Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/18) Homework: Lab report Due Nov 19 Tomorrow

To Do Today:5 min to finish pg.16&17Concept mapPg. 18 reading DNA replication

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question:

Guanine pairs with _______________Thymine pairs with_______________

It takes about 12 hours for food to entirely digest

Cytosine

Adenine

Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/19) Homework: Quiz Friday

To Do Today:Lab Report dueComplete and check concept mapRead pgs. 198-200Complete handouts pg.19&20

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question:

What is the complementary strand of the following DNA strand:

TATTTCCGGACGCGGAAT ?

The length of your thumb is about the same as that of your nose.

ATAAAGGCCTGCGCCTTA

5

WATSON & CRICK

FRANKLIN & WILKINS

AMOUNT OF BASE PAIRS

DOUBLE HELIX

PURINE PYRAMIDINEREPLICATION

DNA PLOYMERASE

NITROGEN BASE

PHOSPHATE 5 CARBON SUGARhandout

4

Read pgs. 198-200

Complete handouts pg.19&20

Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/20&21) Homework: Quiz Friday

To Do Today:*complete handouts from TuesdayRead/skim pages 208-219Notes on protein synthesis*handout*Transcription and Translation coloring handout

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatids

With more than 80,000 arms, the Basket Starfish has the greatest number of arms.

Warm Up Question1. Who first photographed DNA?

2. What is the shaped of DNA?Rosalind Franklin

Double Helix

How DNA decides our traits…

•A gene, is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein.•The proteins coded for in each gene dictate how an organism will develop: regulate cell processes, construct muscle & bone, fight diseases…

2

Protein Synthesis The production (synthesis) of

polypeptide chains (proteins) Two phases:

Transcription & Translation mRNA must be processed

before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

3

Transcription

Translation

DNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Prokaryotic Cell

DNA RNA Protein

4

DNA RNA ProteinNuclearmembrane

Transcription

RNA Processing

Translation

DNA

Pre-mRNA

mRNA

Ribosome

Protein

Eukaryotic Cell

14

Anti-Parallel

Strands of DNA

First We Need RNA

Ribose Nucleic Acid Similar to DNA but: smaller and single stranded The sugar is ribose instead of

deoxyribose Contains all the same bases

except thymine is replaced with uracil (so RNA has G, C, A, U)

There are 3 kinds of RNA used in protein synthesis:•mRNA (messenger RNA)

•tRNA (transfer RNA)

•rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

Now that we know about DNA and RNA we can learn Protein Synthesis.

Protein Synthesis is the process of making a protein from DNA.

It has 2 parts: Transcription and Translation.

Transcription- Write (scribe)•The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA blueprint.•This occurs in the nucleus, then the mRNA travels out of the nucleus.

Translation - ReadoThe information in the mRNA is translated by a ribosome (made of rRNA), who “reads” it.o Transfer RNA (tRNA) enters the ribosome to drop off an amino acid.oA chain of amino acids then exits the ribosome and folds into a protein.

How does the tRNA match up to the mRNA:Codon & Anticodon

CODON: three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA. Each codon codes for a single amino acid.

ANTICODON: three consecutive nucleotides in tRNA that pair to a codon.

DNA

RNA

Protein

DNAReplication

Transcription

Translation

How DNA determines everything in our body.

ProteinSynthesis

copy

28

Transcription

Translation

The mRNA is read by sections of 3 letters called Codons.

Start & Stop CodonsSTART CODON= tells the

ribosome to start translating the mRNA.

STOP CODON= tells the ribosome to stop translating the mRNA.

Protein Synthesis

40

Messenger RNA (mRNA)o Carries the information for a specific

proteino Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides

longo Sequence of 3 bases called codono AUG – methionine or start codono UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons

41

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stopcodonprotein

A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A AmRNA

startcodon

Primary structure of a proteinaa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6

peptide bonds

codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7codon 1

42

Transfer RNA (tRNA)o Made up of 75 to 80 nucleotides longo Picks up the appropriate amino acid

floating in the cytoplasm o Transports amino acids to the mRNAo Have anticodons that are

complementary to mRNA codonso Recognizes the appropriate codons on

the mRNA and bonds to them with H-bonds

43

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

amino acidattachment site

U A Canticodon

methionine amino acid

44

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)o Made up of rRNA is

100 to 3000 nucleotides long

o Made inside the nucleus of a cell

o Associates with proteins to form ribosomes

45

Ribosomeso Made of a large and small subunito Composed of rRNA (40%) and

proteins (60%)o Have two sites for tRNA

attachment --- P and A

46

Ribosomes

PSite

ASite

Largesubunit

Small subunit

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

47

TranslationSynthesis of proteins in the cytoplasm

Involves the following:1. mRNA (codons)2. tRNA (anticodons)3. ribosomes4. amino acids

48

TranslationThree steps:1. initiation: start codon (AUG)2. elongation: amino acids linked3. termination: stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA).

