week 3 stocks

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STOCKS STOCKS

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Page 1: Week 3 stocks

STOCKSSTOCKS

Page 2: Week 3 stocks

STOCKSSTOCKS StocksStocks - is a thin clear flavorful liquid - is a thin clear flavorful liquid

extracted from meat, poultry, fish, and extracted from meat, poultry, fish, and their bones and from vegetables and their bones and from vegetables and seasoning.seasoning.

A liquid that forms the foundation of A liquid that forms the foundation of sauces and soups.sauces and soups.

BaseBase: A powdered or concentrated form : A powdered or concentrated form of a stock.of a stock.

Page 3: Week 3 stocks

Composition of StocksComposition of Stocks

• 50% nourishing element (bones) • 10% mirepoix • Bouquet garni • 100% liquid

Page 4: Week 3 stocks

BonesBonesAre the major ingredient of stocks.Most of the flavors and body of stocks derived from the bones of beef, veal, chicken, fish, and ccasionally lamb, pork, ham, and game.

CollagenCollagen, connective tissues when break down, they form gelatin.*CartilageCartilage is the best source of gelatin in bones.These two, gives body to stock, an important feature of its quality. A well made stocks will thicken or even solidify when chilled.

Page 5: Week 3 stocks

MirepoixMirepoix –. –. is a mixture of roughly chopped vegetables used to add flavor, nutrients, and color to a stock. It usually consists of onions, celery, carrots, and leeks.

Percentage of mirepoixPercentage of mirepoix 50% 0nion 25% carrots 25% celery 10% leeks

Page 6: Week 3 stocks

White mirepoixWhite mirepoix – made without carrots, is – made without carrots, is used when it is necessary to keep the used when it is necessary to keep the stock as colorless as possible.stock as colorless as possible.

Cutting of mirepoixCutting of mirepoix – chop the – chop the vegetables coarsely into relatively uniform-vegetables coarsely into relatively uniform-sized pieces. The size depends on how sized pieces. The size depends on how long it will cook. If mirepoix will cook a long it will cook. If mirepoix will cook a long time as for beef stock, cut into large long time as for beef stock, cut into large pieces about 1-2 inches.pieces about 1-2 inches.

Page 7: Week 3 stocks

Production of StocksProduction of Stocks

The five steps in producing a stockThe five steps in producing a stock Cold LiquidCold Liquid - To make stock, start with cold

liquid to allow the solid ingredients to slowly release flavor and to help prevent cloudiness.

Natural Clarification - Muscles, blood, and many vegetable tissues in the nourishing element or mirepoix contain albumin.

AlbuminAlbumin is a protein that is soluble only in cold water. After it has been released slowly into water, albumin can clarify the liquid naturally by coagulating with impurities.

Page 8: Week 3 stocks

Production of Stocks SkimmingSkimming - During

simmering, use the process of dépouillage to skim fat and impurities from the surface. This process is performed as the liquid simmers and the convection movement forces the fats and impurities to the surface. There they accumulate in a smaller area, making skimming easier. Remove the fat and impurities from the surface with a ladle

Page 9: Week 3 stocks

Production of Stocks

Maintaining Simmering Temperature - To allow the cooking liquid to properly clarify and fortify, simmer the stock by heating the liquid to a temperature between 185°F–200°F (85°C–93°C). This allows for slow convection movement to occur.

Straining Stocks - When the stock has simmered long enough for it to acquire the flavor, color, and body desired, it is ready to strain. Use a ladle to remove the stock from the stockpot into a chinois (China cap) lined with cheesecloth.

Page 10: Week 3 stocks

WHITE STOCKWHITE STOCK – – is colorless, made by simmering vegetables with the bones of chicken, beef, veal, or fish.

Page 11: Week 3 stocks

BLANCHING BONESBLANCHING BONES

The purpose of blanching bones is to rid them of some of the impurities that cause cloudiness. The bones of young animals, especially veal and chicken, are highest in blood and other impurities that cloud and discolor stocks.

Page 12: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Blanching BonesProcedure for Blanching Bones

1. Rinse bones in cold water.1. Rinse bones in cold water. This washes off blood and other impurities from

the surface. It is especially important if the bones are not strictly fresh.

