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Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South – Big Picture Themes1. After Ft. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abe’s top concern. These were slave states that hadn’t left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to “keep them happy.” The border states never left. 

2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cotton’s dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Tom’s Cabin had convinced the English people of slavery’s horrors. 

3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy. 

4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nation’s first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out.

IDENTIFICATIONS:  

Election of 1860Alters America more than any other election in history. It was between Lincoln, Breckinridge, Bell, and Douglas. Lincoln won, with 180 of the electoral vote, Douglas got 12, Breckinridge got 72, and Bell got 39.

William Seward Abraham Lincoln's secretary of state.

Edwin M. Stanton He was bad tempered, but named as Lincoln's Secretary of War.

The Alabama A major crisis in Anglo -American relations…the building of commerce raiders. Not warships because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up their guns elsewhere. The Alabama escaped in 1862 to

Portuguese Azores and took on weapons and a crew from 2 British ships that followed it. It had confederate flags but was manned by Britons and never entered a confederate port. It burned yankee merchantmen. Destroyed in 1864 by a union cruiser. The main issue was of British -built confederate raiders.

Emancipation ProclamationThe slaves in the confederate states were declared "forever free", but not those of the border were allowed to keep their slaves. It was a moral cause, a reason to fight. Also it made sure no one goes against the north. Sep. 13, 1862.

Trent Affair The first major crisis with Britain, in 1861. A union warship on the high seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail ship and the Trent forcibly removed 2 confederate diplomats going to Europe.

Merrimack and MonitorThe biggest Confederate threat to the Union. It threatened to break the Union blockade, but the Monitor arrived in time to fight the Merrimack to a standstill, and the Confederate ship was later destroyed by the South to "save" it from the North.

Anaconda PlanA Union plan to block all of the Confederates' resources, strangling (like an anaconda) them economically by taking over water ways with the navy. Winfield Scott called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture  of Mississippi River, and to take an army through the south.

Border States

States that was between the North and the South. Bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede.  Lincoln uses morality and methods of persuasion to persuade border states.

Appomattox

the Virginia town where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in 1865. And thus ending the Civil War.

Election of 1864During war, Lincoln almost didn't get reelected. War democrats supported him, but peace democrats didn't. The republicans joined the war democrats and proclaimed to be a union party. Lincoln was against McClellan.

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

The Menace of Secession

1.What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?

The north and the south were physically next to each other, it couldn't separate. Questions arose: What share of the national debt would the south take on? what portion of the federal territories should the confederate states be allowed? How would the fugitive slave issue be resolved? The underground railroad? European nations would be delighted of the conflict because they would benefit in America's weakness.

South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter

Know:  Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson

2.What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter?  What effects did the South's attack have?

Lincoln notified the SC's that they would send an expedition to give provision, not reinforcement, he promised no weaponry or men. But the

Confederates, Carolinians, thought that the Union naval force sent to do Lincoln's bidding was dangerous and attacked the Union and Fort Sumter. The south's actions caused a rallying of morale with cries of  "Remember Fort Sumter" and "Save the Union", it gave the North a reason to fight. 

Brothers' Blood and Border Blood

Know:  Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb

3.How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?

Lincoln had to rely on moral suasion and methods of dubious legality. Lincoln declared publicly that he was not fighting to free blacks, he was fighting to save the union. With these sentiments, he successfully kept the border states away from the arms of the south. Families would go against one another, like Lincoln's brothers in laws, etc.

The Balance of Forces

Know:  Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson

4.What advantages did the South have?  The North?

The south could fight defensively behind interior lines, they didn't have to win the war, they just had to win its independence. Also, fighting on their own soil, the south had incentive to not let the north pass and to keep innocent loved ones away from the bloodshed. The south had all the good generals, some of the most talented like Gen. Robert E. Lee and Thomas stonewall jackson, who was a master of speed and deception. Also, southern commoners were born to fight, managing horses and guns from childhood and their rebel yell was used to strike fear in enemies. The

north's greatest strength was the economy, and they had good transportation. The north had about 3/4 of the nation's wealth and railroads. The north also controlled the sea with it's superior navy and used it to choke off southern supplies and to shatter southern morale. The north also used its navy to get supplies from Europe. The north had a larger reserve of manpower, including immigrants.

