Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space.

Atom- the smallest unit of all matter.

Atoms are made up of the subatomic particles Protons: _________________________________________Neutrons: ________________________________________Electrons: ________________________________________

Element- pure substance containing only one type of atom.

Molecule- two or more atoms chemically combined, or bonded.

Compound- a substance made of two or more elements chemically bonded.

NAME: __________________________ HR: ___________

BIOCHEMISTRY

2THE MOLECULES OF LIFE

=

The formula for this molecule is ______________.

The most common elements in living things are ________________, ________________, ________________, and __________________.

These four elements constitute about ______% of your body weight.

_________________ chemistry is the study of carbon compounds.

Carbon has _____ electrons so it can form _______________ bonds by sharing these electrons.

Carbon can also bond to other another carbon in a ______________, ______________, or ___________________bond.

The _______________ of an organic molecule determines its function.

o Inorganic= ____________________________________ _______________ groups give different properties to the

organic compound to which they attach. Large organic molecules are called

_________________________. Polymers are built from smaller subunits called

_________________.o Mono- means ____________

Dehydration synthesis links small molecules or monomers together by removing molecules of ________________________.

_____________________ involves adding a molecule of water in order to break bonds.

BONDING: There are ____________________ and _________________

bonds. Ionic bonds

o ___________________________________________ Covalent Bonds

o ____________________________________________

H O H31

30

PROPERTIES OF WATERWater is considered to be a _______________ molecule.

Draw and label a picture of a water molecule in the box

Describe a Hydrogen bond:

List and describe the 5 properties of water related to Hydrogen bonds:

1.

2.

3.

4.

3PROPERTIES OF WATER

5.

What is a solution?

List and describe the components of a solutionINCLUDE AND LABEL: CLASS RULES, PROBLEM STATEMENT, HYPOTHESIS, MATERIALS, AND

CONCLUSION.

29

4

PENNY DROP LAB

28

Number of Drops of Liquid on Penny Chart

# of drops of the substance

Substance Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Water

Alcohol

Sketch of Penny with substance on it:

Water:

Rubbing Alcohol:

5PENNY DROP LAB OBSERVATIONS 5

What property of water was being demonstrated by this activity? ___________________________________

BUBBLE TROUBLE:1. Pour a puddle of bubble solution on the counter.2. Place your straw in the solution, trapping some of

the solution in the straw.3. Gently blow into the straw in order to create as large a

bubble as possible.4. Just before (or just after, if working on a countertop)

the bubble pops, measure its diameter using metric units.

5. Record your diameters.TRIAL 1 TRIAL 2 TRIAL 3 AVERAGE

PERSON 1PERSON 2PERSON 3PERSON 4

What property of water allowed you to blow bubbles with the soapy water mixture? _____________________________________________________

FOLD & FLOAT:1. Estimate the number of times that you can fold a 10 x

10 cm piece of aluminum foil in half before it sinks. Record estimates in table below.

2. Fold the foil once in half making sure to press all air out from between the layers.

3. Place the folded foil in the pan of water to see if it will float.

4. Repeat step 2 and 3 until the foil sinks for each group member.

5. Record the maximum number of folds in the table below.

ESTIMATE ACTUALPERSON 1

PERSON 2PERSON 3PERSON 4AVERAGE

What was the main factor in why the folded foil eventually sank? (I’m on a boat)_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Chemical reactions change substances into different substance by ______________ or _______________ bonds.

2. ________________ are substances changed during a chemical reaction.

3. ________________ are substances made by a chemical reaction.

4. Circle the reactants and underline the products in the following:

O2 + C6H12O6 CO2 + H2O

5. ________ ________ is the amount of energy that will break a bond between two atoms.

6. All chemical reactions involve __________ in energy.

7. ___________ __________ is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.

WATER LAB

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

27

6

8. An ________________ chemical reaction releases more energy than it absorbs

9. An ________________ chemical reaction absorbs more energy than it releases.

1.

1. Give three functions for proteins in the body.

2. __________________ are the monomers that make up proteins.

3. The twenty amino acids are made of the following atoms:______, _______, _______, _______, _______

4. Amino Acids are central carbons bonded to four different groups. Fill in the following image.

5. Amino acid chains are amino acids linked together with ______________________ bonds. When two amino acids are linked, ___________ is removed. This is called dehydration synthesis.

