Name_______________________________________Date___________________Period_________________

Pre-AP BIOLOGY SEMESTER 2 STUDY GUIDE 2016-17

1. What is adaptation?

a. Give an example:

2. What is variation?

a. Give an example:

3. The chart below compares amino acid sequences, which 2 species are most closely related?

Species 1

Species 2

Species 3

Species 1

--- 80% 88%

Species 2

80% --- 95%

Species 3

88% 95% ---

a. Why did you choose these 2 species?

4. What is natural Selection?

a. Give an example:

5. Why is genetic variation needed in order for natural selection to occur?

6. Who came up with the Natural Selection Theory?

7. What is evolution?

8. If you have a white rabbit and brown rabbit in a snowy forest, who would have a higher survival rate? WHY?

9. What are homologous structures?

a. Give an example:

10. What are analogous structures?a. Give an example:

11. What are vestigial structures?

a. Give an example:

12. Write the chemical reaction for PHOTOSYNTHESIS

13. Write the chemical reaction for CELLULAR RESPIRATION

14. Why do cells replicate?

15. What happens during cytokinesis?

16. If an organism has 200 chromosomes in its sperm, how many chromosomes are in its body cells?

17. A sperm cell of a moth has 224 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are found in the moth’s wing cells?

18. How many chromosomes do humans have in our body cells?

19. How many chromosomes do humans have in our sex cells?

20. What are the sex chromosomes for a female? For a male?

21. What is a mutation?

22. What is genotype?

23. What is phenotype?

24. What are the genotypes of someone who is homozygous recessive?

25. What are the genotypes of someone who is homozygous dominant?

26. What are the genotypes of someone who is heterozygous?

27. In horses, the allele for straight hair (B) is dominant to the allele for curly hair (b). If a homozygous dominant mother and heterozygous father have offspring, what are the chances of having one with curly hair?

28. Quincy is heterozygous for blue eyes, and JoJo is homozygous recessive for brown eyes, what are the chances of having a child with blue eyes?

29. What phenotype will a codominant red and white flower produce? Incomplete dominant phenotype?

30. Ricardo has blood type O and Celina has blood type B (genotype BO), what are the chances of having a child with B blood?

31. Chucky is homozygous A blood and Lulu is homozygous B blood, they have a child with B blood type, is Chucky the father? Why or why not?

32. The pedigree to the right is for the trait of being left handed, a recessive condition. a. Label the genotypes for each

individual. b. How many women are left

handed? Men? c. How many marriages are

shown?

33. Give an example of incomplete dominance

34. Give an example of codominance 35. What are the 5 different types of

mutations? a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

36. Define the following: a. mutualism b. commensalism c. parasitism

a.

b.

c.

37. What is the definition for the following in ecology: a. population b. community c. ecosystem

a.

b.

c.

38. Define the following: a. autotrophs b. heterotrophs

a.

b.39. As you move up the energy pyramid, what happens to the amount of energy?40.Define the following and list 2 examples for each: a. abiotic b. biotic

a.

b.

41. Define the following: a. Carnivore b. Omnivore c. Herbivore d. Decomposer

a.

b.

c.

d.

42. What is the 10% rule?

43. What is the source of all energy on earth?

44. How is a habitat and a niche different?

45. How do invasive species harm a community?

46. How is a population different from a community?

47. What is Carrying Capacity?

48. List (at least) five characteristics of living things.

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.f.

49. How does carbon get into the atmosphere?

50 How does carbon get out of the atmosphere?

EOAC Final Review

Scientific MethodAnswer questions 1-3 using the information below and your knowledge of biology.

Ticks, such as deer ticks and dog ticks, feed on the blood of humans and other animals. Part of the feeding process involves the tick injecting its saliva to help make blood flow. In the process, they sometimes spread disease organisms to their host. Sometimes ticks get on clothing, and can remain there for a few days before actually biting their host.

A scientist found that ticks might be able to survive even when exposed to hot water and detergent in a washing machine.

Students designed the experiment below to test how well ticks survive a hot-water washing machine cycle with detergent. Note that some details of the design are incorrect.

1. Identify one

error with the hypothesis:

2. Explain why the students’ proposed data to be collected would not likely test what the students intended.

3. Identify one error in the students’ design in the shaded area of the table, and explain how the students should change

the experiments to correct the error.

Evolution – Natural SelectionAnswer the following question.

4. A termite population was sprayed with a certain brand of insecticide (insecticide = spray to kill insects). After being sprayed, the number of surviving termites within the population were counted an recorded as a percentage of the total. This process was repeated until a total of six generations of termites had been sprayed. The results are shown in the table below.

