week 3 introduction. week 3 seminar chapter 7 &18 measurement systems and their equivalents and...
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Week 3 Introduction
Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsMeasurement Systems and Their EquivalentsandandAntimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals
Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Week 3 Seminar Chapter 7 &18Measurement Systems and Their EquivalentsMeasurement Systems and Their EquivalentsandandAntimicrobials/Antimicrobials/Antifungals/Antivirals Antifungals/Antivirals
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Assignment Hints
Show your work, so I can give partial credit
Don’t forget about the Math Center if you need help
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Three Basic Units of Measurement
Volume – liter (L)
Weight – gram (g, gm)
Length – meter (m)
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Sliding Mnemonic Conversions
Kilo hecto deka METER(m) deci centi milli * * micro(µ)
LITER(L) GRAM(g)
10-3 10-2 10-1 <<base>> 101 102 103 * * 106
EX: .0045kg<= 4.5g => 4,500mg = 4,500,000mcg (µ)
EX: .075km <= 75m =>7500cm =75,000mm
Liter is the metric unit of volume
=1,000,000microliters 1 Liter (L.) = 1,000 milliliters
= 100 centiliters=10 deciliters=0.1 dekaliter=0.01 hectoliter=0.001 kiloliter
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Volume Measurement
1 mL = 1cc **VERY IMPORTANT**1 teaspoonful=5mL or 5cc’s **1 tablespoon=3 tsp = 15mL or 15cc’s1 L = 32 ounces (approx)1L = 1000 mL=1000cc1L = 1qt (approx)
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Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 4 L (larger unit)1000 x 4 = 40004000cc = 4 LRule: 1000 cc = 1 L
_____ L = 200 mL (smaller unit)200 ÷ 1000 = 0.20.2 L = 200 mLRule: 1000 mL= 1 L
_____ cc = 560 mL (same)560 cc = 560 mLRule: 1 mL = 1 cc
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Remember 1cc=1mlAlternate way______ cc = 4 L 1L = 1000mL (page
135) 4L x 1000cc/1L 4L x 1000cc 1L L cross out leaving cc 4 x 1000cc = 4000cc
_____ L = 200 mL Again 1L = 1000mL 200mL x 1L/1000mL 200mL x 1L 1000mL mL cross out leaving L 200/1000= 0.2L
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Volume Mneumonic Method 4L=____cc K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ 1cc=1mL Start @ liter (base),
move 3 decimal points to the right to reach ml’s
4L=4000ml=4000cc
200ml=____L K h d <MLG> d c
m * * µ
Start @ milli, move 3 decimal spaces to the left to reach L’s
200ml=0.2L
Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)
Who can solve this?
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)
Who can solve this?
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Volume Conversion Factors
______ cc = 8.01 L (larger unit)
8.01 x 1000 = 8010 8010 mL = 8.01 L
_____ L = 300 mL (smaller unit)
300 ÷ 1000 = 0.3 300 mL = 0.3 L
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Volume Alternate WayRemember cc same as mL
______ cc = 8.01 L 1L = 1000cc 8.01L x 1000cc/1L L cross each other out 8.01 x 1000cc =
8010cc
_____ L = 300 mL 1L = 1000mL 300mL x 1L/1000mL The mL cross out
Leaving L 300/1000= 0.3L
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Volume Mneumonic Method 8.01L =___cc K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Cc=mL Start @ liter (base) move
three spaces to the right for ml (=cc’s)
8.01L becomes 8010mL or 8010cc
300mL=____L K h d <MLG> d c m *
* µ
Start @ milli, and to get to Liter (base) move three spaces to the left
300mL=0.3L
Metric Measure of Weight Gram =1,000,000micrograms
1 gram= 1000 mg= 100 centigrams
= 10 decigrams= 0.1 dekagram= 0.01 hectogram= 0.001 kilogram
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Most Commonly Used
Milligram Gram Kilogram 1000mg (mg)=1 gram (g) *** 1000gms (g) = 1 kilogram (kg. or
kilo)
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Weight Measurement
1 kg = 2.2 pounds ***1 kg = 1000 g1 mg = 0.001g1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg
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Weight Conversion FactorsAlternate Way
_____ mg = 8 g(larger unit)8 X 1000 = 8000 mg8000 mg = 8 g
Rule: 1000 mg = 1 g
_____ mg = 635 mcg (smaller unit)635 ÷ 1000 = 0.635 mg0.635 mg = 635 mcg
Rule: 1 mg = 1000 mcg or µg
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WeightAlternate Way
_____ mg = 8 g
Remember 1g = 1000mg Page 136
8g x 1000mg/1g or8g x 1000mg
1gg cross each other out8 x 1000= 8000mg
_____ mg = 635 mcg 1mg =1000mcg Page
136 635mcg x 1mg/1000mcg
or635mcg x 1mg 1000mcg mcg cross each other
out 635/1000= 0.635mcg
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WeightMneumonic Method 8g=____mg K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ gram (base) and
move 3 units to the right to get milligrams
8g to the right becomes 8000mg
635mcg(µ)=____mg
K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ
Start @ mcg(µ) and move 3 units to the left to reach milligrams
635mcg to the left becomes 0.635mg
WHO CAN SOLVE THIS?
_____ mcg = 0.3 mg (larger unit)
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Answer
0.3mg = mcg Remember 1mg = 1000mcg (page 136) 0.3mg x 1000mcg 1mg mg cross each other out leaving mcg 0.3 x 1000 = 300mcg >>OR<< K h d <MLG> d c m * * µ Start @ mg, move three to the right for mcg’s 0.3mg = 300mcg
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Household System **Important**
Volume 1 cup (c) = 8 oz 1 pint (pt) = 2 c = 16 oz 1 quart (qt) = 2 pt = 4 c =32 oz 1 gallon (gal)= 4 qt= 8 pt = 16c = 128oz
Weight or mass 1 pound = 16 oz
Length 1 foot = 12 in 1 yard = 3ft 36in
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Units
Measured according to strength and desired effect heparin insulin penicillin G vitamins A,D,E
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Review
Remember 1kg=2.2lbs How much will a 160lb person weigh
in kilograms?
