্ন’ বলতে বক্তা কী বুঝিয়েছেন ?

উত্তর )ক) আলোচ্য অংশটি শিবরাম চক্রবর্তীর লেখা ‘‘দেবতার জন্ম‘ গল্পের অংশ।

খ) ‘দেবতার জন্ম‘ এটা এই পদের দ্বারা গল্পে উক্ত পথ মধ্যস্থ নুঁড়ি বা প্রস্তর খন্ডকে বোঝানো হয়েছে।

গ)রাস্তার মাঝখানে থাকা একটি পাথর লেখকের নিত্য জীবন যাত্রায় বাধা দান করছিল। তিনি তা থেকে নিস্তার পেতে একদিন সকালে কোদাল নিয়ে সেই পাথরটিকে উৎখাত করার জন্য চেষ্টা করলেন। তিনি পাথরের হোঁচট খেয়ে বেঁচে থাকার মতো জীবন থেকে মুক্তি পেতে তিনি সেটি খুঁড়ে ছিলেন।

ঘ)লেখক যখন পাথরটিকে খোঁড়ার পর দেখলেন তার চারিদিকে রীতিমতো জনতা ভিড় করে রয়েছে। তখন তিনি তাদের উদ্দেশ্যে বলেন কারও সেই পাথরটির প্রয়োজন থাকলে সেটি নিয়ে যেতে পারে। সেইস্থানে কেউ কিছু না বললেও তাদের মধ্যে থেকে একজন এগিয়ে এসে উক্তিটি করেছেন। এখানে স্বপ্নটপ্ন বলতে বক্তা বুঝিয়েছেন কোনো দৈবিক কারণের বশবর্তী হয়ে অর্থাৎ কোনও দেবতা স্বপ্ন দেখিয়ে নির্দেশ দিয়েছেন এবং তার কারণে গল্পকার উক্ত কাজটি করতে প্রবৃত্ত হয়েছেন, এরূপ বোঝাতে বক্তা ‘স্বপ্নটপ্ন‘ পদটির উল্লেখ করেছেন।

Commercial studies

Final accounts

Today we are going to start a new chapter: Final Account

Final account is the financial statement prepared after trial balance is prepared in an accounting cycle. By preparing final accounts the company or the business organisation is able to know their financial position at the end of accounting year.

Final account is a financial statement, so its reveals the financial positions of the business organisation at the end of every financial year.

Final accounts is prepared by the organisation at the end of every accounting period.

Final Account is prepared in the Ledger Account. Left hand side is the Debit dide and right hand side is the Credit side.

To prepare final accounts of an organisation following ledger accounts are to be opened:

1. Trading Account

2. Profit and Loss Account

3. Balance sheet

· Trading Account: It records all direct expenses in the debit side and direct income in the credit side.

· Profit & Loss Account: It records all indirect expenses in the debit side and indirectincome in the credit side.

· Balance Sheet: It records liabilities and assets. Liabilities in the left hand side and assets in the right hand side.

Let us to do some theoretical questions from this chapter.

Question:

1) What is Trading Account?

Answer) Trading Account is the Account that reveals gross profit earned or gross loss incurred. It is credited with the amount of sales of goods and debited with the direct expenses related to the sales made.

2) What are Direct Expenses?

Answer) Direct Expenses are those expenses which are incurred on purchase of goods up to the point of bringing them to the place of business. In the case of manufacturing business, they are the expenses incurred to make them ready for sale.

3) What are Indirect Expenses?

Answer) Indirect Expenses are those expenses which are incurred and are not directly associated with the purchases of goods or manufacture of goods. Example are administrative expenses, selling and distribution expenses etc.

4) What is Profit and Loss Account?

Answer) Profit and Loss Account is the Account which shows net profit earned or net loss incurred during an accounting period. It is credited with gross profit and indirect incomes and debited with indirect expenses,

5) What is Balance Sheet?

Answer) Balance Sheet is a statement which sets out the assets and liabilities of the business as at a certain date.

ECONOMICS

ELEMENTARY THEORY OF DEMAND

Now let us start a new chapter of our syllabus i.e. ‘ELEMENTARY THEORY OF DEMAND’-

In ordinary sense desire,

want and demand have same meaning and therefore are used interchangeably.

But in economics,

these terms have different meanings ,

Desire means a mere wish to have a commodity.

Want is an effective desire i.e. desire will only be effective when we have means to buy it and also are ready to spend on it.

Thus we can say a desire will become want,

if it is backed by the ability to pay and readiness to spend.

Want therefore contains the following three elements:

i. Desire for a commodity

ii. Means to buy

iii. Readiness to spend

Now want will become demand when a person is ready to purchase the commodity at a particular price and at a given period of time.

