ACTION RESEARCH FOR FOOD SYSTEMS TRANSFORMATION

Soil and Me Ma’at á Nkemi

Me first!

I am a 13 year old girl who is home-educated and I am Mama D's daughter. I like listening to different types of music and writing my own ‘conscious lyrics’ for rap and spoken word performances and to help me think about life on this planet. I am writing this chapter because it was suggested that it would be useful to have a child's perspective in the eBook on Action Research for food systems transformation and I am game at giving things a go, so here I am!

We live in a small, dormitory town in Kent and I help my mother out at our allotment periodically and sometimes in the garden. She used to have to really coax me to get involved, but these days, I am growing my own potatoes and sweetcorn and sometimes a flower or two and I love picking the different berries on our allotment and looking out for the slow-worms, which are actually legless lizards!

Me and a slow worm at our allotment

What having so many slow worms in our allotment tells me is that we have a lot of decaying organic matter and that there are lots of hiding spaces, piles of rubble and tin sheets and rotting grass to hide beneath.

I am in touch with the soil quite often. At first it was just this thing that I would walk on, handle with gloves to plant vegetable seeds in and so forth. To me, it was just there and as far as I was concerned it would stay there forever. When we first got our allotment and went to work in it, the ground seemed to be made of iron when it was cleared of some of the weeds. It was the middle of summer and mum was determined to get a crop despite the abundance of

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weeds. Especially the couch grass, bindweed and bristly ox-tongue with deep roots.

We were constantly finding buried potatoes which must have had very long tubers because some still pop up to this day

We soon decided though that it was better to cover the weeds and let them die and then turn over the soil and plant immediately. That year we harvested sweetcorn, beans, lettuce, radishes and cucumbers. It was a hot year and we planted loads of sunflowers and fenugreek, clover and phacelia later in the year, as green manures and to compete with the weeds.

Getting bed edges from pallets

I understood then that to get a good crop you had to be good to the soil.

However the journey that I have gone on whilst writing this essay has changed my views on soil dramatically. Partly from what I learnt whilst researching, but also because I have been able to really focus upon the relationship I had to something I did not see as particularly important before.

Radishes and Sunflowers

After I had agreed to contribute to this book I knew that I would have to find out more about the facts of soil.One of the first things that I did was to research all I could find about the soil. I read books about it; then I watched videos on it such as, ‘Symphony of the Soil’ and “Dirt, the Movie”. These videos helped to create a basic understanding. After that I consulted my Mum and some of the teachers at my Saturday school.

I also chatted to my spoken word mentor, KMT, who is involved in teaching children and young

people gardening through hip hop at May Project Garden. I also asked some other children such as the ones who are quoted below.Some children also came up to the allotment so that we could learn about the allotment soils and what grows on them. We had an interesting discussion with my oldest teacher at the Saturday School and another two teachers about the soil and what it means to them.

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What is soil? Here are some facts that I learned.

Soil provides all the nutrients required for successful growth. One of soil's parent materials is Rock. Any kind of rock can produce its own particular soil. Soil is part: Rock, Air, Water and Organic matter. It takes 500 years to produce just under an inch of topsoil; this is the most productive layer

of soil Soil consists of 45% Minerals, 25% Water, 25% Air and 5% Organic Matter. 50% of Soil is Air and Water the other 50% is broken Rock and decaying plants and animals Soil has 6 layers called Horizons: O, A, E, B, C and R. Horizon O is the topsoil and R is the bedrock There are different types of soil: Sandy soil, Clay soil, and Silty soil. Soil is a living system. There are more micro-organisms in a handful of soil than there are people on Earth. Micro-organisms include: Fungi and Bacteria. The soil also has inside of it: Worms, Beetles, Spiders, Slugs and Snails Worms enrich the topsoil by feeding on organic material in the soil and converting it into

nutrients for plants. As they move through the soil it becomes more absorbent and better aerated too. The nutrients required to grow plants are: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium. Soil acts as a filter for underground water filtering out pollutants. It greatly reduces flood risk by storing up to 9200 tonnes of water per acre. In total that's about 0.01% of the Earth's total water. Approx. 10% of the world's Carbon Dioxide emissions are stored in Soil. Soil is the bottom of the food chain, yet it is the cornerstone of life on Earth. The power of soil is infinite.