Let’s Make a Protein !

49

mRNA Codons Join the Ribosome

PSite

ASite

Largesubunit

Small subunit

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

50

Initiation

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa2

A U

A

1-tRNA

U A C

aa1

anticodonhydrogen

bonds codon

51

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

1-tRNA 2-tRNA

U A C G

aa1 aa2

A UA

anticodonhydrogenbonds codon

peptide bond

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3Elongation

52

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

1-tRNA

2-tRNA

U A C

G

aa1

aa2

A UA

peptide bond

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

Ribosomes move over one codon

(leaves)

53

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa1

aa2

A UA

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

54

mRNAA U G C U A C U U C G

2-tRNA

G

aa1aa2

A U

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

(leaves)

Ribosomes move over one codon

55

mRNAG C U A C U U C G

aa1aa2

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

U G A5-tRNA

aa5

56

mRNAG C U A C U U C G

aa1aa2

A

peptide bonds

3-tRNA

G A A

aa3

4-tRNA

G C U

aa4

A C U

U G A5-tRNA

aa5

Ribosomes move over one codon

57

mRNAA C A U G U

aa1

aa2

U

primarystructureof a protein

aa3

200-tRNA

aa4

U A G

aa5

C U

aa200

aa199

terminator or stop codon

Termination

58

End Product –The Protein!n The end products of protein synthesis

is a primary structure of a proteinn A sequence of amino acid bonded

together by peptide bonds

aa1

aa2 aa3 aa4aa5

aa200

aa199

SUMMARY OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS A section of DNA opens Free floating nucleotides connect up to

one side of the DNA making mRNA (Transcription).

The mRNA travels out of the nucleus & into the cytoplasm.

A ribosome “reads” the mRNA and pairs the codon of mRNA with the anticodon of tRNA, which drops off amino acids to make a chain. (Translation)

The chain of amino acids exits the ribosome and folds up = protein!

Week #6 Quarter 2 (11/22) Homework: Quiz Monday

To Do Today: Review notesTurn in Protein Synthesis Act.Begin coloring review

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatids

There are more insects in a single square mile of fertile soil than there are people on the entire earth.

Warm Up Question–warmup reflection

Why do you think protein synthesis research has been focused to prokaryotes rather than eukaryotes?

Week #7 Nov 25-27 Quarter2 (11/25)

Homework: None

To Do Today:• Review Protein Synthesis

Notes• Finish coloring Transcription

and Translation• Quiz

Fact of the Day

Today in Biology

Biology Learning Goal: Overview of chapter 6 – Genes, DNA, Chromosomes and chromatidsWarm Up Question–What enzyme unzips the DNA double helix?

The point where the DNA is apart is called the

Dolphins only "sleep" half awake - keeping one eye open while consciously breathing and floating on surface.

Helicase

Replication Fork

ProteinsProteins are made of 20 different amino acids.The sequence of amino acids varies between each protein, and tells it how to fold, giving the protein its shape.

MUTATIONS (an error in DNA) CAN OCCUR WITH JUST A SINGLE BASE

PAIR CHANGE.

BASE SUBSTITUTION- when a TA pair is replaced by a GC pair in DNA.

-If it occurs in a specific location, for instance, in the CFTR gene, it

will cause cystic fibrosis.BASE DELETIONS & INSERTIONS-

when base pairs are added or removed from the gene.

What if something goes wrong in coding?

MUTATIONS OCCUR DURING DNA REPLICATION.

MUTATIONS (an error in DNA)

USUALLY THE ERROR IS EDITED OUT BY THE DNA POLYMERASE (proof-reader), AND FIXED BY THE REPAIR ENZYMES.

MUTAGENS- An environmental factor that damages DNA and are most likely to blame for mutations.