Thus, demand refers to entire relationship price of the commodity and the quantity of the commodity ,which a consumer wants to purchase at a specific price ,time and place.

For example: a consumer demands 2 kg of wheat in a month at a price of Rs.20 per kg is a demand statement.

This is a complete example of demand for a commodity as it has all the three components of demand-

Quantity, price and time.

Questions:

1. What is demand?

Answer: It refers to the quantity of a commodity which a consumer is willing to buy at a particular price during a particular period of time.

Math(x)

Commercial Mathematics and Shares and Dividends

Study item : Some solved sums from exercise 3

Q 26 : A person invests Rs4368 and buys certain hundred-rupee shares at Rs 91 . He sells out shares worth Rs 2400 when they have risen to Rs 95 and the remainder when they have fallen to Rs 85 . Find the gain or loss on the total transaction.

Solution : Investment = Rs 4368

Face value of one share = Rs100

Market value of one share = Rs 91

Therefore, number of shares purchased = investment/Market value of one share

= Rs 4368/Rs 91 = 48

Number of shares worth (face value ) Rs 2400 = 2400/100 = 24

Therefore, selling value of 24 shares at Rs 95 = Rs 24× 95 = Rs 2280

Again, selling value of 24 shares at Rs85 =Rs 24×85 = Rs2040

Therefore, total selling value = Rs 2280 +Rs 2040 =Rs 4320

Here, 4368>4320

Therefore, Loss on total transaction = Rs4368 – Rs 4320 =Rs48.

Q 27 :By purchasing Rs 50 gas shares for Rs 80 each, a man gets 4% profit on his investment .

What rate percent is company paying? What is his dividend if he buys 200 shares?

Solution : Face value of one share = Rs 50

Market value of one share = Rs 80

Total number of shares = 200

Total investment = Rs 80 × 200 = Rs 16000

Therefore, dividend = Rs 16000 × 4% = Rs 16000×4/100 = Rs 640

Dividend = Number of shares × rate of dividend × face value of one share

Or, 640 = 200× (r/100)×Rs 50

Or, 640/100 = r

Or, r = 6•4

Therefore, rate of dividend = 6•4% and dividend =Rs640

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Continuation of previous class...

“ The mugger crocodile, blackish brown above and yellow white under, lay motionless, able to wait forever till food came. This antediluvian saurian- this prehistoric juggernaut, ferocious and formidable, a vast force in water, propelled by the unimaginable and irresistible power of the huge tail, lay lapped by ripples a throb in his throat.”

Explanation:-

Following the crocodile’s description, we are introduced to Sibia, a thin, carefree girl who is the ‘same color as the ground’ and is dressed in a skirt and a sari made of torn rag. She’s portrayed as an exotic beauty of a child-woman with her “ebony hair and great eyes and her skin of oiled brown cream”.

Though all Sibia had of her own was a piece of rag, she had seen and desired the glass beads and glass bangles that the stalls in the bazaars would often display. She had also been to the bazaar in the little town near the railhead where she’d come across a variety of people, dogs, monkeys, a sweetmeat stall which sold honey confections, a cloth stall which had rolls of cotton cloth straight from the mills and various fascinating items like tin trays from Birmingham and a box out of which jumped a yellow wooden chicken the moment one pressed on it.

However, sibia’s life wasn’t easy at all. All she had ever owned was a rag and her meals consisted of a chapatti with chillies and rancid butter. Moreover, as the narrator says, she was a girl who had been “marked for work”. Sibia had to do plenty of chores from a very young age from gathering firewood to fetching water to cutting grass for fodder-she had done it all.

Physics

Force

Question: 1

Define the term ‘centre of gravity of a body’.

Solutions:

The centre of gravity of a body is defined as the point about which the algebraic sum of moments of weights of particles constituting the body is zero and the entire weight of the body is considered to act at this point.

Question: 2

Can the centre of gravity of a body be situated outside its material of the body? Give an example.

Solutions:

Yes, the centre of gravity of a body can be situated outside its material of the body.

Example: centre of gravity of a ring.

H.W

When a boy weighing 20 kgf sits at one end of a 4m long see-saw, it gets depressed at its end. How can it be brought to the horizontal position by a man weighing 40 kgf.

EVS

Ch – 2: Addressing Population

Today we will discuss about demographic transition which refers to the transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.

Transition stage of India:

As of year, 2013, India is in later half of the third stage demographic transition with 1.23 billion population before 40 years. The present stage of India along with it’s higher population base will yield rich demographic dividend in future decades.

Q6.What is the aspects of family welfare?

I) Family planning in terms of having a small family.

