web viewword match. match the cvd terms below. cvd condition: also known as coronary heart disease....

Personal DevelopmentPersonal Development Health and Physical Education Health and Physical Education

HSC Enrichment Day2013

Core 1Health Priorities in

Australia

Activity 1: Note Taking

The Role of EpidemiologySlide 2

Write the definitions for:

Health status

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Epidemiology .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


Measures of EpidemiologySlide 3

2 Enrichment Day 2013

Mortality..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Morbidity..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Infant Mortality..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Life Expectancy

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Activity 3: PMI Table

Watch the following youtube clip to complete a PMI table about Epidemiology.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwoX-Ac0yP8

P M I

Enrichment Day 2013 3

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwoX-Ac0yP8

In epidemiology, two terms are often used when examining health status and trends:

1. Incidence – the number of new cases during a given periodEg. how many new cases of a disease each year

2. Prevalence – the proportion of cases at any point in timeEg. How many people currently have Diabetes

Activity 4: Take Home Activity

Visit the following ABS website: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/4125.0main+features3110Jan%202013

Calculate the life expectancy of:1. Female born in 2011 …………… years

2. Male born in 2011 …………… years

Measure of Epidemiology – Current TrendsSlide 4


http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/4125.0main+features3110Jan%202013

http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/[email protected]/Lookup/4125.0main+features3110Jan%202013

Activity 5: Graph Analysis

Refer to the graphs in the power-point and workbook to:a) identify the trends for each key measure of epidemiologyb) Provide a reason for the trend

Graph1. Mortality rates

a) trend in mortality ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


b) reason for this trend ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Graph2. Morbidity rates

a) trend in morbidity ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................


Graph3. Infant Mortality rates


a) trend in infant mortality ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

b) reason for this trend ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Graph 4. Life Expectancy rates

a) trend in infant life expectancy..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................



Activity 6: Acrostic

Develop an acrostic to help remember the key measures of epidemiology:MortalityMorbidity

Infant MortalityLife Expectancy

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CancerSlide 5

Not all tumors are cancerous; tumors can be benign or malignant. Benign tumors aren't cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in

most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.


Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis.

The main categories of cancer include: Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover

internal organs.

Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

(National Cancer Institute, 2013)

Activity 7: Note taking

What is cancer?

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Activity 8: Label the diagramRefer to the powerpoint to label the following diagram of cancer.

Diagram1. The Nature of Cancer


CancerSlide 6

Cancer is a diverse group of diseases in which some of the body’s cells become defective and multiply out of control. The abnormal cells invade and damage the tissues around them, and sooner or later spread (metastasise) to other parts of the body and can cause further damage and eventually death.

(AIHW, 2012)The 3 main cancers:

1. Skin2. Breast3. Lung

Cancer is a major cause of death, accounting for 29% of all deaths registered in Australia in 2009. This makes cancer the second-most common cause of death, exceeded only by cardiovascular disease (33% of deaths in 2009).10 Enrichment Day 2013

Activity 9: Numeracy

Complete the table below, by referring to graphs 5, 6 and 7. a) Outline an interesting fact/point from each graphb) Identify the key trend.

Table Interesting Fact/Point Trend (or)

Graph 5. Incidence of selected cancers

Graph 6.Trends in mortality

for all cancers combined

Graph 7.Most common

causes of death for all cancers

Graph 5


Graph 6

Graph 7

Q: Referring to Graph 7, which type of cancer has the highest mortality rate?

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Cardiovascular Disese (CVD)Slide 7


Cardiovascular disease (CVD) covers all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels. There are many forms and causes of diseases in this diverse group.

However, in developed countries such as Australia, the main underlying problem is atherosclerosis. In this condition abnormal build-ups of fat, cholesterol and other substances occur in the inner lining of arteries (plaque).

Atherosclerosis is most serious when it affects the blood supply to the heart (causing angina or heart attack) or to the brain (which can lead to a stroke).

(NHMRC, 2013)

Other key terms: Arteriosclerosis - refers to a thickening and hardening of artery walls and

blood vessels

Atherosclerosis - caused by the build-up of fatty deposits and tissue in the arteries and blood vessels

(Garven Institute, 2013)



What is CVD?....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Activity 11: Word match

Match the CVD terms below.CVD Condition Also known as…

Coronary heart diseaseCerebrovascular disease

HypertensionPeripheral vascular disease

Mycardial infarction

Activity 12: Cloze Passage

chest, myocardial, blood, CVD, blocked

Coronary heart disease is the most common form of …………………. There are two major clinical forms: heart attack (often known as acute …………………. infarction) and angina.A heart attack occurs when the heart blood vessel is suddenly …………………….., threatening to damage the heart muscle and its functions. It is life-threatening.Angina is when a temporary loss of …………………… supply to the heart causes periodic ………………… pain. While generally not life-threatening, people with angina are more likely to have a heart attack or experience sudden cardiac death.


Cardiovascular DiseaseSlide 8

Based on results from the 2007–08 National Health Survey, an estimated 3.4 million people had a cardiovascular disease in 2007–08. Despite a significant fall in the death rate from CVD since the late 1960s, it was still Australia’s biggest killer in 2009—recorded as the underlying cause of 46,100 deaths—more than any other disease group.

Both males and females have benefited from the decline in CVD death rates, although age-standardised rates for males are still markedly higher than for females

(AIHW, 2012)

Activity 13: Video Clip Analysis

Watch the two video clips and identify 5 trends and/or statistics for CVD.1. …………………………………………………………………………2. …………………………………………………………………………3. …………………………………………………………………………4. …………………………………………………………………………5. …………………………………………………………………………

Activity 14: Graph Analysis


Analyse the graph below (and on power-point). Outline the main trends and information below:

Graph 8. Death rates from CVD

a) trend in CVD mortality .....................................................................................................................


c) comparison of male v female CVD mortality..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................



