Unit 6: A Time of Change: 1960’s and 1970’s

Assignments

Name: ____________________________

JFK and the Cold War

Kennedy’s Presidency was extremely eventful. Tensions between the USSR and the US were greatly impacted during his administration. Write an ACES paragraph responding to the following question:

How was the Cold War impacted by the Presidency of JFK?

Be sure you include in your response: 2 events that impacted the Cold War A clear response as to HOW the Cold War was impacted

Remember to follow this model…A-Answer the question by rephrasing the question in the form of an answer (Sentence #1)C-Cite your 1 piece of evidence (Sentence #2)E- Explain how your evidence impacted the Cold War Sentence #3)C- Cite another piece of evidence (Sentence #4)E- Explain how that evidence supports your argument (Sentence #5)S- Summarize your argument (Sentence #6)

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The Kennedy Years (1960-1963)

1. Who won the Election of 1960? Why did Kennedy win? What was the result?

“We annually spend on military security more than the net income of all United States corporations… This… immense military spending establishment… is new in the American experience. We recognize the need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications. Our toil, resources and livelihood are involved.”

- Dwight D. Eisenhower

“Our moral and physical strength begins at home… But it includes our military strength as well… We must arm to deter others from aggression. We have increased the previous defense budget… not in the expectation of war but for the preservation of peace.”

- John F. Kennedy

2. How does Eisenhower’s plan for containing communism differ from Kennedy’s?

3. Which plan may have prevented an attack on the US? Explain.

4. What was the Alliance for Progress?

5. What was the purpose of the Bay of Pigs invasion? What was the result?

6. What was the Cuban Missile Crisis? Who was the USSR leader that was blamed for the crisis? What was the result of the crisis?

7. What were some things Kennedy wanted to improve with his “New Frontier”?

8. What happened on November 22, 1963?

9. What was the Warren Commission? What was its conclusion about the assassination of JKF?

JFK News Report

In the space provided below, select an event that occurred during the Presidency of JFK and write a news report. Be sure you include a headline that catches the reader’s attention as well as the who, what, where, when, and why. Also, most news stories in the newspaper begin with a dateline and location which indicates the date of the event as well as where it happened.

Headline: __________________________________________________________________

Dateline:________________

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Was JFK a Successful President?

Although JFK’s Presidency was brief, he had many successes and failures during his tenure. Many historians debate on the effectiveness of his administration and whether he was a good president or not. Write a paragraph explaining if you feel JFK was a good President. Be sure to include at least 2 events and facts that support your answer.

And Remember…A: Answer the question by rephrasing the question in the form of an answer (Sentence #1)C: Cite your first piece of evidence (Sentence #2)E: Explain your evidence (Sentence #3)C: Cite your second piece of evidence (Sentence #4)E: Explain your evidence (Sentence #5)S: Summarize your overall argument (Sentence #6)

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The Presidency of LBJ

Name: ____________________________ Date: ____________ Period: ___________

“No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy that the earliest possible passage of the Civil Rights Bill for which he fought so long”

-LBJ, speech before a Joint Session of Congress, 1963

1. According to this quote, why did LBJ pass the Civil Rights bills?

2. What can we also conclude about what President Kennedy had wanted while he was president?

3. What program did Johnson introduce to combat poverty? How did he intend to do so?

4. What was Johnson’s plan to improve America as a whole known as? What did it aim to accomplish?

“The challenge of the next half century is whether we can have the wisdom to use the wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization… We have the opportunity to move not only toward the rich society and the powerful society, but upward of a Great Society.”

- President Johnson, University of Michigan, May 22, 1964

5. Why does he feel that US can strive for a “Great Society”

6. Name 2 programs that provided health care for the elderly and poor.

7. What was the significance of the Warren Court? Why was it so liberal? What were some court cases that were passed during its tenure?

JFK & LBJ Venn Diagram

The Vietnam War

Name: ______________________________ Date: ____________ Period: ____________

1. What country was originally in Vietnam before American involvement? What were they fighting against?

2. What kind of government controlled North Vietnam? What kind controlled South Vietnam?

3. Who led North Vietnam? Who was the leader of South Vietnam?

“You have now a row of dominos set up, you knock over the first one, and what will happen to the last one is the certainty that it will go over very quickly. So you could have a beginning of a disintegration that would have the most profound influences.”

-Dwight D. Eisenhower, 1954

4. According to this quote, what was the US afraid of in Vietnam?

5. Review: What doctrine wanted to contain the spread of communism?

6. What organization was created by the US to try to contain the spread of communism in Southeast Asia?

7. What group fought in favor of communism in South Vietnam?

8. How did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution impact the role of the President and American involvement in Vietnam?

9. Describe the American strategy of the Vietnam War. What chemical was used? Who led the military plan?

American Casualties in Vietnam War by Year

10. After looking at this chart, what was happening the longer the US was in Vietnam? What did the US do that might have contributed to this?