6. When two amino acids are linked, the molecule is called a ______peptide. ______- means two.

7. When many amino acids are linked, the molecule is called a ______________________. ________- means many.

8. What is the test can we can use to find out whether or not proteins are present?

1. An ____________ is a compound that releases a proton - ______________ - when is dissolves in water.

2. A ______________ is a compound that remove ______ ions from a solution.

3. Most organisms need to keep their pH near ______ (#).

4. pH is regulated in organisms by substances called _________________.

pH Scale

pH SCALE

PROTEIN REVIEW QUESTIONS 726

Label the following pH scale using your book on page 41. Include the following labels:

Proteins are a polymer made up of monomers called amino acids. Amino acids are linked together by dehydration synthesis. A peptide bond forms between each amino acid when linked together. Each amino acid is made up of a central Carbon (C) attached to a Hydrogen (H), an Amino group (NH2 ), Carboxyl group (COOH), an R group (also known as side group). The R group gives each amino acid its unique properties. Proteins usually consist of 100 amino acids or more. You will be creating a protein using just 4 amino acids. Show dehydration synthesis occurring (H2O being taken out).

PROTEIN

0 7 14 acid base neutral high H+ concentration low H+ concentration

Universal indicator paper changes color depending on the pH of the solution being tested. Many substances around your home are acids and have a low pH. Others are bases and have a high pH. In this lab you will use pH indicator paper to investigate the pH of several common substances.

PROBLEMHow acidic or basic are household substances?

  

MATERIALS• 6 test tubes • lemon juice

8 TESTING pH LAB CUT & PASTE PROTEIN

25

A. Chemical Test for Known and Unknown Proteins

BIURET’S TEST1. Number three clean test tubes using a sharpie: 1, 2, 3.

a. Tube 1: Add 10-20 drops of the known protein.b. Tube 2: Add 10-20 drops of the first unknown.c. Tube 3: Add 10-20 drops of the second unknown.

2. Tell the teacher you are ready for the Biuret’s solution. CAUTION: Bradford’s solution can be dangerous if it comes into contact with your skin or is inhaled.

3. Return to your seat and wait 5 minutes for the reaction to take place.

4. Observe any color changes in the solution. Record.

COLOR Yellow/Brownish PurpleProtein

RESULT? - +

SUBSTANCEPROTEIN TESTING

BIURET COLOR(Yellow or Purple?)

PROTEIN PRESENT

1. Protein KNOWN2.

3.

Universal indicator paper changes color depending on the pH of the solution being tested. Many substances around your home are acids and have a low pH. Others are bases and have a high pH. In this lab you will use pH indicator paper to investigate the pH of several common substances.

PROBLEMHow acidic or basic are household substances?

  

MATERIALS• 6 test tubes • lemon juice

TABLE 1. pH OF COMMON HOUSEHOLD SUBSTANCES

Household Solution pH

lemon juicevinegar

mouthwashwindow cleaner

unknown 1unknown 2

TESTING pH LAB 9

PROTEIN TESTING24

The Four Biological Macromolecules1. Carbohydrates

What are they?

Function(s)?2. Lipids

What are they?

Function(s)?3. Proteins

What are they?

Function(s)?4. Nucleic Acid

What are they?

Function(s)?

CARBOHYDRATES1. Carbohydrates are made from the following atoms:2. Carbohydrate names end in -______________.3. The primary function of carbohydrates in the body:

__________

MONOSACCHARIDES Simple sugars. What does mono- mean?

__________________

8. As always, ____________________ determines function.

9. There are levels of protein structure1. Linear sequence of amino acids (chain)

__________________________2. When amino acid chains are folded

__________________________

TABLE 1. pH OF COMMON HOUSEHOLD SUBSTANCES

Household Solution pH

lemon juicevinegar

mouthwashwindow cleaner

unknown 1unknown 2

Identify: Find out from your teacher what the unknown solutions are. Is the pH of any of the solutions different than you might have expected? Why or why not?

____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

_ THE FOUR BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES10 23

3. The 3-D shape of the protein__________________________

4. Two or more separate proteins interacting__________________________

10.Denaturing a protein involves changing its _______________ so it no longer works.

ENZYMES1. Many proteins act as ______________, or biological

catalysts.2. ______________ lower the amount of activation energy

needed for a reaction.3. Enzymes in cells may ________________ chemical

bonds and _________________ the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction.

Sketch an enzyme:

4. Substrates attach to an enzyme at its ______________ site.

1. Proteins are made from the following atoms

2. The ratio of atoms in carbohydrates is NOT THERE!

3. Proteins are made up of monomers called _________________.

FUNCTION

4. Proteins have three jobs within the cell.1.

2.

3.

STRUCTURE

5. An amino acid is a central carbon bonded to four different

functional groups

1. Hydrogen

2. Amino Group

3. Carboxyl Group

4. “ R “ Group

6. There are ______ amino acids. The difference is in the _____ group!

7. Amino acids are linked together by ________________ synthesis

and held together by ______________ bonds.

