AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

1. Correct Answer: AFeedback: The invention of the printing press around 1450 resulted in the mass production of information on a scale never seen before. This allowed the circulation of printed materials acting as agents of change and allowed the spread throughout Europe of new ideas and knowledge.Key Concept: 1.1.II.AThematic Learning Objective: OS-5Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

2. Correct Answer: CFeedback: Prior to the use of a printing press, the church controlled access to Bibles and they were written only in Latin. The printing press not only allowed access to the scriptures for common people, it facilitated translations into the common languages of Europe. This was a direct challenge to church control over knowledge and the access to it.Key Concept: 1.1.II.AThematic Learning Objective: OS-2Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

3. Correct Answer: DFeedback: The Protestant Reformation made great use of the printed word in their propaganda campaign against the Catholic Church. Pamphlets were easy to produce and reached many people with their controversial ideas. This contributed to the spread and success of the Reformation movement.Key Concept: 1.1.II.BThematic Learning Objective: OS-2Historical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationHistorical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

4. Correct Answer: BFeedback: One of the main concepts of the Italian Renaissance was the belief in the nobility of man as an individual. This humanistic belief spilled over into the arts and influenced artists to portray naturalistic settings in their paintings.Key Concept: 1.1.III.BThematic Learning Objective: OS-5Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

5. Correct Answer: DFeedback: The art of Da Vinci’s time emphasized realism based on observation. Art in earlier centuries followed certain styles that appeared stiff and unnatural. Humanism also influenced art to portray real people with individual personalities. This was true even for art of a religious nature.Key Concept: 1.1.III.BThematic Learning Objective: OS-5

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

6. Correct Answer: CFeedback: As the status of painters changed from merely decorators to artists, wealthy individuals became patrons of the arts, ending an exclusive association with Church and kings. Portraits became more common and wealthy patrons decorated their homes with frescos depicting motifs from daily life.Key Concept: 1.1.III.BThematic Learning Objective: SP-1Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

7. Correct Answer: CFeedback: The philosophy of empiricism put forth by Francis Bacon emphasized that all knowledge is derived from the senses by observation and experience. Bacon proposed that ideas be shaped by actual observed facts.Key Concept: 1.1. IV.CThematic Learning Objective: OS-5Historical Thinking Skill: Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical EvidenceHistorical Thinking Skill: Interpretation

8. Correct Answer: AFeedback: Bacon concluded the ancient’s approach to discovering nature was all wrong. He proposed that, instead of starting with a truth at the beginning, truth would be found at the end after a process of investigation and experiment. This is what is known as inductive reasoning.Key Concept: 1.1. IV.CThematic Learning Objective: OS-5Historical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationHistorical Thinking Skill: Interpretation

9. Correct Answer: BFeedback: Bacon imagined a society where true knowledge equaled useful knowledge. Pure science and applied science would be used equally to discover nature and create machines for making used of natural forces. Knowledge and power in Bacon’s opinion equaled progress.Key Concept: 1.1. IV.CThematic Learning Objective: OS-5Historical Thinking Skill: Interpretation

10. Correct Answer: AFeedback: Bacon imagined a society where true knowledge equaled useful knowledge. Pure science and applied science would be used equally to discover nature and create machines for making used of natural forces. Knowledge and power in Bacon’s opinion equaled progress.

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

Key Concept: 1.5.V.CThematic Learning Objective: IS-10Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

11. Correct Answer: BFeedback: Earlier tolerant attitudes towards witchcraft began to change in the 14th century. Any persons with supernatural abilities began to be viewed as being in league with the devil and involved in satanic rituals.Key Concept: 1.5.V.CThematic Learning Objective: IS-10Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

12. Correct Answer: BFeedback: Although some men were persecuted as witches, most were women. The gender bias prevalent in witch-hunting usually focused on older women who lived outside the normal patriarchal society. Theological traditions also portrayed women as negative or evil.Key Concept: 1.5.V.CThematic Learning Objective: IS-10Historical Thinking Skill: Interpretation

