The noun phraseThe noun phrase

1. Definition1. Definition

A noun phrase is a phrase in which a A noun phrase is a phrase in which a noun is the head. It may consist of noun is the head. It may consist of only the only the headhead or the head and or the head and other preceding items other preceding items or following items as modifiersor following items as modifiers..

Ex: Ex: a prettya pretty girl girl who was born in a rich family.who was born in a rich family. pre modifier H.noun post modifierpre modifier H.noun post modifier

A Vietnamese country A Vietnamese country girlgirl The The girl girl presentpresent a a girlgirl with sweet voicewith sweet voice

twotwo girlsgirls playing in the gardenplaying in the garden everyevery girlgirl injured yesterdayinjured yesterdaythe first the first girl girl to help meto help me all the all the girlsgirls upstairupstairthe active the active girlsgirls in our collegein our college

these these girlsgirls are my classmatesare my classmates

English noun phrases can be classified English noun phrases can be classified into the basic NPs and complex NPsinto the basic NPs and complex NPs

The basic NP consists of The basic NP consists of pre-modifier pre-modifier and and head noun.head noun.

The complex NP consists of The complex NP consists of pre-modifier, pre-modifier, head nounhead noun andand post modifierpost modifier

2. Basic NP2. Basic NPpre modifier – head nounpre modifier – head noun

Pre modifier

Closed system items Open system items

Close system items

Pre-determiner determiner Post -determiner

Pre determinerPre determiner

1. Quantifiers:1. Quantifiers: All, both,All, both, halfhalf

2. Multipliers: 2. Multipliers: Double, twice, three timesDouble, twice, three times

3. Fraction: 3. Fraction: one- thirds, two - fifthsone- thirds, two - fifths

DeterminerDeterminer1.1. articlearticle: a, an, the: a, an, the

2. possessive2. possessive: my, your, our, their, student’s, : my, your, our, their, student’s, John’sJohn’s

3. demonstrative3. demonstrative adj: this, that, these, those. adj: this, that, these, those.

4. Quantifier4. Quantifier : some, any, enough, every, : some, any, enough, every, each, either, neither, noeach, either, neither, no

2. Ordinal number2. Ordinal numbere.g. e.g. The The first first grammargrammar lessonlesson Det post det modification HNoun Det post det modification HNoun

3. General ordinal3. General ordinal

e.g. next, last, anothere.g. next, last, another

1. Cardinal number: 1. Cardinal number: 1,2 3,...1,2 3,...

e.g. e.g. All All thesethese threethree diamonddiamond necklaces necklaces

Prede Det post det modification Head nounPrede Det post det modification Head noun

Post determinerPost determiner

Pre-modifier

Close system items Open-class items

Pre determiner determiner Post determiner

Open class items

-adj -participle-genitive -noun -adv -sentence

Adjectives as pre-modifiersAdjectives as pre-modifiers

Ex: Ex: effective methodseffective methods

beautiful flowersbeautiful flowers

ambitious leadersambitious leaders

Participle as pre-modifierParticiple as pre-modifierA A brokenbroken heart heart

A A torntorn letter letter

A A damageddamaged building building

My dying soulMy dying soul

A crying womanA crying woman

An approaching trainAn approaching train

-S Genitive as pre-modifier-S Genitive as pre-modifier

Women’s clothingWomen’s clothing

Men’s shampooMen’s shampoo

Teacher’s bookTeacher’s book

Nouns as pre-modifiersNouns as pre-modifiers

Blood pressureBlood pressure

Gold ringGold ring

Summer holidaySummer holiday

Listening skillListening skill

Reading lampReading lamp

Swimming poolSwimming pool

Note: Plural noun become singular even Note: Plural noun become singular even those that have no singular form.those that have no singular form.

Ex: the shoe shopEx: the shoe shop

Adverb as pre-modifierAdverb as pre-modifier

An An awayaway wind wind

The The thenthen president president

His His far-wayfar-way cottage cottage

SentenceSentence

I don’t like her “ I don’t like her “ I don’t careI don’t care” manner.” manner.

Everyone hates Everyone hates “ I’m the best“ I’m the best” attitude.” attitude.

