RESEARCH IN SOCIAL STUDIES II

Submitted by:

Tristan Eigram A. Ilao

Submitted to:Sir. Joshua Capul

Contributions to Spanish colonizations

Ferdinand Magellan

The Philippine islands first came to the attention of Europeans with the Spanish expedition around the world led by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in 1521. Magellan landed on the island of Cebu, claiming the lands for Spain and naming them Islas de San Lazaro. He set up friendly relations with some of the local chieftains and converted some of them to Roman Catholicism. However, Magellan was killed by natives, led by a local chief named Lapu-Lapu, who go up against foreign domination.

Lapu-Lapu

Lapu-Lapu became one of two datus of Mactan (Matan) before the Spanish arrived in the archipelago, the other being a certain Zula. When Portuguese explorer and conquistador Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the Philippines in the service of Spain, Zula was one of those who gave tribute to the Spanish king while Lapu-Lapu refused.

On the morning of April 27, 1521, Lapu-Lapu led 1,500 Mactan warriors (Mangubats) armed with barong, spears, kampilan, andkalasag, in a battle against Portuguese explorer and conquistador Ferdinand Magellan who led a force of forty-nine Spanish soldiers armed with guns in what would later be known as the Battle of Mactan. During the battle Magellan and several of his men were killed.

Philip II

Philip II of Spain (Spanish: Felipe II; 21 May 1527 – 13 September 1598) was King of Spain (as Philip II in Castille and Philip I inAragon) and Portugal as Philip I (Portuguese: Filipe I). During his marriage to Queen Mary I, he was King of England and Ireland andpretender to the kingdom of France.[1][2] As heir to the Duchy of Burgundy, he was lord of the Seventeen Provinces of the Netherlands. Known in Spanish as "Philip the Prudent" (Felipe el Prudente), his empire included territories in every continent then known to Europeans and during his reign Spain was the foremost Western European power. Under his rule, Spain reached the height of its influence and power, directing explorations all around the world and settling the colonization of territories in all the known continents including his namesake Philippine Islands. However, he was also responsible for four separate state bankruptcies in 1557, 1560, 1575, and 1596; precipitating the declaration of independence which created the Dutch Republic in 1581; and the disastrous fate of the 1588 invasion of England.

Rajah Humabon

Rajah Humabon was the Rajah of Cebu at the time of Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan's arrival in the Philippines in 1521.[1]There is no official record of his existence before the Spanish arrival, but extensive narration by Italian historian Antonio Pigafetta was made on Humabon and the Philippine indigenous kingdoms, prior to the Spanish colonization.

There is no official record on the origins of Rajah Humabon prior to the arrival of Magellan. According to tradition, one of the native kings was Sri Lumay, a native from Sumatra, who settled in the Visayas, and had several sons. One of his sons was Sri Alho, who ruled a land known as Sialo which included the present-day towns of Carcar and Santander in the southern region of Cebu. Sri Ukob ruled a kingdom known as Nahalin in the north which included the present-day towns of Consolación, Liloan, Compostela, Danao, Carmen and Bantayan. He died in battle, fighting with the tribal group known as magalos from Mindanao.

Miguel Lopez De Legazpi

Miguel López de Legazpi (1502 – August 20, 1572), also known as El Adelantado and El Viejo (The Elder), was a Spanishconquistador who established one of the first Spanish settlements in the East Indies and the Pacific Islands in 1565. He was the firstGovernor-General of Spanish East Indies (present day as Philippines). After obtaining peace with various indigenous tribes, Miguel López de Legazpi made the Philippines the capital of the Spanish East Indies in 1571.

In 1564, López de Legazpi was commissioned by the viceroy, Luis de Velasco, to lead an expedition in the Pacific Ocean, to find theSpice Islands where the earlier explorers Ferdinand Magellan and Ruy López de Villalobos had landed in 1521 and 1543, respectively. The expedition was ordered by King Philip II of Spain, after whom the Philippines had earlier been named by Ruy López de Villalobos. The viceroy died in July 1564, but the Audiencia and López de Legazpi completed the preparations for the expedition.

Their expedition was to prove a success and they would succeed in establishing settlements in the Philippines.