II) Total welfare of the small family, including the diet and nutrition of the child and of the pregnant mother.

III) Subsequent care of the child, e.g. immunisation and oral rehydration therapy etc . to ensure survival of young ones.

Q7. What do you mean by family welfare centres? What is the symbol of it?

->The centres where any help or advice about family planning is available are known as family welfare centres .

->The invertednedtriangle has become a popular sign in India for family welfare.

Q8.Write about women - centred humandevelopment?

- The unequal access to education and lack of decision making authority at all levels have lowered woman ' s position in society .

- They are not only made to do all household chores but have to work in fields as well.

- All the decisions in the family are taken by the men.

- Though the position of women in urban area is better than rural area, still they face problems like gender bias, devaluation at home and workplace, secondary status in matrimony,heritance, public life and power.

- Women should be given representation in local institutions such as panchayats and municipalitiesGovernment taken some policies like Dowry Prohibition Act, Family CourtsAct, Indecent

Representation of Woman Prohibition Act for empowerment of women.

Computer Application

Java Programming

1. Write a program to input an integer and find its factorial. Factorial of a number is the product of all natural numbers till that number. For example factorial of 5 is 120 since 1×2×3×4×5=120.

Ans. import java.util.*;

class Sol16

{

static void main()

{

long i,n,f=1;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(“Enter an integer:”);

n=sc.nextInt();

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

f=f*i;

}

System.out.print(“Factotrial:”+f);

}

}

2. Write a program to input an integer and check whether it is a prime number or not.

Ans.

import java.util.*;

class Sol17

{

static void main()

{

long i,n,c=0;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(“Enter an integer:”);

n=sc.nextInt();

for(i=1;i<=n;i++)

{

If(n%i==0)

c++;

}

If(c==2)

System.out.print(“Prime Number”);

else

System.out.print(“Not a Prime Number”);

}

}

3. Write a program to input 10 integers and find the sum of two-digit as well as three-digit numbers separately.

Ans.

import java.util.*;

class Sol18

{

static void main()

{

int i,n,s2=0,s3=0;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(“Enter 10 integers:”);

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)

{

n=sc.nextInt();

if(n>=10 && n<=99)

s2+=n;

if(n>=100 && n<=999)

s3+=n;

}

System.out.println(“Sum of 2 digit numbers:”+s2);

System.out.println(“Sum of 3 digit numbers:”+s3);

}

}

4. Write a program to input 10 integers and display the largest as well as the smallest integer.

Ans. import java.util.*;

class Sol19

{

static void main()

{

int i,n,lar=0,sma=0;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(“Enter 10 integers:”);

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)

{

n=sc.nextInt();

if(i==1)

lar=sma=n;

else

{

if(n>lar)

lar=n;

if(n

sma=n;

}

}

System.out.println(“Largest number:”+lar);

System.out.println(“Smallest number:”+sma);

}

}

5. Write a program to input 10 integers and check whether all the entered numbers are even numbers or not.

Ans. import java.util.*;

class Sol20

{

static void main()

{

int i,n,f=0;

Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print(“Enter 10 integers:”);

for(i=1;i<=10;i++)

{

n=sc.nextInt();

if(n%2!=0)

f=1;

}

if(f==0)

System.out.println(“All are even numbers”);

else

System.out.println(“All are not even numbers”);

}

}

CLASS NOTES

Class: X

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act IV, Scene 1, Lines 120 to 166 (Duke: ………. And here, I take it, is the doctor come.)

Date: 7th May, 2020 (3rd Period)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary

Questions & Answers

· At that moment Nerissa, dressed as a lawyer’s clerk, is brought into court and she delivers a letter to the Duke. The Duke asks Nerissa to read the letter of Doctor Bellario in the open court. Doctor Bellario writes that he is ill and that in his place he is sending a young lawyer to pronounce the judgement in the case of Shylock Versus Antonio. Doctor Bellario adds that the lawyer he is sending is young in age but mature in intellect. Doctor Bellario has given his own opinion to the lawyer in order to help the court in pronouncing the correct judgement in the case.

· The Duke then invites Portia to the court.

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED:

(L 130-137)

Thou almost makest me waver in my faith,

To hold opinion with Pythagoras,That souls of animals infuse themselvesInto the trunks of men: thy currish spiritGovern'd a wolf, who, hang'd for human slaughter,Even from the gallows did his fell soul fleet,And, whilst thou lay'st in thy unhallow'd dam,Infused itself in thee;

Context: These words are spoken by Gratiano to Shylock in The Merchant of Venice when the former sees the unrelenting attitude of the Jew in the court just before the entry of Portia, ‘the young doctor of law’.

