Sentence

Reported SpeechRelative ClausesSimple Sentence

Compound Sentence Complex Sentence

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative Clauses

A relative clause is a special kind of subordinate clause whose primary function is as modifier to a noun or nominal .

Relative Clauses

The secretary wrote to [all the members who were absent from the meeting].

[The film which I needed] is unobtainable.

as modifiers of nouns

Relative Clauses who, which and that go after the noun and at

the beginning of the relative clause. Who refers to people.

Nick is the man who owns that enormous dog. I don't like people who tell jokes all the time. The little girl who sat next to me on the coach ate

sweets the whole way. Sarah is pretty annoyed with the person who stole her

mobile phone. We can also use that, but it is less usual.

Jake is the man that plays the guitar. The woman that lived here before us is a romantic

novelist.

Who, which, that

Relative Clauses

That and which refer to things. That is more usual than which, especially in conversation. The car that won the race looked very futuristic, didn't it? They've recaptured all the animals that escaped from the zoo. The children saw the actual spacecraft that landed on the moon.

Which can be a little formal. There are several restaurants which do Sunday lunches. Is Zedco the company which was taken over last year?

We do not use another pronoun like he or it with the relative pronoun.

NOT the-man who he owns-that-enormous-dog NOT the-actual spacecraft that it landed on the moon

Speaker tags, interrupted

Relative Clauses

A relative pronoun such as who or that can be the subject of a relative clause. Harriet talked to a couple who were staying at the camp-site.

(They were staying at the camp-site.) The postcard that came this morning was from Harriet. (It came

this morning.) A relative pronoun can also be the object of a relative

clause. Mike and Harriet are visiting a woman who they met on holiday.

(They met her on holiday.) The old castle that we visited was really interesting. (We visited

it.) We do not use another pronoun like her or it with the

relative pronoun. NOT a woman who they met her NOT -the old castle that we visited it

Subject vs. object

Relative Clauses

We can leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of the relative clause. We do this especially in spoken English.

WITH OBJECT PRONOUN The man who Vicky saw at the concert is Sarah's boss. That's an old castle that we visited.

WITHOUT OBJECT PRONOUN The man Vicky saw at the concert is Sarah's boss. That's an old castle we visited

Leaving out the relative pronoun

Relative Clauses

A relative pronoun (e.g. that) can be the object of a preposition (e.g. for). This is the bus that I've been waiting for.

I've been waiting for the bus. The restaurant that we normally go to is closed

today. We normally go to the

restaurant.

Preposition

Relative Clauses

In informal spoken English we normally put the preposition at the end of the relative clause.

STATEMENT RELATIVE CLAUSE I've been waiting for the bus the bus that I've

been waiting for We go to the restaurant the restaurant that we

go to

Preposition

Relative Clauses

We often leave out the relative pronoun when it is the object of a preposition.

WITH OBJECT PRONOUN WITHOUT OBJECT PRONOUN The bus that I'm waiting for is late. The bus I'm waiting

for is late. Is this the article which you were interested in? Is this

the article you were interested in? That's the man who I was talking about. That's the man

I was talking about.

Leaving out pronouns

We use the relative pronoun what without a noun in front of it. The shop didn't have what I wanted. (= the thing that I wanted) What we saw gave us quite a shock. (= the thing that we saw)

We can also use what to give emphasis to a word or phrase, to make it more important.

NEUTRAL EMPHATIC Rachel's stereo kept me awake. What kept me awake was

Rachel's stereo. Vicky is looking for a job in television What Vicky is looking for is a

job in television. I want to make a fresh start What I want to do is make a fresh start. They booked a holiday together What they did was book a holiday

together.

Relative Clauses What

The relative adverbs where, when and why This is the place where the accident happened. Do you remember the day when we moved the piano upstairs? The reason why Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.

We can leave out when or why, or we can use that. Do you remember the day (that) we moved the piano upstairs? The reason (that) Nick came was that he wanted to see Rita.

There are also adding clauses with where and when. We went to the Riverside Restaurant, where I once had lunch with

Henry. Mark likes to travel at night, when the roads are quiet

Relative Clauses Relative pronouns vs.

relative adverbs

In an adding clause, we can use which relating to a whole sentence, not just to a noun. It rained all night, which was good for the garden.

Here which means 'the fact that it rained all night'.

Here are some more examples. David helped me clear up, which was very kind of him. Sarah had to work late again, which annoyed Mark. Tom pushed Nick into the swimming-pool, which seemed to

amuse everyone.

Relative Clauses A special use of which

These examples are typical of formal English. The preposition comes at the beginning of the relative clause, before which or whom.

Was that the restaurant to which you normally go? Electronics is a subject about which I know very little. The Sales Manager is the person from whom I obtained the figures. Here

We cannot put a preposition before that or who. a subject (that) I know little about NOT a subject about that I know little the person (who) I got the figures from NOT the person from who I got the figures

Relative Clauses A preposition at the beginning

REPORTED SPEECH

Reported Speech Changes in Reported Speech

Reported Speech Tense Changes

After a past-tense verb (e.g. said), there is often a tense change. 'It really is cold today.' Vicky said it was cold.