At the time of Legazpi's arrival, Filipinos practiced Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and various ancestor and nature worship practices. Part of the motivation of the Spaniards was to convert the natives to the Roman Catholic religion. The Spanish burned writings and other items, and looted Buddhist and Hindu images made of gold.

With the Augustinian, Franciscan and other friars, who had helped him established a government on the islands, López de Legazpi worked to convert the natives to the Christian religion.

Gabriela Silang

María Josefa Gabriela Cariño Silang (March 19, 1731 – September 20, 1763) was the wife of the Ilocano insurgent leader, Diego Silang. Following Diego's assassination in 1763, she led the group for four months before she was captured and executed.

Born in Barangay Caniogan, Santa, Ilocos Sur, Silang was a mestiza, of Spanish and Ilocano descent. The people of Abra do claim she was born in what is now Pidigan, Abra (those two places are not far from each other, and Abra was not incorporated as a province until early in the 20th century). She was adopted by a very wealthy businessman Tomás Millan, who later married her at the age of 20, but died after three years. In 1757, she re-married, this time to 27-year-old Ilocano insurgent leader, Diego Silang. The groups’ goal was to ensure an independent Ilocos. She became one of his closest advisors, whenever the troops battle, Gabriela always went with them to give support and help with the battle, a major figure in her husband's collaboration with the British and the brief expulsion of Spanish officials from Vigan, Ilocos Sur during the British occupation of the Philippines.

Together with Nicolas Cariño, Sebatian Andaya and Manuel Flores, there she regrouped her troops, and rallied the Tingguian community to fight. Gabriela’s troops of 2000 fighters attacked the Spanish in Vigan on September 10, 1763. With a larger number of the Spanish troops, the 6000 men strong Spanish garrison was ready, with amassing Spanish,Tagalog, and Kapampangan soldiers, and Ilocano collaborators recruited from other regions to ambush her and rout her forces. Many were killed. She escaped, alongside Cariño and seven others, but were caught on September 20, 1763. They were summarily hanged.

Francisco dagohoy

Francisco Dagohoy, (born Francisco Sendrijas) was a Boholano who holds the distinction of having led the longest revolt in Philippine history, the Dagohoy Rebellion. This rebellion against the Spanish colonial government took place in the island of Bohol from 1744 to 1829, roughly 85 years.

The Dagohoy RebellionThe Dagohoy Rebellion was one of two significant revolts that occurred in Bohol, Philippines during the Spanish Era. The other one was the Tamblot Uprising in 1621 led byTamblot, a babaylan or native priest from Bohol which was basically a religious conflict.

In 1744, Gaspar Morales, the Jesuit curate of Inabanga, ordered Francisco's brother, Sagarino, who was a constable, to capture an apostate fugitive. Sagarino pursued the fugitive, but the latter resisted and killed him. Morales refused to give him a Christian burial because he had died in a duel, a practice banned by the Church.

Infuriated, Francisco instigated the people to rise in arms. The signal of the uprising was the killing of Giuseppe Lamberti, Italian Jesuit curate of Jagna on January 24, 1744. The rebellion rolled over the whole island like a typhoon; Morales was slain by Dagohoy afterwards. Bishop Miguel Lino de Espeleta of Cebu, who exercised ecclesiastical authority over Bohol, tried vainly to mollify the rebellious Boholanos.

Dagohoy defeated the Spanish forces sent against him. He established a free government in the mountains, and had 3,000 followers, which subsequently increased to 20,000. His followers remained unsubdued in their mountains stronghold and, even after Dagohoy's death, continued to defy Spanish power.

Gomburza

GOMBURZA is an acronym denoting the surnames of the priests Mariano Gómez, José Apolonio Burgos, andJacinto Zamora, three Filipino priests who were executed on 17 February 1872 at Bagumbayan in Manila, Philippines by Spanish colonial authorities on charges of subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny. Their execution had a profound effect on many Filipinos; José Rizal, the national hero, would dedicate his novel El filibusterismo to their memory.

The uprising by workers in the Cavite Naval Yard was the pretext needed by the authorities to redress a perceived humiliation from the principal objective, José Burgos, who threatened the established order.

