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Christopher Karim

Name: Christopher KarimCandidate 3071-046

Title: Ties that bind- Should Singapore continue to purchase water from Malaysia

Word Count 3956

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Christopher Karim

Ties that bind – Should Singapore continue to purchase water from Malaysia?

Abstract (204 words)

In this essay, sections in the IB syllabus such as competing demands for water and

water scarcity will be touched on. Furthermore, the economical and political reasons

for Singapore’s drive to becoming water-sufficient will be explored. Singapore’s

ability to become water-sufficient will be questioned. Furthermore, I will be analyzing

the benefits and the disadvantages of the actions that were taken and will be taken by

Singapore. After which, I will be evaluating Singapore’s plans once she becomes

water-sufficient. Some information and ideas were extracted from reliable sites such

as the PUB (Public Utility Board) website. However, since the information found in

the PUB sites were very limited, I had to go to Singapore National Library to research

on Singapore-Malaysia water conflicts. At the end of this essay, although Singapore

had plans to stop water imports from Malaysia after becoming water-sufficient,

Singapore would still continue to import water from Malaysia. This is because the

water treaties formed between Singapore and Malaysia brings both countries closer

together. Furthermore, in the future, Singapore will come to realization that

maintaining good relations with Malaysia has its benefits. Since it is inevitable for

Singapore to rely on her neighbours, it is best to be on good terms with them.

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Current Situation

Water plays an important role in our daily lives. Water is needed for drinking,

cooking, washing and a myriad of other activities. With abundance rainfall of an

average of 2,400mm a year, Singapore should be able to suffice the needs of her

people. However, with a population of 4.6 million and a land use area of less than

700km2, Singapore is officially classified as a ‘water-stressed’ nation – having a water

availability of less than 1,000m3 a year per person1. Furthermore, with a population

target of 6.5 million2, Singapore would require more water to meet the needs her

people in the future.

Singapore’s plans to meet the future needs of her people (Four Taps)

Water shortage is one of the most important, if not the most important issues that

Singapore has to face. Without water, Singapore will not be able to sustain herself.

The introduction of the “four taps” is a solution for the water shortage faced by

Singapore.

The first tap refers to the local water catchment. Singapore uses a network of drains

and rivers to channel the rainwater to the reservoirs. The water from the reservoirs

will then be sent to water treatment plants where it gets treated before releasing it to

the public. Although Singapore currently has 18 reservoirs, the amount of water

harvested is not enough to meet the needs of her people. That is where the other taps

come in.

The second tap refers to the production for NEWater. NEWater is high-grade

reclaimed water produced from dirty water that is then treated and purified further

using advanced membrane technologies, making the water safe to drink. In 2010, the

five NEWater treatment plants provide about 30% of the state’s supply and by 2060.3 Six

more NEWater treatment plants will be constructed to meet 50% of the future water

demands.4 The downside of producing NEWater is its cost of production being very

pricey.

1 http://www.water-technology.net/features/feature2026/

2 http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/singapore/expat_guide/910/singapore_aims_to_achieve_65mil_population.php3 http://www.water-technology.net/features/feature2026/4 http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspx

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Christopher Karim

The third tap refers to the desalination of seawater. The desalination plant in Tuas

can produce up to a total of 30 million gallons of water a day. With the second

desalination plant with a capacity of 70 million gallons of water daily on its way to

completion in 2013, Singapore can produce roughly about 100 million gallons of

water through desalination alone. There are also plans to increase the desalination

capacity by almost 10 times with the construction of the second desalination plant on

its way to completion in 2013. PUB hopes that desalinated water will meet 30% of its

water demand in the long term.5 Likewise, the downside to desalination is similar to

that of producing NEWater, which is its cost of production. The money used to

produce and maintain the NEWater and desalination plants has to come from the

taxpayers. It is possible that in the future, there will be an increase burden on

taxpayers as Singapore will construct more of these plants.