2. 2. Place bones in a stockpot or steam-jacketed Place bones in a stockpot or steam-jacketed kettle and cover with cold water.kettle and cover with cold water.

Impurities dissolve more readily in cold water. Hot water retards extraction.

3. Bring the water to a boil.3. Bring the water to a boil. As the water heats, impurities solidify

(coagulate) and rise to the surface as scum.4. Drain the bones and rinse them well.4. Drain the bones and rinse them well. The bones are now ready for the stockpot.

Page 13: Week 3 stocks

1. Cut the bones into pieces, 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) long.1. Cut the bones into pieces, 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10 cm) long. This exposes more surface area and helps extraction. A meat

saw is used to cut heavy veal and beef bones. Fish and chicken bones don’t need to be cut, but whole carcasses should be chopped for more convenient handling.

2. Rinse the bones in cold water. (If desired, chicken, veal, or 2. Rinse the bones in cold water. (If desired, chicken, veal, or beef bones may be blanched.)beef bones may be blanched.)

This removes some impurities that cloud the stock or, if the bones are old, give an off taste.

3. Place bones in a stockpot or steam-jacketed kettle and add 3. Place bones in a stockpot or steam-jacketed kettle and add cold water to cover.cold water to cover.

Starting in cold water speeds extraction. Starting in hot water delays it because many proteins are soluble in cold water but not in hot.

Procedure for Preparing White Procedure for Preparing White StocksStocks

Page 14: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Preparing Procedure for Preparing White StocksWhite Stocks

4. Bring water to a boil, and then reduce to a 4. Bring water to a boil, and then reduce to a simmer. Skim the scum that comes to the simmer. Skim the scum that comes to the surface, using a skimmer or perforated spoon.surface, using a skimmer or perforated spoon.

Skimming is important for a clear stock because the scum (which is fat and coagulated protein) will cloud the stock if it is broken up and mixed back into the liquid.

5. Add the chopped mirepoix and the herbs and 5. Add the chopped mirepoix and the herbs and spices.spices.

Remember, the size to which you cut mirepoix depends on how long it is to be cooked.

Page 15: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Preparing Procedure for Preparing White StocksWhite Stocks

6. Do not let the stock boil. Keep it at a low simmer.6. Do not let the stock boil. Keep it at a low simmer. Boiling makes the stock cloudy because it breaks

solids into tiny particles that get mixed into the stock.

7. Skim the surface as often as necessary during 7. Skim the surface as often as necessary during cooking.cooking.

8. Keep the water level above the bones. Add more 8. Keep the water level above the bones. Add more water if the stock reduces below this level.water if the stock reduces below this level.

Bones cooked while exposed to air will turn dark and thus darken or discolor the stock. Also, they do not release flavor into the water if the water doesn’t touch them.

Page 16: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Preparing White StocksProcedure for Preparing White Stocks9. Simmer for recommended length of time:9. Simmer for recommended length of time: Beef and veal bones—6 to 8 hours Chicken bones—3 to 4 hours Fish bones—30 to 45 minutes Flavors begin to break down or degenerate over time.

The above times are felt to be the best for obtaining full flavor while still getting a good portion of gelatin into

the stock.10. Skim the surface and strain off the stock through a 10. Skim the surface and strain off the stock through a

china cap lined with several layers of cheesecloth.china cap lined with several layers of cheesecloth. Adding a little cold water to the stock before skimming

stops the cooking and brings more fat and impurities to the surface.

Page 17: Week 3 stocks

11. Cool the stock as quickly as possible, as follows:11. Cool the stock as quickly as possible, as follows: • Set the pot in a sink with blocks, a rack, or some other

object under it. This is called venting. It allows cold water to flow under the pot as well as around it.

• Run cold water into the sink, but not higher than the level of the stock or the pot will become unsteady. An overflow pipe keeps the water level right and allows for constant circulation of cold water

• Stir the pot occasionally so all the stock cools evenly. Hang a ladle in the pot so you can give it a quick stir whenever you pass the sink without actually taking extra time to do it.