The Cavite Mutiny

The so-called Cavite Mutiny of workers in the arsenal of the naval shipyard over pay reduction owing to increased taxation produced a willing witness to implicate the three priests, who were summarily tried and sentenced to death by garrote on February 17, 1872. The bodies of the three priests were buried in a common, unmarked grave in the Paco Cemetery, in keeping with the practice of burying enemies of the state. Significantly, in the archives of Spain, there is no record of how Izquierdo, himself a liberal, could have been influenced to authorize these executions Gregorio Meliton Martinez, then the Archbishop of Manila, refused to defrock the priests, citing they did not break any canon law. He ordered the bells of every church to be rung in honor of the executed priests. The aftermath of the investigation produced scores of suspects, most of whom were exiled to Guam in the Marianas. Except for a few who managed to escape to other ports like Hong Kong, most of the suspects died there.

Jose RizalJose Rizal (June 19, 1861 – December 30, 1896), was a Filipino nationalist and reformist. He is considered one of the national heroes of the Philippines, together with Andres Bonifacio.[7] Studying in Europe, he was the most prominent advocate for reform in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial era. He was wrongly implicated as the leader of the Katipunan Revolution, and that led to his execution on December 30, 1896, now celebrated as Rizal Day, a national holiday in the country.

Rizal was born to a wealthy family in Calamba, Laguna and was the seventh of eleven children. He attended the Ateneo Municipal de Manila, earning a Bachelor of Arts diploma and studied medicine at the University of Santo Tomas in Manila. He continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid in Madrid, Spain, earning the degree of Licentiate in Medicine, making him eligible to practice medicine. He also attended lectures at the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg.

Rizal was a polymath; besides medicine, he was also an artist who dabbled in painting, sketching, sculpting and woodcarving. He was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and its sequel, El filibusterismo. These social commentaries during the Spanish colonization of the country formed the nucleus of literature that inspired peaceful reformists and armed revolutionaries alike. Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in twenty-two languages.

As a political figure, José Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andrés Bonifacio, , a secret society which would start the Philippine Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the foundation of the First Philippine Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent of achieving Philippine self-government peacefully through institutional reform rather than through violent revolution, and would only support "violent means" as a last resort. Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and self-government is the restoration of the dignity of the people saying "Why independence, if the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?" The general consensus among Rizal scholars is that his execution by the Spanish government ignited the Philippine Revolution.

Andres Bonifacio

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (30 November 1863 – 10 May 1897) was a Filipino nationalist, and revolutionary. He is often called "the great plebeian," "father of the Philippine Revolution," and "father of the Katipunan." He was a founder and later Supremo ("supreme leader") of the Katipunan movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started thePhilippine Revolution. He is considered a de facto national hero of the Philippines, and is also considered by some Filipino historians to be the first President, but he is not officially recognized as such.

He was a Filipino revolutionary leader and one of the main rebel leaders of thePhilippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule in the late 19th century. He is regarded as the "Father of the Philippine Revolution" and one of the most influential national heroes of his country. A freemason, Bonifacio was the founder of the Katipunan organization which aimed to start an independence movement against Spain.

The Katipunan is short for Kataastaasang, Kagalang-galangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan, a secret society which began with the commoners recruited by Bonifacio from his home districts of Tondo and Trozo. It started along Rizal’s concept of La Liga Filipina that would “unite the entire archipelago into one compact, vigorous and homogenous body.”

On July 7, 1892, only three days after he tried to organize the La Liga Filipina, Rizal was arrested to be exiled to Dapitan. That same day, in the evening, Bonifacio, Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, and Deodato Arellano founded the Katipunan.

In the beginning, the Katipunan started with basic units of three-man cells, where only one man in each knew one man in the next cell. Secrecy was guarded, and the growth of the organization was very slow. This system was later discarded and replaced by recruitment and organization on the basis of district and municipal councils. Later, a women’s chapter was also setup – the Katipuneros wives, daughters and sisters became members.

In its first year in 1892, the Katipunan under the leadership of Roman Basa and Deodato Arellano, had only about 30 members. Bonifacio took over the leadership, worked full-time, and aggressively went to pueblos to recruit members. He was joined by Emilio Jacinto, a pre-law student who became the second top man of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio and Jacinto made a strong team. Both belonged to the political volatile and often angry class: the struggling urban poor who saw no hope in the regime.

