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Name: Date:

Biology 11: Domain Eukarya, Kingdom Fungi

Purpose: To investigate the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi and their place in the development of complexity.

Text: 355-361* This is essential reading.

1. Study the diagram below, which shows the timing of some major events in the history of life:

a) According to the diagram above, are Fungi most closely related to Animals or Plants?

b) Approximately how long ago did the branch of the phylogenetic tree that gave rise to Fungi evolve?

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Biology 11: Kingdom Fungi

2. Are fungi mainly unicellular of multicellular? ____________________

Name one exception. ____________

Although we may think of them as plants they are heterotrophs and this means that they

_________________________________________. Fungi are different from Animals as they secrete

______________________ that break down food outside of their bodies. Fungi can then

______________________ the nutrient molecules. Most are saprotrophic decomposers that break down

_________________________________________________.

Present Classifications of Fungi

There are over 100,000 known species of

fungi, but scientists predict that there

could be as many as 1.5 million!

Fungi are classified based on sexual

reproduction structures and molecular

evidence.

a) Chytrids have flagellated spores and

live in fresh water and soil. They are

thought to be the earliest fungi lineage.

b) Zygomycetes have protective

zygosporangia around their spores.

Bread mold is an example.

c) Glomeromyctes are important

symbiotic partners with plants, delivering phosphate and other minerals in exchange for organic nutrients.

d) Ascomycetes are characterized by sac-like asci that produce spores. They can range from unicellular

yeasts to elaborate morels and include plant pathogens.

e) Basidiomycetes have club-shaped spore producing structures called basidia. They are important

decomposers of wood, but can also include plant pathogens.

Watch the link to see killer fungi! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuKjBIBBAL8


3. If you were to dissect a fungus you would find it is made up of filaments

called hyphae and mycelia. What is the difference between a hypha and a

mycelium?

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4. Describe the difference between the fruiting body and the vegetative body.

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Fungi Explorations

a) Basidomycetes Examination

-Instructions: 1. Obtain a mushroom. This is one type

of Basidomycete fruiting body

2. Draw a diagram to illustrate the macroscopic structure of the mushroom. (1 Mark)

3. Remove the cap and examine the gills under the dissecting microscope. Do you see

any spores? (1 Mark) _________

4. Use high magnification on light microscope to observe the gills and basidia (club-

shaped, spore-bearing structures on the gills) in a prepared slide. Draw and label your

observations. (1 Mark)

Magnification Power: ______________(1 Mark)

Other Observations:


b) Ascomycete Examination page 357 fig 17.16D and charts in lab.

1. Name and briefly describe 2 multicellular ascomycetes. (1 Mark)

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Examine the prepared slides of the spore containing asci under the light

microscope. Label: Ascus and Ascospores (1 Mark)

Magnification Power: _____________ (1 Mark)

Other Observations:

2. Yeast

Examine the yeast sample through a light microscope and draw what you

observe. (1 Mark)

Magnification Power: _____________ (1 Mark)

Other Observations:

How is yeast different to other forms of ascomycetes? (1 Mark)

_________________________

-How is Yeast different in its dormant and live (or reproducing) stage? (2 Marks)

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AscusAscospore

-What is the scientific name for yeast? (1 Mark) ______________________________________________

3. Ascomycete Mutalistic Relationship with Algae (Text 361)

-Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a ________________ and a blue green algae ( ________).

(1 Mark)

-Label all parts of a lichen in

one of the diagrams right. (1

Mark)

-What does the Fungi provide in this relationship? And the Algae? (2 Marks)

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Examine the various lichens in the lab and comment on their macroscopic structure. (1 Mark)

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_4. Zygomycete Examination

a) Bread mold is a common zygomycete found in everyday life.

-What is the scientific name for Bread Mold? (1 Mark) ________________________________________


1. Examine the Bread Mold prepared slide underneath a light

microscope.

2. Draw what you observe. Label one sporangium and one

sporangiophore. (1 Mark)

Magnification Power: _________________ (1 Mark)

Other Observations:

b) Penicillium (Text 360)

-Examine the cheese on display and read the following:

-Blue Cheese is cow, sheep or goat milk cheeses that have had Penicillium cultures added to them. This

produces an end product that is spotted or veined with blue, blue-gray or blue-green mold and which has a

distinctive smell. Some blue cheeses are injected with spores before the curds form and others have

spores mixed in with the curds after they form. Blue cheeses are typically aged in a temperature

controlled environment, such as a cave.

What is the medical significance of Penicillium? (1 Mark) _____________________________________________________________________________________

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Fungal Mutualistic Relationship with Plants (Text 360)

-The mutually beneficial relationship between Fungi and Plants is called __________________. (1 Mark)

a) The picture shows a myccorrhizal fungal relationship with a plant.

What does the Fungi provide in this relationship? And the Plant? (2 Marks)

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Label the endomyccorrhizae and plant root cells in the diagram below. Indicate with labelled arrows the

flow of minerals and water between the two cells. (2 Marks)

b) In what other way are fungi essential to the

survival of plants? (1 Mark)

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Parasitic Fungi Relationships (Text 359)

-Name and describe two Fungi that parasitize plants and two that parasitize humans. (2 Marks)

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Predatory Fungi- View videos of specialized hyphae trapping Nematodes from:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8Y8i5DDsHs&feature

“World’s first video on soil nematode trapped Arthobotrys mycoadhesive”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8PlLHkddpA&feature

“Nematode lassoed by a fungus.”

-Describe how the Fungi would “eat” their prey after having captured them. (3 Marks)

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h8PlLHkddpA&feature

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v8Y8i5DDsHs&feature

Fungi Mutalistic Relationships with Leafcutter Ants

-Watch the http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOV0E5FaKoQ “Ancient Farmers of the Amazon” and

briefly record what you learn from this video about the roles of the following oragnisms in the food chain

discussed: (3 Marks)

a) Ants: ______________________________________________________________________________

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b) Fungi: _____________________________________________________________________________

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c) Bacteria: ___________________________________________________________________________

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dOV0E5FaKoQ

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