1. _____________________________________ Chemical formula: ______________ Where? fruits2. _____________________________________ Chemical formula: ______________ Where? plants3. _____________________________________ Chemical formula: ______________ Where? milk

1122

DISACCHARIDES1. Double sugar. What does di- mean?

_____________________2. How are disaccharides formed?

_________________________

1. Sucrose

Made of: _____________________ + _____________________

2. Maltose

Made of: _____________________ + _____________________

3. Lactose

Made of: _____________________ + _____________________

POLYSACCHARIDES1. Complex carbohydrates are called

_____________________& are made of chains of ___________________________.

2. Plants store carbohydrate energy as ____________________.

o Name a few starchy foods. ______________________

________________________________________________3. Animals store their carbohydrate energy as

_______________.4. Structure support in plants?____________ In animals?

_________ 5. The energy from carbohydrates comes from the

breaking of thebond between ______________ and _________________.

Why does starch give off more energy than other, smaller carbohydrates?

TESTING FOR CARBOHYDRATESA. Chemical Test for Known Carbohydrates

BENEDICT’S TEST2. Fill a beaker half full of water. Bring the water to

boil on a hot plate. CAUTION: HOT WATER!!!3. Number three clean test tubes using a sharpie: 1,

2, 3.a. Tube 1: Add 20 drops of monosaccharide

solution.b. Tube 2: Add 20 drops of disaccharide

solution.c. Tube 3: Add 20 drops of polysaccharide

solution.4. Add 10 drops of Benedict’s solution to each tube.

CAUTION: TELL THE TEACHER IF YOU SPILL BENEDICT’S!

5. Place the three test tubes in the hot water bath for 5 min.

6. Use a test tube clamp to remove the tubes from the water.

7. Observe any color changes in the solution. Record.COLOR Blue Green Yellow Orange RedRESULT?

- + + + +

8. Clean your test tubes with soapy water. IODINE TEST

9. Add 20 drops of carbohydrate solution to each test tube.

a. Tube 1: Add 20 drops of monosaccharide solution.

b. Tube 2: Add 20 drops of disaccharide solution.

c. Tube 3: Add 20 drops of polysaccharide solution.

10.Add 4 drops of iodine solution. CAUTION: TELL THE TEACHER IF YOU SPILL IODINE!

11.Mix the contents gently by swirling.12.Record the color change.

12

COLOR Rust Deep Blue-Black

RESULT?

- +

13.Clean your test tubes with soapy water.B. Chemical Test for Unknown CarbohydratesYou are now ready to test unknown carbohydrates to classify them as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides.

1. Give three functions for lipids in the body.

2. If the bonds between carbons in a fatty acid are single bonds,

the fatty acid is ________________________. If there are

double bonds, the fatty acid is _________________________.

3. ___________________ are the monomers that make up lipids.

4. Triglycerides are made of an alcohol called ____________ and

_______ fatty acid chains.

5. What process links the 3 fatty acid chains to the glycerol in

lipids?

6. What are the two tests we can use to find out whether or not

lipids are present?

*******************EXTRA*******************

1. Lipids called ______________ are made of four, fused rings of

carbon.

2. Name 3 steroids found in organisms.

a.

b.

You will be creating a nucleotide (monomer) which make up a nucleic acid (polymer). Nucleic acids make up DNA and RNA. One nucleotide is composed of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogen base. Dehydration synthesis (removal of H2O) occurs to bring the phosphate, sugar, and base together. You will be creating a nucleotide and cutting out a picture of a nucleic acid to paste onto this page.

NUCLEOTIDE

NUCLEIC ACID

CARBOHYDRATES

CUT & PASTE NUCLEIC ACID

LIPID REVIEW QUESTIONS 21

B. Chemical Test for Known Carbohydrates13. Number three clean test tubes using a sharpie:

1,2,3.a. Tube 1: Add 10 drops of table sugar solution.b. Tube 2: Add 10 drops of apple juice solution.c. Tube 3: Add 10 drops of oats solution.

14. Add 10 drops of Benedict’s solution to each tube.15. Place the three test tubes in the hot water

bath for 5 min.16. Use a test tube clamp to remove the tubes from

the water.17. Observe any color changes in the solution. Record.18. Clean your test tubes with soapy water.19. Add 10 drops of carbohydrate solution to each test

tube.a. Tube 1: Add 10 drops of table sugar solution.b. Tube 2: Add 10 drops of apple juice solution.c. Tube 3: Add 10 drops of oats solution.

20. Add 4 drops of iodine solution.21. Mix the contents gently by swirling.22. Record the color change.23. Clean your test tubes with soapy water.

SUBSTANCE

CARBOHYDRATE TESTINGSIMPLE SUGAR COMPLEX SUGAR

Benedic Sugar Iodine Starche

S tColor

(Orange?)