In April 1895, Bonifacio brought a band of Katipuneros to the Montalban hills, initiating some new members in the area. Here in the Pamintuan Cave the band assembled. Bonifacio scratched the charcoal on the walls: Viva La Independencia de Filipinas! This was the Filipinos’ first cry for liberty and independence!.

The Katipunan published an underground newspaper called Kalayaan which spread knowledge of the spirit of the Katipunan and drew the common people to its fold. The Katipunan’s teachings were puritan, couched in dignified and noble languages, and based on the principal ideas of liberty, patriotism and equality.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy (22 March 1869 – 6 February 1964) was a military leader and politician who is popularly considered to be the first president of the Philippines. He was one of the major figures in the history of the Philippines' fight for independence from Spanish colonization.

In 1895, Aguinaldo joined Andres Bonifacio's underground Katipunan movement. A few months after he had enlisted as a lieutenant, he was promoted to general.

In his time as a Katipunero, Aguinaldo led successful campaigns in Cavite. Because the Spanish military came back in stronger forces, the Katipunan could no longer continue to operate underground. They needed to gather their scattered forces as one cohesive unit and openly wage war on the Spanish military. The different groups of Katipuneros also had to unite under one leadership.

During the Tejeros Convention (held in Tejeros, Cavite), Andres Bonifacio moved to have the Katipunan movement succeeded by a new revolutionary government. Because he was in his own territory, Aguinaldo won leadership over Bonifacio, who became the government's Secretary of the Interior instead.

Bonifacio was angered by a comment from one of Aguinaldo's supporters, who allegedly said that Bonifacio was not even qualified to serve as the government's secretary because he lacked formal education. At this Bonifacio moved that the election be voided, and pushed for another election to take place in his own province, Rizal.

For this outburst, Bonifacio was charged with treason by a military panel and given the death sentence. He was then executed on 10 May 1897 in Maragondon, Cavite. During this time, Aguinaldo was in retreat from the Spanish forces.

Aguinaldo appointed two prime ministers, Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. He also had two cabinets in 1899. However, he saw that he needed to rule by decree because of the intensifying situation of the war.

MactanMactan is an island located a few kilometres from Cebu Island in the Philippines. The island is

part of Cebu Province and it is divided into Lapu-Lapu City and the municipality of Cordova. The

island is separated from Cebu by the Mactan Channel which is crossed by two bridges:

the Marcelo Fernan Bridge and the Mactan-Mandaue Bridge.

The Mactan-Cebu International Airport, is located in the island

BATTLE OF MACTANOn 16 March 1521 (Spanish calendar), Magellan sighted the mountains of what is

now Samar while on a mission to find a westward route to the Moluccas Islands for Spain. This

event marked the arrival of the first Europeans in the Archipelago. The following day, Magellan

ordered his men to anchor their ships on the shores of Homonhon Island. There, he

befriended Rajah Kulambu and Rajah Siagu the chieftain of Limasawa, who guided him to

Cebu. He, and his queen were baptized into the Catholic faith, taking the Christian names

Carlos, in honor of King Charles of Spain, and Juana, in honor of King Charles' mother. To

commemorate this event, Magellan gave Juana the Santo Niño, an image of the infant Jesus,

as a symbol of their new alliance. As a result of Magellan’s influence with Rajah Humabon, an

order had been issued to the nearby chiefs that each of them were to provide food supplies for

the ships, and convert to Christianity.

On Friday, April twenty-six, Zula, the second chief of the island of Mactan, sent one of his sons

to present two goats to the captain-general, and to say that he would send him all that he had

promised, but that he had not been able to send it to him because of the other chief Lapu-Lapu,

who refused to obey the king of Spain.

Rajah Humabon and Datu Zula suggested that Magellan go to the island of Mactan and force

his subject chieftain Datu Lapu-Lapu to comply with his orders. Magellan saw an opportunity to

strengthen the existing friendship ties with the ruler of the Visaya region and agreed to help him

subdue the rebellious Lapu-Lapu.

Today, Lapu-Lapu is retroactively honored as the first "Philippine national hero" to resist foreign

rule, though formally the territory of the "Philippine Islands" had yet to be established or even

named at the time. He is remembered by a number of commemorations: statues on the island of

Mactan and the Cebu Provincial Capitol, a city bearing his name, and a local variety of

red grouper fish.