Dethroning King Cotton

Know:  King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn

5.Why did King Cotton fail the South?

He failed them because he had been so lavishly productive in the prewar years of 1857-1860. Enormous exports of cotton had given Britain all it needed. When Britain was in the cotton famine, the union sent over cotton and food captured from the south. King Wheat and King Corn were more powerful.

The Decisiveness of Diplomacy

Know: Trent, Alabama

6.What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?

The Trent affair was one, in 1861. A union warship on the high seas north of Cuba stopped a British mail ship and the Trent forcibly removed 2 confederate diplomats going to Europe. Another was the confederate ship manned by Britons, the Alabama.

 Not warships because they left their shipyards unarmed and picked up

their guns elsewhere. The Alabama escaped in 1862 to Portuguese Azores and took on weapons and a crew from 2 British ships that followed it. It had confederate flags but was manned by Britons and never entered a confederate port. It burned yankee merchantmen. Destroyed in 1864 by a union cruiser. The main issue was the idea of British -built confederate raiders.

Foreign Flare-Ups

Know:  Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian

7.What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War? 

In 1863, the Laird rams were dangerous, and if it got to the south, the south probably would have sunk the north. Napoleon III took advantage of AM's preoccupation and dispatched a army to occupy mexico city. Maximilian did something similar.

President Davis Versus President Lincoln

Know:  Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln

8.Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?

The confederate: its constitution could not logically deny future secession to its constituent states. States' rights were damaging. 

The Union: had a prestige of a long-established gov, financially stable and fully recognized everywhere. And lincoln was very rallying.

Limitations on Wartime Liberties

Know:  Habeas Corpus

9.Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln.  Why did he act with arbitrary power?

He proclaimed a blockade, arbitrarily increased the size of the federal army, directed the secretary of the Treasury to advance $2 million without appropriation or security to 3 private citizens for military purposes, suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus so anti unionists could be arrested, and supervised voting in the border states. He acted with arbitrary power for the good of preserving the union and he believed it wouldn't continue after the war. 

Volunteers and Draftees:  North and South

Know:  Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers

10.Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.

Yes, in the north, there were 300 dollar men, who paid $300 to hire substitutes or be exempt from joining the army. The poor had no choice but to fight for the rich. In the south, the same could be done; also, slaverowners with 20 or more slaves could be exempt and so the poorer felt they had to fight to save a rich man's slaves.

The Economic Stresses of War

Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation

11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?

In the north, it fluctuated with the fortunes they had. Customs duties were choked off by the union and so runaway inflation occurred as southern presses printed it.

The North's Economic Boom

Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix

12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?

New factories grew and raised prices but the manufacturers and businesspeople benefited. Yankee sharpness. using bad materials, false advertising, high prices. The sewing machine. Women got jobs, clerks and seamstresses. More than 400 women posed as men to go with their loved ones to war, others became spies, nurses, etc.

A Crushed Cotton Kingdom

13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.

The south claimed only 12% of national wealth after the war. southern income to 2/5 of the northern level. Transportation collapsed, economic cannibalism. Window weights were melted down into bullets, gourd replaced dishes, pins were loaned with reluctance because of its scarcity. Some women cut off their long hair to try to sell it abroad.  

Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War – Big Picture Themes1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on “the Peninsula” at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war. 

2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the South’s back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River. 

3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the “Union Party” made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, “You don’t change horses midstream.”

4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped

destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.

IDENTIFICATIONS Draft riots of 1863In July. In the north, after the Battle at Gettysburg. Mobs of Irish working-class men and women were on the streets for 4 days until fed troops stopped them. They hated the idea of being drafted to fight a war to help slaves who would compete with them for jobs. The riot hung/killed several Af Ams and burned down black homes, businesses, and even an orphanage. It was the bloodiest riot in American history.

Charles Frances AdamU.S. minister to England during the Civil War. kept pressure on the British government to pay for destroyed shipping.

Sherman's MarchMarch to sea that caused destruction to the south. They ate off the and destroyed what they didn't use. A march to destroy all supplies and resources. Was the beginning of total warfare. Broke southern morale, destroyed towns on the way to Savannah.