Order of pre-modifiersOrder of pre-modifiers

Determiners +Determiners +

general + age +shape + color + general + age +shape + color + participle + provenance participle + provenance (Chinese, (Chinese, Vietnamese,…)Vietnamese,…) + noun + denominal ( + noun + denominal ( medical, criminal, solarmedical, criminal, solar,…),…)

+ head noun + head noun

Form one basic noun phrase ( Form one basic noun phrase ( pre-modifiers + pre-modifiers + head nounhead noun) from these items) from these items

1. Two1. Two chairs chairs/ made of oak/ beautifully / made of oak/ beautifully carvedcarved

2. Your blue/ old/ 2. Your blue/ old/ scarfscarf/ the silk one that / the silk one that you bought in Japanyou bought in Japan

3. This 3. This pot/pot/ round/ small/ made of iron/ round/ small/ made of iron/ used for cookingused for cooking

4. The 4. The murdermurder that took place in the villa by that took place in the villa by the side of the riverthe side of the river

5. Their 5. Their masksmasks to keep out the smog/ neat/ to keep out the smog/ neat/ whitewhite

6. Stamps for insurance/ several thousand/ 6. Stamps for insurance/ several thousand/ unused/ stolen recently. unused/ stolen recently.

7. all these shells/ walnut shells/ broken.7. all these shells/ walnut shells/ broken.

8. a famous school/ teaching medicine/ in 8. a famous school/ teaching medicine/ in Scotland.Scotland.

9. The cultivator/ that sells best in the 9. The cultivator/ that sells best in the country.country.

10. A cottage in the country/ very 10. A cottage in the country/ very picturesque though crumbling slightly/ picturesque though crumbling slightly/ roof of thatch.roof of thatch.

1. two beautifully carved oak chairs1. two beautifully carved oak chairs

2. your old blue Japanese silk scarf2. your old blue Japanese silk scarf

3. this small round iron cooking pot3. this small round iron cooking pot

4. the riverside villa murder4. the riverside villa murder

5. their neat white smog masks5. their neat white smog masks

6. Several thousand recently stolen unused 6. Several thousand recently stolen unused insurance stampsinsurance stamps

7. All these broken walnut shells7. All these broken walnut shells

8. A famous Scotland medical school8. A famous Scotland medical school

9. The country best selling cultivator9. The country best selling cultivator

10. A very picturesque, slightly crumbling 10. A very picturesque, slightly crumbling roofed country cottageroofed country cottage

3. Complex noun phrases3. Complex noun phrases

Post modifier

adj adv pre Non finite finite

Adjectives as post modifiersAdjectives as post modifiers

The people The people involvedinvolved this court. this court.

All the students All the students presentpresent are students of are students of English.English.

These are best books These are best books availableavailable in our in our shop.shop.

She is a woman She is a woman happy in marriage.happy in marriage.

I want to meet the person I want to meet the person responsibleresponsible..

Adverbs as post modifiersAdverbs as post modifiers

The neighbor The neighbor upstairsupstairs is very cold. is very cold.

Always walk on the way Always walk on the way ahead.ahead.

The road The road backback was dense with traffic. was dense with traffic.

Prepositional phrases as post Prepositional phrases as post modifiersmodifiers

The man The man with elegant suitwith elegant suit..

The girl The girl in redin red..

The students The students without moneywithout money..

Nonfinite clause( phrase)Nonfinite clause( phrase)

Nonfinite phrases

- Ing phrase Ed phrase To phrase

- ing phrase( present participle)- ing phrase( present participle)

The girl The girl smilingsmiling beautifully is my beautifully is my roommate.roommate.

I see the people I see the people shaking handsshaking hands, hear the , hear the babies babies crying,crying, feel the wind feel the wind blowingblowing,...,...

I never love people I never love people not having kind heartnot having kind heart..

-ed phrase-ed phrase

The soldiers The soldiers woundedwounded in Vietnam warin Vietnam war asked for compensation.asked for compensation.

The only thing The only thing leftleft is the future. is the future.

This is the picture This is the picture painted by Raphaelpainted by Raphael..

Infinitive phraseInfinitive phrase

Pham Tuan was the first Vietnamese man Pham Tuan was the first Vietnamese man to fly in space.to fly in space.

You are the only one You are the only one to help meto help me..

Chatting is one of the ways Chatting is one of the ways to get to get informationinformation..

Convert the Convert the participle clauseparticiple clause into into relative clause relative clause

1.1. Every body, Every body, hearing the noisehearing the noise, jumped up in alarm., jumped up in alarm.

2.2. The castle, The castle, burnt in the sixteenth centuryburnt in the sixteenth century, was never , was never rebuilt.rebuilt.