Magellan is also honored for bringing Christianity to the Philippines in general and the Santo

Niño (Child Jesus) to Cebu in particular. TheMagellan's Cross and the aforementioned

Magellan's shrine were erected in Cebu City and Mactan Island. Many landmarks and

infrastructures all over the Philippines bear Magellan's name, mostly using its Spanish spelling

(Magallanes), which is also a widely used Filipino surname.

CEBUThe City of Cebu (Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Sugbo, Tagalog: Lungsod ng Cebu, Spanish: Ciudad de Cebú) is the capital city of the province of Cebu and is the "second city" in the Philippines with the second most significant metropolitan center.

HISTORY OF CEBUOn April 7, 1521, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan landed in Cebu. He was welcomed by Rajah Humabon, the king of Cebu, together with his wife and about 700 native islanders. Magellan, however, was killed in the Battle of Mactan, and the remaining members of his expedition left Cebu soon after several of them were poisoned by Humabon due to threats of foreign occupation.

On February 13, 1565, Spanish conquistadors led by Miguel López de Legazpi (together with Augustinian friar Andrés de Urdaneta arrived in Cebu, but left after clashing with hostile natives. After visits to Mazaua, Leyte, and Bohol the Spanish returned to Cebu on April 15, 1565. They then attempted to parley with the local ruler, Rajah Tupas, but found that he and the local population had abandoned the town. Thus bereft, the conquistadors sacked the town and seized the island for Spain. Rajah Tupas presented himself at their camp on May 8, and the Treaty of Cebu was formalized on July 3, 1565. López de Legazpi's party named their new colony "Villa de San Miguel" (later renamed "Villa del Santísimo Nombre de Jesús)." In 1567 their numbers were reinforced by the arrival of 2,100 Spaniards and Mexicans. The growing colony was then fortified with theFuerte de San Pedro.

By 1569 the Spanish settlement in Cebu had become important as a safe port for ships from Mexico and as a jumping-off point for further exploration of the archipelago. Small expeditions led by Juan de Salcedo went to Mindoro and Luzon, where he and Martín de Goiti played a leading role in the subjugation of the Kingdoms of Tundun and Seludongin 1570. One year later, López de Legazpi departed Cebu to discuss a peace pact with the defeated Rajahs. An agreement between the conquistadors and the Rajahs to form a city council paved the way for the establishment of a new settlement and the construction of the walled city of Intramuros on the razed remains of Seludong.

On August 14, 1595, Pope Clement VIII created the diocese of Cebu as a suffragan to the Archdiocese of Manila.

On April 3, 1898, local revolutionaries led by the Negrense Leon Kilat rose up against the Spanish colonial authorities and took control of the urban center after three days of fighting{. The uprising was only ended by the treacherous murder of Leon Kilat and the arrival of soldiers from Iloilo.

The signing of the Treaty of Paris at the end of the Spanish-American War provided for the cession of Cebu along with the rest of the Philippine islands to the United States until the formation of the Commonwealth Era (1935-1946). On February 21, 1899 theUSS Petrel (PG-2) deployed a landing party of 45 men on the shores of Cebu. Cebu’s transfer to the Commonwealth government was signed by Luis Flores, although others, most notably, Gen. Arcadio Maxilom and Juan Climaco, offered resistance until 1901.

Cebu only became a chartered city in February 24, 1937. Many Philippine cities such as Dansalan (now Marawi), Iloilo City, andBacolod City were only incorporated as such at that time (see Cities of the Philippines). Until then, Cebu City had never been more than a town since its original founding in 1565.

MANILAManila became the seat of the colonial government of Spain when it officially controlled the Philippine Islands for over three centuries from 1565 to 1898. During the British occupation of the Philippines, the city was occupied by Great Britain for two years from 1762-1764 as part of the Seven Years War. The city remained the capital of the Philippines under the government of the provisional British governor, acting through the Archbishop of Manila and the Real Audiencia. Armed resistance to the British centred in Pampanga.