Quantity Supplied (million m3/year) Unit Cost (US$/m3)

2004 2011

Supply from Johor 557.5 195.2 0.15 in 2004

0.19 in 2011

Supply from Riau ---- 1642.5 ----

Industrial water reuse 513.3 513.3 0.26

Traditional supply 135.5 237.7 0.31

Desalination ---- 49.8 0.45

Total 1,206.3 2,639.4

From the above table, we can see that the quantity of water supplied to Singapore by

Malaysia had been reduced from 557.5 in 2004 to 195.2 in 2011. This reflects on

Singapore’s success in finding alternate source of water, hence decreasing

Singapore’s reliance on Malaysia for water. Desalination can also be seen as an

unreliable source of water due to the amount of water it produces a year and its high

cost of production.

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The fourth tap refers to the importing of raw water. Singapore has been importing

raw water from Johor, Malaysia as mentioned above until the year 2061 when the

water agreement expires. Water shortage in Singapore started out as earlier as the

early 20th century forcing Singapore to sign a water treaty with Malaysia in 1927. The

treaty allowed Singapore to rent 2100 acre (8.5km2) of land in Gunong Pulai for the

purpose of supplying raw water to Singapore at 30 cents per acre (4,047m2).

Furthermore, Malaysia had set aside another 25mi2 (64.7km2) of land and agreed not

to touch it for the next 21 years without the consent of the Singapore’s

commissioners. In the event that Singapore wants to rent any part of the preserved

land, Singapore has to pay an annual rent of 5 dollars per acre. In exchange, Johor

could obtain 800,000 gallons (3,637m3) of treated water from Singapore everyday at a

rate of 25 cents per 1,000 gallons (4.55m3). If Johor needed more treated water after

1929, the amount of treated water supplied can be increased up to a limit of 1,200,000

gallons (5,455m3) daily.

Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement

Another treaty called the Tebrau and Scudai Rivers Water Agreement. It was signed

on 2 October 1961 but took effect on 1 September 1961. By then, the 1927 treaty was

void and a new agreement was made. The agreement allowed Singapore to draw off

all water within the designated land at Gunong Pulai, Sungei Scudai for a period of 50

years up till 2011. In return, Sinagpore had to pay 5 dollar per acre of land rented and

3 cents for every 1000 gallons of water drawn.6 Singapore also agreed to provide

Johor with a daily supply of treated water up to 12% of raw water Singapore drew at

50 cents per 1000 gallons. However, Singapore must not provide below 4,000,000

gallons (18,184m3) of water every day. If the 12% of water supplied by Singapore is

not enough, Malaysia could ask for more water being supplied.

6http://www.scribd.com/doc/54235270/bs

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Christopher Karim

Johor River Water Agreement

The following year, another treaty was being formed. In 1962, the Johor River Water

Agreement was signed on the 29 of September 1962. Singapore was given the rights

of drawing up to a maximum of 250 galllons (1,140,000m3) of water from the Johor

River for 99 years till 2061. In exchange, Singapore must provide Johor with 2% of

treated water from the raw water it drew from the Johor River. Singapore had to pay

rent for the land used. The price of water followed the price in the previous

agreement. After Singapore and Malaysia stopped using the same currency, the price

of water will be paid in Ringgit.

1990 Water Agreement

The last water agreement between Singapore and Malaysia was signed on the 24 of

November 1990. Under this agreement, Singapore was given permission to build a

dam across Sungei Linggui to aid the extraction of water from the Johor River. Johor

was willing to set aside about 21,600ha (216km2) of land for this project. In return,

Singapore agreed to pay 320,000,000 Ringgit for the permanent loss of land, in

addition to a premium of 18,000 Ringgit per hectare (10,000m2) and a yearly rent of

30 Ringgit per 92.9m2 of the land. Singapore will provide the cost of building and

maintaining the dam.7

Water Agreement With Indonesia

The growing tension between Singapore and Malaysia encouraged Singapore to find

an alternative source of water. This led to Singapore signing a treaty with Indonesia in

1991. Singapore is entitled to draw a maximum of 1000 million gallons of water daily

from the Riau Province, but initially from Bintan Island in Riau Archipelago. In

return, Singapore has to pay 1 cent per cubic meter of raw drawn. Securing water

treaties with other countries will indubitably boost Singapore’s water security.8

7 http://www.scribd.com/doc/54235270/bs8 http://pustaka.pu.go.id/files/pdf/pDf_49.pdf

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It is rather interesting to see Singapore signing multiple water treaties one after

another even before the previous expires. At that time, Singapore was still a young

nation and was very desperate in securing a long-term water treaty. Singapore might

have felt that 1961 water treaty was insufficient. Hence, in 1962, they decided to sign

another treaty that would last for another 100 years. However, is that the only reason?

