FINAL REPORT ON MÉTIS EDUCATION AND BOARDING SCHOOL LITERATURE AND SOURCES REVIEW

By, Lee Marmon

February 2010

Introduction and Overview

The study and understanding of the Métis school experience has been impeded by three fundamental factors: (1) the unwillingness of the federal and provincial governments thus far to formally recognize that the provinces and religious denominations have a duty to accept responsibility for the Métis educational experience equivalent to federal recognition and compensation; (2) the research focus on federal residential schools largely dominated by the experience of First Nations students as a consequence of this perspective; (3) the scarcity of Métis-specific educational research at any level.

While AFN and ITK have won notable educational victories at the national level, the Métis provincial and religious school concerns remain unaddressed. This unresolved controversy endures as a major social justice issue for Métis people as recently pointed out by President Chartier at a Senate hearing in June2009.

Although various studies and research on aboriginal education date from the 1870s (if not before), it was only with the RCAP reports of 1996 that national attention was focused on the plight of aboriginal students in government-sponsored schools. The formal Settlement Agreement was concluded in 2006 and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established in June 2008.

It has been estimated that INAC has spent more than $100 million on its own research to determine residential school eligibility; rulings are made by the National Administration Committee (no Métis representatives). Some 99,000 people have applied for the Common Experience Payment; only24,000 have qualified under the Federal Accountability Act; because of significant gaps, much of this research has been conducted in provincial archives to supplement holes in the federal data.

It is most unfortunate that INAC/NAC has been unwilling to share any information on how it compiles its settlement data and what sources it uses. Various groups have attempted, without success, to obtain inventories of federal/provincial records used. Such inventories would be of immeasurable assistance in expediting further Métis school research.

The Final Report of this Literature Review project documents the available known literature and archival sources with the following goals in mind:

(1) To emphasize the provincial/denominational Métis boarding school experience, while also covering the Métis educational experience in general and relevant data regarding federal residential schools. While many Métis attended federal residential schools throughout the 19th and 20th centuries (and especially before 1910 federal funds occasionally subsidized schools primarily attended by Métis), the term “residential school” has been associated with the federal mandate to officially admit only First Nations people after 1910. To avoid confusion, “boarding school” will be the preferred term to be used in the Report, even if some “boarding” schools were officially classified as industrial, residential, or other types of schools.

(2) To provide a comprehensive account (with brief annotations) of published books and articles, as well as theses and dissertations, that is either Métis specific or reflect on the Métis educational experience (between Confederation and the founding of MNC in 1983) in a significant way. This will include the general Métis educational experience, provincial and religious boarding schools, as well as federal residential schools. Such sources also include Métis specific memoirs, and literature. Although some bibliographies already exist, they typically reflect the First Nations experience, are out of date, and neglect the provincial context.

(3) To provide a review of archival and non-textual sources (federal, provincial and ecclesiastical) that illuminate Métis education, especially the provincial boarding school experience. To my knowledge, no such educational archival review has ever been attempted in depth for any aboriginal group. Although information on relevant provincial archives (both secular and ecclesiastical) was obtained only from Ottawa and without travel time and expenses, this is a practical goal because inventory overviews can (in principle) be obtained through correspondence.

An archival search is particularly useful because it helps to fill the significant gaps in the secondary literature and reveals what can be accomplished in future work. An overview of relevant archival holdings points the way to both future historical research and justifies future INAC/OFI funding to explore these holdings. Non-textual sources include photographs and compilations of oral histories.

(4) To provide recommendations on how MNC can proceed with the Boarding School research/funding/compensation/recognition. This literature review is simply the necessary first step for broader research on Métis education and boarding schools. Since OFI/INAC has endorsed this literature review, it provides the framework for future negotiations with both the federal and provincial governments.

This Literature Review is thus structured according to the following categories:

I. General Métis Education/Provincial StudiesII. Secondary Literature Review of Métis Experience with Provincial and Religious Boarding Schools

III. Secondary Literature Review of Métis in the Federal Residential School System

IV. Primary/Archival Provincial Sources

V. Church Archives

VI. Primary/Archival Federal Sources VII. Métis GMO/Community Studies VIII. Case StudiesIX. Recommendations for Future Action and Research

X. Contacts for Future Research and Information

Appendix I. Approved Federal Residential Schools Impacting Métis

Appendix II. The IRS Federal Settlement Agreement Listing Non-Approved Schools

I. Literature Review of General Métis Education/Provincial Studies

I have consulted or viewed citations for more than 500 books, journal articles, theses and dissertations dealing with one or more aspects of Métis/aboriginal education. This material has been obtained through various printed and online bibliographies as well as databases available at Library and Archives Canada and detailed Internet subject searches.

Much of this material is not Métis specific, for example, Lawrence Barkwell, Leah Dorion and Darren R. Prefontaine compiled an “Annotated Bibliography and References” in Métis Legacy: A Métis Historiography and Annotated Bibliography, Louis Riel Institute, Winnipeg, 2001, pp. 273-505, which provides very few citations relating to educational issues.

Such a thorough search, however, has been necessary to familiarize myself with the available literature to weed out that which is not germane, get a better understanding of how Métis studies have been relatively neglected in overall educational research, and to make use of more general studies to partially fill in some gaps dealing with Métis education.

There are various works on Native education in the homeland provinces, notably Jean Barman et. al., eds. Indian Education in Canada, 2 vols., 1986-1987; and J.W. Chalmers, Education Behind the Buckskin Curtain: A History of Native Education in Canada, 1974 (which includes material on Métis schools in the prairie provinces).

For some examples of studies of Métis education before Confederation, see Jonathan Anuik, “Forming Civilization at Red River: 19th-century Missionary Education of Métis and First Nations Children” in Prairie Forum 31.1(2006) pp. 1-16; Martha McCarthy, To Evangelize the Nations: Roman Catholic Missions in Manitoba 1818-1870 (Winnipeg, 1990); Keith R. Widder, Battle for the Soul: Métis Children Encounter Evangelical Protestants at Mackinaw Mission, 1823-1837 (East Lansing, 1999).

Journal literature written on any Métis topics before 1976 is scarce, much less articles dealing with Métis education. This assertion is confirmed by a detailed perusal of the Canadian Periodical Index from 1938.

To my knowledge, there is no published or unpublished account providing a national synopsis of Métis education, and there are few provincial wide studies of Métis education. See D. Bruce Sealey, Education of the Manitoba Métis: An Historical sketch, Winnipeg, 1977; and Howard Adams, The Outsiders: An Educational Survey of Métis and Non-Treaty Indians of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, 1972.

Certainly the most comprehensive and broadly analytical exception to this lacunae has been provided by Jonathan Anuik, “Métis Families and Schools: The Decline and Reclamation of Métis Identities in Saskatchewan, 1885-1980, doctoral dissertation in history, University of Saskatchewan (Saskatoon), March 2009. This is a tour-de-force dealing with the interaction of Métis and the mission schools (both Catholic and Protestant) and public schools in Saskatchewan. Beyond extensive archival research covering an extensive time span, Anuik conducted a number of oral history interviews. Anuik acknowledges the assistance of various Métis groups and individuals, including the Gabriel Dumont Institute and Eastern Region III of the Métis Nation of Saskatchewan.

Sources for the critical period of the early twentieth-century are covered by Father Guy Lavallee, Métis History 1910-1940: A Guide to Selected Sources Relating to the Métis of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta (Ottawa, 1993). The Métis National Council sponsored this guide.

There are various works dealing with school districts in northern territories with large Métis populations that discuss the Métis educational experience. See, for example, John W. Chalmers, “Northland: The Founding of a Wilderness School Division,” in the Canadian Journal of Native Education, vol. 12, #2,1985, pp. 2-49 (covering the area’s significant Métis school population to 1960). One of the

latest innovations affecting Métis during this time-period was the establishment of Community [elementary] Schools in Saskatchewan in 1980.

Some biographies exist of prominent Métis figures whose educational experience is outlined: see, for example, Hugh A. Dempsey, The Gentle Persuader: A Biography of James Gladstone, Indian Senator,1987 [although the title is something of a misnomer given Gladstone’s ethnic background].

Kathy Hodgson-Smith prepared a paper “State of Métis Nation Learning” in September 2005 that provides a broad perspective on contemporary developments, trends, and issues; as does Paul Cappon, “Measuring Success in First Nations, Inuit and Métis learning,” in Policy Options, May 2008, pp. 60-66.

