chapter · web viewthe word ‘entrepreneurship’ has been derived from the french root which...

Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy

134 P. K. Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 23/4/2020

For Class IX to XII

Class IX

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Hindi 2nd lang

गिरिधर की कुंडलियां( गिरिधर कविराय)

गिरिधर कविराय के समय में यात्रा पैदल की जाती थी उसमें लाठी का विशेष महत्व है वह हथियार तो है ही उसके अन्य उपयोग भी हैं काला कंबल हमें कम मूल्य में मिलता है पर उसका उपयोग बहुत है ।अतः हमेशा साथ रखना चाहिए गुणों का सर्वत्र महत्व है ।पर रंग रूप का नहीं है अधिकतर मित्र धन के कारण बनते हैं हमें सबल और समर्थ का ही सहारा लेना चाहिए दुर्बल का आश्रय धोखा दे सकता है। अधिक धन होने पर उसको परोपकार में लगाना चाहिए राजा के दरबार में जाकर ऐसे स्थान पर नहीं बैठना चाहिए जहां से उठा दिया जाए जोर जोर से नहीं हंसना चाहिए बिना पूछे किसी बात को नहीं कहना चाहिए तथा बहुत आतुरता नहीं दिखानी चाहिए ऐसा करने से राजा अप्रसंन होते हैं।

“लाठी मे गुण बहुत है, सदा रखिए संग।गहरा,नदी,नारी,जहा,तहा………..हाथ महल लीजै लाठी।

व्याख्या- गिरधर कवि कहते हैं कि लाठी में बहुत से गुण होते हैं इसलिए हमें सदा अपने पास रखनी चाहिए यदि कहीं गहरी नदी या ना लाता है तो यह पानी की गहराई बता देती है और हमारी रक्षा करती है अगर कोई कुत्ता आ जाता है या कोई हम पर आक्रमण करता है तो हम यह उस से रक्षा करने के काम आती है और यदि कोई अहंकारी दुश्मन सामने आ जाए तो उसको भी पराजित कर देती है गिरिधर कभी पुनः कहते हैं कि लोगों सुनो सब हथियारों को छोड़कर अपने हाथ में लाठी रखो यह तुम्हारी रक्षा करेगी और इससे कोई भी खतरा नहीं है।

2.” कमरी थोड़े दाम की बहुत आवे काम खासा मलमल वास्ता उन पर रखे मानकर राखे मान बंद जब आवे आवे…………दिन राखी साथ बड़ी मर्यादा कमरी।“

व्याख्या- कभी कहते हैं कि कंबल थोड़े से रुपए में आ जाता है और बहुत काम आने वाली चीज भी है आशा कम आशा मलमल वापका उनकी सुरक्षा करता है जहां कहीं सामने पानी आ जाता है तो अपने मलमल वास्ता के कंबल में बांध लो और रात को कहीं ठहर ना हो तो कंबल बिछा लो गिरधर कवि कहते हैं कि थोड़े रुपए में आने वाला कंबल हमारा मान रखता है इसलिए इसे सदा साथ रखना चाहिए।

3. गुन के गाहक सहस नर बिन गुण लेना कोई जैसे कागा कोकिला शब्द सुने सब कोई शब्द सुने सब कोई कोकिला सुखावन............... बिन बुलाए है ना कोई सहस नर गाहक होंगे।“

व्याख्या- कवि कहते हैं कि * व्यक्ति का हर स्थान पर सम्मान होता है अतः हमें अपने अंदर गुणों को बढ़ाना चाहिए गुणों को चाहने वाले हजार लोग हैं पर बिना गुण वाले व्यक्ति को कोई नहीं पूछता हैयही कारण है कि हमें जन्म से ही अच्छे संस्कार और गुण अपने अंदर विकसित करने का प्रयत्न करना चाहिए तभी हम समाज में सम्मान पाते हैं जैसे कवि ने कौवा और कोयल के उदाहरण से हमें समझाया है दोनों का एक ही रंग होता है परंतु कवि के अनुसार कौवा हर तरह से अपवित्र हैं वे कहते हैं कि स्वयं को श्रेष्ठ समझने वालों सुनो हम स्वयं पर कितना भी अभिमान कर ले पर समाज में कद्र गुण वालों की ही होती है जैसे कोयल की मधुर आवाज को सभी सुनना चाहते हैं लेकिन कौवे को लोग भगा देते हैं इसलिए हजारों में अगर अपना नाम और पहचान बनाना है तो अपने व्यक्तित्व को उजागर करना होगा।

Continue to next…. …

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ব্যাকরণ -

সাধু ভাষা ও চলিত ভাষা

Home work:- সাধু ভাষা থেকে চলিত ভাষায় রূপান্তরিত করো -

১।আজ লক্ষ্মী নারায়ণকে দেখে কে?

টাকাটি ট্যাঁকে গুঁজিয়া দুই হাত দুলিইয়া গরবে গরবে পা ফেলিয়া বাজারের দিকে চলিয়া গেলেন।

২।আমি একখানা শিলাতলে বসিয়া এই জল ক্রীড়া দেখিতে লাগিলাম।

খাদে নামিবার পরিশ্রমে আমার শরীর ঘর্মাক্ত হইয়াছিল।

৩।মৃত্তিকার নীচে অনেক দিন বীজ লুকাইয়া থাকে।

মাসের পর মাস এরূপ কাটিয়া গেল। শীতের পর বসন্ত আসিল।

তার পর বর্ষার প্রারম্ভে দুই একদিন বৃষ্টি হইল।

চলিত ভাষা থেকে সাধুভাষায় রূপান্তরিত করো -

১।তারপর তার উপর বসে থলিতে যা- কিছু খেলার সরঞ্জাম ছিল সব একে একে বেরকরে নিজের দুপাশে সাজিয়ে রাখল।

২।তার পালানোতে অন্য সকলের যখন সড় ছিল তখন তারা কিছু বললে তো তাকে ধরিয়ে দেবারই সুবিধে করে দেওয়া হত।

৩।উনিশ শতকে আমাদের সভ্যতার যে প্রগতি ঘটছে তার ফল হয়েছে এই যে বিপুল পরিমাণে দূষণের উৎস পৃথিবীতে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছে। এই দূষণ বছরের পর বছর পুঞ্জীভূত হয়ে সারা পৃথিবীর আবহাওয়ার পরিবর্তন ঘটিয়েছে।

Physics

Chapter : Motion in 1D (Summary)

Question

What does the slope of velocity-time graph represent?

Solution

The slope of the velocity-time graph represents acceleration.

Question

The velocity-time graph for a uniformly retarded body is a straight line inclined to the time axis with an obtuse angle. How is retardation calculated from the velocity-time graph?

Solution

retardation is calculated by finding the negative slope.

Question

Draw a velocity-time graph for the free fall of a body under gravity starting from rest. Take g =10m s-2

Solution

Math

Topic : Algebra.

Chapter : Factorisation .

Study item : Some solved sums from exercise 4.4

8) (i) x(12x + 7) – 10

Solution : x(12x + 7) – 10

= 12x2 + 7x – 10

Since, (+15) + ( - 8) = 7 and (15) ×(- 8) = - 120

=12x2 + 15x – 8x – 10

=3x(4x + 5) – 2(4x + 5)

= (3x – 2 )(4x + 5)

8) (ii) (4 – x)2 – 2x

Solution : (4 – x )2 – 2x

= (4)2 – 2(4)(x) + (x)2 – 2x

= 16 –8x + x2 – 2x

= 16 – 10x + x2

Since, (-8) + (-2) = - 10 and (-8) ×(-2) = + 16

= 16 – 8x – 2x – x2

= 8(2 – x ) – x (2 – x )

=(8 – x )(2 – x )

9) (ii) x2 – 6xy – 7y2

Solution : since , (-7) + (+1) = - 6 and (-7) × (+1) = - 7

Therefore, x2 – 6xy – 7y2

= x2 – 7xy + xy – 7y2

= x (x – 7y) + y(x – 7y)

= (x + y )(x – 7y)

10) (i) 2x2 + 13 xy – 24y2

Solution : since, (+16) + (- 3) = + 13 and (+16) × (- 7) =

-48.