In 1961 and 1962 water agreements, other than securing the water treaties, Singapore

might have use the opportunity to solve some of the bilateral issues with Malaysia as

a package, strengthening the ties between the two neighboring countries.

Existing Tension Between Singapore and Malaysia

Singapore has relied heavily on Malaysia for water. However, the dispute over the

supply and price of freshwater between Singapore and Malaysia has been ongoing for

several decades, which made Singaporeans question the creditability of Malaysia.

With reference to the books “Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks” and “Water Talks? If

only it could”, the tension between Singapore and Malaysia can be seen. Water Talks

began in 1998 when Malaysia wanted to settle all outstanding bilateral issues with

Singapore as a package which includes the future supply of water to Singapore for

another 100 years after the 1962 expires at 2061; the use of Malaysia’s airspace by

RSAF and so on… However, Dr Mahatir suddenly ended the package on 7 October

2002, without Singapore consent. Dr Mahatir ended the package because Singapore

did not agree with the price of water being raised to 6.25 Ringget per thousand

gallons. 9

Furthermore, Malaysia claims that Singapore “refused to pay a fair price for water” In

response to the claim, Singapore revealed documents to the public, showing that

Malaysia kept altering their negotiating position on the package of items. For

instance, Malaysia kept demanding the increase in the price of water. Malaysia

increased the price of water from 3 cents per 1000 gallons to 45 cents per 1000

gallons in August 2000 and six months later; the price of water demanded by

Malaysia became 60 cents. By September 2002, Malaysia demanded to increase the

price of water to 6.25 Ringget per thousand gallons.10

9 Ministry of information communications and the arts, Water Talks? If Only It Could (2003) pg 310 Ministry of information communications and the arts, Water Talks? If Only It Could (2003) pg 3

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Christopher Karim

The tension over the “fair” price of water escalated as Malaysia claims that Singapore

is trying to delay to come to terms. On the 24th of October 2002, Foreign Minister

Syed Hamid Albar said that if the water talks ended in stalemate, Malaysia would

refer the matter to the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Six week later, he denied. In

addition to this, on the 31st of December, He said that if Singapore does not wish to

compromise, Malaysia would go to war. In the following year, Malaysia’s minister

denied about talking about war.

Having an idea of what is going on, I shall now move on to the water claims Malaysia

had on Singapore. Malaysia said that Singapore is profiting by buying water from

Malaysia at 3 cents per 1000 gallons and selling the treated water back to Malaysia at

50 cents per 1000 gallons. Malaysia found it ridiculous and wanted to increase the

price of water to be fair on both sides. In response to this claim, Singapore said that

Malaysia is the one who profits. Many people would think that 3 cents per 1000

gallons of raw water is considered cheap and that selling Malaysia 50 cents per 1000

gallons per 1000 gallons of treated water is very unreasonable. However, this is not

the case. Although 3 cents per 1000 gallons of raw water may looks very cheap, the

process of treating the water is very costly. Singapore claimed that she is being

generous to Malaysia by selling water to her at 50 cents per 1000 gallons.11

11 Ministry of information communications and the arts, Singapore-Malaysia Water Talks (2003) pg 3

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Christopher Karim

In fact, Singapore said that real cost of treating the water amounts to about 2.40

Ringgit per 1000 gallons and therefore absorbing 1.90 Ringgit per 1000 gallons of

water she sold to Malaysia. Since Malaysia buys an average of 37 million gallons of

treated water from Singapore daily, Singapore had to absorb a total of 70,000 Ringgit

a day. Malaysia is only entitled to purchase 17 million gallons of treated water daily

from Singapore under the Water Agreements. So why is Malaysia buying 37 million

gallons of treated water instead of 17 million? Singapore believes that the Malaysian

government actually sold the Johor citizens at 3.95 Ringgit per 1000 gallons of water,

thereby earning a 700% profit. In short, Singapore claims that she is obviously the one

losing out while Malaysian is the profiteer.12

Another claim Malaysia has on Singapore is that Singapore is paying too little to