II. Secondary Literature Review of Métis Experience with Provincial and Religious Boarding Schools

I have found little dealing specifically with this topic. One of the few analyses has been a paper presented by Jonathan Anuik at the 2009 annual meeting of the Canadian Historical Association, “The Early History of Church-State Collaboration for Saskatchewan’s Métis Schools: A Tale of Cognitive Imperialism.” This was based on his 2009 doctoral dissertation at the University of Saskatchewan, “Métis Families and Schools: The Decline and Reclamation of Métis Identities in Saskatchewan, 1885-1980”, which is more extensively discussed in the preceding section.

The Frontier Collegiate Institute, a northern Manitoba boarding high school in Cranberry Portage with a significant Métis enrolment [from Gillam and Duck Bay primarily], is the subject of A.C. Goucher, “The Dropout Problem among Indian and Métis Students,” Calgary, 1967. Frontier Collegiate was the only high school in the sprawling Frontier School Division (of 34 other schools), which extended from north of Thompson to Lake Winnipeg. Some students traveled as far as 375 miles to reach the community.

There are also monographs on provincial politics and social policy (especially Saskatchewan during the administration of Tommy Douglas and the CCF in the 1940s and 1950s and the creation of the Métis Settlements in northern Alberta in the 1930s. One such study is a book by F. Laurie Barron of the Department of Native Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Walking in Indian Moccasins: The Native Policies of Tommy Douglas and the CCF, 1997 (chapter 3, pp. 29-57, deals with the evolution of Métis policy, including schools). There are also useful studies detailing religious missionary dealings with the Métis (e.g., Catholic Oblates, Anglican Church Missionary Society) The establishment of schools were a vital part of these efforts. The provincial

historical societies contain a wealth of information on various topics, including Native education. See, for example, Robert Coquette, The Oblate Assault on Canada’s Northwest (Ottawa, 1996); Barrry Ferguson, ed., The Anglican Church and the World of Western Canada, 1820-1970 (Regina, 1991); Raymond Huel, Proclaiming the Gospel to the Indians and the Métis (Edmonton, 1996); and the issues of Etudes oblates de l’Ouest/Western Oblate Studies, 1995.

III. Secondary Literature Review of the Métis in the Federal Residential School System

Most of the recent, literature dealing with aboriginal education concerns the implementation of federal residential school policy and the Native [largely First Nations] response to the schools. One somewhat dated academic essay on the emerging bibliography is Scot R. Trevithick, “Native Residential Schooling in Canada: A Review of the Literature, “Canadian Journal of Native Studies, vol. 18, #1, 1998, pp. 49-86, which does mention Métis but without differentiating their experience. The two classic works are James R. Miller, Shingwauk’s Vision: A History of Native Residential Schools, 1996; and John S. Milloy, A National Crime: The Canadian Government and the Residential School System: 1879-1986, published in 1999. The timing of both was influenced by the release of the RCAP reports on the 1990s.

Although specific references to Métis receive short shrift in these well-known volumes, both works are important for understanding the context of early and usually unofficial Métis admittance to many of these schools. The survivor stories of all Native peoples certainly has pan-aboriginal aspects, but even in federal residential schools the Métis often had significantly different experiences because they were generally accepted on the sufferance of individual school administrators, were largely expected to perform chores and manual labour rather than receive formal education, frequently encountered discrimination by both staff and First Nations students, and literally fell between the cracks in treatment and financial arrangements.

The only attempted national overview of Métis residential school students has been Larry N. Chartrand, et.al, Métis History and Experience and Residential Schools in Canada, prepared for the Aboriginal Healing Foundation in 2006. The report includes various articles and bibliographies and provides useful information, but it includes considerable extraneous material not dealing with the post-Confederation educational history of the Métis, along with omitting much recent literature, and there is no attempt to discuss Métis provincial boarding schools.

Other works on Métis and federal residential schools include Carol Hansen and Trygve Lee, “The Impact of Residential Schools and Other Institutions on the Métis People of Saskatchewan (Law Commission of Canada, 1999); Métis Nation of Alberta, Métis Memories of Residential School: A Testament to the

Strength of the Métis, 2004; and Tricia Elizabeth Logan, “We Were Outsiders: The Métis and Residential Schools,” master’s thesis, University of Manitoba, 2007. Ms. Logan researched materials in the Manitoba Archives and conducted oral history interviews. Having formerly worked at the Manitoba Métis Federation and the Métis Centre of NAHO, she is now studying in the United Kingdom. Alberta and other Governing Member Organizations of the Métis National Council have organized initiatives to assist the well being of school survivors.

A potentially helpful source for further information is the National Residential School Survivors Association, which has an Métis representative (John Morrisseau of Manitoba). Like the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, its primary mandate is to record the testimony of federal residential school survivors, but both organizations have indicated interest in recording stories from Métis as well as former students of provincial and local religious schools. The First International Residential School Conference, held in Edmonton in 2001, included Métis representatives.

For comparative purposes, AFN and ITK were contacted to determine if any independent research on residential/boarding schools was being undertaken by either aboriginal organization. The AFN headquarters office indicated no such work had been or was being conducted under their auspices, although extensive literature continues to be produced on the First Nations residential schools.

Library and Archives Canada did host an exhibit on the Inuit residential school experience from January to September 2009 with the collaboration of the Legacy of Hope Foundation and the Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

Some interesting comparative research has also been initiated in the United States regarding Indian boarding schools, although as it is well known; the United States has no formal “Métis” classification of indigenous people. However, the Turtle Mountain Chippewa of Belcourt, North Dakota have strong cultural and ancestral links to the Red River, Manitoba Métis. Like their northern brethren, the Turtle Mountain Chippewa were often subjected to the alienating vicissitudes of residential and boarding schools. See, for example, Carole Barrett and Marcia Wolter Button, “ ‘You Didn’t Dare Try to be Indian’: Oral Histories of Former Indian Boarding School Students,” in North Dakota History, 64.2, 1997, pp. 4-25.

I received much useful information from Professor Ed Sadowski at the Shingwauk Project of Algoma University College. The Shingwauk Project not only houses residential school records (including some transferred Catholic diocesan materials) but also operates a Visitor Centre. The only other potential residential school museum is located in Manitoba at Portage La Prairie. The museum had been suspended before the summer of 2009 because of financial difficulties (personal communication from an on-site visit) but may perhaps be revived.

IV. Primary/Archival Provincial Sources

Depending on the community, records of provincially supervised schools may be held by the provincial archives, private research facilities, local school boards or (less frequently) provincial education ministries.

Ontario• Archives of Ontario (Toronto).This facility contains some local school board records prior to 1968 but is only easily accessible by individual school name (if held by the archives), and perhaps searchable by county or town. Supposedly, the Archives hold no records of religiously run schools. The Archives staff is willing to check for individual schools. This information is derived from conversations with Archivist Serge Paquet who indicates local school boards may retain significant numbers of pre-1968 files.

Manitoba• Provincial Archives of Manitoba (Winnipeg)Including Métis oral histories, public school records and church files. The Department of Education was established in 1901.

St. Boniface Historical Society/Societé historique de Saint-Boniface (St. Boniface)The Heritage Centre is the repository for various archival records relating to the Native and Métis educational experience that include Saskatchewan as well as Manitoba. These holdings include Oblate school records for St. Laurent, other Oblate records by community and the Province of Manitoba (including some transferred from the Deschatelets Archives in Ottawa), and at least one Winnipeg academy. One of the most significant collections is the core of the archdiocesan records of Keewatin-Le Pas, which includes the Oblast de Marie-Immaculate Keewatin-Le Pas, 1846-1925, as well as other miscellaneous and more extensive Keewatin-Le Pas records from 1918-1979. These materials were donated in two allocations: 2005 and 2006. Some off these records relate to residential and boarding schools affecting Métis students, but there are as yet no finding aids for this collection. The materials are roughly alphabetized by community and include volumes of the codex historicus (diaries of religious [inc. Oblates] administrators for various communities. Records after 1925 have restricted access and require permission from the Archbishop of Keewatin-Le Pas before examination.

The Heritage Centre is expecting future donations as well, such as the Oblates of Mary Immaculate records for Brandon, Manitoba. Because it is the principal francophone depository in western Canada, the Historical Society of St. Boniface is one of the principal sources for reconstructing the 19th and 20th century Métis

educational experience in the Prairie Provinces. In addition, to the textual documents, the Historical Society also has posted some 3500 photographs of the Keewatin-Le Pas records on its website. For further information on the Keewatin-Le Pas collection and access issues, the director of the Heritage Centre, Gilles Lesage should be consulted. The Heritage Centre Archives can be visited Monday through Saturday for research and consultation.