Explanation: Gratiano bitterly remarks that the Jew’s attitude almost upsets his religious belief and makes him agree with Pythagoras (a great Greek Philosopher who gave to the world the theory of transmigration of souls), who maintained that the souls of animals pass into human bodies. The beastly soul in the body of Shylock, says Gratiano, must have been originally a wolf’s and when that wolf was hanged to death for killing human beings, its soul, after quitting its body, must have hurried to get into Shylock’s body when he was still in an embryonic state in the womb of his devilish mother.

(1)

DUKE:Came you, from Padua, from Bellario? (L 120-127)

NERISSA:From both, my lord: Bellario greets your grace.

BASSANIO:Why dost thou whet thy knife so earnestly?

SHYLOCK:To cut the forfeiture from that bankrupt there.

GRATIANO:Not on thy sole, but on thy soul, harsh Jew,Thou mak'st thy knife keen; but no metal can,No, not the hangman's axe, bear half the keennessOf thy sharp envy. Can no prayers pierce thee?

(i) What does Shylock say when the Duke tells him that he cannot expect mercy from anybody?

When the Duke says that Shylock cannot expect mercy from anybody, Shylock tells the Duke that he will have no need of mercy for himself from anybody because he has committed no crime or wrong.

(ii) What does Shylock declare before the Duke about the demand of flesh from Antonio’s body?

Shylock declares that if the Christians can regard the slaves as their property simply because they have purchased the slaves with their money, so also can Shylock regard the body of Antonio as his own property and he can rightly demand a pound of flesh from that body because he had spent three thousand ducats on that.

(iii) Why has the Duke called Doctor Bellario and what can he do in the absence of Doctor Bellario?

The Duke tells Shylock that he has invited Doctor Bellario from Padua in order to deliver the judgement in Antonio’s case. He further says that if Doctor Bellario does not appear in the court in time, he can dissolve the court on the authority of his position as the head of the court.

(iv) Who is brought into the court and what is delivered to the Duke? In which activity is Shylock found busy and why?

At this tense psychological moment, Nerissa, dressed as a lawyer’s clerk, is brought into the court and delivers a letter to the Duke.

Shylock is found busy in sharpening his long knife at the honing leather in preparation to cut off a pound of Antonio’s flesh.

(v)What does Gratiano remark against Shylock’s activity?

Gratiano mockingly remarks that he (Shylock) is not sharpening his knife on his sole but on his soul (Pun on the word “sole”) but it is useless. Gratiano says that there is no metal, not even the axe of the hangman with which he executes the criminals, which has the sharpness as keen as the envy for Antonio in the heart of the Jew, Shylock.

Class XI

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

EVS

Chapter  1 – Mode of Existence

Q. Discuss the ecological impact of the agriculturalist on the environment? 

Ans – Agriculture refers to the practice of rearing domestic animals and crops with the goal of food production. Although agriculture is essential in sustaining human life, the practices associated with it have been known to have certain impacts on the environment. The most notable of these effects includes climate change, deforestation, pollution, and general environmental degradation.Environmental Impacts Of Agriculture1. Climate Change

Agriculture and climate change have a reciprocal relationship. Climate change affects agricultural production through precipitation levels and temperature variations. In return, poor agricultural practices increase climate change. The most significant climate change associated with agriculture is brought about by methane, nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, all of which are greenhouse gases released into the Earth’s atmosphere from farming. Pesticides and fertilizers application affect the quality of air through production of compounds like phosphorus, nitrate and ammonia.

2. Pollution

In order to enhance agricultural production quantity and quality, several additives to the soil are used in farming. The widely used are pesticides and fertilizers, which end up as pollutants in water run-off from the soil. This run-off can adversely affect more people and animal wildlife.

3. Soil Degradation

In all ecosystems, the biodiversity held in soil is massive. Healthy soils are vital to creating ample food production. Although agriculture is not the sole cause of soil degradation, poor farming practices are known to cause a considerable decline in in the quality of soil. This mainly results from pesticide contamination, waterlogging and salting. Soil erosion leads to loss of soil fertility and structure.

4. Deforestation

Across the globe, cases of forests being cleared for agricultural reasons is on the rise with people seeking to increase their scales of agricultural production. Deforestation provides more land for crops and pasture. Deforestation enhances the effects of climate change. Destruction of habitat amongst species also leads to fragmentation and depletion. Extensive deforestation affects the water cycle, which results in interferences with precipitation.

Mathematics

Sets

Cardinal number:

The number of distinct elements in a finite set is called its cardinal number. It is denoted as n(A) and read as ‘the number of elements of the set’.

For example:

(i) Set A = {2, 4, 5, 9, 15} has 5 elements.

Therefore, the cardinal number of set A = 5. So, it is denoted as n(A) = 5.

