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Biology Keystone Review Packet

Name _____________________________

Chemistry Unit Study Guide Biology

Review1. What are the main parts of the scientific method?

2. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

3. What should be done when a scientist reaches a conclusion?

4. What should be done if your hypothesis is not supported by your results?

5. What are the 8 characteristics of living things?

6. What is an atom? What are its parts and their charges?

7. What is an ion?


8. What ions are released when an acid is added to a solution? When a base is added?

Acid ________________ Base ________________

9. The __________________ the pH, the stronger the acid.

10. The __________________ the pH, the stronger the base.

11. The acid we used in the Liver Lab was _____________________________________.

12. The base we used in the Liver Lab was _____________________________________.

13. When acid was added to the water and liver, the pH went __________. The amount of ________ ions ______________________.

14. When base was added to the water and liver, the pH went __________. The amount of ________ ions ______________________.

15. Why did the pH of the liver not change as much as the pH of the water? Why is this important for living things?

16. Label the lines on the graph and explain how you would know which line is which based on what happened in the lab.


17. Describe the three properties of water and give examples of each.

High Specific Heat –

Example:

Cohesion –

Example:

Adhesion –

Example:

18. What are the 4 unique properties of carbon?


19. What is the difference between a monomer and a polymer?

20. What is a monomer of a carbohydrate called? A polymer? Give an example of a carbohydrate.

Monomer ____________________________ Polymer __________________________

Example _____________________________

21. What is a monomer of a lipid called? A polymer? Give an example of a lipid.

Monomer ____________________________ Polymer __________________________

Example _____________________________

22. What is a monomer of a protein called? A polymer? Give an example of a protein and the type of bond proteins have holding tem together.

Monomer ____________________________ Polymer __________________________

Example _____________________________ Unique Bond ______________________

23. What is a monomer of a nucleic acid called? A polymer? Give an example of a nucleic acid.

Monomer ____________________________ Polymer __________________________

Example _____________________________

24. What is dehydration synthesis? What is the purpose of it?

25. What is hydrolysis? What is the purpose of it?


26. Identify the process shown below and draw the products of the reaction ______________________

27. Identify the process shown below and draw the products of the reaction ______________________

28. What are the parts of a chemical reaction?

29. What is the difference between exothermic and endothermic reactions? Give an example of each.

30. What is an enzyme (and its function)? How many times can one enzyme be used?

31. How do enzymes work?


32. How do changes in pH and temperature affect an enzyme’s function?

Cell Theory & Cell Similarities & Cell Part ReviewYou are going to create your own notes by using the internet to answer the following questions and finding information on the following things. If you need more room, use another sheet of paper.

1. What are the three parts to the Cell Theory?

2. What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

3. What are the five levels of multicellular organization?

4. Go to the following website: http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm You will need to click on Take me to the animation. You will need to go through the organelles of both the plant and animal cell. You may pick which one to start with. Take notes on the following organelles and note which are in plant cells, animal cells, or both. Include a picture of each organelle.

Nucleus

Nucleolus

Cytosol/Cytoplasm

http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm


Centriole

Golgi body

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Vacuole (different in plant and animal)

Cell Wall

Chloroplast

Smooth ER

Rough ER

Ribosome

Cytoskeleton

5. Cell Membrane Notes: Go to the following website where you will construct a cell membrane. Draw and label the membrane and take notes from the website: http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP1101

http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objid=AP1101


Cell Transport & Homeostasis

How Substances Get In And Out Of Cells

Cell Membrane – semipermeable

Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane (draw and label the parts of the membrane)

DIFFUSION

A. Particles move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.

B. Leads to uniform distribution of molecules.C. Different kinds of molecules diffuse independently of each other.

What happened when we added food coloring to the water? Why does this occur?


Draw a diagram of diffusion.

Two Types of Diffusion

1. Dialysis – diffusion of solute molecules through semipermeable membrane

2. Osmosis – diffusion of solvent molecules (usually water) though semipermeable membrane

How to Increase the Rate of Diffusion

1. Increase concentration2. Increase temperature (measure of average kinetic energy of particles)

How does diffusion occur?

The membrane may contain pores, which allow for the direct passage of small molecules through the membrane. These pores must be very small because we have not been able to find any evidence of them with the electron microscope. The rate at which water diffuses through the membrane would seem to indicate the presence of very tiny pores about the size of the water molecule.

A second hypothesis for the passage of materials through the membrane by the process of diffusion is called carrier mediated diffusion and postulates that solute molecules attach to carrier molecules in the membrane and then pass through channels in the membrane by the process of diffusion. It is thought that the shape of the solute molecule may be changed when it is


attached to the carrier molecule and this is the reason why solute molecules cannot diffuse through the membrane on their own.

Neither of the above processes would require an expenditure of energy of the part of the cell.