Saskatchewan• Saskatchewan Archives Board (Saskatoon and Regina).An example of one of the relevant archival sources is the 1939 Reid Report on Métis People found in the Robert Glen Doucette Funds. This Report dealt with both Métis education and history. See also “Towards a New Past: Oral History Project The Métis (R-795A-R-834B). The Department of Education has extensive records including Ed. Add 2, File 48, Métis Schools1938-1945; Ed Add. file 4A, Métis Schools, 1941-1974; and Department of Education files, R1234, #1-4, #6, #9-10, #13, covering the period 1950-1983.

• Lebret-Lestock Métis Farm Archives, Fort Qu’Appelle. This includes much archival data on training and employment programs related to Métis education in the 1970s and 1980s.

Alberta• Provincial Archives of Alberta (Edmonton)The Archives Holds some provincial education records as well as church records dealing with education.

• Glenbow MuseumVery little held specifically on Métis education; mostly First Nations. However, there are many family papers extensively explored by Jonathan Anuik in his dissertation on Métis education in Saskatchewan that shed much light on Métis educational experiences. British Columbia• British Columbia Archives (Victoria)Has a searchable database by “School Records”.

Although the Ministry of Education maintains an Independent School Branch, I have been informed that there are no relevant inactive Métis-related records dealing with provincial and educational schools in the Ministry’s stored files.

V. Church Archives

Many church schools were known as “independent” or “separate” schools for the purposes provincial government classification. The various denominations have approached archival record keeping in idiosyncratic ways. The most detailed examination was conducted of the Deschatelets (Catholic) Archives in Ottawa. This was the only ecclesiastical archival collection that could be consulted in person.

• United Church of Canada (central archives in Toronto contacted)The UCC has established a Healing Fund and a prominent website dealing with residential schools. The UCC operated 15 residential schools in the homeland provinces between 1849 and 1996, but it is not yet clear what the role of the UCC was with provincial boarding schools. Susan Roy serves as the primary researcher in 2009. There are also relevant family and personal papers such as, the John W. Nidrie fonds (1912-1927) and the Correspondence of John McDougall, ranging from 1973 to 1928.

• Alberta—Alberta and Northwest Conference held at the Provincial Archives• British Columbia—British Columbia Conference, Bob Stewart Archives, British Columbia Archives• Manitoba—Conference of Manitoba and Northwest Ontario Conference—University of Winnipeg, Rare Book Room• Saskatchewan—Saskatchewan Conference at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Special Collections

• Anglican Church (Archivist Nancy Hurn with the central archives in Toronto has been contacted) The Anglican Church maintains a prominent website dealing with residential schools, including an historical sketch and a listing of individual schools in 16 dioceses covering Métis homeland. Some of the schools clearly included Métis students, but it is so far unclear how many schools were operated with provincial rather than federal cooperation. St. Peter’s of Lesser Slave Lake, Alberta is known to have been an Métis boarding school throughout much of its history.

There are also various diocesan/ecclesiastical provincial archives spread throughout the West including Algoma, Athabasca, Alberta (at the provincial archives), British Columbia, Calgary, Central Interior, Qu’Appelle and Rupert’s Land, Brandon, British Columbia and the Yukon, Edmonton (provincial archives of Alberta), Keewatin, Kootenay, Moosonee (at the Laurentian University archives), New Westminster, Ontario, Rupert’s Land, and Saskatoon (at the Saskatchewan Archives Board). The Diocese of Saskatchewan Archives can be found in Prince Albert and includes files on Indian day schools and residential schools from the 1920s to the1980s

• Roman Catholic Church-‐over 50 groups and geographical jurisdictions that may maintain archives in Canada.

• Deschatelets Archives (Catholic Oblate). These were the only church archives investigated in depth because of its location in Ottawa (an Oblate research facility connected with St. Paul University). This facility has a treasure trove of information of both older secondary studies on aboriginal education as well as original correspondence, reports and various collections of the diaries of missionaries and administrators (labeled by the term “codex historic us”) which could very well include primary data on various aspects of Métis education. These codexes (and many other materials) are in French as the Oblates are a francophone religious order, but many reports and analyses are also in English.

A very useful and extensive (302 page) guide was compiled by Thomas Lascelles, O.M.I., Indian Residential Schools: Survey of Documents at Deschatelets Archives,” 3 volumes, 1991. The Survey has a general hard copy index (including the names of many individual residential schools by province and various dated lists of all Oblate or Catholic schools with aboriginal student populations) but perhaps more useful is a key word search of the electronic CD copy of the Survey. The records largely span the period from the 1930s through the 1960s and are arranged by an idiosyncratic Oblate classification system. Additional original records formerly held at Deschatelets have been transferred to other historical archives such as St. Boniface Historical Society. The archives staff is extremely helpful. Some of the located Deschatelets records include:

HR 231 A18R Documents 35-38: “Religious education of Indian and Métis children by Father Vandersteen at McKay Residential School, Dalton, Manitoba, 1969; Sister Margaret Denis, L’Education Religieuse des Indiens et de Métis,” Archdiocese of Winnipeg, undated.

HR 261.A18R Doc. #1: L. Neufeld, “History of informal Education of Indians and Métis in Northern Saskatchewan,” 1970, 19 pp.

HR 261.A118R Doc. 20: “Education des indiens, Métis et esquimax” (17 articles covering various topics and time periods)

HR 6134.C73R Doc. #1: Dropout problems of Métis students in Alberta (1967)

HR 6581.C73R Doc. #5: Indianescom [the acronym for Oblate school administration] to Indian Affairs regarding Métis teachers, Feb. 7, 1961

HR 7253.C73R Dc. 1-3: Métis education in Manitoba (1954) and Oblate discussion of

“Education of the Métis in Saskatchewan” (undated, but refers to 1954 Métis population data: 516 in IIe-a-la-Crosse, 269 in Buffalo Narrows and 317 in Beauval.)

HR 7506.C73R Doc. #14: “Religious education of Indian and Métis people,” 1972 [includes critical comments by some Oblates regarding religious education for natives]. HR 8008. C73R Doc. 113: Margaret Denis, “A Summary of the National project for the religious education of the Indian-Métis,” 1970

HR 8052.C73C Doc. #6 et. al: letters from James Mueller, a Métis Oblate Scholastic in Washington, 1960

Additional Deschatelets records outside the Residential schools collections include: Codex Historicus for Ile-a-la-Crosse: 1845-1931 and 1891-1951 (two registers)HRE 1 C73R: deals with Keewatin diocese, including material concerning Ile-a-la Crosse, Buffalo Narrows and the Beauval Indian school

HRH: vast collection of miscellaneous material on Manitoba, including residential and other schools

L2891.A33R1: Green Lake [Saskatchewan] Fonds: re mission school activities of 1945

The Reid Report on Native Education in Saskatchewan (summary, 1939): includes information on schools in Ile-a-la-Crosse, Lac La Ronge, and Beauval (interestingly, it is noted that 32 Métis children attended this school which is generally regarded as the First Nations alternative to the Métis school in Ile-a-la-Crosse)

“Provincial Education in Northern Saskatchewan: Progress and Bog-Down, 1944-1962,” in Walter D. Krill and Arthur K. Davis, A Northern Dilemma Reference Papers, pp. 170-337, Bellingham, Washington, April 1967. These Papers also include an abstract of the Piercy Report of 1944 for northern Saskatchewan, which also deals with Métis education.

H.J. Vallery, “A History of Indian Education in Canada,” master’s thesis, Queens University, History Department, 1942. This is a useful study for the state of Indian and Métis education before the recommended reforms of the Reid and Piercy Reports.

“The Métis in Manitoba,” compiled by the Canadian Association of Social Workers and published by the Provincial Council of Women in 1949 and 1954. Education is discussed in pp. 12-‐14, 20.

• Some of the other known or potentially useful Catholic archival collections include:• Alberta—Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The archivist is Diane Lamoreaux who is happy to assist future Métis educational researchers in the labyrinthine complexities of various Catholic religious archival collections even though the Alberta OMI Archives apparently have no relevant Métis materials.

• British Columbia—Diocese of Prince George

• Manitoba—Archdiocese of Keewatin-Le Pas. Despite the transfer of many records to the St. Boniface Historical Society, there are still records maintained by the archdiocese in Le Pas. Apparently, most of these consist of residential school files that have been retained for purposes of on-going civil action by Native plaintiffs. The archivist is Diane Kelly. Request for information may be submitted to the archivist, but the archbishop must approve access to any of these records.