These are three main ingredients of soil which give rise to different soil types:

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There are also the different types of soil found in different geographical environments.These are international soil classifications with names like:

Histosol: a very organic soil like peat, where 20-30% of it is decayed organic matter.Podsol: an acidic soil that is ash grey on the surface and not usually very fertile. Ferralsol: An iron or aluminium rich, deeply weathered soil, often found in the humid tropics.

I am very lucky because my mother has both an allotment and garden plus she grows on all of the windowsills in the house, even on tables placed near the windows. It means we sometimes see spiders, woodlice and the occasional slug indoors, but it also means that I get to see plants and the earth work together close at hand and I can plant seeds in my own bedroom. So far I have grown marigolds, garlic and a date palm plant in my room as well as lemongrass and Aloe vera plants!

Those children whose parents have farms, gardens etc. are quite lucky because they know some of the story of where their food is actually coming from and the people who have their own animals and breed them and so forth are even luckier because they basically know where their food comes from, if they eat meat or drink milkHowever, for urban children who do not live near the land, A BBC survey indicated the following:

‘Almost a third of UK primary pupils think cheese is made from plants and a quarter think fish fingers come from chicken or pigs, suggests a survey.Nearly one in 10 secondary pupils thinks tomatoes grow underground, according to the poll for the British Nutrition Foundation (BNF).’http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-22750904

Other websites indicated that in many urban areas that around a third of teenagers don't eat breakfast and do not know how to cook at home, although three-quarters would like to prepare more food.

I think that if more children knew about the soil and how it works, they would also get to know more about plants and food and where it comes from.

At our Saturday school we have a small garden which we visit every third or fourth week. We have made compost and planted onions, garlic, lots of different herbs and beans. The tomato seeds are many and because of the warmth of the compost, and maybe because it is very rich and fertile, lots of tomato plants come up all over the place. Just like the many sycamore tree seedlings. Maybe the trees will have to be trimmed to bring the garden more light. We may put the branches under the soil of the beds, so that the soil there will become richer and more organic and spongy as the wood rots.

There were two visits made by my fellow students from the Saturday school I attend to our allotment.

4Seedlings planted in a row of pots

at the school garden

On the first trip, they dug the soil to see how it was made and where we dug it, it was a deep down colour and rich and crumbly. This was a loam soil and good for growing food crops.

Below are some of the opinions of my fellow Saturday School students about the soil during the visit and just afterwards:

8 year old Kemi says:

“Soil means love and growth, soil is for growing plants and getting CO2 back, when you have soil you have a happy life and live longer.

12 year old Yahleetah says:

“Soil to me is the source of everything, you can make different things from soil, it’s on the ground that we walk on and it has been there for a very long time”“I think that it is used for building stuff for example:, back in the day they used to use it to build mud houses, soil is also used for growing plants, fruits and vegetables, I think that it’s there to help the plants grow.”“I wouldn't like it if soil was to become extinct because there would be no more food to keep me (and others) alive and also some of our clothes are made from plants that grow in the soil, and also people make roadworks daily and without soil it would be very difficult to make roads and pavements.”

10 year old Chinaza says:

“I understand soil as a covered piece of land that helps grow other plants, soil is used to help plants grow, this will involve photosynthesis,I would feel sad as well as confused because how would we run out of soil and because soil isn't there, we wouldn't have any food to eat, we wouldn't be used to eating anything if there was no soil, therefore we wouldn't be educated about the things on Earth.”

14 year old Kwesi says:

“My understanding of Soil is that it is a kind of organism that conducts nutrients, absorbs and stores water too in turn be absorbed by plants and trees and other things. Soil is used to grow crops for selling for food or for pleasure because people love growing and tending their plants, The word earth is I think fashioned from the word soil, so if there was no soil , earth I don't think would be called earth. The not earth would feel like a barren place to me with many forms of life gone and the world would be exceedingly dull.