(ii) Set B = {w, x, y, z} has 4 elements.

Therefore, the cardinal number of set B = 4. So, it is denoted as n(B) = 4.

The Empty Set:Consider the set A = { x : x is a student of Class XI presently studying in a school }

We can go to the school and count the number of students presently studying in Class XI in the school. Thus, the set A contains a finite number of elements.We now write another set B as follows:

B = { x : x is a student presently studying in both Classes X and XI }We observe that a student cannot study simultaneously in both Classes X and XI.Thus, the set B contains no element at all.Definition: A set which does not contain any element is called the empty set or the null set or the void set.According to this definition, B is an empty set while A is not an empty set. The empty set is denoted by the symbol φ or { }.We give below another example of empty set. Let A = {x : 1 < x < 2, x is a natural number}. Then A is the empty set, because there is no natural number between 1 and 2.Finite and Infinite Sets:Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B={x: x is a natural number}. We observe that A contains 5 elements. So, A is a finite set but in set B the set of natural number is not finite. So it is an infinite set.

Definition: A set which is empty or consists of a definite number of elements is called finite otherwise, the set is called infinite.

Equal sets:

Definition: Two sets A and B are said to be equal if they have exactly the same elements and we write A = B. Otherwise, the sets are said to be unequal and we write A ≠ B.We consider the following example : Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {3, 1, 4, 2}. Then A = B

Example: Find the cardinal number of a set from each of the following:

(i) P = {x | x ∈ N and x2 < 30}

(ii) Q = {x | x is a factor of 20}

Solution:(i) Given, P = {x | x ∈ N and x2 < 30}

Then, P = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Therefore, cardinal number of set P = 5, i.e., n(P) = 5

(ii) Given, Q = {x | x is a factor of 20}

Then, Q = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}

Therefore, cardinal number of set Q = 6, i.e., n(Q) = 6

Example: State which of the following sets are finite or infinite :(i) {x : x ∈ N and (x – 1) (x –2) = 0}(ii) {x : x ∈ N and x2 = 4}

(iii) {x : x ∈ N and x is odd}Solution: (i) Given set = {1, 2}. Hence, it is finite.(ii) Given set = {2}. Hence, it is finite.

(iii) Since there are infinite number of odd numbers, hence, the given set is infinite.

Example: Examine whether the following sets are equal or not. X, the set of letters in “ALLOY” and B, the set of letters in “LOYAL”.

Solution:We have, X = {A, L, L, O, Y}, B = {L, O, Y, A, L}. Then X and B are equal sets as repetition of elements in a set do not change a set. Thus,X = {A, L, O, Y}=B

Ex 1: Write the cardinal number of each of the following sets:

(i) X = {letters in the word MALAYALAM}

(ii) Y = {5, 6, 6, 7, 11, 6, 13, 11, 8}

(iii) Z = {natural numbers between 20 and 50, which are divisible by 7}

Ex 2:State whether each of the following set is finite or infinite:(i) The set of lines which are parallel to the x-axis(ii) The set of letters in the English alphabet.

Ex 3:Are the following pair of sets equal ? Give reasons.(i) A = {2, 3}, B = {x : x is solution of x2 + 5x + 6 = 0}(ii) A = { x : x is a letter in the word FOLLOW}B = { y : y is a letter in the word WOLF}

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

প্রথম অধ্যায় -

ঠাকুরদা

রবীন্দ্রনাথঠাকুর

তৃতীয়দিনেরপাঠ-

পরের দিন কথক ঠাকুরদার বাড়িতে গিয়ে দেখতে পান কুসুম লাটসাহেব সম্পর্কে নানা প্রশ্ন জিজ্ঞাসা করছে। আর বৃদ্ধ নানা কথা বানিয়ে বানিয়ে বলে আনন্দ উপভোগ করছেন। কথক তার ভুল বুঝতে পারে এবং সমস্ত জিনিস পত্র ফিরিয়ে দেয়, ঠাকুরদার কাছে তাঁর নাতনির জন্য পানি প্রার্থনা করে। অবশেষে তাদের বিবাহ হয় বৃদ্ধ ঠাকুরদা স্বীকার করেন তিনি গরীব, কুসুম অনেক পুন্য করে তার মত জীবন সঙ্গী পেয়েছে এবং কথককে পাত্র হিসাবে পেয়ে নয়নজোড়ের গৌরব ক্ষুন্ন হয়নি। অপরদিকে যুবকটি তার অহংকার বিসর্জন দেয়। ঠাকুরদা মশাইকে প্রনাম করেন।