• Ontario—Diocese of Thunder Bay

• Saskatchewan—Diocese of Prince Albert, Oblates of Mary Immaculate, Archdiocese of Regina, Diocese of Saskatchewan. Nearly 40 boarding schools had been established in Saskatchewan by the 1930s (“Roman Catholic Congregations of Women Religious” entry in the Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan, 2007).

Although Catholic clergy ran the vast majority of private Métis schools throughout the homeland provinces, the Church’s archives are the least centralized and most difficult to access of all denominations. I have been informed by other researchers that unlike the other churches, the Catholics have no coordinated research program dealing with federal residential schools (much less provincial) and require permission from the appropriate bishops when diocesan records are involved.

There are also religious orders involved, such as Oblates (with a number of secular archivists) Jesuits (central archives in Toronto), and Grey Nuns (central archives in Montreal) with their own separate jurisdictions and archival holdings. For future boarding school research, the Catholic schools records will be the most important to investigate, but also the most difficult and time consuming to access and analyze.

VI. Primary/Archival Federal Sources

Library and Archives Canada in Ottawa is the principal location for accessible federal records. Searches have indicated some relevant Métis educational

material. This data is both textual and photographic. Rough finding aids (typically subject-based alphabetical computer print-outs) exist for these deposited federal records.

•Record Group (RG) 10—Department of Indian Affairs

As indicated by the title, this record group deals primarily with First Nations. However, there are some listings by individual schools and programs possibly relevant to Métis school research. Unfortunately, here are significant gaps in the records preserved from the 1930s to 1950s that reduce the usefulness of the surviving information. The surviving files, however, are voluminous and much relevant school information is not so designated in the file names. All files are microfilmed unless otherwise indicated. A detailed guide to residential school records is currently being prepared by Archivist Jessica Squires for the National Library and various finding aids were personally searched by this researcher. Potentially relevant records from this record group of Indian Affairs include:

• School Files, 1879-1953, vols. 6001-6491. A microfilmed index can be found in reel C-9641 and a finding aid is represented by F.A. 10-17 (38 pp.). Some school files have restricted access. These are arranged first by agency and then by names of the school.

• Central Registry Files, 1906-1965, vols. 6835-6877. This includes admission and discharge of pupils at student residences, 1952-1965. Finding aids include F.A. 10-‐24, 10-‐128, and 10-129.

• School Branch, Letter Books, 1893-1897, vol. 1070. Copies of letters sent by Deputy Super-intendant General concerning Indian school affairs. F.A. 10-1 is available for reference.

• Sault Ste. Marie District Office, General Administration Records, 1935--1980. Includes information on school buildings and training of teachers. Consult F.A. 10-‐58 and 10-72.

• Kamloops Agency, British Columbia, Kamloops Industrial School, 1893-1925. Register of Admissions, vol. 11416. Microfiche. F.A. 10-62 is available.

• Pine Creek Boarding School, Register of Admissions and Discharges, 1895-1956, vol. 9244. Consult F.A. 10-32.

• Meadow Lake Agency, Saskatchewan, General Administration records, 1898-1972, vols.

11504-11510, 11537, 12382-12384. Includes information on residential schools.No microfilm; see F.A. 10-‐84.

• Half-Breed Education—Central Registry, Black Series, Mantowapah Agency, 1887, vol. 3788.See F.A. 10-‐13, pt. 1

• RG 15- Department of Interior (inc. Dominion Lands Branch)This is the primary federal collection of Métis-related materials. Although better known as the location of Métis scrip and post-Confederation land records, there are scattered miscellaneous materials relating to Métis education, which are accessible by both alphabetical subject listings and community files.

Finding Aids 15-5 and 15-6 have alphabetical listings referring to “half-breeds”, including educational matters. Relevant files relating to education have a date range from 1879-1901. This includes records of the Board of Education for the North West Territories (Saskatchewan, Alberta and northern Manitoba); Board of Education, Regina, 1888 (F.A. 15-5 and 15-6); land grants for schools and education; and an 1890 file, Rev. A. B. Baird re Education of Half-breed children.

The National Archives also contains other miscellaneous records referring to Métis education, including textual records of Howard Adams (from 1938-2001); multiple media and graphic material in the Irene Spry Fonds (dated and collected from 1920-2000); Inc. MG 30; Projects Completed Files, 1957-1976 (MG 28); Archbishop Langevin of St. Boniface to Wilfred Laurier, March 4, 1900 concerning the education of Father Lacombe (Métis) on microfilm reel C-773; photographs of Métis children at the Anglican All Saints residential school at Shingle Point standing next to an Inuit child,1930 (Indian and Northern Affairs Departmental Library Albums, RG 85).

Besides the records collected by INAC, it is anticipated that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission will eventually have its own archives.

VII. Métis Governing Member Organizations/Community Studies/Native Studies Faculty

Governing Member Organizations have been be contacted but there is no indication that there is much recent or on-going research dealing with Métis residential/boarding school experiences. Some inquiries received no reply. Initial examination indicates the MGOs typically have Health or other departments mandated to deal with collecting information on residential schools and the experience of survivors. To what extent this work includes information on provincial boarding schools remains unclear. It will also be productive to investigate individual communities where significant Métis boarding schools were located to determine if surveys and other unpublished the broader local

community has compiled at either the Métis district level or reports. Native Studies faculties can provide other potentially invaluable sources of data through the on-going research of professors and their students.

• Ontario

The Métis Nation of Ontario has no research/documentation program

• Manitoba

The Manitoba Métis Federation created the Métis Survivor Family Wellness Program in 2001 to be operated out of the Southeast Regional Office, the Thompson Regional Office, The Pas Regional Office, and the MMF Home Office to deal with residential schools. MMF sponsored a paper prepared Lara McCabe, “Métis sex-trade Workers and the Residential School Legacy,”2009{?]. Lawrence Barkwell, a scholar of the Louis Riel Institute, was contacted concerning any on-going research on the Métis boarding/residential school experience and indicated he was not aware of any work in progress.

University of Manitoba—Faculty of Native Studies

• Saskatchewan

Métis Nation-Saskatchewan libraries and resource people at Gabriel Dumont Institute have been contacted. Although, the Publications Department of GDI is active in many areas, there are no current plans to investigate/publish Métis educational histories.

First Nations University, Department of Indigenous Studies

University of Saskatchewan, Native Studies Department and History department—oral histories of Métis histories of Métis are being compiled and on-going Métis community research. Jonathan Anuik of the Department of History recently completed his dissertation. • Alberta

Métis Nation of Alberta: The MNA published Judy Daniels, Ancestral Pain (2003) and Métis Memories of Residential Schools: A Testament to the Strength of the Métis (2004). The Métis Education Foundation also exists to preserve, promote and disseminate historical and cultural information.

University of Alberta Faculty of Native Studies

University of Lethbridge (inc. Dept. of Education)

• British Columbia

Métis Nation of British Columbia (inc. Kelly Lake and Williams Lake). No information received from Métis nation of British Columbia. For early Kelly Lake, see Gerald S. Andrews, Métis Outpost: memoirs of the First Schoolmaster at the Métis Settlement of Kelly Lake, B.C., 1923-1925 (Victoria, 1985)

VIII. Case Studies

A. Ile-‐a-‐la -‐Crosse (Saskatchewan)

The boarding school here is particularly controversial because it had both intermittent federal and provincial backing and has been denied recognition under the Residential School Settlement Agreement. Class action lawsuits were threatened in 2005 and 2006 to redress the matter. [Other Métis lawsuits against school systems and/or government education policies can be found in the annual issues of the Métis Law Summary, edited \by Jean Teillet]. The school has served as a notorious example of both abuse and lack of equitable federal action (especially after the Conservative Party promised and then reneged to include the school under the federal Settlement Agreement).

Métis education in the community dates back more than 150 years. The settlement had a Catholic mission educational program by 1847 and the notable Grey Nuns arrived in 1860 to begin their long-term instruction.

I have held discussions with Don Favel who interviewed 2000 school survivors in the area in 2009 through government support obtained by MP Rob Clarke. I also spoke with Mr. Clarke’s administrative assistant to obtain further information on the project and was informed that Mr. Clarke’s office does have a copy of the Report materials and the government’s finding that Ile-a-la-Crosse School was ineligible for recognition. These items, however, are not for any form of distribution and the administrative assistant was unable to locate the documents.