Present Color(Black?)

sPresent

Monosaccharide(Glucose)Disaccharide(Sucrose)Polysaccharide(Corn Starch)Table SugarApple JuiceOats

From the sugar molecules you are given, you will be creating a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide. When 2 monomers (in this case monosaccharides) are joined together H2O is removed through dehydration synthesis. When creating the disaccharide and polysaccharde make sure to take an –OH off of one sugar molecule and a –H off the other sugar molecule so that the pieces fit together. Lable the process dehydration.MONOSACCHARIDE (one sugar unit)

DISACCHARIDE (two sugar units)

13

14 CUT & PASTE CARBOHYDRATESCUT & PASTE LIPIDS 19

20

POLYSACCHARIDE ( represent with 3 sugar units even though polysaccharides usually consist of 100’s-1000’s of simple sugars).

Triglyceride is a type of lipid. It has one glycerol head and 3 fatty acid chains that are attached to it through dehydration synthesis (removal of H2O). Create a saturated and unsatured lipid using the monomers given to you.

SATURATED (solid at room temperature: think butter, composed of all single bonds between carbon)

UNSATURATED ( liquid at room temperature: think vegetable oil, composed of at least 1 double bond of carbon which gives one of the fatty acid tails a kink)

PAPER BAG TEST

1. Draw four equal squares on a brown paper bag. Label the boxes 1, 2, 3, and control.

2. Use a cotton swab to put samples of the three lipids in boxes 1, 2, and 3. Use a cotton swab to put water in the control box.

3. Wipe off excess oil/fat and let sit until dry. Once dry, the fats will leave a translucent spot. You can tell by holding the paper up to a light source.

SUBSTANCELIPID TESTING

Grease Spot? Lipid Present?Control (Water)1.2.3.

SUDAN III (SUDAN RED) TEST1. Number two clean test tubes using a sharpie: 1, 2, and 3.

a. Tube 1: Add 20 drops of skim milk, then 20 drops of water.

b. Tube 2: Add 20 drops of whole milk, then 20 drops of water.

CARBOHYDRATE REVIEW QUESTIONS LIPIDS18

c. Tube 3: Add 40 drops of water.2. Add 2-5 drops of Sudan solution to each tube. DO NOT SWIRL.

CAUTION: SUDAN RED WILL STAIN YOUR CLOTHES3. Look for separation in the substances (pink/red as a top layer). If

separation occurs lipid is present.4. Clean your test tubes with soapy water.

SUBSTANCELIPID TESTING

Separation? Lipid Present?Control (Water)Skim MilkWhole Milk

1. Carbohydrates are used in the body for __________________.

2. The ratio of atoms in carbohydrates is_____ C _____ H ______ O (____:____:____)

3. Which indicator tests for simple sugars (monosaccharides)?

4. Which indicator tests for complex sugars (polysaccharides)?

5. Simple sugars are called ________________________. 6. List the 3 simple sugars we discussed in class.

7. What is the chemical formula for simple sugars?

8. Double sugars are called _______________________.

9. Give an example of a double sugar. What simple sugars make up this double sugar?

10. Complex sugars are called ______________________. 11. List 4 complex sugars, where they are found, and

what its function is.

1. Lipids are made from the following atoms:2. Lipids are _____________, meaning they ___________ water.

FUNCTION3. The primary function of lipids in the body:

_______________4. Do lipids store more or less energy than

carbohydrates? Why?

5. What are some other functions of lipids?____________________________________________________

STRUCTURE6. Lipids are composed of two types of subunits

a. Glycerolsi. Glycerols are the _______________ of the

lipid.

1516

ii. Other parts of the lipid branch off these carbons.

b. Fatty Acidsiii. A long chain of _____________ and

__________, called a _______________________ chain.

7. The monomers (building blocks) that make up lipids are called ___________________________. Mono- means __________.

8. The most commonly occurring lipids, called _______________, have ______ fatty acids bonded to a lone glycerol molecule.

9. These subunits are joined together by removing ___________.

SATURATION

11. What is a saturated fat?

12. Saturated fats are usually _____________ at room temperature.

13. What is an unsaturated fat?

14. These are usually _________________ at room temperature.

15. ______________________ is a lipid with a ring structure.

16. Why does a body need cholesterol?

NUCLEIC ACIDS1. Nucleic acids are ________________ that are made

of ____________ called nucleotides.2. A nucleotide is composed of a

_______________________, ___________________, and _______________________.

3. ______ is a nucleic acid that stores information for putting amino acids together.

-DNA stores hereditary information4. _______ is a nucleic acid that helps put proteins

together.

LIPIDS

17LIPIDS AND NUCLEIC ACIDS