Therefore, 2x2 + 13xy – 24y2

= 2x2 + 16xy – 3xy – 24y2

= 2x(x + 8y) – 3y(x + 8y)

= (x – 8y)(2x – 3y)

11) (ii) x2y2 – 8xy – 48

Solution : since, (-12) + (+4) = - 8 and (-12) ×(+4) = -48

Therefore, x2y2 – 8xy – 48

= x2y2 – 12xy + 4xy – 48

= xy(xy – 12 ) + 4 (xy– 12 )

=(xy– 12 )(xy + 4)

EVS

Chapter 2 – Living Things in Ecosystems

Biotic components-

The living components of a ecosystem is known as biotic component. Following are the biotic components of the ecosystems-

1. Producer / autotrophs

2. Consumers /heterotrophs

3. Decomposers / saprotrophs

Abiotic component –

The non living components of ecosystem is known as abiotic component. Following are the abiotic components-

1. Inorganic substance ( macronutrients and micronutrients )

2. Organic compounds

3. Climatic factors ( air water and humidity sunlight )

Interaction between biotic and abiotic components of ecosystem

In an eco system biotic and abiotic components depend on each other.the biotic and abiotic components are connected in ecosystem in different way sometimes the connection occur between living components as in a food chain, sometimes between non living component as in soil erosion and sometimes between living and non living components as in photosynthesis.

4. Who are the producer in an ecosystems ?

Ans –

All the green plants and some microorganisms those who can make their own food because of having chlorophyll inside their bodies are known as producer of the ecosystem.

5. What are macronutrients and micronutrients?

Ans –

Macro nutrients are the element which are needed in larger amount. For example carbon, hydrogen ,Oxygen and nitrogen etc .

Micronutrients are the elements which are required in small amount. For example manganese, copper, zinc, boron etc .

6. What are the edaphic factors?

Ans –

Soil factors are known as edaphic factors.

Some important edaphic factors are –

· soil texture

· soil porosity,

· soil temperature,

· pH value

· soil organisms etc.

History

TOPIC-THE LATER VEDIC AGE

SUB –TOPIC- A BRIEF COMPARISON OF THE POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF EARLY AND LATER VEDIC PERIOD

The later Vedic period saw many changes in the political organization . emergence of Janapadas or large kingdoms ruled by the Kings.

1. Administrative system: The large kingdoms were associated with the growth of administrative machinery.

2. . TheRajasuya and other sacrifices: Sacrifices like Rajasuya, the Vajpeya and Ashwamedha were were unknown in the Rig Vedic Age.

1.QUESTION: State the comparison of Administrative system of Rig Vedic and later Vedic period.

ANSWER: The most important officials of the large kingdom were the

Treasurer- The collector of taxes.

Royal chamberlain- manages the household of the kings.

Along with the older officials of Rig Vedic period-

The purohit- Royal Chaplain

The Senani –The General

Gramini- Leader of the villages

Sachiva- minister

The Sabha was gradually converted into Kings’

court.

3. QUESTION: What are the significance of various sacrifices of later Vedic Age?

ANSWER: Rajasuya sacrifice was performed to appease Gods for the wealth of the kingdom.

Vajpeya sacrifice was performed by a new King at the time of coronation.

The Ashvamedha sacrifice was an occasion of a powerful king to proclaim that he was King of kings.

Commercial Studies

Basic Accounting concepts

Today let us revise some important questions from the topic

•Basic Accounting Concepts

Question

1) What is Book-keeping?

2) What is accounting ?

3) What is accounting cycle?

4) What is meant by principle of going concern concept ?

5) Give the differences between book-keeping and accounting.

6) What is dual aspect concept of accounting principle?

7) What do you mean by Accounting Principles?

Economics

Types of Economics

Today we will do some revision questions from the topic

• Types of economies

Question

1) What do you mean by market economy?

2) Name any 3 countries which follow capitalist economic system .

3) Give any five features of capitalist economy.

4) What do you mean by laissez -faire?

5) What do you mean by price mechanism?

Class: IX

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act I, Scene 3, Lines 85 to 126 (Antonio: ……….. Exact the penalty)

Date: 23rd April, 2020 (5th Period)

[Students should read the original play and also the paraphrase given in the school prescribed textbook]

Summary

Questions & Answers

· Shylock tells Antonio that he does not charge any interest for his loan, but then, he makes money breed money just as Jacob made the ewes of Laban breed lambs for him.

· Antonio, naturally, gets very much annoyed with Shylock because, he can, like the devil, quote scriptures to serve his own mean purpose. When Antonio reminds Shylock that he wants the money for his friend Bassanio and not for himself, Shylock says that Antonio has been insulting him in private as well as in public places, and yet he is now demanding a loan from him.

· Antonio retorts that he would always insult Shylock as before and hence if Shylock wanted to lend him money, let him lend it like an enemy so that if he fails to pay back the loan in time, Shylock might be able to exact the heaviest penalty from him.

(1)

ANTONIO:Mark you this, Bassanio, (Line 86-91)The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose. An evil soul producing holy witness Is like a villain with a smiling cheek;A goodly apple rotten at the heart;O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath!

(a) What is the occasion of the speech made above?

These are the comments of Antonio after Shylock cites the instance of Laban to justify his money lending business and charging high interest. Here Antonio strips bare the hypocrisy of Shylock in employing the scriptures to serve his own ends.

(b) Explain the figure of speech used in this stanza.

The figure of speech used is simile. Antonio compares Shylock to a smiling criminal who seems like a good apple but rotten at the heart.

(c) Who is ‘a villain with a smiling cheek’ in the above given passage?

Antonio refers to Shylock as a ‘Villain with a smiling cheek’. According to Antonio, Shylock is a wicked man whose smiling face does not represent his true character. He is such a villain who is like an apple which is rotten at the core.

(d) What inference can you draw from the above mentioned lines about Antonio?

The above mentioned lines spoken by Antonio shows the depth of his knowledge and intelligence. He is not deceived by the good outward appearance of Shylock. He forms a correct estimate of Shylocks character. He is correctly able to see the wicked man that Shylock is and is not deceived by his outward pleasing behaviour.

(e) From the given lines what estimate can you from of Shylock’s character?

From the above mentioned lines it is clear that Shylock is an extremely wicked man who is clever enough to conceal his wickedness by assuming a false appearance of pleasant behaviour. He is a hypocrite who cleverly uses the scriptures to justify his villainy. He is a deceitful person who can hide his real wicked intentions by appearing good from the outside.

(f) Why does Shylock insist on the bond?

Shylock thinks that it a god-sent chance to take revenge upon his arch enemy, Antonio, for the insult he has received when Antonio and Bassanio approach him for a loan. He deviously disguises his real feelings and leads Antonio into the signing of the bond. He wants the utter destruction of his enemy.

IMPORTANT PASSAGES EXPLAINED:

(Line 87-91)

The devil can cite Scripture for his purpose.

An evil soul producing holy witnessIs like a villain with a smiling cheek;A goodly apple rotten at the heart;O, what a goodly outside falsehood hath!

Context:

This passage occurs in Act I, Scene 3 of The Merchant of Venice. When Shylock puts forward his arguments and logic in defense of usury, Antonio says the above words to Bassanio in the presence of Shylock.

Explanation:

In defense of usury Shylock has quoted the story of Jacob and Laban as told in the Holy Bible (Scripture). Therefore, Antonio says that Shylock, who is a devil, is quoting from the Bible (Holy witness) to justify the reason for charging high interest. Antonio further says that in reality, Shylock is an extremely wicked man. He is a villain but he is cunning. He smiles and thus conceals his real feelings. Antonio compares him to an apple. As an apple that is rotten to the core is beautiful to look at so does Shylock, who is really a dishonest (Falsehood) man having an attractive exterior.

(2)

SHYLOCK:Signior Antonio, many a time and oft, (Line 95-118)In the Rialto you have rated me

About my moneys, and my usances:Still have I borne it with a patient shrug,For sufferance is the badge of all our tribe:You call me,—misbeliever, cut-throat dog,And spet upon my Jewish gaberdine,And all for use of that which is mine own.Well then, it now appears you need my help:Go to then: you come to me, and you say,Shylock, we would have monies; you say so;You, that did void your rheum upon my beard,And foot me, as you spurn a stranger curOver your threshold; monies is your suit.What should I say to you? Should I not say,Hath a dog money? is it possibleA cur can lend three thousand ducats? orShall I bend low, and in a bondman's key,With 'bated breath, and whispering humbleness,Say this,—'Fair sir, you spat on me on Wednesday last;You spurn'd me such a day; another timeYou call'd me—dog; and for these courtesiesI'll lend you thus much moneys?'

(a) Whose story has Shylock quoted in defense of usury? What is Shylock’s actual nature?

In defense of usury, Shylock has quoted the story of Jacob and Laban as told in the book of Genesis in the Bible. In reality, Shylock is an extremely wicked man. He is a villain but he is cunning. He smiles and thus conceals his real feelings.

(b) Who are talking about the loan? What does Shylock complain? What does he remind Antonio?

Bassanio, Antonio and Shylock are talking about the loan. Shylock complains about Antonio’s conduct towards him. He reminds Antonio of how he used to insult him publicly. He tells Antonio that he often spat on his beard and kicked him as a street dog is kicked when it comes to the door and now the same Antonio has come asking for loan.