Clement L. Vallandigham Denounced war, was imprisoned and banished to South. Returns to Ohio illegally.An anti-war democrat, called lincoln a dictator or "king abraham". Prominent copperhead who was an ex-congressman from ohio.

Andrew Johnson Of the Union party, War Democrats & Republicans. Southerner from tennessee, Lincoln's v.p. Became president. Opposed radical republicans who passed reconstruction acts over his veto. First u.s. president to be impeached, he survived the senate removal by only one vote.

John Wilkes Booth An american stage actor who assassinated abraham lincoln at ford's theatre in washington, d.c.

C.S.S. Alabama A confederate ship that got weapons and crew from Britain, but never sailed into a Confederate base, a loophole that helped the South. Built in Britain and wreaked havoc on Northern shipping until it was finally sunk in 1864.

National Banking Act Used to create the sale of government bonds and to establish a uniform bank note currency. The system could purchase government savings bonds and money to back the bonds. Made during the Civil War and was the first real step taken toward a unified banking system since jackson killed the BUS.

Union PartyAll the Republicans and the war Democrats. Excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats. Formed out of fear of the republican party losing control. It was responsible for nominating Lincoln.

GUIDED READING

Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”

Know:  Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson

1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?

North: Dispelled all illusions of a quick war and caused the northerners to buckle down for a long one. Set the stage for a war for the abolitionist ideal of emancipation.

South: won. inflated an already dangerous overconfidence. many

deserters, some to display trophies, some thought the war was over. Enlistments fell off. preparations for a protracted conflict slackened.

"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign

Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan

2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.

Total war. Plan had 6 parts: slowly suffocate the South by blockading its coasts, liberate the slaves and undermine the South's economic conditions, cut the Confederacy in half by seising control of the Mississippi river, cut the south into pieces by sending troops through Georgia and the Carolinas, decapitate it by capturing Richmond (its capital), and try everywhere to engage the enemy's main strength and to grind it into submission.

The War at Sea

Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor

3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North?  Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?

It was never completely effective and was sievelike at the outset. Britain recognized it as binding and warned its shippers that they ignored it at their peril; Britain didn't want to tie its hands in a future war by insisting that Lincoln maintain impossibly high blockading standards.

The Pivotal Point:  Antietam

4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"

The north got Lee's battle plans but when they won, McCellan didn't follow the surrendering and fleeing confederate soldiers. Jefferson Davis was never again so near victory as he was on that day; the british and french governments were on the verge of diplomatic mediation with the south. It was the long awaited victory Lincoln needed for his Emancipation proclamation. 

A Proclamation Without Emancipation

Know:  Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region

7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences.  Explain.

Thousands of slaves went to the Union armies, and stripped the plantations from their work force. It foreshadowed the end of slavery. It fundamentally changed the nature of the war because it effectively removed any chance of a negotiated settlement. Many union soldiers were angry, they volunteered for the union, not for slaves. Desertions. The north had a stronger moral cause.

Blacks Battle Bondage

Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow

8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War.  Assess.

Many Af Ams enlisted, blacks accounted for 10% of total enlistments in Union forces. They had very heavy casualties. Without their efforts and sacrifices, the north might not have won. In the south, 1/2 a million slaves abandoned the plantations.

Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg

Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address

9. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?

It broke the back of the confederate attack and the heart of the confederate cause,  from then on, the southern cause was doomed.

The War in the West

Know:  Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg 

10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.

He was mediocre student with good horsemanship and math. He was a drunk, a silent shopkeeper, short, stooped, awkward, subtle bearded, and dressed sloppily. His military experience and his boldness and

resourcefulness and tenacity gained him recognition.  Grant was bold, daring, and confident as a general, but he was still a drunk.

Sherman Scorches Georgia

Know:  William T. Sherman, March to the Sea

11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?

He captured Atlanta (1864) and burned the city. Later, he and his army cut a 60 mile swath of destruction through Georgia. They burned buildings and left Sherman's Sentinels, tore up railroad rails and used them to make Sherman's hairpins. They bayoneted family portraits, and pillaged homes. He wanted Georgia to howl by destroying supplies destined for the South and to weaken the Southern morale.

