week 15a – project management (chapter 3) characteristics, tools, pert/cpm, critical path, slack...
TRANSCRIPT
WEEK 15A – PROJECT MANAGEMENT (CHAPTER 3) Characteristics, tools, Pert/CPM, critical path, slack calculation,
crashing
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Project Characteristics
• Definite beginning• Definite end• Long duration (often months or years)• Very low product quantity • Very high variety of tasks• Multiple tasks often being performed concurrently
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Project Management Tools
• Work Breakdown Structure• Network diagramming
• CPM (Catalytic Construction & Dupont 1957)• PERT (Booz Allen & Hamilton and U.S. Navy 1958)• PERT/CPM combined over time
• Gantt Charts (Henry Gantt early 1900s)
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Planning Complex Projects - Work Breakdown Structure
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Project XProject X
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Level 4
Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Diagram (PERT Chart)
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B
12
E
3
C
6
D
5
A
15 I
7
J
14
H
9
F
8
End
Start
K
6
G
8
Planning Simple Projects - Gantt Chart
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MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Locate new facilities
Interview staff
Hire and train staff
Select and order furniture
Remodel and install phones
Move in/startup
Facility Move
Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson (Mod. 11/11/02 DAB)
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PERT/CPM Conventions
• One starting point• One ending point• No looping back• Activities and events
• Activity on arrows vs. activity on nodes
• “Dummy” activity used to preserve integrity• Zero time and zero resources
• All activities entering a node must be complete before starting the next activity
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Activity-on-arrow Pert chart
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1
2
3
4
5 6
Locatefacilities
Orderfurniture
Furnituresetup
InterviewHire andtrain
Remodel
Move in
Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson (Mod. 11/11/02 DAB)
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Activity-on-node Pert chart
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1
2
3
5
6
Locatefacilities
Orderfurniture
Furnituresetup
Interview
RemodelMove in
4
Hire andtrain
7S
Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson (Mod. 11/11/02 DAB)
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Network Conventions
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a
b
c ab
c
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
Dummyactivity
Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
PERT/CPM Steps - 1
• Develop the work breakdown structure• Identify all tasks from the WBS; identify resources• Sequence tasks, determining dependency• Estimate time duration of each task
• Single estimate vs. three estimates (O,P,M)
• Create the network (PERT) diagram
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PERT/CPM Steps – 2a
• Identify critical path (see next slide)• Determine ES, EF, LS, LF dates• Calculate slack
• LS – ES or• LF – EF
(Let’ define “critical
path” first)
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Critical Path
• Longest duration path in project• Determines the length of the overall project• Slippage on critical path will delay project completion• Focus on shortening the critical path to shorten the project• “Crashing” may result in creation of new critical path
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Calculate path lengths and Determine critical path
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B
12
E
3
C
6
D
5
A
15 I
7
J
14
H
9
F
8
End
Start
K
6
G
8
Path Lengths (+ critical path)
Path Length
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PERT/CPM Steps – 2b
• After we identify the critical path…• Determine ES, EF, LS, LF dates• Calculate slack
• LS – ES or• LF – EF
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Calculate ES, LS, EF, LF and Determine slack
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B
12
E
3
C
6
D
5
A
15 I
7
J
14
H
9
F
8
End
Start
K
6
G
8
ES, LS, EF, LF, and Slack - 1
Activity
ES EF LS LF Slack
F
H
J
K
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ES, LS, EF, LF, and Slack - 2Activity
ES EF LS LF Slack
A
B
C
E
D
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ES, LS, EF, LF, and Slack - 3
Activity
ES EF LS LF Slack
G
I
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Crashing
• The compression of one or more tasks on the critical path
• Why crash?• Avoid penalties• Earn incentives
• Cost-benefit trade-off analysis• How crash?
• Additional resources• Overtime• Alternative processes
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Controlling the Project
• PERT/CPM charts little use for control• Gantt charts widely used• Project cost reporting also useful• Tools
• Microsoft Project• Microsoft Project Server
• Others• Microsoft Visio
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Controlling the Schedule - Gantt Chart
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MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Locate new facilities
Interview staff
Hire and train staff
Select and order furniture
Remodel and install phones
Move in/startup
Facility Move
Operations Management, Seventh Edition, by William J. Stevenson (Mod. 11/11/02 DAB)
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
What are the characteristics and qualities of a good project manager?
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Characteristics/Qualities of a Good Project Manager
• Planning• Organizing• Delegating• Communicating
• Oral• Written
• _____________• _____________
• Using people skills• Customers/users• Team members
• Analytical• Time sensitive
• Milestones• Deadlines
• ______________
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