(c) In what way does Shylock try to impress Antonio?

Having failed earlier to convince Antonio of his practice of charging huge rate of interest, Shylock tries to impress Antonio with his generosity and his desire to be friends. It is a part of a sinister design that has taken shape in Shylock’s mind.

(d) Explain the following lines:

'Fair sir, you spat on me on Wednesday last;You spurn'd me such a day; another timeYou call'd me—dog; and for these courtesiesI'll lend you thus much moneys?'

Addressing Antonio as noble lord, Shylock says that because Antonio spat on him on Wednesday last, he hated and insulted on that day; on yet another occasion he abused him by calling him a dog and so for the honours Antonio heaped on him, he would lend him so much money.

Class X

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Math

Topic – Commercial Mathematics.

Chapter : Banking.

Study item: Some solved sums from exercise 2.

6) Haneef has a cumulative bank account and deposits Rs 600 per month for a period of 4 years. If he received Rs 7725 at the time of maturity , find the rate of interest per annum.

Solution : Here, P = money deposited per month = Rs 600.

n= number of months for which the money is deposited = 48 and

r= Simple interest rate percent per annum.

Using the formula ,

I = p × n(n + 1)/2×12 × r/100 , we get

Therefore, I = Rs{(600)× 48×49/2 × 12 × (r/100)}

= Rs (12 × 49 × r)

= Rs 588r

According to question,

588r = 5880

Or, r = 5880/588

= 10

Therefore, the required rate of interest per annum = 10%

8) Mr. Gupta opened a recurring deposit in a bank . He deposited Rs 2500 per month for two years. At the time of maturity he got Rs 67500, Find :

(i) the total interest earned by Mr. Gupta.

(ii) the rate of interest per annum.

Solution : Here, p = money deposited per month = Rs 2500

n= number of month for which the money deposited = 24 and

r = simple interest rate percent per annum.

Using the formula ,

I = p × n(n +1)/2 × 12 × r/100 , we get ,

Therefore, I = Rs{(2500) ×(24×25/2 × 12) × (r/100)}

. = Rs 625r

Again using the formula ,

MV = p × n + I

= Rs 2500 ×24 + 625r

= Rs 60000+ 625r

According to question ,

60000 + 625r = 67500

Or, 625r = 67500 – 60000

= 7500

Or, r = 7500/625

= 12

Therefore, (i) the total interest earned by Mr. Gupta

= Rs 625 × 12

= Rs 7500

(ii) the rate of interest per annum = 12%

Bengali 2nd Language

ফুল ফুটুক না ফুটুক।

কবিতা

প্রশ্ন) “লাল কালিতে ছাপা হলদে চিঠির মতো / আকাশটা মাথায় নিয়ে /

এ গলির এক কালো কুচ্ছিত আই বুড়ো মেয়ে /

রেলিঙে বুক চেপে ধরে / এই সব সাত পাঁচ ভাব ছিল।“

ক)কার লেখা ? কোন কবিতার অংশ ?

খ) লাল কালিতে ছাপা হলদে চিঠির মতো আকাশ ---- এর অর্থ নিরূপন কর।

গ)কালো কুচ্ছিত মেয়ের সংক্ষিপ্ত পরিচয় দাও।

ঘ)এই সব ভাবার মধ্যে দিয়ে মেয়েটির মানসিক পরিচয় দাও।

ঙ)নারীটি সম্পর্কে কবির ভাবনাটি লেখ।

উত্তর)ক) আলোচ্য অংশটি কবি সুভাষ মুখোপাধ্যায়ের লেখা ‘ফুল ফুটুক না ফুটুক’ কবিতার অংশ।

খ) কবি মেয়েটির মনের ভাবটি সরাসরি ব্যক্ত না করে ঘুরিয়ে বলেছেন। সাধারনত বিয়ের সময় পত্র লাল কালিতে লেখার রেয়াজ রয়েছে এবং পত্রের মধ্যে হলুদের আভাও দেওয়া হয়, সেই অর্থেই ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে।

গ) মেয়েটি যেমনই হোক তার অন্তরে একটা প্রেম রয়েছে। শ্যাম বর্ণ কুৎসিত নারীরও প্রেমের একটা আসক্তি জন্ম নেয়। কুৎসিত এর জন্যই মেয়েটির প্রেম ব্যর্থ।

ঘ) আলোচ্য কবিতার নারীটি অতীত প্রেমের স্মৃতি চারন করেছে। এককালে সে প্রেমের জন্য ব্যাকুল হয়েছে। আজ পড়ন্ত বেলায় এসে উপস্থিত হয়ে নানারকম ভাবনায় ব্যাকুল। ব্যাকুল হয়েছে তার ব্যর্থ প্রেমের চিন্তায়। নারীটি সেই প্রেমকে পূর্বের মতো পাবার আশা করছেনা।

ঙ) নারী সম্পর্কে কবির ভাবনা সুদূর প্রসারী। যে নারী প্রেমে দিশাহারা, প্রেম না পেয়ে পাগল সেই সব নারী সম্পর্কে কবি ভেবেছে প্রথম জেগে ওঠা প্রেম খুব তীব্র হয়। সেই প্রেম চাইতে চাইতে একবার বিলুপ্ত হলে তা আর ফিরে আসে না।

English Literature

The Blue Bead

Answer the following questions:-

4) What helped him grow to his present size?Ans:- Tepid water to live in and plenty of rotted food grew him to his great length.

5) What protected him now? How?

Ans:- Now nothing could pierce the rich-? Thick armoured hide. Not even rifle bullets, which would bounce off. Only the eyes and the soft underarms offered a place of vulnerability.

6) What did the big crocodile feed on?Ans:- He fed on fish, but also on deer and monkeys who came to drink, perhaps a duck or two, corpses, dogs etc.

Physics

Chapter 1: Force (Summary)

Question:

It is easier to turn the steering wheel of a large diameter than that of a small diameter. Give reason.

Solutions:

To turn the steering wheel of a large diameter need less force which is at a large distance from the centre of rim. So it is easier to turn the steering wheel of a large diameter than that of a small diameter.

Question:

A spanner (or wrench) has a long handle. Why?

Solutions:

The long handle of spanner produces a larger turning moment by which nut can easily be turned with a less force. So the spanner has a long handle.

Question:

A jack screw is provided with a long arm. Explain why?

Solutions:

A long arm of a jack screw which is used to lift a heavy load like a vehicle will help to apply less effort which is required to rotate it to raise or lower the jack. Hence the jack screw has a long arm.

Commercial Studies

Marketing and Sales

Today we will do some question answer from the chapter marketing and sales

Question

1) Why marketing is called a system?

Answer) Marketing is called a system because it draws inputs (information about customers) and converts theminto outputs (want satisfying products and services). Marketing system consists of several subsystems which are closely interrelated.

2) State any two objectives of marketing

Answer) Objectives of marketing are as follows

• To create demand for goods and services through advertising, personal selling etc.

•Marketing aims at creating the reputation of the enterprise over a time.

3) “Marketing is consumer oriented whereas selling is seller oriented”Explain .

Answer) Marketing seeks to gain profits through customer satisfaction whereas selling seeks to maximize profits. The former is based on the fact( let the seller beware) whereas the later is based on the fact (let the buyer beware) . Thus, marketing focuses on the needs and Expectations of customers. On the other hand, selling focuses on the need of the seller to earn money.

4) State any two features of services.

Answer) Two features of services are

•It is intangible in nature that means it cannot be touched or seen.

•Service is in separable. It means it cannot be separated from the service provider.

Hindi 2nd lang

बड़े घर की बेटी

उन्हें कदाचित ही क्रोध आता था पर स्त्रियों के आंसू पुरुषों की क्रोध अग्नि भड़काने में घी का काम देते हैं रात भर करवटें बदलते रहे”।

1) प्रस्तुत पंक्ति में किस व्यक्ति के बारे में कहा गया है ?उनके स्वभाव के अन्य विशेषता क्या थी?

2) उनकी पत्नी का नाम क्या था उसके साथ कौन सी घटना घटी थी जिसे सुनाते समय वह रो पड़ी?

3) उसकी बात सुनकर उसके पिता क्यों घबरा उठे उन्होंने उसे स्त्रियों के संबंध में कौन सी बात कही?

4) अगले दिन उस व्यक्ति ने अपने पिता से क्या कहा?