Hindi 2nd lang

गौरी

“ और सच बात तो यह है कि मुझे पत्नी की इतनी जरूरत नहीं जितनी इन बच्चों को जरूरत है एक मां की मेरा क्या ठिकाना आज बाहर है तो कल जेल मे। “

उपर्युक्त पंक्तियों के आधार पर वक्ता के जीवन पर प्रकाश डालिए।

सीताराम जी अपने दोनों बच्चों को लेकर राधाकृष्णन जी के घर आए थे गौरी को देखकर सीताराम जी ने कहा कि लड़की तो साक्षात लक्ष्मी है घर से जाने से पूर्व उन्होंने राधाकृष्णन जी से उपयुक्त अपने मन की बात सबके सामने कहीं।

उपरोक्त कथन का घर के तीनों सदस्यों पर अलग-अलग प्रभावपड़ा पिता ने सोचा कि सीताराम जी उनकी बेटी गौरी को बच्चों की टॉय बनाना चाहते हैं मैंने सोचा कि कोई भी स्त्री ऐसे बच्चों का लालन-पालन करके अपना जीवन सार्थक बना सकती है गौरी ने सोचा कि किसी अभिलाषी युवक की पत्नी बनने के बजाय मैं इन भोले भाले बच्चों की मां बनना पसंद करूंगी।

पिता ने दूसरे वर्ग की खोज आरंभ कर दी 2425 वर्ष का b.a. पास युवक उन्हें वर के रूप में पसंद आ गया विवाह की तैयारियां शुरू हो गई कुंती भी खुश थी गौरी को यह संबंध पसंद ना था पर उसकी सुनता कौन था उससे पूछा भी नहीं गया युवक के पिता के देहांत के कारण विवाह 1 वर्ष के लिए टल गया यह गौरी के लिए खुशी की बात थी।

सत्याग्रह आंदोलन आरंभ होने से देश भर में देशभक्तों की गिरफ्तारियां शुरू हो गई सीताराम जी ने भी आंदोलन में भाग लिया था उन्हें 1 वर्ष का कारावास हुआ था गौरी समाचार पत्र में पढ़कर अपने को रोक न सकी वह मां से कह कर अपने नौकर के साथ बच्चों की देखभाल के लिए कानपुर सीताराम जी के घर चली गई सीताराम जी एक महान देशभक्त थे उन्होंने देश के लिए अपना जीवन उत्सर्ग किया था बच्चों की एककहारिन के आश्रय में छोड़ कर चले गए थे। ऐसे महान पुरुष के जेल से लौटने पर गौरी ने उनके चरण की धूल माथे पर लगा कर उनका स्वागत किया।

Physics

Vectors

Cross Product of Vectors

Let the two vectors be given by having angle θ between then their cross product is :

x = ab sinθ

Where

How to find the Cross Product of Vectors?

Let = a1+ a2 +a3 and = b1+ b2 +b3

Then x =

Solve this determinant to get required cross product.

Unit Vector Perpendicular to two vectors :

Let the two vectors be given by then the unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing these vectors are

N.B : x not equal to x

Q. If = 3+ +2 , = 2-2 +4 , find:

a) cross product

b) unit vector perpendicular to and

c) a vector of magnitude 19 in the direction of unit vector

d) sine of angle between and

Solution: x =

Solving by determinant ( cross multiplication technique) we get : x = 8-8 -8

= 8

b) = ( i-j-k)

c) let required vector be = 19 = ( i-j-k)

d) θ = = ()

Biology

Topic – Chapter –06 :Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about kingdom Fungi. After kingdom Monera and Protista , Fungi is the third kingdom which is separated from kingdom plantae.

They are all Eukaryotic but heterotrophic obtaining their food by absorption rather than by ingestion.

CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI :

· Composed of branched and filamentous hyphae, which form a net- like structure known as mycelium.

· Within the rapidly growing mycelium of parasitic fungi , specialised hyphal , called haustoria are often produced.

· The hyphae have a thin, rigid wall made up of chitin, a nitrogen - containing polysaccharide.

· Within the cytoplasm eukaryotic organisms such as mitochondria, golgi bodies are present.

NUTRITION :

• Fungi are heterotrophic i.e. , they require an organic source of carbon , nitrogen , usually in the form of amino acids, inorganic ions like K+ and Mg++ ; trace elements such as Fe , Zn and Cu and organic growth factors such as

Vitamins.

• Symbiont fungi grow on other living organismsand both are mutually benefited.

• Lichens are symbiotic associations between algae and fungi , the algal component contributes organic food from photosynthesis , and the fungal

component which is protected from high light intensity absorbs water and minerals salts.

• Mycorrhiza,symbiotic association between fungus and root of higher plant . The plant is benefited by the association because the fungal ' hyphae help in absorbing water, nitrogen and minerals from soil .