Governor-General Miguel López de Legazpi, searching for a suitable place to establish his capital after being compelled to move from Cebu to Panay by Portuguese pirates, and hearing of the existence of a prosperous sultanate in Luzon, sent an expedition under Marshal Martin de Goiti and Captain Juan de Salcedo to discover its location and potential. De Goiti anchored at Cavite, and attempted to establish his authority peacefully by sending a message of friendship to Maynilad. Rajah Sulayman, then its ruler, was willing to accept the friendship that the Spaniards were offering, but did not want to submit to its sovereignty unto them and waged war against them. As a result, De Goiti and his army attacked Maynilad on June 1570. After a stout fight, he captured the city before returning to Panay.

In 1571, the unity of the Luzon Empire was already threatened by the uneasy alliance of the Rajah Matanda of Sapa, the Lakandula of Tondo, and Rajah Sulayman, the rajah muda or "crown prince" of Maynila and laxamana or "grand admiral" of theMacabebe Armada. Powerful states like Lubao, Betis and Macabebe became bold enough to challenge the traditional leadership of Tondo and Maynila. In about the same year, the Spaniards returned, this time led by López de Legazpi himself along with his entire force (consisting of 280 Spaniards and 600 native allies). Seeing them approach, the natives set the city on fire and fled to ancient Tondo and neighboring towns. The Spaniards occupied the ruins of Maynilad and established a settlement there. On June 3, 1571, López de Legazpi gave the title city to the colony of Manila. The title was certified on June 19, 1572. Under Spain, Manila became the colonial entrepot in the Far East. The Philippines was a Spanish colony administered under the Viceroyalty of New Spain and the Governor-General of the Philippines who ruled from Manila was sub-ordinate to the Viceroy in Mexico City. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon trade route between the Philippines and Mexicoflourished from 1571 until 1815. Manila became famous during the Manila-Acapulco trade which brought the goods as far as Mexico all the way to South East Asia.

DapitanThe City of Dapitan (Subanen: Gembagel G'benwa Dapitan/Bagbenwa Dapitan, Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Dapitan,Spanish/Chavacano: Ciudad de Dapitan) is a 6th class city in the province of Zamboanga del Norte, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has a population of 77,441 inhabitants. It is historically significant as being the place where the national hero, Jose Rizal was exiled by the Spaniards and is known as the "Shrine City in the Philippines." The city also boasts of Fantasyland, the first amusement park in the Visayas-Mindanao region. Dapitan is notoriously known as the principal base of the infamous Jalosjospolitical clan.

The beginnings of the settlement now known as the city of Dapitan predates the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores on the island of Mindanao. The Subanens, a nomadic tribe of Indo-Malayan stock, were the earliest known settlers who lived along river banks or "suba", from which word they received their present tribal identity as Subanen. However, it is believed that the timid Subanens were forced to move further into the hinterlands of the Zamboanga peninsula out of fear that pirates may seek shelter during foul weather in the natural harbors of Dapitan’s irregular coastlines. They are now mainly found in the mountainous areas of Zamboanga del Sur and Misamis Occidental.

Early cartographers of the Philippines showed Dapitan’s location in their maps of Mindanao using a variety of names by which they had known the settlement, such as “Dapito” in Kaerius’ map of 1598, “Dapite” in Dudley’s map of 1646, “Dapyto” in Sanson’s map of 1652, and “Dapitan” in Moll’s map of the East Indies of 1729 and in Murillo Velarde’s map of 1734.

There are two versions of how Dapitan got its name. The first, from an account attributed to Fr. Urdaneta, infers that the name evolved from the original reference to it as "Daquepitan", which later became "Dacpitan" and finally "Dapitan" to make it easier to pronounce.

The second version, which is more widely accepted according to folklore, says that the name derives from the Cebuano word “Dapit”, which means “to invite”. Local tradition tells of the early settlers from Panglao in Bohol who were invited over by Datu Pagbuaya, the acknowledged founder of Dapitan, to join him in "Dakung Yuta", or literally the big land that is Mindanao. The invitation or pag-dapit that he extended to Boholanos is said to be how Dapitan got its name.

Various historical accounts also indicate that trading voyages and commercial relations existed with the nascent but thriving settlement of Dapitan. This interaction with traders from the different cultures in the region may have had some influence on the cultural evolution of Dapitan itself. The influence of the Spaniards, the Americans, the Japanese, and the different Visayan ethnolinguistic groups that settled here could not also be discounted in their contributions toward the evolution and emergence of a distinctly Dapitanon culture.