The Politics of War

Know:  War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham

12. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.

Political infighting was one. Fractions in Lincoln's own party, that didn't believe in him. Salmon Chase was one of his critics. The creation of the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War was dominated by radical republicans who resented the expansion of presidential power during the war. The northern Democrats was tainted with seceders. Copperheads condemned the "nigger war" and the "Illinois Ape" and held influence in some states.

The Election of 1864

Know:  Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta

14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?  

The republican party joining with the war democrats, creating the union party. Andrew Johnson helped, he was a southerner and had been a slaveowner when the conflict began. He gained Lincoln the border states. Slogans helped. Northern victories, like Mobile and Atlanta helped Lincoln pull through. He got the bayonet vote.

Grant Outlasts Lee

Know:  The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse

15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?

Fighting without regard of casualties, he lost about 50,000 men as much as what Lee had at the start but it worked and cost Lee too. Men went into battle (Cold Harbor) knowing they were going to dies, they had their names and addresses pinned to their backs. 

The Martyrdom of Lincoln

Know:  Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Booth

16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South?  Explain.

Bad, Lincoln's kindness and moderation would have been good shields against the conductive treatment of the Union, the north. The assassination increased the north's bitterness, partly from the rumor that Jefferson Davis planned it.

The Aftermath of the Nightmare

Know:  Lost Cause

17. What was the legacy of the Civil War? 

It had a lot of deaths, almost all of Am's previous wars combined. Over a million were killed or injured. The nation lost generations of the young, tens of thousands of babies were unborn because of it. Money costs: $15 billion, not including continuing expenses, wasted energies, lowered ethics, blasted lives, bitter memories, and hatred. The greatest constitutional decision of the century was written in blood and handed down at Appomattox Courthouse. Extreme states' rights were crushed and gov was unbroken. Nullification and secession was gone. Slavery was  gone.

Varying Viewpoints:  What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?

18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated?  Why or Why not?

No, its true that this war ended many things, one of which is slavery and it changed the whole history of America. It influences us greatly still, no talk

of secession has been made, there's no slavery and we use print currency and conscript army. And our federal law is very influential.

Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction – Big Picture Themes1. After the war, the question was, “What to do with the southern states?” The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South.

2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the North’s stipulations were met.

3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress.

4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery.

5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own—southern whites reasserted their power.

GUIDED READING

The Problems of Peace

Know: Reconstruction

1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded."  Explain.

Not only had an age perished, but a civilization had collapsed, economically and socially. Cities were reduced to rubble, there was no economic life; banks and businesses collapsed. The transportation system had broken down completely. Agriculture was hopelessly crippled. The planter aristocrats were humbled. Southerners were resentful and in denial.

Freedmen Define Freedom

Know:  Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association

2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?

Many southerners resisted this so they killed many slaves, etc. Some slaves were loyal to their master and resisted the liberating Union armies, other slaves' pent up bitterness burst forth violently on the day of liberation. Many newly emancipated slaves joined union troops in pillaging and some slaves got revenge. When the masters were forced to tell their slaves that they were free, some slaves were suspicious but later they celebrated. Emancipated slaves took on journeys to test their freedom, find lost family, look for jobs, etc.

The Freedmen's Bureau

Know:  Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard

3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.

It taught ~ 200,000 blacks how to read and many former slaves had a passion for learning. All generations wanted to learn. But it was less effective in other areas. The bureau was authorized to settle former slaves on 40 acre tracts but it was rare for blacks to actually get land. Labor contracts…

Johnson:  The Tailor President

Know:  Andrew Johnson

4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.

Strengths: A misfit. A southerner who didn't understand the north, a Tennessean who had earned the distrust of the south, a Democrat who had never been accepted by the Republicans, a president who wasn't elected, and he was an outcast in the white house. He was hotheaded, contentious, and stubborn and tactless.

Weaknesses: From impoverished family. Not a good drinker. Intelligent, able, forceful, and honest. Devoted to duty and to the people, a dogmatic champion of states rights and the constitution. 