3.3. The train The train standing at platform sixstanding at platform six is for Brussels is for Brussels

4.4. Any article Any article left in this busleft in this bus was taken to the Lost was taken to the Lost Property OfficeProperty Office

5.5. A car, A car, coming unexpectedly out of a side streetcoming unexpectedly out of a side street , , crashed into us.crashed into us.

6.6. He was accompanied by a porter He was accompanied by a porter weighing at least weighing at least 150kilos.150kilos.

Convert the Convert the infinitive clauseinfinitive clause into into relative clauserelative clause

1.1. The first The first man man to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was to fly non-stop across the Atlantic was John Alcock.John Alcock.

2.2. The cheapest The cheapest placeplace to eat at is the café. to eat at is the café.

3.3. The last The last problemproblem, to be considered at our next , to be considered at our next meeting, is how to invest the money.meeting, is how to invest the money.

4.4. The The wayway to get to the head of the queue is slip in to get to the head of the queue is slip in through the kitchen.through the kitchen.

5.5. Will you buy me a Will you buy me a magazinemagazine to read on the journey? to read on the journey?

6.6. The next The next traintrain to arrive is from Edinburgh. to arrive is from Edinburgh.

Replace each Replace each prepositional phraseprepositional phrase by a relative by a relative clause that will make the post modification more clause that will make the post modification more

explicitexplicit

1.A house 1.A house by the churchby the church

2. A picture 2. A picture by a famous artistby a famous artist

3. The plane 3. The plane for Moscowfor Moscow

4. A land 4. A land for all seasonsfor all seasons

5. A man 5. A man of strong willof strong will

6.The man 6.The man with your wifewith your wife

Finite clauses

Relative clause Appositive clause

Non- restrictive Restrictive

What are the differences What are the differences between between restrictiverestrictive and and non-non-

restrictiverestrictive clause? clause?

RestrictiveRestrictive

Ex: The architect Ex: The architect who who designed this villadesigned this villa doesn’t live here.doesn’t live here.

I can’t find the book I can’t find the book that that I saw on TV last night.I saw on TV last night.

I hate people I hate people who laugh who laugh at their own jokesat their own jokes

Non restrictiveNon restrictive

Ex: Aristotle was taught Ex: Aristotle was taught by Plato, by Plato, who who founded Academy at founded Academy at Athens.Athens.

Hemmingway, Hemmingway, who who wrote” The old man wrote” The old man and the sea”and the sea” won won Nobel prize for Nobel prize for literature.literature.

RestrictiveRestrictive

1.1. Identify the head Identify the head nounnoun

2.2. Can’t be omittedCan’t be omitted

3.3. Isn’t put between Isn’t put between commascommas

4.4. No pause is made No pause is made in speechin speech

Non-restrictiveNon-restrictive

1.1. Add more inf. to Add more inf. to the head.the head.

2.2. Can be omittedCan be omitted

3.3. Put between Put between commascommas

4.4. Pause after head Pause after head nounnoun

Restrictive or non-restrictiveRestrictive or non-restrictive

1.1. Andy, Andy, who always admired John Lennonwho always admired John Lennon, was very sad , was very sad to hear he was killed.to hear he was killed.

2.2. The person The person who best answers the following questions who best answers the following questions will go on to the next round.will go on to the next round.

3.3. Her friend Her friend who arrived last night who arrived last night is from Las Vegas.is from Las Vegas.4.4. The policeman The policeman who gave her the ticket who gave her the ticket was polite.was polite.5.5. Chicago , Chicago , which is home to two major league baseball which is home to two major league baseball

teams, teams, rarely gets to see its team in the playoffs.rarely gets to see its team in the playoffs.

Is the relative clause below Is the relative clause below post modificationpost modification or or sentence relative clausesentence relative clause??

1.1. We were taken to the theatre, We were taken to the theatre, at which new plays were at which new plays were constantly being produced.constantly being produced.

2.2. We were taken to the theatre, We were taken to the theatre, which was a great which was a great delight to us.delight to us.

3.3. The climbers spent two nights on the mountain, The climbers spent two nights on the mountain, which which was swept by biting winds.was swept by biting winds.

4.4. They spent two nights finding the lion, They spent two nights finding the lion, which was hard which was hard task.task.

5.5. The singer sang five songs, The singer sang five songs, all of which were quite all of which were quite strange to me.strange to me.

6.6. The singer sang five songs, The singer sang five songs, which was which was acknowledgement of the welcome he had receivedacknowledgement of the welcome he had received

What are the differences between What are the differences between relativerelative and and appositiveappositive clause? clause?