Mr. Favel attended the school for 8 years in the 1950s when it was almost exclusively Métis (with First Nations students attending school at Beauval). He provided the dates of operation of 1904-1976, and estimates fewer than 1200 graduates survive. Mr. Favel and other citizens of the community have long attempted to locate and access surviving school records with little success so far. The principal difficulty has been the dispersal of the relevant Catholic school records between St. Boniface, St. Albert, and Le Pas and the necessity to acquire access permission from each diocesan authority. Such permission has not been forthcoming because the religious authorities have claimed that the particular diocesan archives have insufficient information, point to other diocesan archives as more relevant record holders, claim First Nations approval must be obtained, or do not respond at all. Mr. Favel believes that there is a Mormon

Church research group located in one of the Border States that has compiled information, but he has no further contact information.

Professor Brenda MacDougall, recently appointed Chair of Métis Studies at the University of Ottawa, has done extensive research on the Ile-a-la-Crosse community, including an essay “West Side Stories” [an exhibit that included information on the boarding school, pp. 93-95] in Susan Sleeper-Smith, ed., Contesting Knowledge: Museums and Indigenous Perspectives.

Additional research: Philip Taft Spalding of the University of Washington completed a doctoral dissertation on “The Métis of Isle-a-la Crosse”, 1970. A bicentennial history was published in 1976 including specific educational information on the catholic boarding school: Robert Longpre, ed., Ile-a-la- Crosse 1776-‐1976: Sakitawak Bicentennial (Ile-a-la -Crosse, 1977). Leslie Erickson wrote “At the Cultural Crossroads: Sara Riel and the Grey Nuns in the Canadian Northwest, 1848-1883, Master’s thesis, University of Calgary, 1997 (chapter 3, pp. 108-144 deals with the mission school at Ile-a-la Crosse in the early years after Confederation).

The National Library and Archives also holds manuscript materials relating to the school: reports and correspondence, 1877-1882 (in RG 10 and RG 15). See Finding Aid 10-13. The settlement has textual records from 1920-1934 in RG 15 (Finding Aids 15-5 and 15-6).

The Keewatin-Le Pas records in the Archives of the St, Boniface Historical Society [Manitoba] should also be consulted for relevant material on Ile-a-la-Crosse.

Clearly, this is an extremely important school to research and should be a priority to document as much as possible. Records dealing with the Beauval First Nations School may also shed some light on contemporary and comparative developments in Ile-a-la -Crosse. See also Paul Hurly, “Beauval, Saskatchewan: A Historical Sketch,” in Saskatchewan History, 33.3, 1980, pp. 102-110.

See also the various relevant records cited in the discussion of the Deschatelets [Oblate] Archives in Ottawa.

B. St. Paul des Métis (Alberta)

This community was a Métis colony established by the Métis priest Father Lacombe in 1896 in an isolated area of eastern Alberta 200 kilometers outside of Edmonton. A vibrant boarding school was central to the planning, duly constructed in 1897, and apparently received federal funding. Pupil enrolment may have been as high as 90 children. All was obviously not well with the student population, however, since disgruntled students burned the structure in 1905.

The colony lingered until 1909 in a declining condition until the colony was abandoned and the Métis were replaced with Franco-Canadian immigrants.

For further information, see the entry “St. Paul des Métis” in the online Encyclopedia of Alberta; George F. Stanley, “Alberta’s Half-Breed Preserve: St. Paul de Métis, pp. 75-107 in A.S. Lusssier and Bruce Sealey, eds. The Other Natives (Manitoba Métis Federation Press, 1978). Primary archival school sources include the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, St. Paul, and Codex Historicus: 4, in the Provincial Archives of Alberta.

There is also manuscript material in the National Library: Saddle Lake Agency, correspondence regarding the school (also known as Egg Lake), RG 10, Black Series, 1898-1906 (see F.A. 10-13)

C. Fort Qu’Appelle Industrial School (Saskatchewan)This school became an Indian Residential School, but many Métis were known to have attended it.

Bibliography: Jacqueline Gresko, “Everyday Life at Qu’Appelle Industrial School,” in Western Oblate. Studies 2, 1992, pp. 71-94; ibid. “The Qu’Appelle Industrial School,”, master’s thesis, Carlton University,1970; Loise Moine [a Métis student at the school in the 1930s], My Life in a Residential School, 1975; Fort Qu’Appelle and Lebret Historical Society, Rural Schools in the Fort Qu’Appelle Area 1898-‐1925,1980.

Archival material at the National Library is extensive on this school, or at least identified schools in the Fort Qu’Appelle community. There are 24 separate manuscript files dealing with the Industrial or Boarding school with date ranges 1882-1897-[1908], and 1910-1962 (in RG 10 and RG 15). These sources include reports, inspections, returns, land grants, inventories, employee lists and issues, personnel files, correspondence regarding establishing schools and building work, vocational shops, supplies, the principal Father Hugonnard, and photographs.

Beyond these case studies, little has been written or found on individual residential/boarding schools with identified significant Métis student populations. Beyond the class action suit regarding Ile-a-la- Crosse, however, another one is in preparation for the Montreal Lake/Timber Bay School, also located in Saskatchewan near La Ronge. The Ottawa lawyer Michael Swinwood has been retained to represent the plaintiffs (apparently both First Nations and Métis) in this suit.

IX. Recommendations for Future Action and Research

(1) Urge INAC through the Protocol Agreement with MNC to provide inventories of School records used to determine eligibility for recognition and compensation. Particularly significant would be to ascertain the extent to which provincial versus federal records were used to make determinations of eligibility. Since OFI/INAC has under-written this literature review, this would appear to be a reasonable request. Moreover, it would be impossible to duplicate the federal government’s extensive research effort with a practical expenditure of either funds or time.

(2) Interviews and Oral History projects should be undertaken with federal, provincial and community assistance to supplement the dearth of secondary documents or easily accessible Métis educational archival sources.

(3)Research of provincial education archives (such as the Saskatchewan Archives Board, Manitoba Archives, etc.) should be undertaken to gain a broader understanding of the Métis educational experience.It is impossible to do this effectively long-distance as many potential sources may only become clear in the context of other records.

(4) Given the dispersal of ecclesiastical records (particularly the Catholic religious records) and the impact of mission schools on Métis in the homeland, it is fundamental to obtain a better understanding of the relevant religious repositories to consult. Accesses to many of the diocesan and archdiocesan records require the specific approval of the presiding bishop or archbishop. It may be necessary to enlist the support of MNC GMOs and/or government agencies and individuals to facilitate this process.

(5) Beyond providing better recognition and understanding of Métis community schools and the legacy of the residential/boarding school experience, one of the end results should be the compilation of school histories available to the concerned Métis communities.

X. Some Contacts for Future Research and Information

Manitoba:Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Winnipeg office, has a multi- year mandate through 2014 to interview residential and other school survivors and compile research data. Their mandate is to include Métis and heir boarding school experiences as well as the federally sponsored residential schools. As of early 2010, the TRC has filled a number of staff positions. John Milloy, who has written extensively on the history of residential schools, is the new director of Research, Historical Record and Report Preparation. Ryan Moran is Director of Statement Gathering and the National Research Centre. Information on upcoming activities can be accessed through the website: Truth and Reconciliation Canada. The office can also be contacted by calling 204-984-5885 or toll-free at 888-872-5915.

Louis Riel Institute, Winnipeg. Best contact is Lawrence Barkwell who has extensively researched many aspects of Métis history and has gathered some unclassified material on residential schools and Métis education.

Faculty of Native Studies, University of Manitoba. Renate Eigenbrod teaches a course on literary works dealing with residential schools, including authors like the Métis writer Maria Campbell, and attends various international conferences dealing with the subject. She is a good contact for the expression of the cultural impact on Métis survivors and the growing network of literary scholars researching the residential/boarding school experience. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission will be sponsoring a conference on Creative Aboriginal Writers in June 2010. The University of Manitoba also publishes a number of titles on native and Métis history.

Ontario:Brenda MacDougall, Chair of Métis Studies at the University of Ottawa. In addition to her broad mandate dealing with Métis history, she is well versed in the community and culture of Ile-a-la-Crosse.

Jonathan Anuik, History Department, Lakehead University (Orillia Campus). Professor Anuik has conducted extensive archival research and oral history interviews throughout the homeland provinces dealing with the 19th and 20th century educational experiences of Métis.

Saskatchewan:

Gabriel Dumont Institute. GDI is the principal educational and research facility for the Métis people of Saskatchewan. The Institute publishes various works and maintains two libraries.

