week 2- ch. 1- introduction

7/18/2019 Week 2- Ch. 1- Introduction

1/24

Copyright 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 1Introduction to Nursing


2/24

Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer !ll "ights "eser#e$

Historical Perspective/Early Civilizationsto the 16thCentury

Theory of animism

Based on the belief that nature was alive, hadinvisible forces, and possessed power

Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought

sickness and death.

oles of nurse and physician separate and distinct!physician as medicine man; nurse as caring mother.

"ncient Greek civili#ation

Temples became center of medical care.

$urses cared for the sick in the home andcommunity; practiced as nurse%midwives.


3/24


Historical Perspective/Early Civilizationsto the 16thCentury (cont.)

&arly 'hristian period

$ursing has formal and more clearly defined role;deaconesses made visits to the sick.

$ursing developed purpose, direction, andleadership.

()thcentury

*hift from a religious orientation to an emphasis onwarfare, e+ploration, and e+pansion of knowledge

$ursing had a poor reputation; nurses received lowpay and worked long hours in unfavorable conditions.


4/24


Historical Perspective/1th!1"th Century

*ocial reforms changed the roles of nurses and of womenin general.

$ursing as we now know it began, based on many of thebeliefs of lorence $ightingale.

-rgani#ed nursing care for soldiers during the'rimean war of (/0%(/)

$ightingale challenged pre1udices against women andelevated the status of all nurses.

*he established the first training school for nurses,and wrote books about health care and nursingeducation.

2dentified the importance of health, sanitation,hygiene, and nutrition


5/24


Contri#utions o$ %lorence Nightingale

2dentified personal needs of patient and role of nurse inmeeting them

&stablished standards for hospital management

&stablished nursing as a respected occupation for women

&stablished nursing education

ecogni#ed the two components of nursing! health and illness

Believed that nursing is separate and distinct from medicine

ecogni#ed that nutrition is important to health

2nstituted occupational and recreational therapy for sick people

*tressed the need for continuing education for nurses

3aintained accurate records, recogni#ed as the beginnings ofnursing research


6/24


Historical Perspective/1"thto &1stCentury

4ospital schools organi#ed to provide more easilycontrolled and less e+pensive staff for the hospital.

emale nurses were under the control of male hospitaladministrators and physicians.

5orld 5ar 22 6arge numbers of women worked outside the home

and became more independent and assertive.

&+plosion in medicine and technology broadened the

role of nurses. Growth of nursing as a professional discipline

$ursing schools began to focus on academics, not1ust task oriented


7/24Copyright 2015 Wolters Kluwer !ll "ights "eser#e$

Historical Perspective/1"'s to Present

$ursing broadened in all areas

7ractice in a wide variety of health care settings

The development of a specific body of knowledge

The conduct and publication of nursing research

ecognition of the role of nursing in promoting health

Growth of nursing as a professional discipline



e$initions o$ Nursing

-riginated from the 6atin word nutrix8to nourish9

2nternational 'ounsel for $urses definition!

7romotion of health, prevention of illness, collaborativecare

"merican $urses "ssociation 8"$"9 definition:*ocialpolicy statement centers on!

4uman e+periences and responses

" knowledge base for nurses

2ntegration of ob1ective and sub1ective data

7atient is central focus of all definitions

2ncludes physical, emotional, social, and spiritual

dimensions of the patient



%our *lended Co+petencies

'ognitive

tili#ing scientific rationales to provide patient care

Technical

&mploy technology to optimi#e care 2nterpersonal

To initiate and maintain relationships with clients andprofessional colleagues

&thical



Nursing,s -i+s

7romote health

7revent illness

estore health

acilitate coping with disability or death



Nursing,s -i+ Pro+oting Health

2dentifying, analy#ing,and ma+imi#ing eachpatient=s individualstrengths as componentsof preventing illness,restoring health, andfacilitating coping withdisability or death

actors which may affecthealth include!

Genetic inheritance

'ognitive abilities

&ducational level

ace and ethnicity;culture

"ge and gender

>evelopmental level

6ifestyle; environment

*ocioeconomic status



Healthy People && Health Pro+otionuidelines

4ealthy 7eople ?@?@ pertains to Ahealth literacy and alsocontains (? Ahealth indicators used to gauge the nation=shealth

"ttain high%Cuality, longer lives free of preventabledisease, disability, in1ury, and premature death.

"chieve health eCuity, eliminate disparities, and improvethe health of all groups.

'reate social and physical environments that promotegood health for all.

7romote Cuality of life, healthy development, and healthybehaviors across all life stages.



Nursing,s -i+ Preventing Illness

&ducational programs in areas such as prenatal care forpregnant women, smoking%cessation programs, andstress%reduction seminars

'ommunity programs and resources encouraging healthylifestyles

6iterature, TD, radio, or 2nternet information on healthydiet, e+ercise, and good health habits

4ealth assessments in institutions, clinics, andcommunity settings that identify areas of strength andrisks for illness



Nursing,s -i+ 0estoring Health

7erforming assessments that detect an illness

eferring Cuestions and abnormal findings to other healthcare providers, as appropriate

7roviding direct care to the person who is ill

'ollaborating with other health care providers inproviding care

7lanning, teaching, and carrying out rehabilitation for

illnesses such as heart attacks, arthritis, and strokes

5orking in mental health and chemical%dependencyprograms



Nursing,s -i+ %acilitating Coping ithisa#ility and eath

3a+imi#ing person=s strengths and potentials

7atient teaching

eferral to community support systems

7roviding end%of%care

4ospice programs



Interrelated 0oles o$ Nurses

'ommunicator

Teacher

'ounselor

6eader

esearcher

"dvocate

'ollaborator



Nursing as a Pro$essional iscipline

5ell%defined body of specific and uniCue knowledge

*trong service orientation

ecogni#ed authority by a professional group

'ode of ethics

7rofessional organi#ation that sets standards

-ngoing research

"utonomy and self%regulation



Educational Preparation $or NursingPractice

7ractical and vocational nursing education

egistered nursing education

>iploma in nursing

"ssociate degree in nursing Baccalaureate in nursing

Graduate education in nursing

3aster=s degree

>octoral degree

'ontinuing education

2n%service education



uidelines $or Nursing Practice

*tandards of $ursing 7ractice

"$" *cope and standards of practice

'omprised of two components!

*tandards of practice

*tandards of professional performance

$urse 7ractice "cts and 6icensure

$ursing 7rocess



Nurse Practice -cts

>efine legal scope of nursing practice

'reate a state board of nursing to make and enforcerules and regulations

>efine important terms and activities in nursing,including legal reCuirements and titles for $s and 67$s

&stablish criteria for the education and licensure ofnurses


21/24


2he Nursing Process

-ne of the ma1or guidelines for nursing practice

4elps nurses implement their roles

2ntegrates art and science of nursing

"llows nurses to use critical thinking and clinicalreasoning

>efines the areas of care that are within the domain ofnursing


22/24


N3N 2en 2rends to atch %or NursingEducation

(. 'hanging demographics and increasing diversity

?. The technological e+plosion

0. The era of the educated consumer, alternative therapies,and genomic and palliative care

E. The shift to population%based care and the increasingcomple+ity of patient care

/. The cost of health care and the challenge of managedcare

). The impact of health policy and regulation


23/24


N3N 2en 2rends to atch %or NursingEducation (cont.)

F. The growing need for interdisciplinary education andcollaborative practice

. The current nursing shortage


24/24

National 4upply and e+and Pro5ections$or 0egistered Nurses & to &&

week 2- ch. 1- introduction

Documents