BALINTAWAKBalintawak, also known as Balintawak Eskrima or Balintawak Arnis, is a style

of Filipino martial art developed by Venancio Bacon in the 1950s from earlier tutelage of

Lorenzo Saavedra. It is named after Cebu City's Balintawak Self Defense Club, where it

was originally taught. In turn, the club took its name from the street of its location,

Balintawak Street, where the original Balintawak masters trained.

HISTORY OF BALINTAWAKEarly in the 20th century, the colonizing Spaniards left the Philippines, ending their 300-

year rule. In their place, came the Americans. It was during this period of change that

Venancio Bacon was born in 1912 in Carcar, Cebu. He grew up in San Nicolas town

outside of Cebu City, he would become one of the Philippines’ most

influential eskrimadors. He learned eskrima in the 1920s as a teenager from an old

Katipunero called Teban Libis. His formation as an eskrimador began in San Nicolas.

This would later lead him to death matches, attacks, and eventually jail.

Bacon's only teacher was Lorenzo Saavedra, of San Nicolas, who during this time had

established the Labangon Fencing Club. At a time when many different styles

of eskrima abounded, Saavedra’s was called the Corto Linear, although he was known

to have mastered other styles. His best students were Teodoro Saavedra, his nephew,

and Venancio Bacon. The Labangon Fencing Club, however, eventually dissipated into

oblivion.

KAWIT,CAVITE

Kawit is the birthplace of Emilio Aguinaldo, the first president of the Republic of the

Philippines. It is also the location of his home, the Aguinaldo Shrine,

where independence from Spain was declared on June 12, 1898.

Kawit was the most thriving settlement prior to the coming of the Spaniards. In fact, the town provided the first anchorage of the Spaniards in the province, whence colonization and proselytization of the Christian religion began, spreading to all corners of the province.

For a long time, the place was called by the Spaniards "Cavite el Viejo" or Old Cavite to distinguish it from "Cavite la Punta" or "Cavite el Puerto," the commercial port and naval base (now Cavite City) whence came many Spanish marines on shore leave who made frequent visits to Cavite el Viejo, eventually turning it into a red light district. The bad reputation of the place, however, was completely wiped out when it was placed under the spiritual supervision of the Jesuits during the administration of Manila Archbishop Miguel Garcia Serrano (1618–1629) by placing St. Mary Magdalene as Patron saint of the town.

In the barrio of Binakayan, where the Aglipayan Church is located since 1902, the church honors Saint Michael, the Archangel.

Cavite el Viejo was then a big town, comprising the municipality of Kawit today, Cavite la Punta (now Cavite City), Noveleta (called Tierra Alta by the Spaniards), and Imus. Eventually, these three barrios seceded as their population grew and became independent municipalities.

MALOLOS BULACAN

Malolos was the site of the constitutional convention of 1898, known as the Malolos Convention, that led to the establishment of the First Philippine Republic, at the sanctuary of the Barasoain Church. The convent of the Malolos Cathedral served as the presidential palace at that time. Malolos gave birth to the first constitutional republic in Asia.

Malolos, once the capital of the short-lived Philippine Republic, is linked to many patriots and heroes in the countries history. Names such as General Emilio Aguinaldo, Pedro A. Paterno, Dr. Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, Pio del Pilar, Gregorio del Pilar, Apolinario Mabini, Antonio Luna, Felipe Calderón, General Isidro D. Torres and a many others are forever engraved and enshrined in the annals of Philippine history, all of whom share one commonality

According to Blair and Robertson, the name "Li-han" or "Li Han" was the ancient Chinese name for Malolos, whose leaders bore the title of "Gat-Salihan" or "Gatchalian" (derived from "Gat sa Li-Han"). It was in 1225 that a "Li Han in the country of Mai" was mentioned in the account of Chao Ju Kua titled Chu-Fan-Chi. The richness of the soil and the convenience of its location made Malolos an important trading post for the native inhabitants and the traders from Cathay. Ferdinand Blumentritt, a Czech Filipinologist and José Rizal's friend, and Wang Teh-Ming, a Chinese scholar, supported this historic development of commercial activities which continued undisturbed until the advent of the Spanish era in 1572. This centuries-long trade relations must have resulted in many generations of Sino-Tagalogs, whose descendants are still omni-present in Malolos. The innumerable Malolos families who bear Chinese-sounding surnames attest to these inter-marriages.