उत्तर-

1) प्रस्तुत पंक्तियों में आनंदी के प्रति श्रीकंठ सिंह के बारे में कहा गया है उनके स्वभाव की अन्य विशेषता यह थी कि वह सुशिक्षित पुरानी व्यवस्था व सभ्यता को मानने वाला भैरव आन शांत पुरुष था।

2) पत्नी का नाम आनंदी था वह बड़े घर की बेटी थी पहले तो उसने अपने मायके की निंदा की फिर अपने भाई भाभी को बुरा भला कहा और आखिर में उसने अपनी खड़ा उठाकर भाभी को मारी शरीर पर तो घाव नहीं हुआ परंतु हृदय को आहत हो गया इसी घटना को सुनाते समय वह अपने पति के समक्ष रोड कर शांत हो रही थी।

3) श्रीकंठ की बात सुनकर उसके पिता कुछ जवाब ना दे सके श्रीकंठ सिंह सदैव अपने पिता का आदर करते थे लेकिन आज उनके पिता श्रीकंठ के तेवर को देखकर हैरान रह गए उन्हें अपना घर बिखरता नजर आने लगा गांव के कई सज्जन व स्त्रियां श्रीकंठ का पत्नी के पीछे पिता से लड़ने का तमाशा देखने के लिए इकट्ठा होने लगे जब सब कुछ देखकर ठाकुर साहब घबरा उठे वह श्रीकंठ को शांति से समझाते हुए बोले कि स्त्रियां जरा सी बात को बढ़ा देती है और इसी तरह घर का नाश हो जाता है इसलिए उनकी हर बात मान कर उनको सिर चढ़ाना नहीं चाहिए।

4) अगले दिन श्रीकंठ अपने पिता से बोले कि अब उनका निरवा इस घर में नहीं होगा क्योंकि उनके घर में अब अन्याय और हट का बोलबाला है जिस घर में बड़ों का कोई आदर सम्मान नहीं होता इस सीढ़ियों पर जूतों की बौछार होती है उस घर में उसका रहना असंभव है अब वह लाल बिहारी के साथ ही इस घर में नहीं रह सकता।

2. दोनों भाइयों को गले मिलते देख कर आनंद से पुलकित हो गए और बोल उठे बड़े घर की बेटियां ऐसी ही होती है।“

क) दोनों भाई कौन थे वे आपस में कब तथा क्यों गले मिल रहे थे?

ख) उन्हें देखकर कौन प्रसन्न हुआ और क्यों?

ग) बड़े घर की बेटियां से किस की ओर संकेत किया गया है? वक्ता ने उनकी क्या विशेषता बताइ ?

दोनों भाइयों का मेल किसने कराया?

उत्तर-क) दोनों भाई श्रीकांठ सिंह और लाल बिहारी थे वे झगड़ने के बाद सुलह हो जाने पर एक दूसरे से गले मिल रहे थे।

ख) उन्हें देखकर उनके पिता बेनी माधव सिंह बहुत प्रसन्न हुए क्योंकि उनका परिवार टूटने से बच गया।

ग) बड़े घर की बेटियां से आनंदी की ओर संकेत किया गया है वह बेहद ही सुंदर और गुणवान स्त्री है वक्ता ने उसकी दयालुता और उदारता को सराहा है कि वह बिगड़ा हुआ काम बना लेती है।

घ) श्रीकंठ और लाल बिहारी का मेल श्रीकंठ की पत्नी आनंदी ने कराया उसने लाल बिहारी को घर छोड़कर जाने से रोक लिया।

Chemistry

Subject:Chemistry

Topic:Periodic Table

Characteristics of periods and groups are as follows -

1. Atomic size is defined as the size of an atom or distance from nucleus to outermost shell of an atom.

Along group - it increases.

For example:- Consider 1st gp Li - 3 2,1 K,L Na- 11 2,8,1 K, L, M K- 19 2, 8, 8, 1 K,L, M, N

As we move down the gp. , every time a new shell is being added due to which size of an atom increases.

Atomic Period decreases.

For example:- consider 3rd period

Na

Mg

Ar

Si

2, 8, 1

2, 8, 2

2, 8, 3

2, 8, 4

. Metallic Character: it is the tendency to lose electrons.

Along Group – it increases Size increases i.e. valence electrons become more away from nucleus due to which nuclear charge decreases and metallic character increases.

For example -

Li

Na

K

Rb

Cs

Fr

(least metallic)

(most mettalic)

Along periods - its decreases

From Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

Metallic character decreases

Non-metallic character increases

Size decreases along period due to which Nuclear Charge increases and tendency to gain electrons increases. 4. Nature Of Oxides Along group - basic oxides increase.

Along Period basic nature of oxides decreases and acidic nature of oxides increases.

ECONOMICS

FACTORS OF PRODUCTION

Sub-topic:

‘LABOUR’

We shall start our class by discussing the ‘suggestions to improve the efficiency of Indian Labour’.

Following are some suggestions to improve the efficiency of Indian workers.

· The payment of wages should be fair and prompt. Bonus and incentives must be given to workers to increase their efficiency.

· Working conditions in the factories must be improved.

· Social security measures such as Provident fund contributions, pensions,insurance should be introduced.

· Working hours should be checked it should be more than eight hours and holidays and leaves should be provided.

· Technical education facilities should be given to all workers.

Now we shall continue our class by discussing ‘ DIVISION OF LABOUR’-

By division of labour we mean specialization in work.

It refers to splitting up the work of labour involved in the production of a particular commodity into several parts and each part and sub-part is performed by a specialist.

Now let us discuss’ the types of division of labour’

The division of labour may take different forms.

· Product –based division of labour

· Process-based division of labour

· Geographical division of labour

· Product – based division of labour is also known as simple (or occupational) division of labour.Under it everybody performs a particular occupations.the entire is done by the same person.

Example:The activities of blacksmiths,carpenters,tailors are some examples of Product-based division of labour.

· Process-based division of labour-The division of labour is described as process-based when a person or group of persons undertakes a specialised function which is supplementary to the production of final commodity and service. This is also as complex division of labour.

For example, in the manufacturing of car,manufacture of different components,

processing of raw materials cutting,welding,

electroplasting,

despatching of cars, the specialized services of workers are use in different processes.

· The production of a particular commodity in a particular region and area is known as geographical division of labour.

For example, concentration or localization of textiles in Bombay(Mumbai), jute industry in Bengal and sugar industry in U.P. are the examples of territorial division of labour.

Questions:

1. What are the suggestions which can improve the efficiency of Indian labour?

Answer:

Following are some suggestions to improve the efficiency of Indian workers.

· The payment of wages should be fair and prompt.

Bonus and incentives must be given to workers to increase their efficiency.

· Working conditions in the factories must be improved.

· Social security measures such as Provident fund contributions, pensions, insurance schemes should be introduced.

· Working hours should be checked it should be more than eight hours and holidays and leaves should be provided.

· Technical education facilities should be given to all workers.

2. Define division of labour?

Answer:

Division of labour refers to the system of organizing production where the work required to produce a product is divided into different specialized tasks with different workers specializing in each task.

3.What are the different forms of division of labour?

The division of labour may take different forms.

· Product –based division of labour- simple division of labour

· Process-based division of labour- complex division of labour

· Geographical division of labour- territorial division of labour.

Computer application

Ch 1

Programming question:

1. What will be the output when the following code segment is executed?

System.out.println(“The king said \”Begin at the beginning!\ “to me”);

Ans. The king said “Begin at the beginning!” to me

2. System.out.print(“BEST “);

System.out.println(“OF LUCK”);

Choose the correct option for the output of the above statements:

i. BEST OF LUCK

ii. BEST

OF LUCK

Ans. i. BEST OF LUCK

3. What is the value of y after evaluating the expression given below?

y+=++y + y-- + --y; when int y=8

Ans. y=33

11 Revision Tour I

4. Give the output of the following expression:

a+=a++ + ++a + --a + a--; when a=7.

Ans. a=39

5. If int y=10 then find:

int z=(++y * (y++ +5));

Ans. y=12 z=176

6. What are the values of x and y when the following statements are executed?

int a = 63, b = 36;

boolean x = (a < b ) ? true : false;

int y= (a > b ) ? a : b;

Ans. x=false y=63

7. What will be the result stored in x after evaluating the following expression?

int x=4;

x += (x++) + (++x) + x;

Ans. x=20

8. What will be the output of the following code?

int k = 5, j = 9;

k += k++ – ++j + k;

System.out.println(“k=” +k);

System.out.println(“j=” +j);

Ans. k= 6

j= 10

9. What is the result stored in x, after evaluating the following expression?

int x = 5;

x = x++ * 2 + 3 * –x;

Ans. x=-8

10. Write the output of the following:

System.out.println(“Incredible”+“\n”+“world”);

Ans. Incredible

World

11. Name the operators listed below:

i. < ii. ++ iii. && iv. ?:

Computer Applications – X (ICSE Course) Answers 12

Ans. i. Relational Operator

ii. Unary Operator (Increment)

iii. Logical operator (and)

iv. Ternary operator

12. State the number of bytes occupied by char and int data types.

Ans. char = 2 bytes

int = 4 bytes

13. Write one difference between / and % operator.

Ans. / is used to find the quotient and % is used to find the remainder, when 2 numbers are divided.