Johor for raw water. The Malaysians backed this claim by stating that Hong Kong

buys water from China at about 8 Ringgit per 1000 gallons of treated. Therefore

Singapore should pay more for raw water. However, Singapore claims that Malaysia

is being unreasonable as unlike Singapore, Hong Kong does not have to bear the

infrastructure, operational and maintenance cost in the treatment as well as the

services provided. Instead China paid for all of this and in return, China charged Hong

Kong at a higher rate. On the other hand, Singapore is the one paying for all of the

operational, infrastructure and maintenance cost; hence it is reasonable for the price of

raw water to be lower than what Hong Kong is paying for.13

Malaysia’s de facto Law Minister Rais Yatim also said that Malaysia would enact a

law to make the 1961 and 1962 Water Agreements null and void. If a country can do

this, then treaties and agreements between countries will be meaningless. It is like

making a promise that does not count. I feel that Malaysia’s Law Minister Rais Yatim

should not be so irrational, as saying this statement can really weaken the ties between

Singapore and Malaysia.14




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Malaysia’s claims Singapore’s response

1 Singapore “refuses” to pay a fair price for water.

Malaysia keeps demanding for more and more.

2 Singapore profiited the most from the water agreement.

Singapore absorbed the cost of treating water.

3 Singapore is paying to little to Johor for raw water.

Singapore is paying a reasonable price.

4 Singapore is not cooperating to find a solution.

Malaysia is the one who is cooperating.

5 Malaysia wants to enact a law to make the 1961 and 1962 agreements null.

Against the international law and feel that Malaysia is not being rational.

Is the information extracted from the two books “Singapore-

Malaysia Water Talks” and “Water Talks? If only it could” reliable?

The two books are seen to be bias towards Singapore. Especially the book “Water

Talks? If Only It Could”. In the introductory page of the book showed a smart-

looking picture of Mr Goh Chok Tong and below it, was a picture of Dr Mahatir with

an angry looking face. Even before reading, it gives the idea that the contents in the

book would be bias towards Singapore. The two books are so one-sided that it makes

one believes that there is something more to it. Perhaps Singapore and Malaysia were

negotiating other issues and did not work out as expected. In retaliation, Malaysia

increased the price of water. However, it can be Malaysia just wanting to increase the

price of water to what she thinks is acceptable. The increase a price of water might

have been cause by some land issues Malaysia had with Singapore. During the 1990

water agreement, Singapore was given permission to build a dam across Sungei

Linggui to aid the extraction of water from the Johor River. The building of the dam

caused permanent loss of land for Malaysia. Although there was compensation given

to Malaysia, the land value in Malaysia increased over the years. Malaysia might

think that the compensation was not enough, hence, it is understandable to why

Malaysia wants to increase the price of water as the

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The benefits for pursuing self-sufficiency in water supply

With Singapore being less reliant on Malaysia for water, Malaysia no longer have a

“grip” on Singapore. Hence, they will not be able raise the price of water to their

likings as Singapore will have more saying during the future negotiations with

Malaysia. However, what drove Singapore to want to achieve self-sufficiency in

water supply? Is it just because Singapore wants to be less reliant on Malaysia so that

Singapore can ease the water conflict between Malaysia and Singapore? Or is it due to

other reasons?

In the quest for self-reliance, PUB- Singapore’s National Water Agency launched the

Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme in 2006. By integrating

the drains, canals, reservoirs with the surrounding environment in holistic way, the

ABC Waters Programme aims to create beautiful and clean streams, rivers, and lakes

with postcard-pretty community spaces for all to enjoy.

The newly built Marina Barrage is a huge, spiral-shaped structure, which is one of the

flagships of the ABC plan. The building has three important functions: as a freshwater

collection, a recreational urban place and to prevent floods in Singapore’s low-lying

areas. With an area collection of 10,000 ha, the Marina Barrage is Singapore’s largest

water reservoir and an important addition to our water supply. The vastness of the

Marina Barrage allows many water-based activities to be conducted. Activities such

as the dragon boat race and kayaking can be taken place. Furthermore, across the

350m mouth of the marina channel, stands nine steel gates, capable of lowering itself

to release surplus rain water into the sea.15

15http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/singapore-active-living-with-clean-water