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Now let us start with the decisional roles of Henry Mintzberg

Decisional roles :makes important decision

The decisional roles played by a manager are

i.Entrepreneur:In this role a manager identifies business opportunities ,serves as a change agent and makes efforts to improve the working and performance of the organization.

ii.Disturbance handler: a manager takes actions to resolve unexpected problems and issues.a disturbance may occur in the form of ntural disaster (earthquake),fire in the factory or office,leakage of gas,accident,breakdown of plant and machinery ,injury or death of worker ,conflict between subordinate and so on.

iii.Resource allocator: Resources are scarce and can be used in many different ways.

iv.Negotiator:A manager negotiates with suppliers,worker’s union,government,lenders,investors.

For the better delivery ,higher quality inputs,and smooth running and functioning of the organization.

Question:

1.What is decisional role?

Answer: Here,in decisional roles a manager makes decisions.

2.Explain the decisional roles played by a manager?

Answer:

The decisional roles played by a manager are

i.Entrepreneur:In this role a manager identifies business opportunities ,serves as a change agent and makes efforts to improve the working and performance of the organization.

ii.Disturbance the handler: a manager takes actions to resolve unexpected problems and issues.a disturbance may occur in the form of ntural disaster (earthquake),fire in the factory or office,leakage of gas,accident,breakdown of plant and machinery ,injury or death of worker ,conflict between subordinate and so on.

iii.Resource allocator: Resources are scarce and can be used in many different ways.

iv.Negotiator A manager negotiates with suppliers,worker’s union,government,lenders,investors.

For the better delivery ,higher quality inputs,and smooth running and functioning of the organization

Commerce

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start with functions and importance of commerce:

As we have learnt in the last class the meaning of commerce.

Now we shall discuss that the exchange of goods is a complex process beset with several types of hindrances, commerce removes this hindrances. Commerce embraces all those activities which help to break the barriers between producers and consumers.

It is the sum total of those processes which are engaged in the removal of hindrance of person (trade),place (transport,packing and insurance),and time (warehousing) in the exchange (banking and finance) of commodities.

Thus,the main functions of commerce are to remove the following hindrances:

i.Hindrance of person

ii.Hindrance of place

iii.Hindrance of time

iv.Hindrance of exchange

v.Hindrance of risk

vi:Hindrance of knowledge

Now let us discuss the importance of commerce:

Commerce plays an important role in the distribution of goods it makes available to the users goods produced in different parts of a country as well as from other countries. People are able to buy goods produced anywhere in the world.

The producers are relived of the problem of marketing the goods and can concentrate on increasing production.

Commercial activities break the barrier between producers and consumers.

Commerce ensures a free and smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers.

Questions:

1.What are the main functions of commerce to remove the hindrances?

Answer: The main functions of commerce to remove the following hindrances are:

i.Hindrance of person:it refers to the lack of contact between producers and consumers.The producer is faced with problem of finding the buyers who needs the goods he has produces and who are able and willing to buy such goods.

ii.Hindrance of place: a major problem faced by producers is to sent their goods to distant places without loss through theft ,pilferage ,damage etc,.

Commerce solves this problem by means of transport, packing and insurance.

iii. Hindrance of time:

In modern industry goods are produced on a large scale in anticipation of demand. There is usually a time gap between the production and consumption of goods.

iv. Hindrance of exchange: buying and selling of goods between persons living in different places requires a common medium of payment. Money serves as a common medium of payment.

v. Hindrance of risk: during transportation and storage there are several possibilities of loss of damage of goods.

vi: Hindrance of knowledge: often a producer or merchant finds it difficult to sell his goods and services because consumers are not aware of their benefits and uses.

2. What is the importance of commerce?

Answer: the importance of commerce:

Commerce plays an important role in the distribution of goods it makes available to the users goods produced in different parts of a country as well as from other countries. People are able to buy goods produced anywhere in the world.

The producers are relived of the problem of marketing the goods and can concentrate on increasing production.

Commercial activities break the barrier between producers and consumers.

Commerce ensures a free and smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers.

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership:

· Capitalistic economy

Let us start discussing the merits of a capitalist economy:

Some of the merits of capitalist economy are:

i.Encourages economic activity: All individuals and firms can pursue their profit motive ,which in turn encourages economic activities in a capitalistic economy.

ii.Maximum efficiency: Under capitalistic economy, maximum efficiency is ensured because of stiff competition.

Only those who are able to produce at the least cost and sell at the lowest price are able to survive in the market.

iii.Dynamic economy:

In a capitalistic economy , there are continuous innovations and diversifications which gives it a dynamic status.

iv.Rapid economic growth:

There is a fast growth in output ,economic growth,

economic development under capitalism.