14. Name the primitive data type in Java that is:

i. a 64 bit integer and is used when you need a range of values wider than those provided by int.

ii. a single 16-bit Unicode character whose default value is ‘\u0000’.

Ans. i. long

ii. char

Class: X

Subject: Eng Literature (The Merchant of Venice – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act III, Scene 5, Lines 31 to 67 (End of scene)

Date: 23rd April, 2020 (3rd Period)

jj


Summary

Questions & Answers

· Lorenzo arrives on the scene and at once tells Launcelot and Jessica that if they talk so intimately he would naturally suspect that something is wrong between them. Lorenzo then orders Launcelot to get their dinner ready.

· Launcelot plays upon certain words and argues with Lorenzo for some time, so much so, that Lorenzo is obliged to remark about Launcelot that he is a big fool to have picked up a few good words and to misuse them without knowing their real significance.

· Launcelot goes away to get the dinner ready and Lorenzo enquires from Jessica her opinion of Portia. Jessica says that Portia is a blessing in Bassanio’s life and if he wishes to have heaven on earth, he too should merit accordingly.

· Lorenzo tells Jessica that he is also as good a husband as Portia is a good wife. Jessica says that she would like to talk over this matter at the dinner table.

· Lorenzo agrees because by discussing such matters on the dinner table, they would be able to digest their dinner better.


(Line 41-45)O dear discretion, how his words are suited!

The fool hath planted in his memoryAn army of good words; and I do knowA many fools, that stand in better place,Garnish'd like him, that for a tricksy wordDefy the matter.

Context:

This passage is taken from Act III, Scene 5 of The Merchant of Venice. In this passage Lorenzo praises Launcelot’s clever use of words and his wit and humour.

(1)

JESSICA:Past all expressing. It is very meet, (Line 49-58)The Lord Bassanio live an upright life; For, having such a blessing in his lady,He finds the joys of heaven here on earth;And, if on earth he do not mean it, thenIn reason he should never come to heaven.Why, if two gods should play some heavenly match,And on the wager lay two earthly women,And Portia one, there must be something elsePawn'd with the other; for the poor rude worldHath not her fellow.

(a) In what way does Launcelot use his words and how does Lorenzo react?

Launcelot uses his words wrongly as a foolish general orders his soldiers to take up wrong positions. In short, Launcelot misuses the words. But Lorenzo does not condemn the servant for it. He says that many other fools hold a much higher status in society and yet use words as wrongly as Launcelot did.

(b) What does Jessica say about Portia when Lorenzo asks Jessica her opinion about Portia?

When Lorenzo asks Jessica her opinion of Portia, Jessica tells him that if the gods in heaven play a match in which they keep two earthly women as bets to be won or lost, they will have to keep something more with the other woman if one of the woman is Portia, to make the two equal. There are no women in earth equal to Portia.

(c) What does Lorenzo tell Jessica when she says that Portia is a blessing in Bassanio’s life? Why is Jessica interested to take the matter at the dinner table?

When Jessica says that Portia is a blessing in Bassanio’s life, Lorenzo tells Jessica that he is also as good a husband as Portia is a good wife. Jessica says that she would like to talk over this matter at the dinner table to which Lorenzo agrees because by discussing such matters on the dinner table they would be able to digest their dinner better.

(d) In one of the scenes in Act III, what does Bassanio argue within himself while going to choose the caskets?

While going to choose the caskets, Bassanio argues within himself that the world is always deceived by the outward show in every field. He argues further against the gold and silver caskets that all glittering things contain in them something rotten; and that is why he does not choose either the gold or the silver caskets. He opens the lead casket because lead is the most modest looking metal and Bassanio actually discovers the portrait of Portia in the leaden casket.

Explanation:

Launcelot was at first in the employ of Shylock, the Jew. Later he accepted service under Bassanio. When Launcelot goes off the stage, Lorenzo invokes the deity of the faulty judgement or discrimination. Lorenzo compares the words which Launcelot uses to an army of soldiers. No doubt the words used by Launcelot are obeyed by the other servants as soldiers obey the orders of their general. But Launcelot uses his words wrongly as a foolish general orders his soldiers to take up wrong positions. In short, Launcelot misuses his words. But Lorenzo does not condemn the servant for it. He says that many other fools hold a much higher status in society and yet use words as wrongly as does Launcelot.

(e) What does Bassanio say at his unexpected success? How does make him believe?

Bassanio says that he is so much taken aback by his unexpected success that he cannot feel sure of it unless Portia confirms it. Portia makes him believe by saying that a few moments ago she was the owner of the house, but now Bassanio has become the master and she too, has become his property, in body and soul.

Class XI

Class: XI

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act I, Scene 2, Lines 48 to 87 (Prospero: …. And sucked my verdure ot on’t. Thou attend’st not!)

Date: 23rd April, 2020 (4th Period)


Summary

Questions & Answers

· On asking Miranda about whatever she remembers of her early childhood, she replies that all she remembers is a shadowy dream. She, however, remembers that she was ‘tended’ to by four or five women.

· Prospero now tells Miranda that he was the Duke of Milan. He had been devoting himself more to studies than the affairs of the State and his brother, Antonio took advantage of this situation and with the help of Alonso, the king of Naples, seized upon him and her one midnight and shipped them in a frail bark so that they perished in the sea. All this took place twelve years back.


(Line 66-77)PROSPERO:

My brother and thy uncle, called Antonio—

I pray thee mark me, that a brother shouldBe so perfidious—he whom next thyselfOf all the world I loved, and to him putThe manage of my state; as at that time Through all the signories it was the first,And Prospero the prime duke, being so reputedIn dignity, and for the liberal artsWithout a parallel; those being all my study,The government I cast upon my brother, And to my state grew stranger, being transportedAnd rapt in secret studies.

In these lines Prospero tells Miranda the story of his brother’s treachery. When narrating the story, Prospero feels much stressed simply because he is greatly moved by his brother’s treachery. He loved his brother dearly and he was terribly shocked to find that a brother should be so false to the claims of brotherhood. It was him, next to Miranda, who he loved the most in this world and thus delegated the management of his dukedom which is acknowledged as the principal dukedom in Europe. So far as he himself was concerned, he was the highest in dignity among all the dukes and was held to be without an equal with regard to his attainments and knowledge.

(1)

PROSPERO:My brother and thy uncle, called Antonio(Line 66-74)I pray thee mark me, that a brother shouldBe so perfidious—he whom next thyselfOf all the world I loved, and to him putThe manage of my state; as at that time Through all the signories it was the first,And Prospero the prime duke, being so reputedIn dignity, and for the liberal artsWithout a parallel;

(i) Who is Antonio? Who is referring to him? What is the context?

Antonio is Prospero’s brother. Prospero himself is referring to his brother while telling his daughter, Miranda, the story of his past before coming to the island.

(ii) What is expected of a brother? How has Antonio been?

Antonio has been unlike a brother. A brother is expected to be loving and helpful. But Antonio proved to be wicked when he turned against his own elder brother Prospero.

(iii) The speaker loved two persons most in life. Who were they?

Prospero tells Miranda how once he was the Duke of Milan. He then loved two persons most. The first was his daughter, Miranda, and the next to her was his brother, Antonio.

(iv) How did the speaker treat Antonio? What did it show?

Prospero completely trusted his brother. He entrusted the administration of his state to Antonio. At that time his state was the foremost among all principalities. Prospero’s action showed that he was a simple-minded person who did not suspect that his own brother could do him any harm.

(v) Who was Prospero? What was his reputation once?

Prospero, the duke of Milan, had the reputation of being superior to all other dukes. He was known for his dignity and was thought to be without equal in the study of liberal arts. He was also known to be a great scholar.

His dukedom was held to be the first in importance, and there was no other that, far from equaling it, even approached it in culture. He was so filled with the joy arising from his studies in the occult (M. supernatural or magical) sciences that he neglected his duty to state-affairs.