Termite Generation

Percentage of Surviving Termites After Spraying

1 5%2 10%3 25%4 40%5 60%6 80%

By the 6th generation, the insecticide was only killing 20% of the termite population. Which statement best explains why later generations had higher percentages of termites that survived?

a. Earlier generations had several members that were old and weakb. Earlier generations had smaller number of termites than later generationsc. Later generations were able to live through the spraying because they were used to itd. Later generations were the offspring of termites from earlier generations that were more resistant to the spraying

Answer the following question using the table below

5. Explain the trend shown in the table in terms of fitness. (Which of the two beetles, yellow and green, has more fitness? What evidence do you have for this?)

6. Bacteria can grow resistant to antibiotics after a population has been taking them from generations. Explain how the bacteria show a process of natural selection.

7. Describe the theory of Natural Selection by Evolution.

8. Thinking about evolution, if a catastrophic flood happened in an area which animals would live and which animals would go extinct?

9. On a small isolated island, there is a single species of seed-eating birds. Individual birds are able to eat seeds that are within 2 mm (larger or smaller) of their beak depth. The distribution of individuals is shown in the figure below.

A long drought caused the plant species that produce seeds between 3-9 mm in size to go extinct. What does the Theory of Natural Selection predict will happen to the population of seed-eating birds over time?

a. It will permanently shrink to approximately 25% of its current size. b. It will go extinct because there aren’t enough seeds to support all of the individuals. c. It will diverge into two species: one that eats small seeds and one that eats large seeds. d. It will adapt and the birds that ate the medium sized seeds will learn to eat fish, insects, or other animals.

= 100%

= 100%

= 100%

= 100%

= 100%

= 100%

= 100%

10. In birds what might be three physical traits that would make them more suited to live in a tropical rain forest?

11. Stability in an ecosystem is important for all members to survive and thrive. It allows organisms to thrive during times of abundance, and survive when resources are scarce. Which of the following ecosystems would have the most stability?

a. An ecosystem where there are only a few specialized organisms.b. An ecosystem full of many kinds of diverse organisms.c. An ecosystem where only grass and other producers live.d. An ecosystem where gradualism takes place

The diagram abovve represents the relationship between beak structure and food in several species of finches found on the Galapagos Islands.

12. The different beak structures observed in the diagram are evidence ofa. different species of finches adapting to different environments over many generationsb. finches changing their beak characteristics so that they could feed efficientlyc. finch species with different beak structures coming to the Galapagos Islands from the mainlandd. finches mating with birds of other species and acquiring some of their traits

13. Many organisms, like wolves and birds, travel and live together in a pack. Which of the following is the biggest benefit TO AN INDIVIDUAL of pack behavior?

a. It allows organisms to socialize with each other.b. It allows an individual of a pack survive better when the pack is being attacked by a predatorc. It reduces the amount of food available to an individual.d. It allows an individual to find food for the leader of the pack.

14. Succulent plants such as aloes are known for their thick stems and leaves, which allow them to store water. Which statement best explains how succulents evolved through natural selection.

a. Thick stems and leaves were selected to take up more space and grow very large. b. Thick stems and leaves were selected to store more water and survive the hot dry climate better. c. Thick stems and leaves were selected to produce more flowers and therefore more offspring. d. Thick stems and leaves were selected to survive the hot dry climate better and therefore be able to produce

more offspring.

15. The fossil of Tiktaalik dates back 375 million years ago. The creature was a fish that had wrist-like bone structures at the tips of its fins, a mobile neck, as well as bony structures of its gills that may have allowed it to breathe air. How does this fossil provide support to the theory of evolution through natural selection?

16. When an organism thrives in it’s environment, it can eventually causes changes to the abiotic factors of the environment and cause other organisms who are better adapted to the new conditions become more abundant. Give an example of how the success of an organisms can lead to succession in its environment.

Ecology – BasicsUse the following graph to answer questions 17-18.

17. Describe the trend for the following time periods:

a. From 2000 to 2002:

____________________________________

b. From 2002 to 2003:

____________________________________

c. From 2005 to 2006:

____________________________________

18. The graph below shows the change over time in a rabbit population. What could have happened from late 2003 to 2005?

a. a decrease in wolves, their predatorsb. an increase in vegetation they feed off ofc. a drought, restricting their local water supplyd. a migration of rabbits from another population who joined this population

19. How can toxic pesticides contribute to the loss of biodiversity?

20. What type of succession would happen after a volcanic eruption?

21. If the planet got 10 degrees hotter today, which types of ecosystems would not survive, and which ones would be more likely to survive?