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The ABC Waters programme comprises of over 100 ABC Waters projects, which will

be implemented over a period f 10-15 years. 18 of the projects were already

completed and 20 more by 2012.16 In 2011, Singapore is being hailed the Asia’s

greenest city after achieving the highest Asian Green City Index.17 The Asian Green

City Index seeks to measure and assess the environmental performance of 22

major Asian cities across a range of criteria, Singapore being one of them. By having

good water sustainability and increasing green spaces, the ABC Water plan helped to

contribute under the Water and Land Use category in the Asian Green City Index,

which might be one of the reasons to Singapore’s success.18

It is arguable that the ABC Water programme is one of the factors that cause an

increase in number of tourists in Singapore. By transforming water catchment areas

into nature parks and recreational grounds, these places can serve as tourist

attractions. With more things to do in Singapore, tourists coming to Singapore might

have a longer stay. This in turn increases the revenue generated by tourist

expenditures, contributing to Singapore’s economy.

Year 2009 2010 2011

Hotel Room Revenue

($ Million)

1559.7 1888.2 --------

Total tourists in

thousand

9,682.7 11,641.7 --------

Furthermore, Singapore gaining the title of Asia’s greenest city makes Singapore an

ideal place to live in. This helps to draw in foreign talents, which can aid Singapore’s

development. In addition, Singapore being a sustainable city and a place spared of

natural disasters may attract foreign investors who seek for long-term investments.

16http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/abcwatermasterplan/Pages/default.aspx17 http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/2011/corporate_communication/axx20110240.htm18http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/de/pdf/report_asia.pdf

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Christopher Karim

Will Singapore continuing purchase water even after self-sufficient in

water supply were to be achieved?

On the 30th of June 2010, Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew said that Singapore should

be able to become water self-sufficient in the future.19 So will there still be a need for

Singapore to purchase water from Malaysia and Indonesia? Although there are hints

that that Singapore will cut water imports from Malaysia and pursue self-

sufficiency20, I feel that Singapore will still continue to purchase water from Malaysia.

Although, the water treaty is the sources of conflict, it is also one that bonds Malaysia

and Singapore closely. If Singapore were to stop purchasing water from Malaysia, the

bond between Singapore and Malaysia will be broken. It is very important to know

that Malaysia contributes a lot to Singapore’s economy. From the data in the book

“Economic Survey of Singapore 2010” we can see that Malaysia plays a part in

contributing about 19% of Singapore’s total trade in Asia. Conflicts can be solved

over the time, but when bonds are broken, it will be very hard to restore it to its

original form. Furthermore, buying raw water from Malaysia and then treating it

proves to be more cost efficient compared to using desalination. Maintaining good

relations with Malaysia will also benefit Singapore, as there will also be less trade

barriers imposed on Singapore. In my opinion, this is a win-win situation.

However, we cannot assume that everything will go as according to planned and that

Singapore will succeed in becoming water sufficient. As mentioned earlier, Singapore

has a population target of 6.5 million. The total water consumption of Singapore will

definitely increase in the future. Even though the government introduces water

policies to reduce consumption per capita, there is also a limit to it. For example,

Singapore’s domestic water consumption in 2009 is about 155 litres per day. By 2030,

Singapore hopes to reduce the domestic water consumption to 140 litres per day. Lets

assume that by 2030, Singapore reaches it population target of 6.5 million.

19http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient 20http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/singapore-will-cut-water-imports-from-malaysia-pursue-self-sufficiency/

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Christopher Karim

There is a 30% increase in Singapore’s population in comparison to only 9.6% of

decrease in the domestic water consumption per day. The increase in the total

domestic water consumption per day from 2009 to 2030 is 135 million litres of water

per day. Now that is a huge amount of water Singapore has to overcome to become

water sufficient.21

In Indonesia’s case, it will benefit Singapore if Singapore continues to purchase water

from Indonesia. On the 30th of June 2010, Mr Lee Kuan Yew also mentioned that

even though Singapore is able to become water-sufficient, it is impossible for

Singapore to be energy-sufficient.22 Furthermore, Mr Lee also stated the importance

of energy. Without energy, everyone in Singapore would die. Singapore utilises

natural gas to produce 80% of Singapore’s electricity. These natural gases come from