OSMOSIS AND THE CELL (draw diagrams in the following spaces of each condition)

A. ISOTONIC SOLUTION – same concentration of both solute and solvent molecules outside the cell as within the cell (EQUAL OSMOTIC PRESSURE = EQUILLIBRIUM)

B. HYPERTONIC SOLUTION – higher concentration of solute (lower concentration of solvent – water) outside the cell than insideRESULT – PLASMOLYSIS – SHRINKING OF THE CELL (NET FLOW OF WATER OUT OF THE CELL)

C. HYPOTONIC SOLUTION – lower concentration of solute (higher concentration of solvent – water) outside of the cell than insideRESULT – TURGOR – SWELLING OF THE CELL – NET FLOW OF WATER INTO THE CELL


ACTIVE TRANSPORT PROCESSES FOR MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES IN AND OUT OF THE CELL

REQUIRES ENERGY EXPENDITURE ON THE PART OF THE CELL

1. Contractile vacuole

2. Phagocytosis (cell eating) – solid particles taken in by the cell

3. Pinocytosis – intake of drops of fluid

4. ACTIVE TRANSPORT – process similar to carrier mediated diffusion but requires energy expenditure on the part of the cell. Materials are moved across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient from areas of lesser concentration to areas of higher concentration. (DIAGRAM ALL TYPES BELOW)


Photosynthesis and Respiration Review I. Fill in the blank using the word bank provided. No answer

will be used more than once.

Word Bank: Aerobic, Anaerobic, Cellular Respiration, Chloroplast, Electron Transport Chain (ETC), Glycolysis, Kreb’s Cycle, Light-Dependent Reactions, Light-Independent Reactions, Pigments

1. _______________________ This is a process that requires oxygen in order to take place.

2. _______________________ This is a chemical process where carbohydrates are broken down to be

a quick source of ATP.

3. _______________________ This process produces 2 ATP, CO2, NADPH, and FADH2.

4. _______________________ These absorb all wavelengths (light) BUT green

5. _______________________ This process uses ATP produced to make simple sugars

6. _______________________ This is the stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm.

7. _______________________ This is the organelle responsible for photosynthesis

8. _______________________ This is a process that does not require oxygen in order to take place.

9. _______________________ This process converts light energy into chemical energy

10. _______________________ This process, although not exactly the same, takes place in

photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

II. Labeling diagrams1. Label the parts of the chloroplast. (7 points)


1. ___________________________________________2. ___________________________________________3. ___________________________________________4. ___________________________________________5. ___________________________________________6. ___________________________________________7. ___________________________________________Complete the Following Tables


Cell Division & Homeostasis Test Study Guide1. What is homeostasis?

2. What is the purpose of mitosis?

3. How many cells does mitosis start with and end with?

4. How does the original cell compare to the cells at the end of mitosis?

5. How does the number of chromosomes in the parent cell compare to the number of chromosomes in the daughter cells?

6. What happens during prophase?

7. What happens during metaphase?

8. What happens during anaphase?

9. What happens during telophase?


10. What happens during cytokinesis?

11. What happens during G1 of Interphase?

12. What happens during S phase of Interphase?

13. What happens during G2 of Interphase?

14. How does the surface area to volume ratio of a cell relate to the cell’s survival?


Meiosis Meiosis – A Source of Distinction

Why do you share some but not all of your characteristics of each parent?What are the rules of this sharing game?

Answer: _____________________

Meiosis does two things:

1. Meiosis takes a cell with ______________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________

This is a good idea if you’re going to combine two cells to make a new organism. This trick is accomplished by __________________________________________.

In meiosis, ________________________________________________________.

Reduction of chromosome # in the first division of meiosis (Meiosis I)


The second accomplishment of meiosis:

2. Meiosis scrambles ___________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

This makes a lot of ____________________________________________.

This trick is accomplished through ______________________________________

and _________________________________________.

Genetic diversity is important for the evolution of populations and species.

Keys to Understanding Meiosis

1. Chromosomes are _____________________.

2. Chromosomes carry ___________________.

3. The gene forms on a pair of chromosomes may be ___________________ or __________________.


Independent Assortment

Independent assortment produces _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

In humans, n = ______ and 223 = __________________That’s a lot of diversity by this mechanism alone.

Crossing-Over

Crossing-over multiplies the already huge number of different gamete types produced by independent assortment.

TAKES PLACE IN METAPHASE I

Between independent assortment and crossing-over, ___________________________


Key Difference Between Mitosis and Meiosis

Determining Gender: _____________________________________________________

Gametogenesis: __________________________________________________________

Oogenesis Spermatogenesis


Fertilization

Meiosis allows the creation of ______________________________________________.