On the second trip to the allotment we also took some soil that had been in a bag composting and

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A pile of just sieved compost at the school garden

we filtered it.The soil that came out of the filter was still moist and a deep brown colour. It felt very rich and we thought it would be good for growing food with. We placed it on a bed and left it to use to plant on in the next growing season. We covered it with cardboard so that when it rained all the nutrients inside it would not be washed away.

What is happening to the soil is very serious.

Soil degradation

This is when the soil quality has been affected by aspects of agriculture or human mis or over-use. Such impacts include:Soil compaction, the loss of soil structure, nutrient loss, soil salinity (too much salt in the soil) and many other effects of the soil not being managed well.

I think that Soil degradation is a very bad thing and needs to be stopped! But how?

First of all, don’t expose your soil, this may seem small but it’s not. When the soil is left exposed then leaching can happen. This washes away the nutrients of the soil and so plants cannot access them. Also when the soil is left exposed harsh winds can blow it away (especially if you have sandy soil)Look at it like this. If we look at the soil as the skin of the Earth, we can understand, from our own experience what happens if skin is left exposed to the elements for too long. It becomes dry and cracked and burnt and flaky. The soil experiences the same, but worse because its crumb like structure makes it even more vulnerable to the elements.

The causes of soil destruction include chemical-heavy, farming techniques, deforestation which increases erosion, and global warming.Generating three centimetres of top soil takes 1,000 years, and if current rates of degradation continue all of the world's top soil could be gone within 60 yearsThat means that the world would only have 60 years of farming, of eating healthy home grown food

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and that is something very important if we don’t start looking after this beautiful, fertile cover that the universe has given us then we won’t be having a very nice future.

If we don't do something soon our fate as human beings on Earth won’t be simply bleak we just wouldn’t be here any-more.Some 40% of soil used for agriculture around the world is classed as either degraded or seriously degraded – the latter means that 70% of the topsoil, the layer allowing plants to grow, is gone. Because various farming methods strip the soil of carbon and make it less robust as well as weaker in nutrients, soil is being lost at between 10 and 40 times the rate at which it can be naturally replenished. Even the well-maintained farming land in Europe which may look idyllic, is being lost at unsustainable rates.

Microbes need carbon for food, but carbon is being lost from the soil in a number of ways. The main way to try to keep more organic matter in the soil is to leave stubble in the field after harvest. Modern farming methods remove it and use it animal feed. Carbon is lost by too much disturbance of the soil by over-ploughing and by the misuse of certain fertilizers. A further issue is overgrazing. If there are too many animals, they eat all the plant growth, and one of the most important ways of getting carbon into the soil is through photosynthesis.

We also relate to the soil through the culture of our ancestors:

In West Africa babies are sometimes given a small amount of soil to help build up their immune system. Here in the UK we use a lot of sterilising agents to keep anything close to the baby super clean, but this means that the growing child never comes across foreign bodies to prime its immune system with and its body over-reacts to anything unusual it encounters, even food! Such children, often experience many allergies and intolerances to natural foods.

Clay containers and ornaments are made from the soil, such as pottery and other clay vessels and ornaments. Jewellery may be made from the soil: Clay beads and shapes for necklaces and bracelets or even amulets. The many gems we see in jewellery originate from the Earth, not necessarily from the top soil, but deeper layers exposed to pressure and heat which changes earth materials in colour, hardness and shape.

We are buried in the soil and there we break down to become a part of it.

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What is Rap?

Rap is Rhythm And Poetry.

It is based on the basic heartbeat and other natural sounds like women pounding in a large mortar to make fufu in West Africa, the lands from which my own ancestors are drawn from.

Here is another definition:

‘More than a century before rap exploded onto the American music scene, West African musicians were telling stories rhythmically, with just the beat of a drum for accompaniment. Meanwhile, folk artists from the Caribbean Islands were also telling stories in rhyme. Indeed, these singing poets from Africa and the Caribbean lay the foundation for modern-day American rap music.1

Why do I rap and why am I rapping about the soil?

Why do I rap?

I rap because I want to share my ideas and views as messages which reach a diverse group of young people. I rap about things that I care about such as the Earth, people and the soil! I also rap because I want to reach out to other young people especially because we are the group most targeted by all the toxic companies, ones that seek profit over the welfare of the Earth and its peoples and I just want to get them to be more aware and maybe even take action based upon their awareness.