If the statement is still up to date when we report it, then we have a choice. We can either leave the tense the same, or we can change it. You said you like/liked chocolate. Claire told me her father owns/owned a racehorse. Sarah said she's going/she was going to Rome in April.

(We can say that Sarah is going to Rome because it is still true that she will go there. )

If the statement is no longer up to date, then we change the tense. Claire once told me that her father owned a racehorse. (He

may no longer own one.) Sarah said she was going to Rome in April. (Now it is May.)

Now Sarah's trip is over, so it is no longer true that she is going to Rome.

We usually change the tense if we think the statement is untrue or may be untrue. You said you liked chocolate, but you aren't eating any. The Prime Minister claimed that the government had made

the right decision.

Reported Speech Tense Changes

We can report questions with verbs like ask, wonder or want to know. Look first at these wh-questions.

DIRECT QUESTION REPORTED QUESTION 'When did you start acting, Melissa?' Guy asked Melissa when she

started acting. 'What's the time?' I just asked what the time is. 'Which way is the post office?‘ Someone wants to know which way

the post office is. How can we find out?' I was wondering how we can find out. 'Where can we eat?' They're asking where they can eat.

Wh-questions have a wh-word like when, what, which or how both in direct speech and in reported speech.

Reported Speech Reported Question: WH

DIRECT QUESTION REPORTED QUESTION

'Has the taxi arrived yet?' ~ 'No, not yet' Someone was wondering if/whether the taxi has arrived yet.

'Can we take photos?' ~ 'Yes, of course.' The visitors want to know if/whether they can take photos.

'Is there a cafe nearby?' ~ 'No.' Daniel asked if/whether there was a cafe nearby.

Reported yes/no questions have if or whether.

Reported Speech Yes/ No questions

We can use the structure tell/ask someone to do something.

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH 'Please move this car.' A policeman told me to move the

car. 'You really must be careful! Melanie is always telling David

to be careful. 'Would you mind turning the music down?' We asked our

neighbors to turn the music down. The negative is tell/ask someone not to do

something. 'You mustn't leave the door unlocked! Mr Atkins told Mark

not to leave the door unlocked. 'Please don't wear those boots in the house.' I asked you not

to wear those boots in the house.

Reported Speech Reported orders and requests

We can also use the structure ask to do something. ‘Can I see your ticket, please?' The inspector asked to see

my ticket.

We use ask for when someone asks to have something. 'Can I have some brochures, please?' I asked (the travel

agent) for some brochures.

It is also possible to report an order or request like this. A policeman told me (that) I had to move the car. We asked our neighbors if they would mind turning the music

down.

Reported Speech Reported orders and requests

We can use agree, offer, promise, refuse and threaten with a to-infinitive.

DIRECT SPEECH REPORTED SPEECH 'I'll definitely finish it by the end of next week!’ You promised to

finish the work by the end of this week. 'We'll pay for the damage!’ We offered to pay for the damage.

We can also use an object + to-infinitive after advise, invite, remind and warn. ‘I think you should take a taxi!’ Mark advised us to take a taxi. 'Don't forget to ring me! I reminded David to ring me.

We can use an ing-form after admit, apologize for, insist on and suggest. ‘I really must have a rest!’ Emma insisted on having a rest. 'Shall we go to a nightclub?' Claire suggested going to a

nightclub.

Reported Speech Reported offers, suggestions, etc

We can use a clause with that after admit, advise, agree, insist, promise, remind, suggest and warn. Trevor admitted (that) he had forgotten the shopping. Claire insisted (that) we all went round to her flat for coffee. You promised (that) you would finish the work by the end of

this week. I warned you (that) Nick's dog is very fierce

Reported Speech Admit that, insist that, etc

Let’s practice

Read the information and complete the dialogues with reported speech

Let’s practice

Possible answer:

Let’s practice

Read the information and complete the dialogues with reported speech

Let’s practice

Possible answer:

TYPES OF SENTENCES

Simple sentence

SVA Mary is in the house. SVC Mary is kind. SVO Somebody caught the ball. SVOA I put the vase on the table. SVOC She has proved it wrong. SVOO Mom buys me a new bike. SV The lady smiled.

Let’s practice

handout: Sentence structure

Compound Sentence

Simple sentence Simple Sentence

, for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

;

conjunctive adverb

Compound Sentence Conjunctive adverbs

Compound Sentence Conjunctive adverbs

Compound Sentence Conjunctive adverbs

Complex Sentence

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

In a complex sentence, one idea is generally more important than the other one.

Three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.

Complex Sentence

Complex Sentence

Complex Sentence

Let’s practice

handout: Complex sentence

Compound - Complex Sentence

A compound-complex sentence is a combination of two or more independent clauses and one (or more) dependent clause(s). I wanted to travel after I graduated from college;

however, I had to go to work immediately. After I graduated from college, I wanted to travel, but I

had to go to work immediately. I wanted to travel after I graduated from college, but I

had to go to work immediately because I had to support my family.

I couldn’t decide where I should work or what I should do, so I did nothing.

Let’s practice

handout: Compound-complex sentence

Homework

Activities and Practice exercises of units 14 and 31 (Dean’s English Grammar Lessons)