13. Correct Answer: CFeedback: European economic centers shifted away from the Mediterranean and towards the Atlantic coast as Europe expanded into the New World. Naval power grew as did economic opportunities through trade and importation of materials from the Americas.Key Concept: 1.4.IV.BThematic Learning Objective: INT-6Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

14. Correct Answer: DFeedback: While Europeans enjoyed economic prosperity from the Americas, the impact on indigenous populations was devastating. European disease, forced labor and subjugation of these populations destroyed or nearly destroyed many of their cultures.Key Concept: 1.4.IV.BThematic Learning Objective: INT-9Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

15. Correct Answer: AFeedback: While Europeans enjoyed economic prosperity from the Americas, the impact on indigenous populations was devastating. European disease, forced labor and subjugation of these populations destroyed or nearly destroyed many of their cultures.Key Concept: 1.4.IV.B

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

Thematic Learning Objective: INT-5Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

16. Correct Answer: CFeedback: The Catholic Church taught that Eve was the source of original sin; however, John Calvin believed that men and women were equally guilty of sin and therefore equal in the eyes of God and in hope for salvation.Key Concept: 1.5.IV.BThematic Learning Objective: IS-9Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

17. Correct Answer: AFeedback: Marie Dentiere advocated larger roles for women in religious practices. She most strongly felt women and men were equally qualified not only to interpret God’s word but to teach it. She urged freedom for women who felt the calling to announce the Gospel.Key Concept: 1.5.IV.BThematic Learning Objective: IS-6Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

18. Correct Answer: CFeedback: The Epistle, when published, angered local authorities who seized and destroyed most copies of the letter. Some copies survived and were circulated. The publication created a backlash against women authors for the remainder of the 16th century.Key Concept: 1.5.IV.BThematic Learning Objective: IS-6Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

19. Correct Answer: BFeedback: This was a main difference between Calvin and Martin Luther. Calvin emphasized much more the idea of predestination. He believed that humans were pre-selected by God to either be saved or damned.Key Concept: 1.3.1.BThematic Learning Objective: 0S-11Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

20. Correct Answer: D

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

Feedback: Humans, according to Calvin, are unable to achieve salvation on their own. God granted grace to the few chosen who would be saved or elected for salvation.Key Concept: 1.3.1.BThematic Learning Objective: 0S-11Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

21. Correct Answer: AFeedback: Unlike the Church of England which was ruled by the King and bishops, Calvinists would not submit to or allow secular governments the right to make religious laws. They wanted to remake society based on a religious community governed by elected religious men.Key Concept: 1.3.1.BThematic Learning Objective: 0S-11Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

22. Correct Answer: AFeedback: Agriculture was the main form of livelihood in 16th century Europe. In subsistence farming, peasants grew only enough to provide for their families with nothing--or almost nothing left--to sell at market. Life was dictated by the seasons and planting was dictated by family needs rather than market prices.Key Concept: 1.5.II.AThematic Learning Objective: IS-1Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

23. Correct Answer: CFeedback: Serfdom was the status of peasants under the manorial system. Under this system, peasants were the subjects of the Lord of the Manor with obligations to be paid most likely in labor. Some forms of serfdom were very oppressive and peasants were not only poverty stricken but had very little in the way of personal freedom.Key Concept: 1.5.II.AThematic Learning Objective: IS-1Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

24. Correct Answer: C

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

Feedback: As European nations explored across the Atlantic, new trade markets were created and agriculture changed to a money based market. For peasants in Western Europe, the burdens of serfdom were being lifted but in the East, they become more restrictive.Key Concept: 1.5.II.CThematic Learning Objective: PP-9Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

25. Correct Answer: DFeedback: Changes in the agricultural market saw peasants in Western Europe becoming small proprietors and free people. In the East, Lords of the Manors clamped down and restricted peasants even further as the Lords became wealthier. Key Concept: 1.5.II.CThematic Learning Objective: PP-9Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