I’m rapping about the soil because it matters to me what happens to this world.Before I did this chapter and started learning more about the soil, I thought that the world’s soil would never run out. Now I realise that I’m mistaken, the world’s topsoil is already running out and if we continue to use these horrible fertilizers and continually degrade the soil, what’s going to happen?It is simple, we have no more soil, when we have no more soil there’s no more food no more food and no more animals, any sort of animal, including us.So we need to treat this wonderful soil as if it were worth more than gold, because soil is worth far more than gold. Even though there are people who feel differently and who act towards the land and soil disrespectfully. This is why I want to write this rap on soil.Different kinds of people listen to rap music (not all rap music is the same) so this goes out to a mixed audience. I really want people to actually listen to this rap and think about it properly I don’t want it to be a song that says nothing about the soil but has a catchy beat.Also because this is a rap, made by someone who is herself young, may mean other young people are more likely to listen to it, also because it’s a rap made by someone their age group.

1 http://www.plasticlittleraps.com/history-of-rap-music.html

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I also like to express things using vivid images and in an indirect way so that the listener can think about the message. Rapping means that my message has a rhythm to express as well as words. The rhythm is another form of communication and also helps the memory of the words stay with you longer.What mostly matters is that I get my view across and I can help to save this world from the crisis that we are in.

Some raps that I have worked on:

SOIL RAP PART I: THE BIG VIEW (STILL IN PROGRESS)

Soil is a living system

She looks after usYet she is the victimOf the badness.We treat her too rough, soShe is constantly being lost We call it soil erosionWhen I’m talking about this people think I’m nutsThey say why are you talking about the soil? Why are you making such a fuss?

And I say it’s cause I care about Mother Nature and that if we are not careful we might lose herWe don't let her be herselfWe try to dominate and control herWe think that material wealth is more important than our health

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Soil is in my SoulShe is worth far more than goldSoil has been here for many yearsShe renewsSo she is still not old.She lives and diesYet she has always thrivedAnd she is a vital part of human life.

SOIL RAP PART II: THE MEDIUM TERM (ALWAYS IN PROGRESS)

So the soil is the foundationIn which Earth is born/That’s one a way to look at it, yes there are many more/We take Mother Nature for grantedCall her and treat her like dirt/The thing that has no nutrients in itBut soil has/ so, of course, she is hurt

All she is doing is what many of us should be doing and that isFulfilling her purpose/Yet we fill her up with chemicalsWhy are we doing this?It doesn't make any sense/

Because yes the farmer may make a small profitBut then that money has to be spent/On buying and fertilizersWhich destroy the soil even moreAnd then you get pestsAnd the thing is if you have the same plant all

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around/If the pest gets one plantThen it can knock all of the others down/So you buy pesticidesGo on then/ poison the soil again/You might as well because you've scarred her depths so muchThat sooner or later you are gonna have to say farewell.

SOIL RAP PART THREE: THE SMALL (EVER IN PROGRESS)

SeeI’m growing up; I am a child, here on this Earth/my birth to nowMakes me just thirteenBut there has been so many things that I have seenNot all of them I have writtenBut they always stay with meIn my heartOf which soil is, of course, the queen.

Listen, The soil was created for different thingsNot only for the benefit of human beingsWe feel as though the Earth is all for usBut for some of us we don’t make a fuss

We hardly recognise/what is right in front of our eyes

Deep, dark mother called solAlways open, always silent, always stillGanges overflow, Nile overspillCreating as you go, fertilising as you willTrodden upon/pierced by forks/ cut by spadesProdded, poked and pierced/burnt by harsh sun rays

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Massaged by the tiniest of hands and feet and Ingested worked through by the smallest gutsTransformed by fungal fronds in many ways/Sand to silt to clay, always in flux.Soil in my hands/dirt at my kneesYou have embraced life and held still bodiesDirt is the lie and soil is the TruthThe greatest story ever you tell at the root/the greatest story ever you tell at the root/The greatest story ever you tell at the root.

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