Individuals enjoy higher standard of living.

v.Economic freedom: capitalist economy is based on freedom .restrictions imposed by the government are kept to minimum .There is a freedom to consumers and producers and freedom to save and invest.

vi. Rise in international market:Since capitalism advocated free trade ,there has been expansion in international market.

Now let us discuss the demerits of the capitalist economy:

i.unequal distribution of income and wealth:in a capitalist economy there is very unequal distribution of income and wealth .so production gets affected by the demand of the rich society rather than needs of the poor society.

ii.business instability:Since thereis no role of government decisions are taken by millions of entrepreneur the result may be over production or under production and business instability.

iii.Consumer’s exploitation: in capitalist economies there is a bias in favour of monopolies whih have profit maximization as the only motive.Monopolists exploit consumers by charging higher price for lesser outputs.

iv. Misallocation of productive resources: In capitalist economies resources are allocated where profit is maximum.There is no place for social welfare.

v.Class struggle: capitalist economies are divided in to two groups rich and poor. There is a constant conflict between these two groups.

vi.Loss of human values: capitalist economic system is based on materialism .A man’s worth is judged by his economic possession.

1.What are the merits of capitalist economy?

Answer:

merits of capitalistic economy are:

i.Encourages economic activity: All individuals and firms can pursue their profit motive ,which in turn encourages economic activities in a capitalistic economy.

ii.Maximum efficiency: Under capitalistic economy, maximum efficiency is ensured because of stiff competition.

Only those who are able to produce at the least cost and sell at the lowest price are able to survive in the market.

iii.Dynamic economy:

In a capitalistic economy , there are continuous innovations and diversifications which gives it a dynamic status.

iv.Rapid economic growth:

There is a fast growth in output ,economic growth,

economic development under capitalism.

Individuals enjoy higher standard of living.

v.Economic freedom:capitalist economy is based on freedom .restrictions imposed by the government are kept to minimum .There is a freedom to consumers and producers and freedom to save and invest.

vi. Rise in international market:Since capitalism advocated free trade ,there has been expansion in international market.

2.Explain the demerits of capitalist economy?

Answer:The demerits of the capitalist economy:

i.unequal distribution of income and wealth: in a capitalist economy there is very unequal distribution of income and wealth .so production gets affected by the demand of the rich society rather than needs of the poor society.

ii.business instability:Since there is no role of government decisions are taken by millions of entrepreneur the result may be over production or under production and business instability.

iii.Consumer’s exploitation: in capitalist economies there is a bias in favour of monopolies which have profit maximization as the only motive.Monopolists exploit consumers by charging higher price for lesser outputs.

iv.Misallocation of productive resources:In capitalist economies resources are allocated where profit is maximum.There is no place for social welfare.

v.Class struggle: capitalist economies are divided in to two groups rich and poor. There is a constant conflict between these two groups.

vi.Loss of human values: capitalist economic system is based on materialism .A man’s worth is judged by his economic possession.

History

TOPIC – EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMY

SUB TOPIC – REVENUE POLICY- THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT 1793

The Permanent Settlement 1793: After Warren Hastings, Lord Cornwalis came to India to work out a permanent land revenue system.

Background of the Permanent Settlement: Lord Cornwallis received the idea from the minute of Philip Francis.

A few officials like Alexander Dow, Henry Pattulo also recommended for it.

It was recommended by Pitt’s India Act. Cornwallis at first introduced Ten Years Settlement in India.

1. Question: What do you mean by Permanent settlement of 1793?

Answer: The permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the Governor – Genaral Lord Cornwalis in 1793. This was basically an agreement between the English East India company and the Zamindars to fix the land revenue system.

2, Question: Who was James Grant and John Shore?

Sir John Shore was the head of the revenue department. James Grant was the head of the records Department.

They gave suggestion to introduce an effective Land revenue system.

Political Science

Sovereignty

Pluralistic theory of sovereignty:-

The pluralist approach to the study of power, states that nothing categorical about power can be assumed in any community. ... By studying these, it can be determined to what extent there is a power structure present in a society.

Laski's Pluralistic theory of sovereignty:-

Laski became a proponent of Marxism and believed in a planned economy based on the public ownership of the means of production. ... However, from the late 1920s, his political beliefs became radicalised and he believed that it was necessary to go beyond capitalism to "transcend the existing system of sovereign states".

Types of sovereignty:-

The five different kinds of sovereignty are as follows: (1) Nominal arid Real Sovereignty (2) Legal Sovereignty (3) Political Sovereignty (4) Popular Sovereignty (5) Deo Facto and De Jure Sovereignty.

Answer the following questions:-