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Answer
160lbs x 1kg = 72.7kg 2.2lbsThe pounds cancel each other leaving
kg.
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Review
One teaspoon is how many mls?
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Answer
5mls
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Review
One gram = x milligrams One liter = x milliliters One Meter = x millimeters
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Answer
One gram = 1000milligrams One Liter = 1000 milliliters One meter= 1000 millimeters
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Questions
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ANTIBIOTICSANTIBIOTICS
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Drug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug ClassesDrug Classes
Chapter 18
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Antibiotic is anti + Greek bios, life so against life.
Produced from natural substances including molds and bacteria.
Inhibit growth or kill other microorganisms.
There are families of antibiotics all similar to the original chemical, with various prosperities that make them useful for treating different types of infections.
When choosing an Antibiotic
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Want maximum effect with minimal harm to patient.
Match bug to drug, if possible What is the organism, what drugs is it
sensitive to, and the host factors at the site. Also health status of the patient including immune status.
Antibiotic Resistance
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The main reason for the development of drug-resistant microbes is the inappropriate use of antibiotics.
The more an antibiotic is used the faster drug resistance develops.
Improper prescribing by health care workers and patients not finishing the course of therapy contribute.
No excuse for casual or indiscriminate use of antibiotics.
Penicillin's
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First of true antibiotics –introduced in 1940’s Remain the most effective and least toxic of
available antimicrobials. Changes in the chemical structure of the
penicillins over the years have increased their usefulness and effectiveness in controlling disease.
Most generic names for penicillins end in–cillin while many trade names have pen in their names Example:penicillin V-generic, Pen-VEE-K-
trade
How Penicillin's are Classified
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Narrow-spectrum First generation
Narrow-spectrum antistaphylococcal Used on drug resistant staphylococci strains
Broad-Spectrum Second generation Effective against a broader spectrum
Extended-spectrum Third generation Wider antimicrobial action than second
Side Effects of Penicillins
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Nausea and Vomiting; as with all antibiotics Allergic reactions-rashes and hives Tend to precipitate more severe allergic
reactions than other medications Patients should report diarrhea, sore mouth and
tongue, hives and or itching may be due to allergy.
A patient allergic to one should be considered allergic to all
Always ask about allergies esp. penicillin.
Tetracyclines (suffix “cycline”)
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First group of broad-spectrum antibiotics Long Acting :Doxycycline, minocycline Short Acting : Tetracycline Do not give with dairy products or antacids. Can
decrease effectiveness Harmful if used after the expiration date. Side effects
Sun sensitivity Stains developing teeth, don’t use in children less than 8
yrs. Broad spectrum can cause super-infection
Macrolide Antibiotics
“ACE”=Azithromycin(Z-pak), Clarithromycin (Biaxin), ErythromycinUseful in treating atypical infections (ex: chlamydia, legionnaire’s, atypical pneumonia, Lymes disease)Can be used when patient is penicillin allergic *** Similar spectrum of activity as penicillins, with added atypical coverage SE’s: GI symptoms, headaches
Other Abx
Floroquinolones (Cipro, Levaquin) Vancomycin: Toxic drug reserved for
treating serious infections (MRSA, C. dif) in patients allergic to penicillin
Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs) Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
Antibacterials slow growth of bacteria while body builds its own defenses
Primarily treat urinary tract infections, in combination therapy for otitis media
Take oral sulfonamides with full glass of water on empty stomach
Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs)
May cause photosensitivity reactionsUrine should be acidic for optimum
effectivenessTake medications for urinary tract infections
for 2 weeks to prevent development of more resistant infections
Topical preparations available in ocular forms, lotions, powders, ointments
Common Sulfonamides(Sulfa Drugs)
Common Sulfonamides(Sulfa Drugs)
GantrisinGantanolAzulfidineTriple SulfaBactrimSeptraSulamydSilvadene cream
Viral Infections Viral Infections
Viruses—strands of genetic material wrapped in protein
Cannot sustain themselves independently; must rely on host
Difficult to suppress viral reproduction; host’s body cells would be harmed also
Drugs to treat Viral InfectionsDrugs to treat Viral Infections
Drugs decrease symptoms, do not cureResistance to antiviral drugs major problemDrug classifications:
non-HIV infection medications HIV infection medications
Common Non- HIV Antiviral DrugsCommon Non- HIV Antiviral Drugs
Symmetrel and Flumadine—Influenza A
acyclovir (Zovirax)—herpes simplex, genital herpes, varicella zoster infections
ganciclovir— cytomegalovirus
HIV AntiviralsHIV Antivirals
No cure for HIVDramatic advances in drug therapyHealth preserved, life prolongedMultiple drug interactions and side effectsHigh cost, toxicityDrug cocktail used; patient must adhere
closely to prescribed dosage schedulesNew drugs prescribed should be agents the
patient has never taken
Week 3 Assignment & Discussion Board
Download the worksheetfrom Doc Sharing. (Week 3 Assignment.doc)
Complete the assignment in a Word document and submit through the Dropbox.
Please put header with your name, class time Ex Janet Smith
HS140-8pm Unit3assignment.doc
Discussion Board
Do not forget the discussion question for the week about Mrs. Smith calls the doctor’s office wanting a
prescription for antibiotics. In your response address the following
Physician Concerns Patient Concerns Review CDC Guideline
Questions
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