Class XI

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

ব্যাকরণ

শুদ্ধ অশুদ্ধ বানান

অশুদ্ধ শুদ্ধ

পোষ্টাফিসপোস্ট –অফিস

অত্যাধিক অত্যধিক

নিরসনীরস

আইনানুসারে আইনঅনুসারে

প্রিয়ম্বদা পিয়ংবদা

কতকাংশ কিয়দংশ

শিরচ্ছেদ শিরশ্ছেদ

নভতল নভস্তল

যশলাভ যশোলাভ

সন্মান সম্মান

আদ্যাক্ষর আদ্যক্ষর

কিম্বা কিংবা

মনযোগ মনোযোগ

মহদাশয় মহাশয়

মনোকষ্ট মনঃকষ্ট

গ্রাহ্যনীয় গ্রহণীয়

বৈশিস্ট বৈশিষ্ট্য

পৌরুষত্ব পৌরুষ

ভাগ্যমন্ত ভাগ্যবন্ত

অস্তমান অস্তায়মান

বাহ্যিক বাহ্য

অনুবাদিত অনুদিত

আধিক্যতা আধিক্য

সখ্যতা সখ্য

প্রফুল্লিত প্রফুল্ল

দাশ্রথী দাশরথি

বৈচিত্র বৈচিত্র্য

দাহ্যজনক দাহ্য

সত্ত্ব স্বত্ব

উপযোগীতা উপযোগিতা

প্রসারতা প্রসার

সুরভী সুরভি

একত্রিত একত্র

উচ্ছন্ন উৎসন্ন

Hindi 2nd lang

बाल लीला (सूरदास)

सूरदास जी भक्ति काल के कवि माने जाते हैं उनके आराध्य देव श्री कृष्ण हैं उन्होंने भगवान श्री कृष्ण की बाल लीलाओं का वर्णन अनोखे ढंग से किया है श्री कृष्ण का अपने माता पिता के प्रति प्रेम और बाल शाखाओं के प्रति प्रेम के साथ गोपियों के प्रति प्रेम का सजीव चित्रण किया है वे तत्कालीन वैष्णव कवियों के शिरोमणि माने जाते हैं सूरदास जी ने कृष्ण का बाल हट माखन चोरी बाल सुलभ सफलता नटखट परी का अनोखा चित्रण किया है जिसे पढ़ते ही बनता है सूरदास जी के लिए श्रीकृष्ण सब कुछ है शगुन भक्ति का सुंदर वर्णन हृदय के कपाट खुलने वाला हैउन्होंने इस इन पंक्तियों के माध्यम से श्री कृष्ण के बाल रूप का वर्णन किया है

1.बाल लीला का केंद्रीय भाव लिखिए।

उत्तर- श्री कृष्ण भक्ति संत कवि सूरदास ने भगवान श्रीकृष्ण के बाल्यकाल का वर्णन है। पहले पद में श्रीकृष्ण के शैशव पर प्रकाश डाला गया है उनके हाथ में मक्खन है मुख पर दही का लेप है शरीर रेट से सना है और घुटनों के बल चल रहे हैं उनके सुंदर गाल है चंचल नेत्र है और उनके माथे पर गोरोचन का तिलक लगा है उनके गले में महिला है और बुरी नजर से बचने के लिए शेर का नाखून भी पड़ा है। दूसरे पर में श्रीकृष्ण जब बोलना शुरू करते हैं तब यशोदा मैया नंद बाबा को दिखाती है थोड़ा-थोड़ा कृष्ण कभी नंद बाबा कभी मैया कभी बलराम भैया कहकर पुकारते हैं गोपियां और ग्वाल बाल इस बात से खुश एवं हैरान है कि श्रीकृष्ण बोलने लगे और घर-घर बधाइयां दी जा रही है। तीसरे पग में श्री कृष्णा अपने भाई बलराम की शिकायत कर रहे हैं बड़ा भाई उन्हें खरीदा हुआ अर्थात मॉल में लाया हुआ काकर चलाते हैं सबूत के तौर पर वह कहते हैं कि नंद बाबा गोरे हैं यशोदा मैया गोरी है तो तुम इतने काले क्यों हो सब वालों वालों को साथ लेकर उस पर हंसते हैं श्रीकृष्ण ने अपनी मां से शिकायत भी की कि वह बलराम का पक्ष लेती है और उसे कुछ नहीं कहती है तू तो बस मुझे मारना चाहती है मां ने गांवों की कसम खाकर उसे विश्वास दिलाया कि वही उसकी मां है

EVS

Chapter 1 – Modes of Existence

Project Planning at a Catchment Scale: A Necessity

Applying integrated project planning at a catchment scale takes account of physical, chemical and biological aspects of broad-scale processes of rivers and interfaces between connecting ecosystems, such as the natural habitat continuum from upstream catchments to downstream areas and between the river and its surrounding land use. This ensures river restoration objectives are set to improve ecological status at a river basin level while being defined by institutional, regional and national policies. Subsequent decisions for smaller, local-scale river restoration will still benefit on a larger catchment scale. Here we have categorised project planning at a catchment scale into five main steps composed of characterising the river at the catchments scale, assessing its status in terms of ecological condition, the potential for restoration, project identification and implementing the project cycle

Q) What is catchment area of dam?

A catchment is an area where water is collected by the natural landscape. ... We use the water collected by the natural landscape to help supply water for our needs, by building dams and weirs, or tapping into groundwater. This is called the water supply system

Q) Why are forests important in water catchment areas?

Forests are in most cases an optimal land cover for catchments supplying drinking water. ... Moreover, forests and trees contribute to the reduction of water-related risks such as landslides, local floods and droughts and help prevent desertification and salinization

Biology

Topic – Chapter - 04:Kingdom Monera

Today we will discuss about bacteria its structure. types reproduction and utility .

Bacteria are typical prokaryotic cells. On thebasis of shape bacteria are of four types:

1) Bacillus - rod shaped eg-Lactobacillus

ii) Coccus - spherical in shape - Streptococcus Pironi

iii) Spirillum - Spiral in shape

iv) Vibrio - Comma Shaped. - Vibrio colerae

•On the basis of nutrition -

i) Photoautotrophic -

ii) Chemosynthetic -

iii) Heterotropic - Symbiotic - rhizobium.

On the basis of mode of respiration :

i) Obligate aerobes - use oxygen

ii) Obligate anaerobes - cannot grow m oxygen

iii) Facultative - can live in both environment

• Structure of bacteria:

1) Cell wall - The bacterial cell is surrounded by a tough and rigid peptidoglycan containingcell wall.

ii) Capsule and slime layers : A gelatinous layercomposed of polypeptide chains of amino acidspresent outside the cell wall.

iii) Flagella and pili : Flagella are extremely thinhair like appendages, made up of protein flagellum, protrude through the cell wall and responsible for the motility of bacterial cell.

Many gram ‘- ve’ bacteria possess minuterigid cylindrical appendages, pili or fimbriae,made up of protein - pilins, responsible fortransfer of genetic material during bacterialconjugation.

Physics

Chapter : Motion in 1D (Summary)

Q. A player throws a ball upwards with initial speed of 29.4 m/s. To what height does the ball rise ,and after how long it return to the player’s hand? ( Take g = 9.8ms-2)

Ans: Let req. height be h. Initial velocity u = 29.4 m/s. Final velocity v=0. (Since at top most point ball is at rest)

We know , v2= u2+ 2aS

Here a=-g (as ball is thrown upwards). And S = h

So , 0 = (29.4)2 – 2 x 9.8 x h

We get req. height h = 44.1 m

Now we calculate the time taken for ball reaching top most point from player’s hand.

We know , v= u+at , here a= -g (as ball is thrown upwards).

So , 0 = 29.4 – 9.8 x t

we get t = 3s . So total time req . = 2t = t+t = 3+3 = 6s.

Accounts

JOURNAL

# T.discount is not shown but C.Discount is shown on the books.

Question:-

Journalise the following transaction in the books of a trader

2020

April 1: Purchased goods worth Rs50000 less 20% trade discount and 5% cash discount. Paid Rs 25000 by chequeand balance in cash.

April 3:Rs.2646 received from Vijay and allowed him discount Rs54 .

April 5: Bought 100 shares in Bharat Limited @ Rs 15 per share brokerage paid Rs 30.

April 8: Goods costing Rs 500 were damaged in transit, claim was made on the railway authorities for the same.

April 15: Anupam is declared insolvent and a dividend of 50 paise in a rupee is received from him in full settlement of Rs 10,000.

Solution:

In the Books of Traders

Journal

Date

Particulars

L.

F.

Debit

(Rs.)

Credit

(Rs.)

2020

Apr.01

Apr.03

Apr.05

Apr.08

Apr.15

Purchase A/c Dr.

To Cash A/c

To Bank A/c

To Dis. Rec A/c

(Being goods purchased at 20% Trade discount & 5% Cash Discount) #

40000

2646

54

1530

500

5000

5000

13000

25000

2000

2700

1530

500

10000

Cash A/c Dr.

Discount Allowed A/c Dr.

To Vijay A/c

(Benig cash rec from vijay& allow him dis.)

Investments A/c Dr.