11. What do you think happened to morale and support for the war effort after seeing this chart?

12. Who were doves and hawks?

US officials promised increased bombing would bring America closer to victory.

13. Does the emotion on the person’s face in the cartoon suggest the plan is working? Explain.

14. Do you think the cartoonist was a dove or a hawk? Explain.

“We have been too often disappointed by the optimism of the American leaders, both in Vietnam and Washington, to have faith any longer in the silver linings they find in the darkest clouds… It seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience in Vietnam is to end in stalemate.”

-Walter Cronkite, 1968

“It was sending their sons and their brothers and their husbands to fight and to die in extraordinary high proportions relative to the rest of the population… We have been repeatedly faced with the cruel irony of watching negro and white boys on TV screens as they kill and die together for a nation that has been unable to seat them together in the same schools.”

-Martin Luther King Jr., 1967

15. After reading both quote, what do you think was happening to the public’s opinion of the Vietnam War?

16. How does Walter Cronkite think the war will end?

17. What injustice is MLK saying about the Vietnam War?

18. What was the Tet Offensive? How did it impact the Americans?

“If North Vietnam will stops its campaign to destroy the Republic of Vietnam, the measures we are taking to assist South Vietnam… will no longer be necessary… We see no necessity for international negotiations… We cannot think of any points that would be negotiable.”

-Dean Rusk, 1963

“No one can assure that we can beat the Vietcong… no matter how many troops we deploy. No forces of whatsoever size can win a guerilla war- which is at the same time a civil war… in jungle terrain in the midst of a population that refuses cooperation.”

George Ball, 1965

19. According to Rusk, when should the US end its participation in the war?

20. Why does Ball think that this is a war the US cannot win?

21. What were three events that contributed to Anti-war sentiment?

22. What was agreed at the Paris Peace Accords? What happened shortly after to South Vietnam?

23. How did the War Powers Act impact the role of the US President?

24. What is happening in this photo? How did this impact the Vietnam War?

The Vietcong were resupplied with weapons, food, and fighters, along the Ho Chi Minh Trail

25. Circle on the Map: Hanoi, Saigon, and The Ho Chi Minh Trail.

26. Through what countries did the Vietcong travel as they moved supplies from North Vietnam to South Vietnam?

Vietnam War Relationship Chart

Name: ___________________________________ Date: ___________ Period: _____________

For the following chart, define each term and then provide the relationship in the middle column. Use the definitions in your notes and you provide the relationship

Diem Bien Phu Domino Theory

Vietcong Ho Chi Minh

Operation Rolling Thunder Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Hawks Doves

Kent State Shooting Pentagon Papers

Tet Offensive “Vietnamization”/Paris Peace Accords

The Civil Rights Movement

Name:_______________________________ Date: ______________ Period: __________

1. What were two ways Jim Crow segregation was enforced in the North and the South?

2. What court decision desegregated all public schools in the United States?

3. Who were the Little Rock Nine?

“It is important that the reasons for my action be understood by all our citizens… A foundation of our American way of life is out national respect for the law… If resistance to the federal court order ceases at once, the further presence of federal troops will be unnecessary and the City of Little Rock will return to its normal habits of peace and order and a blot upon the fair name and high honor of our nation in the world will be removed.”

President Dwight D. Eisenhower, “Address on Little Rock”, 1957

4. According to Eisenhower, why should the American people obey the Brown vs. Board decision?

5. What will happen once resistance of the decision ceases?

“Does segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race… deprive the children of the minority group equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does.”

-Chief Justice Earl Warren

6. According to this quote, why did the Supreme Court decide to desegregate public schools for all?

7. What were some examples of African American protests during the Civil Rights Movement?

8. What strategy did Martin Luther King urge during the Civil Rights Movement?

9. Name two organizations that were created during the Civil rights Movement that fought for equality.

“We who are demonstrators are trying to raise what we call the ‘moral issue’. That is, we are pointing to the viciousness of racial segregation and prejudice and calling it evil or sin… We are also asserting, ‘get moving’. The pace of change is too slow. At this rate it will be another generation before the major forms of segregation disappear… Most of us will be grandparents before we can live normal human lives”.

- James Lawson, “From a Lunch Counter Stool”, 1960

“Perhaps it is easy for those who have never felt the stinging darts of segregation to say, ‘Wait’. But… when you suddenly find your tongue twisted and your speech stammering as you seek to explain to your 6 year old daughter why she can’t go to the public amusement park that has just been advertised on television, and see tears welling up in her eyes when she is told that Funtown is closed to colored children… Then you will understand why we find it difficult to wait.”