DNA Structure, Replication, Transcription, and Translation

Part 1:DNA Structure:

1. What is the Genetic code? _________________________________________________________________

2. What does the “code”, code for? _________________________________________________________________

3. What is DNA’s job? _________________________________________________________________

4. What is the monomer that makes up DNA?__________________________________________________________

5. What are the three parts of the monomer from # 2?a. ____________________________ b. ______________________________ c. _________________________________6. What is the shape of a molecule of DNA?

_________________________________________________________

Part 2: Replication:

1. When do cells do DNA Replication? _________________________________________________________________2. What is made during replication? _________________________________________________________________3. Why is replication needed? _________________________________________________________________4. What molecules are involved in replication? ________________________________________________________5. Describe the steps of the process? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


6. Why is replication semi-conservative? ______________________________________________________________

Part 3: Transcription:

1. Where does transcription happen? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What is made?

______________________________________________________________________________

3. What molecules are involved? ________________________________________________________________________________________________4. Why is it needed? ________________________________________________________________________________________________5. Describe the steps of the process…____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. What is a “codon” ?

______________________________________________________________________________

7. What do they code for ? ______________________________________________________________________________

Part 4: Translation:

1. What is translation? Where does it happen?


____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. How is the “code” read?

_____________________________________________________________________3. What are the steps of Translation? ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. What is produced at the end? ______________________________________________________________________

5. What things can the product of translation do? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________6. Summary of Protein Synthesis

Participant What and where it is Job/other featuresDNAGeneRNA PolymerasemRNAtRNAribosomeAmino AcidsProteins/Polypeptides


Genetics Review


Sex-Linked Traits WorksheetBackground Information:

Sex-linked traits are those whose genes are found on the X chromosome but not on the Y chromosome. In humans the X chromosomes are much larger than the Y chromosome and contains thousands of more genes than the Y chromosome. For each of the genes that are exclusively on the X chromosomes, females, who are XX, would obviously have two alleles. Males, who are XY, would have only one allele. Thus females with one recessive allele and one dominant allele, for a gene that is unique to the X chromosome, will always display the dominant phenotype. However, a male with a recessive allele for a gene unique to the X chromosome will always exhibit that recessive trait because there is no other corresponding allele on the Y chromosome.

In humans, each of two different sex-linked genes has a defective recessive allele that causes a disease. The diseases are hemophilia and colorblindness. In hemophilia, the defective allele prevents the synthesis of a factor needed for blood clotting. In colorblindness, the defective allele prevents a person from seeing certain colors.

Use the information below to answer the following questions.

XH – an X chromosome with normal dominant allele (no hemophilia)Xh – an X chromosome with recessive hemophilia alleleY – a Y chromosome (does not contain comparable gene)XB – an X chromosome with normal dominant allele (not colorblind)Xb – an X chromosome with recessive colorblind alleleY – a Y chromosome (does not contain comparable gene)

1. Write the genotypes for the following phenotypes of red-green colorblindness.

a. normal male _____________

b. normal female carrying no colorblind alleles (Homozygous)

_____________

c. colorblind male _____________


d. normal female carrying the colorblind allele (Heterozygous)

_____________

e. colorblind female _____________

2. XBXB x XbY

a. What proportion/percent of the male children are colorblind? _____________

b. What proportion/percent of the female children

are colorblind? _____________

3. XBXb x XBY a. What proportion of the male children are

colorblind? _____________

b. What proportion of the female children are colorblind? _____________

4. What is the probability that a colorblind woman who marries a man with normal vision will have a colorblind child? _____________

_____________ X _____________


5. A normal-sighted woman (whose father was colorblind) marries a colorblind man. _____________ X _____________

a. What is the probability that they will have a son who is colorblind? _____________

b. What is the probability that they will have a colorblind daughter? _____________

For the following Sex-Linked Punnett Squares:

H= normal blood clotting h=hemophilia

6. XHXh x XHY

a. What is the probability that any of their offspring

will have hemophilia? _____________

7. A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia marries a hemophiliac man.

a. What proportion of the male children are hemophiliacs? _____________

b. What proportion of the female children are hemophiliacs? _____________


8. A phenotypically normal man marries a homozygous normal woman.

_____________ X _____________

a. What is the probability that any of their children

will be hemophiliacs? _____________

9. A phenotypically normal woman has phenotypically normal parents. However, she has a hemophiliac brother.

(Mom is carrier) (Dad) Brother

_____________ _____________ _____________

a. What are her chances of being a carrier for hemophilia? _____________

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS USING YOUR KNOWLEDGE OF SEX-LINKED TRAITS, THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION AND YOUR NOTES.

10. What is a sex-linked trait?

11. Why must males inherit colorblindness or hemophilia from their mothers?

12. Why is colorblindness or hemophilia more common in males than in females?


CodominanceCodominance- when both alleles are expressed at the same timeExample: ABO system of blood types. This is an example that uses a 3 allele system. A person’s blood type is based on the absence or presence of certain proteins in his or her red blood cells.

