Other Theories in Perception

Depth perception enables us to judge _______________________________________________________.

Visual Cliff Experiment: Gibson and Walk (1960) suggested that human ___________________________ (crawling age) have depth perception. Even newborn animals show depth perception.

How do we judge depth?Binocular Cues- require _____________________________________eyes

Retinal disparity: Images from the two ____________________________________ differ (they are 2 ½ inches apart) The brain _____________________________________ these two images (the differences between them) to determine ____________________________________________________.

Convergence: Neuromuscular cues. When two eyes move _________________________________ (towards the nose) to see near objects and ________________________________________ (away from the nose) to see faraway objects.

Monocular Cues: require ____________________________________________________ eye

Relative Size: If two objects are ________________________________________ in size, we perceive the one that casts a smaller retinal image to be __________________________________________________________ away

Interposition: Objects that ______________________________________ other objects tend to be perceived as _____________________________________________

Relative Height: We perceive objects that are _________________________________________________ in our field of vision to be ___________________________________________________ away than those that are lower.

Linear Perspective: Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to ______________________________ in the distance. The more the lines converge, the _______________________________________ their perceived distance.

Relative Clarity- given two objects, the _______________________________________ one appears to be further away

Light and Shadow: Nearby objects reflect more light into our eyes than more distant objects. Given two identical objects, the _____________________________________________________________ one appears to be farther away.

How do we perceive motion?

Relative motion: As we move, ___________________________________________ objects appear to move as well! If you fixate on an object while you are moving, objects _________________________________ that point (further away) will move in your direction and objects ________________________________________ that point (closer) will move in the opposite direction

Motion Perception: Objects traveling towards us ________________________________________in size and those moving away ____________________________ in size. The same is true when the observer moves to or from an object.

Phi Phenomenon: When lights ________________________________________ at a certain speed they tend to present illusions of motion. Neon signs use this principle to create motion perception.

Constancy- we perceive objects as staying the same even as properties of them change (size and color)

Perceptual Set: A mental ________________________________ to perceive one thing and not another. What you see in the center picture is influenced by flanking pictures.