26. Correct Answer: DFeedback: Religious issues in the mid-16th century were in a state of change. Religious loyalties knew no boundaries either physical or political. Neighbors and people living side by side frequently viewed each other with suspicion and mistrust, often looking for spiritual guidance from outside their native country. Key Concept: 1.3.III.BThematic Learning Objective: OS-3 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

27. Correct Answer: AFeedback: Phillip II combined the organization of a new monarch with political and religious interests throughout Europe. He believed that advancement of Spanish power in Europe served interests at home. Wealth from conquests in South America allowed him to pursue these policies. Key Concept: 1.3.III.BThematic Learning Objective: SP-2 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

28. Correct Answer: BFeedback: Although the Netherlands had already been part of the Hapsburg Empire, the ascension of Philip II caused heightened anti-Spanish feelings. The foreign presence strained political and religious relationships and eventually economic ones. The northern provinces would declare their independence from Spain in 1581, drawing a line in the sand and challenging Spanish authority. Key Concept: 1.3.III.BThematic Learning Objective: SP-11 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

29. Correct Answer: BFeedback: Early ocean exploration was confined to mainly coastal voyages. Perfection of the mariners’ astrolabe by the Portuguese allowed not only the measurement of latitude but created the ability for ships to venture further from shore and into Atlantic waters.Key Concept: 1.4.IIThematic Learning Objective: INT-4 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

30. Correct Answer: DFeedback: As measurement of latitude allowed ships to move further out to sea, mariners discovered and began to make use of both trade winds and ocean currents to establish routes that would take them to new worlds.Key Concept: 1.4.IIThematic Learning Objective: OS-6 Historical Thinking Skill: ContextualizationQuestion Type: Multiple Choice

31. Correct Answer: BFeedback: As Europe began to colonize in the Americas, markets opened up for trade in crops and importation of commodities. Europeans had opportunities economically both in trade and in migration to the new world.Key Concept: 1.4.IIThematic Learning Objective: IS-3 Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

32. Correct Answer: CFeedback: The family remained the main economic unit in early modern Europe. Families lived by both agriculture and rural household industry or cottage industry such as sewing or the production of cloth. Cottage industry allowed agrarian families to earn income during the winter and non-peak farming cycles.Key Concept: 1.5.IV.AThematic Learning Objective: PP-7 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

33. Correct Answer: AFeedback: As cottage industries continued to grow, men and women took on roles within the system. They had separate responsibilities but worked together. Even children were expected to do their part.Key Concept: 1.5.IV.AThematic Learning Objective: IS-4 Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

34. Correct Answer: DFeedback: As wealthy families and the middle class raised their standards of living, opportunities were created among the working class poor to enter into domestic service in these wealthy households. It became the most common occupation for women in this period.Key Concept: 1.5.IV.AThematic Learning Objective: IS-4 Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

35. Correct Answer: BFeedback: Both James I and Louis XIV were philosophers of absolutism. Each believed they ruled by divine right and were answerable only to God.Key Concept: 1.2.III.AThematic Learning Objective: SP-2 Historical Thinking Skill: Appropriate Use of Relevant Historical EvidenceHistorical Thinking Skill: Interpretation

36. Correct Answer: C

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

Feedback: Absolute monarchs were so in theory, but in reality, they were counter balanced by legislative and government bodies representing political and social groups of the kingdom.Key Concept: 1.2.III.AThematic Learning Objective: SP-7 Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

37. Correct Answer: DFeedback: The English Civil War was a conflict between Royalists loyal to Charles I and Parliamentarians. The conflict was not so much about who would rule as it was about how they would rule. In the end, the Parliamentarians were victorious, Charles I was executed and Oliver Cromwell established the Commonwealth of England. It would last for 11 years until his death.Key Concept: 1.2.III.AThematic Learning Objective: SP-11 Historical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationHistorical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

38. Correct Answer: BFeedback: As nations sought new sources of wealth through international trade, they also desired power through their colonial empires. The increase in commerce created growth in financial areas such as banking and sowed the beginnings of an economy based on money rather than barter.Key Concept: 1.5.I.AThematic Learning Objective: INT-11 Historical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationHistorical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