Indonesia. In short, Singapore is dependent on Indonesia for its electricity. To make

things worse, on the 10th of April 2012, Hatta Rajasa, the coordinating minister for

Economic Affair Republic of Indonesia mentioned that Indonesian will stop selling

raw natural resources by 2014 as he said that the exporting of natural resources has

disadvantaged Indonesia and had hampered the development of the downstream

domestic industry.23 This means that by 2014, Indonesia might stop the export of

natural gas to Singapore, leaving Singapore energy-less. According to Mr Lee,

Singapore see nuclear energy as a solution to this, however due to the recent nuclear

crisis in Japan, nuclear energy seems to be a very riskless solution. If anything were to

go wrong, the whole entire Singapore will be wiped out.24 Hence, keeping good

relations with Indonesia is very important in the long run. Maintaining the water

treaty with Indonesia is no doubt a good way to maintain good relations with

Indonesia.

21 http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/1386/5.%20Factsheet%20-%20Water%20Demand%20%5Bweb%5D.pdf22 http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient 23 http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/10/ri-will-not-sell-raw-natural-resources-after-2014-govt.html

24 http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient

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Christopher Karim

Singapore’s decision

From the above, we can see that the importance of Singapore maintaining good

relations with her neighbours. There is absolutely nothing wrong with Singapore

becoming totally water-sufficient as she can ultimately serve as an example to the

‘water strained’ countries like Israel and Africa and motivate them to work toward

self-sufficiency too. However it does not mean that Singapore needs to discontinue

her water treaties with Indonesia and Malaysia, as it will be disastrous to Singapore in

the long run. Singapore must acknowledge that it requires two hands to clap - some

things cannot be accomplished if done alone. It is inevitable for Singapore to rely on

her neighbours, hence its best to be on good terms with them. I am sure that Singapore

will continue to renew the water treaties she has with Indonesia and Malaysia in hopes

of maintaining good relations.

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Christopher Karim

Bibliography

Books

Ministry of information communications and the arts, Singapore-Malaysia Water

Talks (2003)

Ministry of information communications and the arts, Water Talks? If Only It Could

(2003)

Ministry of Trade and Industry, Economic Survey of Singapore 2010

Sources

Asian Green City Index (Siemens)

http://www.siemens.com/entry/cc/features/greencityindex_international/all/de/pdf/report_asia.pdf

Sustainable Cities- (Singapore: Active and living with clean water)

http://sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/singapore-active-living-with-clean-water

Singapore Public Utility Board

http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/Pages/singaporewaterstory.aspx#a1

ICE Case Study (Singapore’s quest for water self-reliance)

http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/singapore.htm

Singapore’s Self Reliance

http://www.water-technology.net/features/feature2026/

Singapore Aims to Achieve 6.5 million population

http://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/singapore/expat_guide/910/singapore_aims_to_achieve_65mil_population.php

Singapore Water Target

http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/1342/2.Water.pdf

Water supply from Indonesia to Singapore

http://pustaka.pu.go.id/files/pdf/pDf_49.pdf

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Christopher Karim

Singapore Public Utility Board

http://www.pub.gov.sg/water/newater/Pages/default.aspx

Department of Statistic of Singapore (Tourism)

http://www.singstat.gov.sg/stats/themes/economy/tourism.html

Top News Singapore (Singapore goes water sufficient)

http://topnews.com.sg/content/22587-singapore-goes-water-sufficient

Managing Water Demand

http://app.mewr.gov.sg/data/ImgCont/1386/5.%20Factsheet%20-%20Water%20Demand%20[web].pdf

Circle of Blue (Singapore Will Cut Water Imports from Malaysia, Pursue Self-Sufficiency)

http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/2010/world/singapore-will-cut-water-imports-from-malaysia-pursue-self-sufficiency/

The Jakarta Post RI will not sell raw natural resources after 2014: Govt

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/04/10/ri-will-not-sell-raw-natural-resources-after-2014-govt.html

Singapore-Malaysia water agreements

http://www.scribd.com/doc/54235270/bs

Siemens (Megacity Singapore is Asia's greenest city)

http://www.siemens.com/press/en/pressrelease/2011/corporate_communication/axx20110240.htm

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