MONTALBAN RIZAL

The town's old name, Montalban, refers to its mountainous topography. It was also the town's official name from 1909, until Batas Pambansa Blg. 275 was passed in September 1982, which officially renamed the town. The town's official name is taken from the family name of Eulogio Rodriguez, Sr., one of the most prominent Montalbeños.

Rodriguez was founded in World War II. Japanese pilots bombed Montalban (now. Rodriguez) in December 1941. The Japanese soldiers occupied Montalban (now. Rodriguez), Rizal in 1942.

FORT SANTIAGO

Fort Santiago (Spanish: Fuerza de Santiago Tagalog: Moog ng Santiago) is a citadel first built by Spanish conquistador, Miguel López de Legazpi for the new established city of Manila in the Philippines. The defense fortress is part of the structures of the walled city of Manila referred to as Intramuros ("within the walls").

The fort is one of the most important historical sites in Manila. Several lives were lost in its prisons during the Spanish Colonial Period and World War II. José Rizal, the Philippines' national hero, was imprisoned here before his execution in 1896. The Rizal Shrine museum displays memorabilia of the hero in their collection and the fort features, embedded onto the ground in bronze, his footsteps representing his final walk from his cell to the location of the actual execution.

The location of Fort Santiago was once the site of a palisaded fort, armed with bronze guns, of Rajah Sulaiman, a Muslim chieftain of pre-Hispanic Manila. It was destroyed by maestre de campo(master-of-camp) Martin de Goiti who, upon arriving in 1570 from Cebu, fought several battles with the Islamic natives. The Spaniards started building Fort Santiago (Fuerte de Santiago) after the establishment of the city of Manila under Spanish rule on June 24, 1571, and made Manila the capital of the newly colonized country.

The first fort was a structure of palm logs and earth. Most of it was destroyed when the city was invaded by Chinese pirates led by Limahong. Martin de Goiti was killed during the siege. After a fierce conflict, the Spaniards under the leadership of Juan de Salcedo, eventually drove the pirates out to Pangasinan province to the north, and eventually out of the country.

The construction of Fort Santiago with hard stone, together with the original fortified walls of Intramuros, commenced in 1590 and finished in 1593 during the reign of Gómez Pérez Dasmariñas. The stones used were volcanic tuff quarried from Guadalupe (now Gualupe Viejo in Makati). The fort as Dasmariñas left it consisted of a castellated structure without towers, trapezoidal in trace, its straight gray front projecting into the river mouth. Arches supported an open gun platform above, named the battery of Santa Barbara, the patron saint of all good artillerymen. These arches formed casemates which afforded a lower tier of fire through embrasures.Curtain walls of simplest character, without counter forts or interior buttresses, extended the flanks to a fourth front facing the city.

BAGUMBAYAN

The city ranked first among Philippine cities in the Ease of Doing Business Index, conducted by the World Bank's International Finance Corporation.

During the Spanish time, the Barangay was one of the remote areas of the Municipality of Taguig. Nobody wants to live in this place, except for the Tanyag and Garcia family from Tipas. When people started to live here, the Spanish call it the Barangay ng Bayan ng Taguig. And later on it was permanently called Bagumbayan. Mrs. Serena San Juan was first elected as the Cabeza de Barangay, and then it was followed by the following, Tadoy Sta. Teresa, Liza Sta. Teresa, Cepruto Marcelo. During that time, they were call Cabeza de Barangay or Tenyente del Barrio. After the Spanish regime, the American and the Japanese takes place. Mr. Laureano Garcia was elected as the Cabeza de Barangay then it was followed by the following, Elino Cruz, Benito Garcia, Cerilo P. Santos, Claudio Marcelo and Rufino Dacumos. 

In 1958, this Barangay was called by many as the sleeping town. The improvement was slow the people have no enough income, and they only depend on the fishing and farming as their source of income. But through the effort of the Barangay officials the economy of Barangay Bagumbayan becomes progressive. 

In the 1958, the prices of vacant lot become higher. South super highway was built by the national government. And from that time, many corporation and small businessman, starts to put their own business, factories and other source of income stats to grow. People from different starts to live here.