-Martin Luther King Jr., “Letters from a Birmingham Jail”, 1963

10. After reading these quotes, how do you think these quotes would impact the African American community?

11. According to these quotes, what was the attitude of the Civil Rights movement and African American community when it came to the amount of positive change that was happening?

12. What happened at the “March on Washington”?

13. What were three pieces of legislation passed by Congress in response to the Civil Rights Movement?

14. Who was Malcolm X?

15. What was the Black Panther Party? According to this picture, how do you think they differed from the intentions of Martin Luther King?

Counterculture ACES Paragraph

The 1960’s was a time that was consumed with change. The counterculture movement was brought upon by a generation gap between the older and younger generations. Young Americans challenged social norms such as gender roles and race through experimentation and artistic expression. Between the Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, violent and non-violent protest, and the Cold War, there was a lot to question. There is no question that the counterculture movement of the 1960’s would have a heavy impact on American society that still can be seen today. Please write an ACES paragraph describing the impact of the counterculture movement on American society. To put it simply, respond to one of the following question with an ACES paragraph:

How did the counterculture movement impact American culture and society?Which Counter Culture movement had the biggest impact on American society?Which Counter Culture movement would you have joined?

Your paragraph should include: The ACES Model A-Answer the question by rephrasing the question (Sentence #1) C-Cite your Evidence/Provide an example (Sentence #2) E- Explain your evidence (Sentence #3) C- Cite another piece of evidence (Sentence #4) E- Explain your evidence (Sentence #5) S- Summarize your argument (Sentence #6) Refer to at least 1 movement/person of the 1960’s counterculture movement that we

talked about in class

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Counterculture Poster

The 1960’s was a period of much change. Several key movements led by influential people paved the way for progress for different groups. Create a poster describing the movement, the person/people behind, and the impact of their contributions. Your poster should include the following:

Title of the movement People in the movement What they did to bring awareness of their movement Impact of their movement

The Presidency of Richard Nixon

Name:____________________________ Date:_____________ Period: ___________

1. Why was there so much unrest in 1968?

2. Who won the Election of 1968?

3. Describe Nixon’s foreign policy. How did it change America’s view of the Cold War?

4. What did Nixon accomplish in his visit to China?

5. What is a détente?

6. What did Nixon and Russia sign to cool down the Cold War? What did it do?

7. Describe Nixon’s domestic policy.

8. How did OPEC impact America’s access to gas?

9. What is being described in this picture that was happening to our economy during Nixon’s presidency?

10. What happened at Watergate? How did it get Nixon in trouble? What did he do as a result?

United States vs. Nixon (1974)The Facts The Issue The Decision

Congressional investigation revealed that President Nixon and his aides may have committed illegal acts

Taped Oval Office conversations between President Nixon and his aides were sought as evidence

President Nixon refused to surrender the tapes to the Department of Justice

President Nixon argued that executive privilege gave him the absolute right to withhold the tapes for the Department of Justice

The Supreme Court ruled that executive privilege has limits. They said that executive privilege could not protect the President from the Judicial process. Nixon must surrender the tapes to prosecutors.

11. What did Nixon try to do in reaction to the accusations of the Watergate scandal?

12. What was the evidence that got Nixon in trouble?

13. What was the decision of the Supreme Court?

“The lies, the lies, the lies!... What a pity, what a pity! Here was a president who got us out of Vietnam, ended the draft… and by his bold overtures to Red China opened new avenues toward world peace. Now good vanishes in the wreckage of the bad. The swearing-in of Gerald Ford can’t come one hour too soon.”

-James J. Kilpatrick, National Review, August 30, 1974

14. How does this person feel about President Nixon?

15. How do think the American opinion of Nixon changed during his presidency? Why?

The Ford and Carter Years

Name: _______________________________ Date: ____________ Period: ______________

1. What did Ford do for Nixon immediately after Nixon resigned because of the Watergate scandal? How did the public respond?

2. What was Ford’s foreign policy plan like in comparison to Nixon?

3. What were some things Ford did while President that contributed to the US’s détente with the USSR?

4. How did Ford try to fix the economy? Did it work?

5. What was Carter’s foreign policy focused on?

6. How did Carter respond after USSR invaded Afghanistan?

7. What were the Camp David Accords?

8. What was the Iran Hostage Crisis? How did it impact the Presidency of Jimmy Carter?

9. Do you think the author of this cartoon supported or opposed President Ford? Why?

10. How is this cartoon criticizing President Carter?

11. Why will the mechanic have parts in November? (Hint: It happens every four years in November

“For too many years, we’ve been willing to adopt the flawed and erroneous principles and tactics of our adversaries, sometimes abandoning our own values for theirs. We’ve fought fire with fire, never thinking that fire is better quenched with water… I believe that it is a mistake to undervalue the power of words and of the ideas that words embody.”

-Jimmy Carter

12. According to this quote, how do you think Carter wants to change US foreign policy?