RelativeRelativeThe The story story that (which) I that (which) I

told youtold you is still a is still a secret.secret.

If some day you go out If some day you go out with other girl please with other girl please don’t pass the don’t pass the way way that( which) we have that( which) we have passed.passed.

I never forget the I never forget the day day that( when) we met.that( when) we met.

AppositiveAppositiveThe The factfact that he is not that he is not

on the land of alive on the land of alive peoplepeople makes her makes her depressed.depressed.

The The beliefbelief that God that God does existdoes exist gives her gives her strength to go on.strength to go on.

The The hopehope that he will that he will return somedayreturn someday is is great comfort to me.great comfort to me.

RelativeRelative 11. That (which, what, . That (which, what,

when, who)when, who) is an is an element in the element in the structure.structure.

2. The head noun post 2. The head noun post modified by relative modified by relative clause can be of any clause can be of any kind.kind.

3. 3. Define Define the head or the head or add inf.add inf. to the head to the head

AppositiveAppositive11. That. That is not an is not an

element in the element in the structurestructure

2. Head noun must be 2. Head noun must be abstractabstract noun noun

3. Express the 3. Express the containcontain of the head nounof the head noun

Rewrite the sentences by using Rewrite the sentences by using appositive clausesappositive clauses..

1. You went to sleep during the lecture, and this 1. You went to sleep during the lecture, and this fact suggests that you should go to bed earlier.fact suggests that you should go to bed earlier.( fact)( fact)

2. I know that you are always for me, and that is 2. I know that you are always for me, and that is my great incentive.( knowledge)my great incentive.( knowledge)

3. You excuse there is not enough time to finish 3. You excuse there is not enough time to finish the task, I can’t accept that.( excuse)the task, I can’t accept that.( excuse)

Explain the difference in function between the two Explain the difference in function between the two

words underlinedwords underlined

1. a, John is 1. a, John is promisingpromising you too much. you too much.

b, he is a b, he is a promisingpromising young man young man

2. a, that story is 2. a, that story is interestinginteresting..

b, the speaker is b, the speaker is interestinginteresting his audience his audience

3. a, he is 3. a, he is paintingpainting it extremely well. it extremely well.

b, the man b, the man paintingpainting that picture is a real artist. that picture is a real artist.

4. a, Mary is 4. a, Mary is charmingcharming..

b, the peacock is b, the peacock is charmingcharming its partner. its partner.

Change the form of the phrase so that the Change the form of the phrase so that the post modifierpost modifier become become pre modifierpre modifier..

1.1. A house A house that has been built wellthat has been built well

2.2. The article The article which was mentioned abovewhich was mentioned above

3.3. An improvementAn improvement that is needed badly that is needed badly

4.4. A secret A secret that has been kept closelythat has been kept closely

5.5. Central heating Central heating fired by oilfired by oil

6.6. A man A man with red nosewith red nose

7.7. Wealth Wealth that has never been toldthat has never been told

Replace the relative pronoun that by who, whom, which or Replace the relative pronoun that by who, whom, which or zerozero

1.1. This is the house This is the house thatthat Jack built. Jack built.

2.2. He looks like a dog He looks like a dog that that has lost its tail.has lost its tail.

3.3. Danny, our dog Danny, our dog thatthat followed us all the way, has just followed us all the way, has just died.died.

4.4. Don’t believe everything Don’t believe everything thatthat you read in the you read in the newspaper.newspaper.

5.5. Babies Babies thatthat were born prematurely had little chance of were born prematurely had little chance of survival.survival.

6.6. Children Children thatthat disobey their parents should be disobey their parents should be punished.punished.

Write these sentences in different ways.Write these sentences in different ways.

1.1. Here is the article Here is the article about whichabout which I was speaking. I was speaking.

2.2. This is the man This is the man thatthat will tell you all about it. will tell you all about it.

3.3. Is this the book Is this the book from whichfrom which that quotation was that quotation was taken?taken?

4.4. He is the man He is the man from whomfrom whom I have the greatest I have the greatest respect.respect.

5.5. That was the day That was the day on whichon which I first saw Mary. I first saw Mary.

6.6. Is this really the house Is this really the house in whichin which Shakespeare was Shakespeare was born?born?

7.7. I shall remember the way I shall remember the way in whichin which you received you received us that evening.us that evening.

8.8. Is he the man Is he the man to whomto whom you gave your heart. you gave your heart.