22. Stability in an ecosystem is important for all members to survive and thrive. It allows organisms to thrive during times of abundance, and survive when resources are scarce. Which of the following ecosystems would have the most stability?

a. An ecosystem where there are only a few specialized organisms.b. An ecosystem full of many kinds of diverse organisms.c. An ecosystem where only grass and other producers live.d. An ecosystem where gradualism takes place.

23. A species that is moved to non-native territory is called an invasive species. Which of the following is the most accurately describes the effect of an invasive species on an environment?

a. The invader competes for limited resources with the native speciesb. The invader quickly dies off, as there are too many predators in the new environmentc. The invasive species will have no effect on the new environmentd. The invasive species will help the native species survive better

24. “Think globally, act locally!” This expression has been applied to many ecological problems, such as global warming [global climate change], and air pollution. Choose one of these ecological problems and write the name of the problem on your answer sheet. For the problem chosen, state one specific “local action” that could be taken.

a. Problem: ______________________________________________________________

b. Local action: __________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________

Use the following reading to answer question 25. Fishy Behavior

Of all the species of fish in the world, one quarter of them shoal and/or school for their entire lives, while about one half participate in the action for limited periods. Together this means that vast selections of fish school at some point or another, coming together to swim in synchronicity.

Fish perform this phenomenon for a number of reasons. The first is to support social and genetic functions, aggregating together to increase the ease of communication and reduce stress – experiments have shown that heart rate reduces significantly in schooled fish compared to those alone. The second advantage of schooling is to boost the group’s foraging success, which has been proven in trials to grow considerably in comparison to a solitary specimen. This is simply because the number of eyes looking for food increases dramatically and, partnered with the ability for each fish to monitor the behavior of those around it, means that when one fish demonstrates feeding behavior, the others follow.

Finally, the third – and primary – reason why fish school is for protection. By grouping into a tight, regimented pattern, the fish minimize their chance of being picked off by generating a sensory overload to a predator’s visual channel. The swirling mass of twisting silvery fish creates a blending effect where the predator struggles to track a single target and becomes confused.

25. Which best explains why schooling behavior helps fish survive the threat of predators?

a. The fish intimidate the predator fish

b. It increases the fishes communication and reduces stress

c. Protection

d. Increased access to food

Ecology – Geochemical Cycles/ Processes 26. Define the following words and label them in the following image.

a. infiltration: _________________________________________________________________

b. transpiration: __________________________________________________________________

c. evaporation: ___________________________________________________________________

d. condensation: __________________________________________________________________

e. runoff: _______________________________________________________________________

27. How do animals contribute to the carbon cycle?

a. They breathe in carbon dioxide and turn it into the usable sugar, glucoseb. They burn fossil fuels, putting more carbon dioxide into the atmospherec. They eat glucose produced by plants, and breathe the carbon out in the form of carbon dioxide.d. They break down dead matter, and store the carbon in the ground

28. Which of the following best describes how water pollution affects the environment?a. Water pollution brings new chemicals that allow plants and animals to thriveb. Water pollution provides animals with a new resource to usec. Water pollution contaminates the soil, which makes it difficult for plants to used. Water pollution contaminates the air, making it difficult for animals to breathe

29. Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the word equations below and on your knowledge of biology. The equations represent two biochemical processes that occur in living organisms. The letter X represents a molecule produced from process 1.

Process 1: oxygen glucose → carbon dioxide water XProcess 2: carbon dioxide water → oxygen glucose

Identify the molecule represented by letter X in process 1. ___________________________________a. What is the name of each process? Process 1: __________________________________

Process 2: __________________________________b. Which process occurs in the cells of a green leaf plant?

i. Process 1, only iii. Neither process 1 nor process 2ii. Process 2, only iv. Both process 1 and process 2

30. Which of the following best describes the largest role of plants in the carbon cycle?a. Plants take carbon dioxide out of the air and use it to make carbohydrates like glucoseb. Plants increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the air by releasing it during photosynthesisc. Plants have no effect on the carbon cycle; they are considered carbon-neutrald. Dead leaves get decomposed, releasing carbon dioxide

31. Which of the following has the most direct impact on plant growtha. Available nitrogenb. Sunlightc. Number of predators presentd. Levels of oxygen in the atmosphere

underground

32. A forest fire destroys most of the producers in a certain area. Which of the following would be the most likely effect on the water cycle of the forest fire?

a. Transpiration would be reducedb. Precipitation would increasec. Infiltration would stop happeningd. Evaporation would increase

33. Using the diagram of the Nitrogen Cycle above, describe how the manure helps to fertilize the soil and restore the plants, and grass that cattle and other farm animals consume.

