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LINGUISTICS 183 WEEK 2

1 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Singular Plural

animal limb ɣɑm ɣɑmɖuʔhand ɣopʰ ɣopʰɖuʔman loɖ loɖpʰuʔback ɖub ɖubɖuʔ

mother ʂoʂ ʂoʂpʰuʔrunner qʰɛtʰwɪʔ qʰɛtʰwɪʔpʰuʔ

Klingon by Marc Okrand

2 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY

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NOUNS

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CVCCCVCVCVC

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sunpersonbone

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man/womantree

blood

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Morphology: Interrelationships between

words that result in grammatical, rather than

lexical, meaning.

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cat ~ cats

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goose ~ geese

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Russian/kniɡa~kniɡ/

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Spanish[ˈa.βlɔ] “I speak”

[a.ˈβlɔ] “s/he spoke”

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a man ~ the manmen ~ the men

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Frenchun garçon ~ le garçon

des garçons ~ les garçons

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The boy eats.The boy is eating.

The boy hears.??The boy is hearing.

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Affix: A bit of phonological material that attaches to a

word.

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*lix “body”*knixt + lix “in the body of a

knight”*knixtlix “like a knight”

knightly

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cat~catsdog~dogs

bush~bushes

Suffixes

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GermanBuch~BücherReit~Reiter

Suffixes

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Finnishtalo~talossa

Skotlanti~SkotlannissaHelsinki~Helsingissä

Suffixes

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udʒi~lǝdʒiðamala~jamala

ŋini~ɲini

Prefixes

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elongate

Circumfixes

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Georgiandidi “large”

sidide “size”

Circumfixes

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bilíbinilí

bumilí

Infixes

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alísinalís

umalís

Infixes

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/in + bilí/(1) inbilí (4)ibnilí(2) ibilí (5) nibilí(3) inibilí (6) binilí

Infixes

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subject~subject

Suprafixes

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Hausasáɽ.kíː nèːjáː.ɽòː néː

Suprafixes

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singsangsung

Suprafixes

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katabtukatabatkutubkitaab

Suprafixes

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Suffixes: Common for inflection, derivation, or

anything.

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Prefixes: Less common for inflection, common for

derivation.

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Circumfixes: Rare, about 50/50 inflection vs.

derivation.

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Infixes: Vanishingly rare. Arise from prefixes, suffixes,

or analogy. Inflection common; agrammatical

usage common.

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Suprafixes: Quite common—especially in conjunction with another affix. Inflection

or derivation.

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Reduplication: The repetition of part or all of a word.

36 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Hawaiian‘au = swim

‘au‘au = bathe

Reduplication

37 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Turkishkitap = book

kitapmitap = books and stuff

Reduplication

38 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Japanesetoki = time

tokidoki = sometimes

Reduplication

39 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

“Do you like him, or do you like like him?”

Reduplication

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hanky-pankyloosey-goosey

topsy-turvyharakiri > /hɛɹikɛɹi/

Reduplication

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Attic Greeklu- > lɛlu-

pɛmp- > pɛpɛmp-kriː- > kɛkri-

Reduplication

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Every language uses reduplication. Many use it

grammatically. Can arise ex nihilo.

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Often associated with: diminutives, augmentatives,

pluralization, collectives, duratives, definiteness,

perfect.

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EVOLVING AFFIXES

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🐢

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🦎

🐚47 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

🦎🐚

48 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

🐚🦎

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N-MODMOD-N

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*lix “body”*knixt + lix “in the body of a

knight”*knixtlix “like a knight”

knightly

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knight’s bodyMOD-N

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MiddletonPittsburghAnaheimPeterson

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Generally the head becomes the affix.

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Middleton > Middle town

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Generally affixes reduce phonologically further than the rest of the language.

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NUMBER

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Nominal Number: How many of a thing there is.

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Count vs. Mass

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Count number: Individuable units referred to separately

by the grammar.

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Mass number: Inindividuable masses referred to as a

clump.

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tree vs. grass

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I’ve a tree on my estate.That’s the tree there.

Do you have any trees?These are the trees I mean.

All three trees.

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*I’ve a grass on my estate.@That’s the grass there.

?Do you have any grasses??These are the grasses I

mean.?*All three grasses.

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my hair ~ ?my hairsmein Haar ~ meine Haare

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SingularDualTrial

Plural

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Singular: UbiquitousDual: Not UncommonTrial: Vanishingly RarePlural: Crazy Common

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Tetral: Turned out that guy was wrong.

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PaucalCollective

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Paucal: UncommonCollective: Somewhat

Common

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SingulativeCommon

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Singulative: UncommonCommon: Uncommon

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Singulativeadar “birds” ~ aderyn “bird”

coed “forest” ~ coeden “tree”plant “children” ~ plentyn

“child”

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No Number

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No Number: Not Uncommon

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EVOLVING NUMBER

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PluralThree

Many/MuchPile/Heap

BunchReduplication

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𓊹 𓄤

𓊹𓊹𓊹𓄤𓄤𓄤

78 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

𓏇𓇋𓅱𓃠

79 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

𓏇𓇋𓅱𓃠𓏪

80 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Singulative

OneDiminutive (Child, Small,

Small Object, etc.)

81 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Paucal

Hand, Palm, HandfulArm

Gather

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Collective

GatherGroup

Classifier

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Dual/Trial

TwoThree

84 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Articles

Affixes that didn’t make it.

85 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Articles

le ~ lesla ~ las

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Articles

*ille ~ *illos*illa ~ *illas

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Articles

Indefiniteone

person/individual

88 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

ArticlesDefinitethis/that

here/thereshe, he, it

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MODIFIERS

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Noun-Like ModifiersVerb-Like Modifiers

91 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

the red catthe big catthe soft cat

92 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

The RedsThe Blues

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Red is a good color.Blue is a good color.

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?Give me the big.Give me the big one.

95 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

After rotating, the Spurs send their two bigs at Curry, and he just blows right by them.

96 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

red ≈ rednessbig ≠ bigness

97 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

red ~ redder ~ reddestbig ~ bigger ~ biggest

98 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

incredible ~ *incredibler ~ *incrediblest

99 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

“We all know we are the 4th winningest franchise in NBA

history.”

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*?#@The Suns are a (more?) winninger franchise

than the Jazz.

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pak🦀

102 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

kum🐋🌲🦍🌪⛰*

103 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

kum pak🦀

104 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

a man a big one

105 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

a big one man

106 ling183_week2.key - May 30, 2017

Head-ModMod-Head

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Head-ModSuffixes

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Mod-HeadPrefixes

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Demonstratives: Specify location, definiteness, or

nearness of a noun.

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Usually primitives.

Demonstratives

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Usually “close to me” and “not close to me”, or “close to me”, “close to you”, or “close

to neither”.

Demonstratives

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Proximal/Medial/DistalVisible/Invisible

Base/Side/Summit

Demonstratives

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Noun-Like DemonstrativesTake Case

Can Stand Alone

Demonstratives

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Particle-Like DemonstrativesDon’t Take Case

Can’t Stand Alone

Demonstratives

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(1) Create Nouns(2) Find a Noun Case

Grammar

Tonight

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