Appendix I. Approved Federal Residential Schools Impacting Métis as of 2008

The IRS Federal Settlement Agreement has recognized the following schools with known or likely significant Métis student populations:British Columbia: Caribou (St. Joseph’s, William’s Lake) Alberta: Lac La Biche (Notre Dame des Victoires)Lesser Slave Lake (St. Perer’s/St. Peter’s?)Manitoba: Churchill Vocational CentreMcKay (The Pas, replaced by Dauphin) Pine Creek (Camperville)

Ontario: Bishop Horden Hall (Moose Fort, Moose Factory) Cecilia Jeffrey (Kenora, Shoal Lake)

Fort Frances (St. Margaret’s) McIntosh (Kenora)St. Joseph’s/Fort WilliamSt. Mary’s (Kenora, St. Anthony’s)

No doubt other approved schools with significant Métis populations will be revealed from this list once further research is completed.

Appendix II. The IRS Federal Settlement Agreement Listing Currently Disapproved/Pending ApprovalSchools

These schools of the homeland provinces (as of May 2008) are presented in provincial alphabetical order. If the community location is known, this is indicated by parentheses. Some may be duplicate names or misspelled based on the available transcript. No doubt many older schools without surviving students are not represented, but the Final Report will attempt to list as many of these as possible. Schools identified exclusively as day schools or with no governmental or religious affiliation have been eliminated from the list. Institutions not identified as schools have also been removed. Schools rejected as having either provincial or religious affiliations are so indicated; all others are under pending review.

Known Métis schools that have already been identified by initial research or carry the word “Métis” in the name are asterisked. Many schools can also be identified clearly as having significant number of Métis students by virtue of the communities known to have substantial Métis populations. Other schools will be added to the known Métis list if and when information becomes known. Some schools, by location, can be assumed to have almost exclusively First Nations people representing the Native school population. Other schools on the list clearly have no significant numbers of Native people, much less Métis.

The goal for the Final Report (or subsequent research) is to present to OFI/INAC a sanctioned list of identified Métis schools to achieve survivor recognition and compensation comparable to the federally approved schools. There may be some provincially organized/funded schools to be promoted and researched that have not been previously been submitted in this list.

Alberta (2 designated Métis, 11 provincial, 2 religious, remaining status pending) Alberta College (Edmonton)-‐religious/provincialAlberta Institute for Girls-‐provincialAlberta School for the Deaf (Edmonton)-‐provincialAnjac (Lac La Biche)Anzac School/Dormitory (Anzac)Athabasca Public School (Athabasca)-‐provincial

Atonement Home (Edmonton) Baptist School Home (Mudare)Bethany Home for Children (Wetaskewin) BlackfootBoyer River Residential Day School Boyer River) Canadian Union College (College Heights)Cayley School (Cayley)-‐provincialClarence Jaycox Mission (Loon River) Convent St. Croix (Donnelly)Convent St. Jean Baptiste (McLennan) Don Bosco Home (Calgary)Driftpile Church School (Driftpile)Drumheller Composite High School (Drumheller) Duclos Residential School (Bonyville)Ermineskin High School (Hobbema)-‐provincialFairviewFaithful Companions of Jesus Convent (Edmonton) Father begin (Fort McKay)Father Lacombe Home (Calgary) Father R Parent School (Chard)*Fishing Lakes Métis SettlementFort McMurray (St. John’s) Friendenstal (Friedenstal)-‐religious Friends of Jesus Christ Convent (Calgary) Good Shepherd Home/School (Edmonton) Grey Nuns Sacred Heart (Edmonton) Grouard Vocational High School (Grouard) Heart River School (Imperial Mills)Holy Cross Convent (Spirit River)Jasper Place Composite High School (Edmonton) Jasper Residential School (Edmonton)—provincial Kateri School (Trout Lake)Kermaria (Pincher Creek)Koinonian Christian School (Cremona) Lac La Biche Mission (Lac La Biche) Lacombe (Orphanage) Home (Midnapore Lake Dell School (Wetsterose)Leverne (Stanoff)Life Values School (St. Paul)Little Buffalo Mission/Lubicon Lake Mission (Little Buffalo) Little Flower/Mission School (Fox Lake)Matomid Home (Edmonton)McCoy High (Medicine Hat)-‐provincialMcLennan Mission (McLennan)Medicine Hat High (Medicine Hat)-‐provincial Midnapour Residential School (Calgary) Moosehorn Lodge (Grouard)Nanton Junior and Senior High School (Nanton)-‐provincialNasa Group Home (Calgary) Oakhill Boys Ranch (Bonnaccorde)O’Connell Institute [Mapleridge] (Edmonton)-‐religiousOur Lady of Peace (Edmonton) Pakan School (Goodfish Lake)Parkview Advantist Academy (La Combe) Peace River Convent (Peace River) Pensionnat Notre Dame de Fatima (Guy)Poundmaker [Red Deer Industrial, Youville] (St. Albert) Prince Rupert Residential School (Prince Rupert) Providence School (McLennan)R.B. Stienhauer School (Saddle Lake)Routhier Public School (Falher)-‐provincialSacred Heart Convent (Falher)

St. Joseph’s Academy (Grand Prairie) St. Joseph’s Convent (Red Deer)St. Joseph’s Home (Mundare)St. Joseph’s School (Edmonton) St. Kevin’s-‐provincialSt. Martyr’s Canadian Parish (Tangent) St. Mary’s Catholic School (Edmonton) St. Mary’s Girls Home (Edmonton) St. Mary’s (Standoff)St. Mary’s Boys School (Edmonton)St. Mary’s Catholic School (Beaverlodge)St. Mary’s Catholic School (Fort Vermillion) St. Mary’s Residential School (Cardston)St. Marys Separate School (Fort Vermillion) St. Michael’s (Edmonton)St. Rose School (Falher)St. Theresa School (Edmonton) St. Theresa School (Slave Lake) St. Theresa School (Wabasca)St. Therese de l ‘Enfant Jesus (Tangent) Sterling Elementary (Stirling)Stirling School (Stirling)Sunchild Mission (Sunchild) Tangent Convent (Tangent)The New Church of Nativity of the Blessed Virgin (Fort Chipewyan)*Utikama School (Peavine Métis Colony) Vermillion Agricultural School (Vermillion) Wabasca School (Wabasca)William Roper Hall Home (Calgary) Woods Children Home (Calgary)

British Columbia (39 provincial, 10 religious) Acho Dene School-‐provincialAD Rundle School (Chilliwack)-‐provincial Aldergroug Senior Secondary-‐provincial Annunciation School (Prince Rupert) Assumption School (Powell River)Booth Memorial High School (Prince Rupert)-‐provincial Brannen Lake Reform School for boys (Tolfin)—provincial Burns Lake District School (St. Francis)-‐provincial Calidonia College (Prince George)-‐provincialCamonsen College (Victoria)-‐provincialCampbell River Indian Day School (Campbell River) Carson Graham (North Vancouver)-‐provincial Cedard Lodge Boys School (Cobble Hill)Chases Secondary School-‐provincial Chemanius School (Chemanius)-‐provincial Cloverdale Elementary School (Surrey)-‐provincialCollege Heights Catholic High School (Prince George)Duncan Day School (Duncan) Durieu Convent (North Vancouver)E J Dunn School (Port Alberni)-‐provincialEleventh Avenue Elementary School (Port Alberni) Essondale (Coquitlam)-‐provincial Fort Nelson (Fort Nelson) Francois (Francois)G W Carlson (Fort Nelson)-‐provincial Gitanyow Independent School (Kitwanga) Gitwinksihlkw (Gitwanga Village)Grassy Plains Elementary School (South Bank)-‐provincialHazelton High School (Hazelton)