Ecology – Food Webs & Energy Pyramids

Using the following desert food web, identify the following: 34. 2 producers:

35. 3 herbivores:

36. 2 omnivores:

37. 2 carnivores:

38. An omnivore, carnivore, or herbivore can also be called a ________________________

39. A producer can also be called a ________________________

40. Which organisms produce oxygen in this community? ______________________________________

41. What are two organisms which produce carbon dioxide in this community?

_________________________________________________

42. Using the desert food web, create an energy pyramid and label the different tropic levels on the right:

Answer the following questions related to food webs and energy pyramids. Use the following food web to answer questions below.

43. Which of the following best describes how a decrease in hawks may affect the stability of all organisms in the environment?

a. plants and grasshoppers may decrease, which may cause an increase in the lizard populationb. snake and lizard populations may decrease, leading to a build up or organic matter in the environmentc. snake, mouse, and rabbit populations may become so large that they consume most of the plants in the

environmentd. plants will increase and provide more food to the rabbits, grasshoppers, and mice

What level has the most amount of energy? ___________________

44. Which of the following best explains why rabbits and mice are at the same trophic level (primary consumers)?a. Because they are mammalsb. Because they live in communitiesc. Because they are prey of hawksd. Because they are herbivores

45. What will be the most likely affect on this ecosystem if the plant population decreases?a. the snake and lizard population will increaseb. the mouse, rabbit, and grasshopper population will decreasec. the hawk population will decreased. the mouse and snake population will increase

46. What will be the most likely affect on this ecosystem if the plant population disappears?a. wastes will build up and not be broken downb. another plant will begin to grow in the ecosystemc. water levels will decreased. less energy will be available in the ecosystem

47. Decomposers are important in the food chain because theya. produce their own food using light from the sunb. break down dead organisms and recycle nutrients into the soilc. stop the flow of energy from one organism to anotherd. are microscopic and other organisms cannot consume them

Use the following passage to answer the questions that follow 48-50.

Gray Wolves in the Rocky MountainsReintroduction of gray wolves in the northern Rocky Mountains has increased the ecological health of Yellowstone

National Park in Wyoming. When all wolves in Yellowstone National Park were killed in 1920, elk soon ate trees and shrubs down to short stubs. Now that wolves are reducing elk numbers, many aspens and willow trees are taller and fuller and birds are returning to the trees to nest. The beaver population has grown from one colony to 12 colonies in 13 years. Spreading these benefits across the Rocky Mountain region would require increasing the present wolf population of 1,770 to 17,000.

In September 2012, wolves lost federal protection in Wyoming. In 2014, Wyoming closed its hunting season after meeting its quota of 26 wolves around Yellowstone and Grand Teton parks. The sizes of traps to catch wolves have been regulated to reduce the chance of trapping endangered species such as lynx and wolverines and the hunting season was shortened. Some ecologists wonder if removing the wolves from federal protection and allowing them to be hunted is a good ecological decision.

48. Explain how increasing the wolf population caused an increase in birds and beavers.

49. Explain why some ecologists are concerned about removing wolves from federal protection.

50. In the space below, construct a food chain using three organisms identified in the above passage.

51. What is a keystone species?

52. Beavers are a keystone species. How would removing beavers from their environment effect biodiversity?

Wetlands benefit the surrounding environment in many ways. By absorbing excess water, they help prevent floods. By releasing water slowly over time, they recharge nearby water sources.

53. If a wetland were paved over, explain how it would increase flooding of the nearby river system.

54. How would paving over a wetland increase river system droughts?

55. Which of the following best describes energy flow in an ecosystem.a. Energy flows from tertiary consumers, to secondary consumers, to primary consumers, to producersb. Energy flows from producers, to primary consumers, to secondary consumers, to tertiary consumersc. Energy flows from primary consumers, to producers, to decomposers, to secondary consumersd. Energy flow cannot be measured in an ecosystem.

56. A bus full of students on a school trip all fell ill with food poisoning due to an E. coli bacterial infection. They were all treated with antibiotics and sent home to rest for several days. What is the most likely impact of administering antibiotics?

a. Environmental pollution b. Antibiotic resistance c. Genetic mutation d. Bacterial resistance

57. Livestock factory farms contribute to deforestation, however it is not due to clearcutting the land for the livestock to live on that is the major source of deforestation. Explain why feeding farms animals’ grains such as wheat is a bigger contributor to deforestation.