(100x15)+30

To Cash A/c

(Being the purchase of 100 shares in Bharat Ltd @Rs.15 plus Brokerage Rs.30)

Railway Claim A/c Dr

To Purchase A/c

(Being the claim sent to railway for goods damaged in transit)

Cash A/c (10000x.50) Dr.

Bad Debts A/c Dr.

To Anupam A/c

(Being 50p. of amount due received from Anupam& balance written off as bad debts.)

SUBJECT

Business Studies

TOPIC

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Now we shall discuss the second chapter

‘ENTREPRENEURSHIP’

Today before starting the chapter let us recall what we have read last day,

An entrepreneur is one who organises production, takes important decisions regarding production, hires, and purchases factors of production (land, labour and capital) and bears the risk and uncertainty involved in production.

Now let us start with the type of Entrepreneurs.

(TYPES OF ENENTREPRENEUR)

INNOVATIVE

IMITATING

FABIAN

DRONE

Now let us discuss the meaning of ‘Entrepreneurship’-

The word ‘entrepreneurship’ has been derived from the French root which means to ‘undertake’.

Entrepreneurship is the process of undertaking an economic activity that involves risk. It consists running an enterprise.It involves innovating,organizing and coordinating.

It is the process of launching an enterprise or business firm.

EXECUTION

Questions:

1.What are the different types of entrepreneurs as per Clarence Danhof?

Answer:Clarence Danhof has classified entrepreneurs into the following categories:

a. Innovative entrepreneurs:An innovative entrepreneur discovers the ooportunity for introducing a new product ,service or a new technique of production and distribution.example: Vijay Sekhr Sharma launched Paytm , a digital system.

b. Imitating or Adoptive entrepreneurs:These entrepreneurs follow successful innovations created ny innovative entrepreneurs.For example: Sachin Bansal and binny Bansal launched flipkart ,an e- commerce firm on the lines of amazon of USA.

c. Fabian Entrepreneurs: These entrepreneur are very cautious and skeptical while practicing any change they are very lazy and shy in bringing in any new innovation of their own or imitating innovations of others. Mom and Pop stores are such examples.

d. Drone entrepreneurs:These entrepreneurs refuse to adopt and use opportunities to carry out changes in production and distribution .Such entrepreneur may even suffer losses due to their inertia and stubborn nature.

Example: Infosys Technologies became a leading information technology company while Patni computers suffered even though Infosys was launched by former employees of Patni computers.

2.What do you mean by Entrepreneurship?

Answer:Entrepreneurship is the process of undertaking an economic activity that involves risk. It consists running an enterprise.

It involves innovating, organizing and coordinating.

It is the process of launching an enterprise or business firm.

SUBJECT

COMMERCE

TOPIC

NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS

SUMMARY

Today let us start the second chapter of our syllabus i.e.

‘NATURE AND OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS’

Today let us discuss the necessity and functions of business:

Business is needed due to the following reasons:

· To remove poverty

· To generate employment

· To improve standard of living

· To earn foreign exchange

· To promote social welfare

Now let us discuss the reasons for which business is considered as an economic activity

· The object of business is to sell goods or services for profit.

· Business activities involve use of scarce resources.

· Business activities satisfy needs of the public and of businessmen.

EXECUTION

Questions:

1. Explain the need and functions of business?

Answer:

. Business is needed due to the following reasons:

· To remove poverty-The economic development of a country depends upon the growth of business.

· To generate employment-Business offers employment to millions of people.

· To improve standard of living-Business helps to increase the purchasing power of people.

· To earn foreign exchange-As we know that a country cannot produce everything due to which imports the products and through this foreign currency is required similarly business helps to earn foreign currency through exports.

· To promote social welfare-Business can enrich human life and establish a better society.

2. Discuss the reasons for which business is considered as an economic activity?

Answer:

the reasons for which business is considered as an economic activity are as follows:

· The object of business is to sell goods or services for profit-Business is an economic activity because it is carried on as a means of earning money.

· Business activities involve use of scarce resources-Businessmen has to produce good by utilizing various scare resources such as raw materials,labour,capital and other factors of production.

· Business activities satisfy needs of the public and of businessmen-public can buy goods and services produced by the business firms to satisfy their wants similarly Business is also a source of income for businessmen.

SUBJECT

ECONOMICS

TOPIC

BASIC ECONOMIC CONCEPTS

SUB

TOPIC:

‘PRICE AND INFLATION’

Today we shall start with recalling the previous day’s topic

Inflation refers to the persistent rise in prices,

due to excess of demand over supply.

Types of Inflation:

Prices may rise when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply in the market or due to a rise in the factor prices.

Accordingly, inflation can be categorized as demand pull inflation and cost push inflation.

1.Demand -pull inflation:

Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply is unable to match the extra demand .Due to shortage of goods and services ,prices levels shoot up and purchasing power of the currency falls.

2.Cost -push inflation:Factors of production which are land ,labour,capital etc.,are used to produce a commodity.

Cost of production increases when the price of inputs like raw materials, cost,interest,rent or profit margin go up.

The cost of production increases and pushes the price up.

Cost push inflation is caused due to rise in factor price ,higher profit margin or due to rise in indirect taxes by the Government.

Now lets discuss ,the causes of demand –pull inflation:

· Growth in black money

· Increase in population

· Increase in money supply

· Increase in disposable Income of the consumer.

· Increase in Public expenditure.

Let us now discuss,

The causes of Cost-push Inflation are:

· Higher wage rates.

· Higher profit margin

· Higher taxes

· Fall in the availability of basic inputs

· Administered higher prices of inputs.

Question:

1. What is Demand -pull inflation?

Answer: Demand pull inflation occurs when aggregate demand exceeds aggregate supply is unable to match the extra demand .Due to shortage of goods and services , prices levels shoot up and purchasing power of the currency falls.

2. What is Cost -push inflation?

Answer: Factors of production which are land ,labour,capital etc.,are used to produce a commodity.

Cost of production increases when the price of inputs like raw materials, cost,interest,rent or profit margin go up.

The cost of production increases and pushes the price up.

Cost push inflation is caused due to rise in factor price, higher profit margin or due to rise in indirect taxes by the Government.

3.What causes of Demand-pull Inflation?

Answer:The causes of Demand –pull inflation are:

· Growth in black money

· Increase in population

· Increase in money supply

· Increase in disposable Income of the consumer.

· Increase in Public expenditure.

4.What are the causes for Cost-push Inflation?

Answer:

The causes of Cost-push Inflation are:

· Higher wage rates.

· Higher profit margin

· Higher taxes

· Fall in the availability of basic inputs

· Administered higher prices of inputs.

History

TOPIC – GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

SUB TOPIC- REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM

IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND OF REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM: A section of Congress leaders pointed out that the nation should acquire independence by self sacrifice and armed struggle. They were inspired by the International events of freedom struggle . They got inspiration from the preaching by Lord Krishna in the Bhagavat Gita and new Vedantism of Swami Vivekananda.

Rabindranath Tagore expressed his dissatisfacation against the Moderate policy of mendicancy. Aurobindo Ghosh insisted that the armed revolution would be necessary to attain swaraj.

Lala Lajpat Rai of Punjab, Bal Gangadhar Tilak of Maharashtra and Bipin Chandra Pal of Bengal criticized the moderate policy of the Congress.

1. QUESTION: What was the method of struggle of the Revolutionary Nationalists

ANSWER: Revolutionary Nationalists believed that ,the Indians will be able to acquire Indepedence by self sacrifice and armed struggle. They decided to create terror by murdering the hated British officials and their benchmen.

2. QUESTION: Describe the International events which inspired the Revolutionary Nationalists?

ANSWER: Revolutionary Nationalists were inspired from the story of Italian freedom fighters like Mazzini and Gariboldi.

3. QUESTION: Revolutionary nationalists were influenced by the thought and ideas of the great men and their teachings. Explain.

ANSWER: The revolutionary nationalists got inspirations from

· The story of Italian freedom fighters.

· They learned ideals of selfless action from Bhagavat Gita

· Swami Vivekananda and his new Vedantisim

· Bankim Chandra’s novel Anandamath.

· He composed the hymn Bande Mataram and inspired the youth with love for motherland.

· Swami Dayananda saraswati , founder of Arya samaj preached them the purity of the Vedas.

· Aurobindo Ghose encouraged the armed revolution in Bnade Mataram and Karmayogini.

· Lal rajpat rai of Punjab, Bal gangadhar tilak and Bipin Chandra pal criticized the moderate policies of Congress.

· Rabindarath tagore protested against the moderate policy of movements through his writings in Sadhana.

Political Science

Sovereignty

Nominal Sovereignty:-

When sovereign powers are vested theoretically, apparently, or in black and white in an individual or state institution, it is titular or nominal sovereignty. In such conditions, real state powers belong to some one other person or institution.