Presidential Reconstruction

Know:  Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans

5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?

The republicans, unlike Lincoln and his 10% plan, believed the south did leave the Union and had forfeited all their rights and should be treated as conquered provinces. The radicals wanted the social structure uprooted and the planters punished and the blacks protected by the fed power. 

The Baleful Black Codes

Know:  Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage

6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?

Regulates black affairs. To ensure a stable and subservient labor force. Penalties were imposed on blacks who jumped their labor contracts, which committed them to work for the same employer for a year with horrible wages. "Negro-Catchers". Blacks couldn't serve on a jury, and some said blacks couldn't rent or lease lands. A black could be punished for idleness, and they couldn't vote. sharecropper farmers. 

Congressional Reconstruction

7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats?  (Hint:  there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)

A restored south would be stronger than ever in national politics, republicans feared they would be elbowed aside and have control. Also, while the south was gone, congress passed a bunch of legislation that benefited the north.

Johnson Clashes with Congress

Know:  Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment

8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress?  What did President Johnson do in response?

The president tried to end the Freedmen Bureau. The Republicans passed the Civil Rights Bill which struck against the Black Codes. The republicans-14th amendment. Johnson advised the southern states to reject it, all but Tennessee did.

Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson

9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire?  Why did it backfire?

He used "swing 'round the circle", he delivered speeches that accused the radicals in Congress of having planned large-scale anitblack riots and murder in the south. Listeners insulted him and he retorted (badly).  And he sank. Hit rock bottom.

Republican Principles and Programs

Know:  Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans

10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?

Radicals wanted to keep the southern states out as long as possible and to apply federal power to bring about a drastic social and economic transformation int he south. The moderates recalled from the full implications of the radical program, they preferred policies that restrained the states from abridging citizens' rights.

Reconstruction by the Sword

Know:  Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule 

11. Describe military reconstruction.

Divided the south into 5 sections, each commanded by a Union general and placed by union soldiers. Congress laid down conditions for the readmission of seceded states: ratify the 14th amendment, guarantee their state constitutions contains full suffrage for their former adult male slaves. Military Reconstructions of the south usurped certain functions of the president as commander in chief and set up a martial regime of questionable legality. 

No Women Voters

Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment

12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?

They said that women also played a big role in the prewar abolitionist movement and to many women, black suffrage and women's rights were the same. And some women put their cause on hold to wholeheartedly help the abolitionist movement…14th amendment had the word male.

The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South

Know:  Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers

13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War?  How did White southerners view their involvement?

They created the Union League, assisted by northern blacks, freedmen turned the league into a network of political clubs that educated members in their civic duties and campaigned for Republican candidates. Building black grievances, recruiting militias, etc. Black women attended parades and rallies and helped assemble meetings in churches. Some blacks became congressmen, senators, lieutenant governors and representatives, mayors, magistrates, sheriffs, and justices of peace.

The Ku Klux Klan

Know:  Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise

14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?

Secret organizations like the invisible empire of the south or ku klux klan. They went to black homes and tried to frighten them, if that didn't work they

used force (killing). Intimidation, fraud, and trickery. Literacy tests was also a method of keeping former slaves down.

Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank

Know:  Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton

15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?

They falsely accused him of maintaining a harem of dissolute women and Johnson's firing of Stanton, the Sec of War.

A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson

Know:  Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens

16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?

Johnson's attorneys argued that he fired Stanton to put a test case before the supreme court. And seven independent minded Republican senators put country above party and voted not guilty. Fears of creating a destabilizing precedent, principled opposition to abusing the constitutional mechanism of checks and balances, political considerations, successor, and Johnson said he would stop obstructing republican policies in return to office.

The Purchase of Alaska

Know:  William Seward, Russia

17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.

Russia had been conspicuously friendly to the North in the civil war, Am didn't want to offend their friends. The territory was removed to be teeming with furs, fish, and gold. 

The Heritage of Reconstruction

18.Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.

Reconstruction granted only fleeting benefits on blacks and extinguished the Republican party in the south for almost a century. Moderate Republicans never fully appreciated the extensive effort of making freed slaves citizens or the lengths the southern whites would go to preserve their system of racial dom.