High McRobert Junior Secondary School (Richmond)-‐provincialHome Placement in Vancouver (Vancouver) Hot Springs Cove School (Hot Springs) Huchboyd (Richmond)Immaculate Catholic School (Burns Lake)-‐religious Jericho Hill School for the Deaf (Vancouver)-‐provincial John Barsby Junior High (Nanaimo)John Field Elementary School (Hazelton)-‐provincialJohnston Heights Junior Secondary (North Surrey)-‐provincialKanada Salvation Army Residence (Prince Rupert) Kawakis SchoolKitwanga Day School (Kitwanga)Kuper Island (Chemainus Island)-‐provincialL. A. Matheson Secondary (Surrey)-‐provincialLen Sheperd Secondary School (Surrey)-‐provincialLilooet Dormitory (Lilooet)Lilooet Secondary School (Lilooet)Lumby Primary, Elementary and Secondary Schools (Lumby)-‐provincialMakalata Residential SchoolMaple Ridge secondary School (Maple Ridge)-‐provincial Maryhill Junior Secondary School (Port Coquitlam) McPherson Park SchoolMission Indian School (Mission) Mission Secondary School (Mission) Mont Perval (Duncan)Motney School-‐provincialMount View Senior Secondary School (Victoria)Nanaimo District Senior Secondary School (Nanaimo)-‐provincialNative institute of Canada (Cornell)North Delta School (North Delta)-‐provincialNorth Surrey Senior Secondary (North Surrey)-‐provincialNotre Dame School (Dawson Creek) Old Koksilah (Duncan)Prince George College/O’Grady Catholic School (Prince George)-‐religiousPrince Rupert Residential School (Prince Rupert) Princess Margaret School (Penticton)Providence CrècheProvidence St. Genevieve (New Westminster) Prud’homme Convent (New Westminster) Queen Charlotte Island (Queen Charlotte Island) Queen Elizabeth (North Surrey) Queen Margaret School (Sioux Lookout)-‐provincialQueen of Angels School (Duncan) R C Palmer (Richmond)-‐provincialRedford Elementary School (Port Alberni)-‐provincialRidley Home for Girls (Prince Rupert)-‐religiousR.L Angus [Earl Angus]-‐provincialRoosevelt Elementary School (Prince Rupert)-‐provincialS J Willis (Victoria)-‐provincial Sacred Heart (Prince George) Sacred Heart (Victoria)Smithers Residential Assessment Program (Smithers) Southbank (Burns Lake)St. Angela’s Academy (Surrey)St. Anne’s Academy (Duncan)-‐religious

St. Anne’s Academy (Kamloops) St. Anne’s Academy (Nanaimo)St. Anne’s Academy (Victoria)-‐religiousSt. Anne’s Mission (Williams Lake) St. Christopher’s (North Vancouver) St. Edmunds (North Vancouver)St. Josephs Catholic School (Smithers)-‐religiousSt. Joseph’s Catholic School (Vanderhoof)-‐religiousSt. Joseph’s Elementary School (Smithers) St. Joseph’s Catholic School (Chemanius)St. Joseph’s Roman Catholic School (Victoria) St. Louis College (Victoria)St. Maria Goretti (Fort St. James)St. Mark’s University of British Columbia (Vancouver) St. Mary’s Catholic School (Prince George)-‐religious St. Mary’s Convent (Duck Lake)St. New Euphrasia [Good Shepherd] (Vancouver) St. Patrick’s Catholic School (Maple Ridge)St. Peter’s (New Westminster)-‐religiousSt. Thomas Aquinas (North Vancouver)-‐religiousTempleton High SchoolTerrace Residential School (Terrace)Thunderbird Elementary School (Vancouver)-‐provincial United Church Residence for Boys (Prince Rupert) Upper Sumas Elementary School (Upper Sumas)Vancouver Technical High School (Vancouver)-‐provincialVancouver Vocational (Vancouver)Victoria Girls’ Group Home and Boys’ Group Home (Victoria) West Whalley (Surrey)-‐provincialWestwind AcademyWilliam Beagle (Surrey)-‐provincialWilliams Lake Elementary School (Williams Lake)-‐provincialWillington School for Girls (Burnaby)Woodlands Residential School (New Westminster)-‐provincial

Manitoba (27 provincial, 11 religious)

Alternate Class (Thompson)Argyle High School (Winnipeg)-‐provincialAssiniboia (Brandon)Assiniboine Academy residence (Winnipeg) Balmoral Hall School (Winnipeg)-‐religiousBerens River Roman Catholic Mission [Our Lady of the Snows] (Berens River)-‐religiousBirch River ReserveBloodvein River SchoolBrookland Junior High (Winnipeg)-‐provincial Burtwood Elementary School (Thompson)-‐provincial Charlebois Catholic Residence (The Pas)Charleswood Collegiate (Winnipeg)-‐provincial

Christ the King School (Camperville)*Cranberry/Frontier College (Cranberry Portage)-‐provincialCrane River School (Crane River) Cross Lake (Cross Lake)Cumberland Pemmican Portage School (Cumberland House) Dauphin McKenzie Junior High (Dauphin)-‐provincial Deerwood Elementary School (Thompson)-‐provincialDuck Bay School (Duck Bay)-‐religiousDuke of Marlborough (Churchill)-‐provincialEcole Precieux Sang (Winnipeg)-‐provincial*Frontier School Division (Dauphin River)-‐provincialGlenlawn Collegiate (Winnipeg)-‐provincial Gordon Bell High School (Winnipeg)-‐provincial Grant Park High School (Winnipeg)-‐provincial Hector Thiboutot SchoolJohn Pritchard (Winnipeg)-‐provincialJunior Collegiate Boarding School (Winnipeg)-‐religious Keewatin Community College (The Pas)-‐provincial Kildonan East School (Winnipeg)Langevin Boys School [Mason Chapel] (Winnipeg) Leonard SchoolLetellier Manitoba School (Winnipeg) Lord Robert School (Winnipeg)-‐provincial L’Orphelinat St. Boniface (Winnipeg)Lynn lake Elementary (Lynn Lake)-‐provincialLynn Lake High School (Lynn Lake)-‐provincialManitoba Development Centre (Portage La Prairie)-‐provincialManitoba Home for Boys (Portage La Prairie) Manitoba Home for Girls (East St. Paul)-‐provincial Margaret Barbour School (The Pas)-‐provincial Marion School (Winnipeg)-‐provincialMary Duncan School (The Pas)Mary Mount Girl School (Winnipeg) Mason Chapel (Winnipeg)Montral Lake Children’s Home [Timber Bay] (Montreal Lake) Natimeek School (Cross Lake)Ninette Residential School [Pembina House] (Ninette)Pelican Lake Training Centre (Pelican Lake)-‐provincialPhilomene Chartrand School (Camperville) Pine Falls (Pine Falls)R D Parker Collegiate (Thompson)-‐provincialRed Brick School (The Pas)Rossville United Church Indian Residential School (Norway House) Saggitawak United Church SchoolSandy bay Group Home (Sandy Bay)Seven Oaks Youth Centre (Winnipeg) -‐ provincialSheppard’s SchoolSimonet (St. Laurent)Sisters of the Good Shepherd School (Winnipeg)-‐religiousSouth Indian Lake School (South Indian Lake) St. Adolphe Catholic School (St. Adolphe)St. Agness School (Winnipeg)

St. Ambroise School (St. Ambroise) St. Agnes Primary SchoolSt. Anne’s (Winnipeg) St. Anthony’s CollegeSt. Benedict’s (Winnipeg)St. Boniface College (Winnipeg)St. Charles Catholic School/Convent (Winnipeg) St. Eustache School (St. Eustache)St. Francis Xavier [Grey Nuns convent] (Winnipeg)St. Francois Assisis [?] Convent (Cayer) St. Hebert’s ConventSt. John’s High School (Winnipeg)-‐provincialSt. John’s Cathedral Boys School (Selkirk)St. John’s Minor Seminary (Fort Alexander)-‐religiousSt. Joseph (Cross Lake)St. Joseph College (Ottterburne)-‐religiousSt. Joseph’s Academy (Winnipeg)-‐religiousSt. Joseph’s Vocational School (Winnipeg)-‐religiousSt. Laurent (St. Laurent)St. Mary’s Convent (Winnipeg) St. Mary’s Convent (Sifton)St. Mary’s School (Winnipeg)-‐religiousSt. Mary’s School for Boys (Winnipeg)-‐religiousSt. Norbert Girls’ Convent (St. Norbert) St. Rose CollegiateSt. Rose Convent (St. Rose)St. Thomas Aquinas /St. Thomas Elementary (Duck Bay) St. Vincent de Paul (St. Amelie)Technical Vocational High School (Winnipeg)-‐provincial Tempina residential School (Brandon) Teulon (Teulon)The Pas Collegiate (The Pas) Thibert School (Cayer) Thompson DistrictTimber Bay Children’s Home (Montreal Lake)United Church School-‐Nelson House (Nelson house) Westwood School (Thompson)Yellowquill Residential School (Portage La Prairie)

Ontario (27 provincial only, 13 religious) Given the location of many of these schools it is unlikely many represent substantial self-‐identified Métis students unless significant immigration can be determined).