A is codominant with B-neither covers the other both are expressed independently.A is dominant over O- Only A is expressed if A and O are present.B is dominant over O- Only B is expressed if B and O are present.

Possible genotypes PhenotypesIAIA --------------------------- Type A IAi --------------------------- Type A IBIB --------------------------- Type B IBi --------------------------- Type B IAIB --------------------------- Type AB ii --------------------------- Type O

Questions 1.) If you have type A blood, what are your possible genotypes?

2.) If you have type B blood, what could your genotypes be?

3.) If you have type AB blood, what must your genotype be?

4.) If you have type O blood, what must your genotype be?

5.) Could two individuals with type A blood ever produce any offspring with type O blood? Explain your answer completely.

6.) Could two individuals with type O blood ever produce any offspring with type A blood? Explain.

7.) Could a type O individual and a type AB individual ever produce any offspring with type A blood? Explain.


8.) A man has type A blood and his wife has type B. A physician types the blood of their four children and is amazed to find one of each of the blood types among them. How could this happen?

9.) A woman sues a man for the support of her child. She has type A blood, her child has type O, and the man has type B. Could the man be the father? Explain.

10.) A wealthy elderly couple die together in an accident. Soon a man shows up to claim their fortune, saying that he is their only son who ran away from home as a boy. Other relatives dispute his claim. Hospital records show that the deceased couple were type AB and O respectively. The claimant to the fortune was type O. Could he be their son? Explain.

11.) Suppose two newborn babies were accidentally mixed up in the hospital. In an effort to determine to which parents each baby belonged, the blood types of the babies and parents were identified. From the following test results, identify which baby belongs to which parents and their genotypes.


Evolution Review1. Give a definition for evolution. Why do living things need to evolve?

2. How are fossils dated? There are two methods – give both (explain how they are done AND give the pros and cons of each method)

3. How can we get evidence for evolution from the fossil record?

4. What are homologous structures? Give an example. How do they provide evidence for evolution?

5. What are vestigial structures? Give an example. How do they provide evidence for evolution?

6. How does embryology (study of embryos/development) provide evidence for evolution?

Biology Keystone Review Packet7. Explain Charles Darwin’s discoveries (finches and tortoises).

8. What are adaptations? Give an example of an adaptation.

9. How has the earth changed over time (timeline events)?

10. How are humans similar to and different from other organisms?

11. What can we learn by studying cladograms?

12. How do you read a cladogram?

13. What are the different taxonomic groups from largest to smallest? What can classifying things tell you about evolution?

14. What are the three domains and the kingdoms that fit into each?


15. How do you use a dichotomous key? What can a dichotomous key be used for?

Biology Keystone Review PacketEcology Unit Review:

Vocabulary

1. What do ecologists study?

2. How can an individual organism simultaneously be part of the population , community, ecosystem and biomes?

Ecology keystone species

herbivore trophic levelcommunity

producer carnivore food webecosystem autotroph omnivore biomassBiome consumer detritivore Energy

pyramidBiotic heterotroph decomposerAbiotic c

hemosynthesispecialist

biodiversity

food chain generalist

habitat parasitism population crashecological niche population

densitylimiting factor

competitive exclusion

population dispersion

density-dependent limiting factorecological

equivalentsurvivorship curve

density-independent limiting factorcompetition immigration

predation emigrationsymbiosis exponential

growthmutualism logistic growthcommensalism carrying capacity


3. What are major differences between observation experimentation and modeling?

4. List some biotic and abiotic factors you would expect to find in a city park.

5. What would happen to a forest ecosystem if a fire killed most of its producers?

6. Describe one similarity and one difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis.

7. An acorn is eaten by a squirrel which is eaten by and owl. What model best describes this simple relationship and how does it show energy flow?

8. How is a food web related to energy flow within an ecosystem?

9. Describe the main process involved in the hydrologic cycle.

Biology Keystone Review Packet10. Give an example of one biogeochemical cycle and explain how it

is important to living things.

11. How does an energy pyramid show the flow of energy in an ecosystem?

12. A biomass pyramid and pyramid of numbers are two ways of modeling the flow of matter in an ecosystem. Which is the main difference between the two?

13. What is the difference between habitat and niche?

14. How does competitive exclusion differ from ecological equivalents?

15. What is interspecific competition and how does it relate to predator-prey relationship?

16. What is population dependent density? Give an example of it as a limiting factor.


17. Explain how the three types of survivorship curves align with different reproductive strategies?

18. How does emigration and immigration affect populations?

19. What is the difference between exponential and logistical growth?

20. How might carrying capacity of an environment for a particular species change in response to an unusually long and harsh winter? Why?

21. Describe and give examples of two limiting factors that affect a dense population.

22. Why is succession considered an ongoing process?

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