Cooling stock quickly and properly is important. Improperly cooled stock can spoil in 6 to 8 hours because it is a good breeding ground for bacteria that cause food-borne disease and spoilage.

Procedure for Preparing White StocksProcedure for Preparing White Stocks

Page 18: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Preparing White Procedure for Preparing White StocksStocks

12. When cool, 12. When cool, refrigerate the refrigerate the stock in covered stock in covered containers.containers.

Stock will keep 2 to 3 days if properly refrigerated. Stock can also be frozen and will keep for several months.

Setup for cooling stocks in a cold water bath.

Page 19: Week 3 stocks

Brown stock – – is is made from beef made from beef or veal bones or veal bones that have been that have been browned in the browned in the oven.oven.

Page 20: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Preparing Brown Stocks 1. Cut the bones into pieces, 3 to 4 inches (8 to 10

cm) long, as for white stock. Veal and/or beef bones are used for brown stock.

2. Do not wash or blanch the bones. The moisture would hinder browning.

3. Place the bones in a roasting pan in one layer and brown in a hot oven at 375°F (190°C) or higher. The bones must be well browned to color the stock

sufficiently. This takes over an hour. Some chefs prefer to oil the bones lightly before browning.

4. When the bones are well browned, remove them from the pan and place them in a stockpot. Cover with cold water and bring to a simmer.

Page 21: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Preparing Brown Stocks

5. Drain and reserve the fat from the roasting pan. Deglaze the pan by adding water and stirring over heat until all the brown drippings are dissolved or loosened. Add to stockpot.

6. While the stock is getting started, place the mirepoix in the roasting pan with some of the reserved fat and brown the vegetables well in the oven.

7. When the water in the stockpot comes to a simmer, skim and continue as for white stock.

8. Add the browned vegetables and the tomato product to the stockpot. If desired, they may be held out until 2 to 3 hours before the end of the cooking time.

9. Continue as for white stock.

Page 22: Week 3 stocks

Procedure for Preparing Brown Stocks

Alternative ProcedureAlternative Procedure

The mirepoix may be browned with the bones. When the bones are half browned, add the mirepoix to the pan and continue roasting until bones and vegetables are browned. Tomato may be added toward the end of browning time, but exercise caution, as tomato purée burns easily.

Page 23: Week 3 stocks

PREPARING BROWN STOCKSPREPARING BROWN STOCKS

Page 24: Week 3 stocks

Fish stockFish stock – is – is made from fish made from fish bones and bones and trimmings.trimmings.

FumetFumet- A fish stock - A fish stock that has had lemon that has had lemon juice or another acid juice or another acid added and then added and then been reduced by been reduced by 50%.50%.

Page 25: Week 3 stocks

PREPARING FISH STOCKPREPARING FISH STOCK

Add butter in a stock pot, add mirepoix sweat it Add butter in a stock pot, add mirepoix sweat it for 5 minutes. Then add the bones, over low for 5 minutes. Then add the bones, over low heat for 5 minutes until the bones are turn white heat for 5 minutes until the bones are turn white and begin to exude some juices.and begin to exude some juices.

Add white wine, bring to a simmer, then add Add white wine, bring to a simmer, then add water to cover and the sachet,water to cover and the sachet,

bring to a simmer again, skim and simmer for bring to a simmer again, skim and simmer for another 30-45 mins.another 30-45 mins.

Strain in a china cap lined with cheese cloth, Strain in a china cap lined with cheese cloth, cool it down properly and store.cool it down properly and store.

Page 26: Week 3 stocks

Vegetable StockVegetable Stock: Flavor changes depending on : Flavor changes depending on the vegetables used.the vegetables used.

GlazeGlaze:: A reduced and concentrated stock. A reduced and concentrated stock. ReductionReduction:: The process of evaporating part of a The process of evaporating part of a

stock's water by simmering or boiling.stock's water by simmering or boiling. RemouillageRemouillage is a stock made from bones that

have already been used once to make stock. The literal meaning of the French term is

“rewetting.” Because not all possible flavor and gelatin is extracted from bones when

making a stock.