InjurySlide 9

What is an injury?

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The main causes of injury vary with age. For example, the causes of injury for children and younger people are often linked to developmental stages and


differ from those for older people. Injury severity also varies by age, reflecting in part, the different causes.

Some types of hospitalised injury occur at all ages (for example, falls) while others are specific to certain age groups (for example, smoke, fire and flames, heat and hot substance injuries)

Falls were the most common cause of hospitalised injury for people aged 0–14, accounting for 44% of all hospitalised injury cases in 2009–10. While drowning and submersion cases were not in the top five causes of hospitalised injury, 82% of these cases were classified as high threat to life.

For people aged 15–24 and 25–64, other unintentional injuries, falls and transportation-related injuries were common causes of hospitalised injury. Fall-related injuries (72%) accounted for the majority of all hospitalised injury cases among people aged 65 and over. (Australia’s Health, 2012)

InjurySlide 10

Injury has a major, but often preventable, impact on Australia’s health. It affects Australians of all ages, is the greatest cause of death in the first half of life, and leaves many with serious disability or long-term conditions. In 2010, injury was estimated to account for 6.5% of the total burden of disease in Australia (Begg et al. 2007).

Activity 16: Graph AnalysisAnalyse the graph below (and on power-point).


Graph9. Injuries resulting in hospitalisations.

Question 1. Which age group has the most reported number of injury cases

(blue line)?............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Question 2. Propose reasons for this.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Question 3. Why does the age-specific rate of injury dramatically increase from page 75?

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Risk and Protective Factors


Outline the main risk and protective factors for CVD, cancer and injury below.

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CVD Risk Factors:

Below are some of the statistics on risk factors:


Smoking - Smoking is the single most important cause of ill health and death in Australia. In 2011/12, there were 2.8 million Australians aged 18 years and over who smoked daily (or 16.3%).

Obesity - Close to two in every three (63.3%) adult Australians are overweight or obese, with 28.3% obese and 35% overweight.5 The prevalence of overweight and obesity since 1995 has increased by 12%. Adult males were more likely to be overweight or obese than adult females.

Physical inactivity - In 2011/12, more than two in every three (66.9%) adult Australians were either sedentary or had low levels of exercise.

High cholesterol and high blood pressure - High cholesterol and high blood pressure are risk factors for heart disease. In 2011/12, just over 3.1 million adult Australians (21.5%) had measured high blood pressure. In 2011/12, 6.8% or 1.5 million Australians reported having high cholesterol levels.

(National Heart Foundation, 2013)

Activity 18: Take Home Activity

To learn more about the risk and protective factors for cancer, visithttp://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected-cancer/cancer-types

1. Click on cancer types2. Browse the risk factors by type: breast, lung and skin

Go to the Health Insite Website at:http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/Injuries_and_Injury_Prevention

1. Click on the various causes of injury to gain a better understanding of the risk and protective factors for injury

Read the AIHW report ‘Cardiovascular Disease: Australian Facts 2011’http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737418510

Summarise the key risk and protective factors outlined in this publication


http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737418510

http://www.healthinsite.gov.au/topics/Injuries_and_Injury_Prevention

http://canceraustralia.gov.au/affected-cancer/cancer-types


DeterminantsSlide 12

Referring to the power-point, outline the key determinants for Cancer, CVD and Injury.

Sociocultural Socioeconomic Environmental

Cancer

CVD

Injury

Activity 20: Mind-Map


Groups at RiskSlide 13

Referring to the power-point slide, complete the mind-map below to identify the groups at risk for Cancer, CVD and injury.


Groups at Risk

Cancer

CVDInjury

Take Home ActivitiesThe following take-home activities and questions can be done at home as part of your study in preparation for the HSC:

Activity 1:Read the article ‘Australian Cancer patients have highest survival rates in the world’.http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health-fitness/australian-cancer-patients-have-highest-survival-rate-in-world/story-fneuzlbd-1226593471571

Question 1:Explain why injury and diabetes have been identified as national health priority areas. 8 marks (HSC 08)

Question 2:Explain why cardiovascular disease has been identified as a major health priority area in Australia (Adapted from HSC 06)

Question 3:Explain why cancer was identified as a priority area to improve the health of Australians. (Adapted from HSC 03)

Websites and ResourcesAustralian Institute for Health and Welfarehttp://www.aihw.gov.au/national-health-priority-areas/

Life expectancyhttp://www.aihw.gov.au/life-expectancy/

Australia’s Health 2012http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737422172

Cancer Council NSWhttp://www.cancercouncil.com.au/

Heart Foundationhttp://www.heartfoundation.org.au/Pages/default.aspx

Australian Social Trends: June 2011 (ABS)http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Jun+2011


http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Jun+2011

http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/[email protected]/Lookup/4102.0Main+Features20Jun+2011

http://www.heartfoundation.org.au/Pages/default.aspx

http://www.cancercouncil.com.au/

http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737422172

http://www.aihw.gov.au/life-expectancy/

http://www.aihw.gov.au/national-health-priority-areas/

http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health-fitness/australian-cancer-patients-have-highest-survival-rate-in-world/story-fneuzlbd-1226593471571

http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health-fitness/australian-cancer-patients-have-highest-survival-rate-in-world/story-fneuzlbd-1226593471571

web viewword match. match the cvd terms below. cvd condition: also known as coronary heart disease....

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