Real Sovereign:-

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity. In international law, sovereignty is the exercise of power by a state.

De Jure Sovereign and De Facto Sovereign:-

In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme legitimate authority over some polity. In international law, sovereignty is the exercise of power by a state. De jure sovereignty refers to the legal right to do so; de facto sovereignty refers to the factual ability to do so.

Legal sovereignty:-

Legal sovereignty is the conception of sovereignty in terms of law, and it refers to that person or body of persons who, by law, have the power to issue final commands.

Political sovereignty:-

Sovereignty is the full right and power of a governing body over itself, without any interference from outside sources or bodies. In political theory, sovereignty is a substantive term designating supreme authority over some polity.

Popular Sovereignty:-

Popular sovereignty is the principle that the authority of a state and its government are created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.

Answer the following questions:-

1.Short notes:-

· Nominal sovereignty

· Legal Sovereignty

· Real Sovereignty

· Popular Sovereignty.

Homework:- learn.

Class XII

Class: XII

Subject: Eng Literature (The Tempest – William Shakespeare)

Topic: Act IV, Scene 1, Lines 44 to 83 (Ceres: ….. Summoned me higher to this short-grassed green? )

Date: 23rd April, 2020 (2nd Period)


Summary

Questions & Answers

· Ariel, invisible to the others, approaches Prospero who, desiring to amuse the young couple with a show of his magic art, bids Ariel to summon a band of spirits immediately to the place. He then dismisses Ariel.

· Iris, the Goddess of the rainbow and messenger of the gods, enters and summons Ceres (Mother-Earth) from her favourite haunts – rich fields of wheat, rye, barley etc, mountain slopes, hay fields and river banks, overgrown with marigolds and sedges, ‘broom-groves’ and vineyards and the sterile and rocky seashore. She bids Ceres to come and entertain Juno who is coming with her peacocks.

· Ceres soon appears and comes to know that she has been summoned to celebrate the contract of true love


(Line 51-54)

PROSPERO:[to Ferdinand] Look thou be true. Do not give dallianceToo much the rein: the strongest oaths are strawTo th” fire i'th” blood. Be more abstemious,

Or else, good night your vow!

Prospero asks Ferdinand to honour his promise and not to indulge in bodily excesses because in youth the burning desire of the flesh consumes the body just as fire consumes straw so quickly. Prospero, therefore, advises Ferdinand to be temperate or moderate in his desire otherwise he will not be able to honour his own promise – the assurance that he will not have any physical relations with Miranda before marriage.

(1)

Before you can say ‘Come’ and ‘Go,’ (Line 44-48) And breathe twice and cry ‘So, so,’ Each one tripping on his toe Will be here with mop and mow. Do you love me, master? No?

(i) Who is the speaker of this extract? To whom is the speaker addressing?

The speaker of this extract is Ariel, the spirit of the air.

The speaker Ariel was addressing Prospero, the usurped Duke of Milan.

(ii) What was the context which made the speaker say these words?

Prospero, after being extremely satisfied with the performance of Ariel and his ‘meaner fellows’ in the display of his magical art, wanted to show the young couple, Ferdinand and Miranda, a sample of his magical art. He calls Ariel and asks him to call his band of spirits, over whom Prospero gives him powers, and perform a grand show for the couple. He also asks him to do it immediately. To this Ariel had spoken the above lines.

(iii) What did the speaker mean by “mop and mow”?

“mop and mow” in the passage means tricks and pranks.

(iv) What did the speaker do after speaking this?

After speaking the above lines Ariel brings in Iris, Goddess of Rainbow and messenger of Gods, who summons Ceres, Mother Earth. Subsequently Juno, the majestic queen of Heavens joins them and blesses the couple. Then nymphs appear and reapers, dressed in their best, also join them and they perform a graceful dance.

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali 2nd Language

বাবরের প্রার্থনা

প্রশ্ন) “আমার ইহাতে দিয়েছ এত সম্ভার/ জীর্ণ করেও কে কোথায় নেবে? / ধ্বংস করে দাও আমাকে ঈশ্বর/ আমার সন্ততি স্বপ্নে থাক“

ক)কার লেখা ? কোন কবিতার অংশ ?

খ) বক্তা ক? “আমারই হাতে দিয়েছ এত সম্ভার বলতে“ কি বোঝানো হয়েছে?

গ) ‘ওকে‘ বলতে কার কথা বলা হয়েছে ? “জীর্ণ করেও কে কোথায় নেবে“ বলতে কি বোঝানো হয়েছে ?

ঘ)“ধ্বংস করে দাও আমাকে যদি চাও আমার সন্ততি স্বপ্নে থাক“ অংশটির তাৎপর্য লেখ।

উত্তর) ক) আলোচ্য অংশটি বিখ্যাত কবি শঙ্খঘোষের লেখা ‘বাবরের প্রার্থনা‘ কবিতার অংশ।

খ)আলোচ্য অংশের বক্তা হলেন বাবর। বহু রক্তাক্ষয়ী যুদ্ধের নায়ক হল বাবর। বহু রক্ত ক্ষয়ের মাধ্যমে বিপুল ঐশ্বর্যের নায়ক হয়েছেন বাবর। বাবর অনেক সম্পত্তির মালিক হয়েছেন। প্রাসাদে ঐশ্বর্যের ছটা সর্বত্র। আলোর ঝলসানি, খানাপিনা, বিলাস বহুল থাকার ব্যবস্থা এ যুগের সবকিছু কেই হার মানায়। শুধু মাত্র ক্ষমতা ও পেশি শক্তির

সাহায্যে অন্যায় ভাবে সব কিছু দখল করেছেন। অতুল ঐশ্বর্যের মধ্যে পিতার হৃদয়ে এক অব্যক্ত আধার। তাঁর পুত্রের চোখে মুখে মরণের ছায়া, এতকিছু ঐশ্বর্যের অধিকারী হয়েও পিতা হয়ে তিনি কিছুই করতে পারছেন না এটাই তার আক্ষেপ ও অনুশোচনা।

গ) ‘ওকে‘ বলতে এখানে বাবর পুত্র হুমায়নের কথা বলা হয়েছে। বাবরের পুত্র হুমায়ন কঠিন রোগে জরাজীর্ণ। বাবর তাই জানিয়েছেন আল্লা তুমিও কে কোথায় নেবে? বাবর তার পুত্র কে কোন ভাবেই হাত ছাড়া করতে চাননা। তাই তিনি নিজের জীবন বিসর্জন দিতে প্রস্তুত।

হুমায়নের জরাজীর্ণ দেহে মারন রোগের বাসা। প্রচুর ধন সম্পদের অধিকারী হলেও বাবর পিতা হয়ে কিছুই করতে পারছেন না। এখানে অসহায় পিতার করুন আর্তি ফুটে উঠেছে।

ঘ)বাবরের প্রিয় পুত্র হুমায়ন কঠিন রোগে আক্রান্ত। বাবর অন্যায় ভাবে পেশি শক্তির সাহায্যে অনেক রাজ্য দখল করেছে। বাবর তাই তার পুত্রের এই অবস্থার জন্য নিজেকেই দায়ী করেছেন। বাবর আল্লা বা ঈশ্বরের কাছে প্রার্থনা করেছেন তার পুত্র যেন দ্রুত আরোগ্য লাভ করে। তার পুত্রের আরোগ্য লাভের জন্য নিজের জীবন বিসর্জন দিতেও প্রস্তুত। পিতা পুত্রের চিরন্তন মানব বন্ধনের কথা এখানে ফুটিয়ে তোলা হয়েছে। পিতা হয়ে বাবর নিজের চরম পরিণতির বিনিময়ে পুত্রের জীবন স্বপ্নেফরে উঠুক এটাই প্রার্থনা করেছেন তিনি। তার পুত্র যেন বিভিন্ন রকম স্বপ্ন নিয়ে বেঁচে এই প্রার্থনা ও জানিয়েছেন পিতা বাবর। বাবর নিজেকেই এই অবস্থার জন্য দায়ী মনে করেছেন। তাই তিনি সর্বশক্তিমান ঈশ্বরের কাছে প্রার্থনা করেছেন তার পাপের ফল যেন তার মৃত্যুতেই শেষ হয়ে যায়, এই পাপের ফল তার উত্তর পুরুষকে যেন ভোগ করতে না হয়। পিতা পুত্রের চিরন্তন ভালোবাসার কথাই এখানে তুলে ধরা হয়েছে।

Hindi 2nd lang

तुलसी के पद तुलसीदास जी

संत कबीर तुलसीदास जी राम भक्ति शाखा के सर्वश्रेष

chapter · web viewthe word ‘entrepreneurship’ has been derived from the french root which...

Documents