39. Correct Answer: AFeedback: As commercial capitalism grew, merchants became the new elite. The old elite, based on land ownership and titles, gave way to the new based on available capital and market strategies.Key Concept: 1.5.I.BThematic Learning Objective: PP-6 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

40. Correct Answer: DFeedback: While both groups were interested in wealth and power, each went about it in a different way. The old-style nobles did so with land and

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

tenant farmers; the patricians achieved the same result with capitol and markets. Regardless of their path, each hoped to limit access to their group from outsiders and protect their power.Key Concept: 1.5.I.CThematic Learning Objective: PP-6 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

41. Correct Answer: DFeedback: As Spain and Portugal competed for lands on their way east, the Catholic rulers of both countries appealed to the pope to divide up the world between Portugal and Spain. So in 1494 the Treaty of Tordesillas gave Spain exclusive rights to lands west of a line drawn about 1200 miles west of the Cape Verde Islands and gave Portugal exclusive rights to lands east of that line.Key Concept: 1.4.I.AThematic Learning Objective: INT-1 Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

42. Correct Answer: CFeedback: The Spanish and Portuguese first led the colonization of the Americas, soon to be followed by the Dutch, French and English. For Spain, the colonies were a source of great wealth and power that lasted well into the 16th century.Key Concept: 1.4.I.AThematic Learning Objective: SP-5 Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

43. Correct Answer: DFeedback: European governments sought benefits and control of trade from their colonies. Mercantilism allowed them to do this by regulating and in some cases restricting trade practices within the colonies. This policy was an attempt to create a balance of trade that would be financially favorable to the mother country.Key Concept: 1.4.I.BThematic Learning Objective: SP-5 Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

44. Correct Answer: CFeedback: While Spain exploited the New World on a material level, their presence was also devastating on a human level. Native populations were subjected to disease, slavery and loss of culture.Key Concept: 1.4.I.BThematic Learning Objective: IS-10 Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

45. Correct Answer: CFeedback: Martin Luther advocated a more direct connection to God discounting the need for clerical guidance. He stated in his writings that individual people were entitled to read and interpret the scriptures for themselves.Key Concept: 1.3.I.BThematic Learning Objective: OS-2 Historical Thinking Skill: Comparison

46. Correct Answer: AFeedback: Public reaction to Luther’s 95 theses inspired social and political revolutions. Peasant revolts and radical religious leaders used Luther’s ideas to fuel pushes for reform within European society.Key Concept: 1.3.I.BThematic Learning Objective: OS-2 Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization Historical Thinking Skill: Historical CausationQuestion Type: Multiple Choice

47. Correct Answer: DFeedback: Luther despised the Catholic practice of selling indulgences in exchange for grace. His 95 theses state that grace can only come from God and could not be obtained through any priestly absolution.Key Concept: 1.3.I.BThematic Learning Objective: OS-11 Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

48. Correct Answer: BFeedback: After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, religion no longer played a role in creating wars. Warfare became secularized and influenced by the plurality of independent, sovereign states throughout Europe.

AP European History Multiple Choice ANSWERS Period 1

Key Concept: 1.2.II.AThematic Learning Objective: SP-15 Historical Thinking Skill: Historical Causation

49. Correct Answer: CFeedback: The rising costs of military power reduced the role of knights, castles and lords who historically financed them. The military revolution favored rulers who not only commanded resources and standing armies but the ability to increase and collect taxes to support them.Key Concept: 1.2.II.AThematic Learning Objective: SP-13 Historical Thinking Skill: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time

50. Correct Answer: CFeedback: The dissolving of the Holy Roman Empire left a much changed European landscape. Not only were there many great and middle size states, there were many smaller ones, over 300 in Germany alone. This allowed independent pursuit of alliances and development of the balance of power system to resist nations wishing to dominate and exert their power.Key Concept: 1.2.II.AThematic Learning Objective: SP-15 Historical Thinking Skill: Contextualization