Algonquin College (Ottawa)-‐provincialAlgonquin Composite School (North Bay)-‐provincial Brookside Training School (Coburg)-‐provincial Carmelite Convent (Toronto)Cecil Frazer Training School (Sudbury)-‐provincialChamplain School (Alfred)-‐religiousColvert Training School (Toronto)-‐provincialConvent of Mary Immaculate/Bishop Smith Catholic High School (Pembroke)-‐religiousCPRI Institute (London)Cristal Lake (Stirland Lake)-‐religious

Deslaurier Group Home (Sault St. Marie)Father Moss School (Sioux Narrows)-‐provincial/religiousFisher Park High School (Ottawa)-‐provincialFoyer d’Youville (Sudbury)Gloucester High School (Ottawa)-‐provincial Grandview Training School for Girls (Galt)-‐provincial Hillcrest high School (Ottawa)-‐provincial Hornepayne Public School (Hornepayne)-‐provincial Immaculate Heart of Mary (Garden River)Iroquois Falls (Iroquois Falls)Kawartha Lakes Reform School (Lindsay)-‐provincialMacArthur High School (Ottawa)-‐provincialMadonna St. Mary’s/ St.Mary’s Convent (Barry’s Bay)-‐provincial/religiousMaryvale Vocational (Windsor)-‐provincial Moose Factory Group Homes (Moose factory) Northern Lights Gospel Mission School (Red Lake) Notre Dame de Lourdes (Sturgeon Falls)-‐religious Ontario School for the Blind (Brantford)-‐provincial Ontario School for the Deaf (Milton)-‐provincial Ontario Training School for Girls (Toronto)-‐provincial Pelican Falls Residential School (Pelican Falls)Pine Ridge School/Ontario Training School for boys (Bowmanville)-‐provincialProject Dare (Britt)Queen Elizabeth High School (Sioux Lookout)-‐provincialRegina Mundi College (London)-‐provincial/religious Sacred Heart (Peterborough)Savant Lake Public School (Savant Lake)-‐provincialSchollard Hall/North Bay College (North Bay)Sioux Narrows Public School (Sioux Narrows)-‐provincialSprucedale (Haggersville)-‐provincialSt. John’s Reform School-‐provincial/religiousSt. John’s Training School (location?)St. John’s training School (Toronto)-‐provincial/religious St. John’s Training School (Uxbridge)-‐provincial/religious St. Joseph School (Pentetangishene)St. Joseph’s Girl College (North Bay)-‐provincial St. Joseph’s Training School (Alfred)-‐religious St. Luke Anglican Church (Hornepayne)St. Mary’s Grade School (Cornwall)St. Mary’s Training School/Academy (Toronto)-‐provincialSt. Mary’s Academy (North Bay)St. Mary’s Convent (Combermere)St. Matthew’s Secondary School-‐provincialSt. Patrick’s High School/College (Ottawa)-‐religiousStirland Lake/Wahbon Bay Academy (Stirland Lake)-‐religiousVictoria Public School (Renfrew)-‐provincialVilla St. Joseph (Coburg)Woodroffe High School (Ottawa)-‐provincial

Saskatchewan (15 provincial, 11 religious)

Academy Presentation of Mary/Rivier Academy/Sion Convent (Prince Albert)-‐religiousAlex Wright School (Nipawin)Angus Merasty/Queen Elizabeth (Prince Albert) Assiniboia Girls Residence (Assiniboia) Assumpta Academy (Battleford)Athol Murray College of Notre Dame (Wilcox) Balcarres High School (Blacarres)-‐provincialBattleford Baptist Boarding School/Bert Johnson (Battleford) Big River High School (Big River)-‐provincialBoarding School at La Ronge (La Ronge) Boarding School at Prince Albert (Prince Albert)Boucher/Notre Dame de la Providence (Prince Albert)-‐provincial/religiousBriercrest College (Caronport) Cando Residential SchoolCarlton High School (Prince Albert)-‐provincialCaronport High School (Caronport)Carpenter High School (Meadow Lake)-‐provincialCelbrine Hall (Saskatoon) Center School (Prince Albert) Churchill High School (La Ronge) College Mathieu Du GravelburgConvent of the Child Jesus (North Battleford)-‐religious Creighton (Creighton)Crescent lake (Yorkton)-‐provincialCumberland House School (Cumberland House) Debdin High School (Debdin)-‐provincialDelmas residential School/Thunderbird IRS (Battleford) Ducharme School (La Loche)-‐provincialDuck Lake Convent (Duck Lake) Duquette School-‐provincial Forget School (Forget)Fort Qu’Appelle Indian Residential School (Fort Qu’Appelle) Free Methodist Hostel (Moose Jaw)Green Lake School (Green lake)-‐provincialIle-‐a-‐la Crosse Mission Boarding School/Holy Family, St. Joseph (Ile-‐a-‐la Crosse)-‐religiousInternational Bible College (Moose Jaw) Joe Duquette School (Saskatoon) Johnson Frost Home (Biggar)Kaniswapit Central School (Fort Qu’Appelle) Kilbin Hall Residential School (Saskatoon) King Edward School (Moose Jaw)-‐provincial LP Miller High School (Nipawin)La Loche Old School (La Loche)Les Filles de Providence (St Louise) Luther High School (Regina)Marcelin Convent (Marcelin)-‐religiousMathieu College (Gravelburg)Mistamin High School (Mistamin)-‐provincialMolaosa SchoolMontmarte Convent School (Montmartre) Montreal Lake/Timber Bay (Montreal Lake)

Moosejaw Residential training School (Moose Jaw)-‐provincialMullengar SchoolNotre Dame (North Battleford) Notre Dame College (Prince Albert) Oasis School (Prince Albert)Old Laloche School (Laloche) Osborne SchoolOur Lady of LaSalette (Forget) Paisec (Prince Albert)Pemincan (?) Portage (Cumberland House) Presbyterian Fellowship House (Prince Albert)Prince Albert Indian Student Education Centre (Prince Albert) Queen Mary School (Prince Albert)Ranch Ehrlo (Regina)RC School (Onion Lake) Regina Collegiate (Regina)Rossignol School/Holy Family (Ile-‐a-‐la Crosse) Round Lake (Round Lake)Roy Willson Center (Sedley) Sacred Heart Academy (Regina)-‐religious Sacred Heart Convent (Montmarte) Sacred Heart School (Whitefish Lake) Saskatchewan Training School (Regina)Saskatoon School for the Deaf (Saskatoon)-‐provincialSaskatoon Technical Collegette (?) (Saskatoon) Sedley School (Sedley)Sion Academy (Moose Jaw) Sion Academy (Saskatoon) Spalding High School (Spalding) St. Andrew’s Convent (Wapella)St. Angela’s Academy (Prelate)-‐religiousSt. Ann’s (Prince Albert)St. Chad’s Girls School/Qu’Appelle Diocesan School (Regina) St. Chad’s Anglican Residential School (Regina)-‐religiousSt. Gabriel’s High School/Convent (Biggar) St. George School (Prince Albert)St. Hubert Mission Convent (St. Hubert)-‐religiousSt. Joan of Arc Academy (Swift Current) St. John Parish (Ile-‐a-‐la Crosse)St. Joseph Convent (North Battleford) St. Joseph School (Prince Albert)St. Joseph’s Convent (Forget) St. Joseph’s (Rosetown)St. Joseph’s College (Yorkton) St. Joseph’s Convent (St. Louis) St. Joseph’s School (Saskatoon) St. Joseph’s School (Vibank)St. Karen’sSt. Louis Convent (Prince Albert) St. Lukes Home (Meadow Lake)St. Mary’s High School (Prince Albert)-‐provincialSt. Mary’s School-‐religiousSt. Michael College (Duck Lake) St. Michael’s (Prince Albert)St. Pascal School (Green Lake)—see 100th Anniversary of St. Pascal School, 1893-‐1993 (Green Lake, 1993)St. Phillips Residential School (Kamsack) St. Raphael’s Convent (Wolseley)St. Thomas College (North Battleford)-provincial/religiousSt. Ursaline Academy (Bruno) Stanley Mission Group HomeStobbarts School (Duck Lake)-‐provincialThe Orange Benevolent Home School (Indian Head) Val Marie convent (Val Marie)-‐religiousVawn Convent) (Vawn) Victoire Convent (Victoire) Victoire School

Victory Baptist (Prince Albert) Wolseley Public School (Wolseley)-provincialWolsley Convent (Wolseley) Yorkton School (Regina)