EX: ultra violet rays & chemicals in cigarette smoke nuclear radiation

Mutation is the alteration of DNA sequence, whether it be in a small way by the alteration of a single base pair, or whether it be a gross event such as the gain or loss of an entire chromosome. It may be caused through the action of damaging chemicals, or radiation, or through the errors inherent in the DNA replication and repair reactions. One consequence may be genetic disease. However, although in the short term mutation may seem to be a BAD THING, in the long term it is essential to our existence. Without mutation there could be no change and without change life cannot evolve. If it had not been for mutation the world would still be covered in primeval slime! stop

STOP additional slides

WHAT IS DNA MADE UP OF? NUCLEOTIDES STRUNG TOGETHER IN A

PARTICULAR ORDER. Each nucleotide contains : Deoxyribose (5- carbon

sugar)PhosphateNitrogen base

-Adenine-Guanine-Thymine-Cytosine

HOW IS THE STRUCTURE OF DNA ORGANIZED The sides of the DNA “ladder” are alternating

sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate. The steps (rungs) of the DNA “ladder” are the

pairs of nitrogen bases. adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T) cytosine always pairs with guanine (G-C)

GIVEN THE FOLLOWING:ADENINE -CYTOSINE -THYMINE -ADENINE -GUANINE -GUANINE -CYTOSINE -THYMINE -

STATE WHAT NITROGEN BASE WOULD PAIR WITH THESE NITROGEN BASES.

AND THE ANSWER IS…

ADENINE -CYTOSINE –THYMINE -ADENINE -GUANINE -GUANINE -CYTOSINE –THYMINE -

THYMINEGUANINEADENINETHYMINECYTOSINECYTOSINEGUANINEADENINE

OR

A – TC – GT – AA – TG – CG – CC – GT - A

DNA

RNA

Protein

Replication

Transcription

Translation

How DNA determines everything in our body.

DNA REPLICATION

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter3/animation__dna_replication__quiz_1_.html

DNA REPLICATION Before a cell can divide

(mitosis) it must make an exact copy of its DNA (interphase).

If it doesn’t make an exact copy you could end up with a nose coming out of your ear!!!

DNA Replication is how DNA makes more of

itself.Enzymes aid in this

process.

What is an ENZYME?? An enzyme is a complex protein

that speeds up a reactionThere are 2 important enzymes

used in DNA replicationPolymeraseHelicase

HELICASE: unzips the DNA moleculePOLYMERASE:

Bonds the complementary nucleotides that are floating around in the nucleus to the existing DNA strand

Making a new DNA is like making a new zipper by using the old zipper

as a model.  A zipper is a little simpler than DNA because a zipper only has one kind of tooth, and DNA

has four (A, T, C, G).

    The first thing the DNA does is unwind, then it un-zips to pull the two strands apart.

The REPLICATION FORK is the point at which the chains separate.

HELICASE!!!What helps it unzip?

•Because the nitrogen bases fit together only in specific pairs, the free nucleotides line up in the proper order all by themselves! 

•There are free floating nucleotides in the nucleus.

•Polymerase bonds the paired bases to make exact copies of the DNA.

And when this is done, there are two exact DNA molecules!  Each with one old strand and one new strand!  Do you see how the new DNA strands are

exact copies of  old strands?

Summary of DNA Replication :

1. DNA is unzipped by helicase and the two strands are exposed. The REPLICATION FORK is the point at which the chains separate.2. Free floating nucleotides come over and properly line up (attach) with their partner (A with T, and G with C).

3. Polymerase bonds the paired bases together.

4. The result is two exact daughter molecules of DNA, each with one old strand and one new strand.

AgendaDNA extraction activity-due at end of periodComplete and turn in handouts – puzzle and replication – due at end of period.Warm Up - page 38If the sequence of bases on one side of a DNA molecule is TTAGCCT, the correct sequence of the letters on the complementary side of the DNA molecule is:A.   AGGCTAA C. AGGCTAAB. AATCCGA D. AATCGGA Homework: Nonehttp://www.brainpop.com/science/cellularlifeandgenetics/dna/

Wed Nov 30

How DNA determines traits…

•A gene is a section of the DNA strand that gives the code for one protein.•The proteins coded for in genes dictate how an organism will develop, regulate cell processes, construct muscle & bone, fight diseases…

RNA Ribonucleic Acid Similar to DNA but: Single stranded Sugar is ribose instead of

deoxyribose Contains same bases except

thymine is replaced with uracil (so RNA has G, C, A, U)

There are 3 types of RNA:•mRNA (messenger RNA) – carries code out of the nucleus

•tRNA (transfer RNA) – reads code and carries amino acids to mRNA

•rRNA (ribosomal RNA) – part of structure of a ribosomal

HOW IS THE STUDY OF DNA BEING USED TODAY? PHARMACUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

Uses bacteria to produce medicines & enzymes for food production.

-Chymosin (used to make cheese)

-Insulin-Vaccines-Identifies new potential

medicines

AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGYIntroduces new traits into plants for specific benefits.

-growing plants with more nutrients

-plants being more resistant to pests

-grow more food on less land

TO HELP THE ENVIRNONMENT-fewer chemical applications-reduced killing of beneficial insects-less need to add fertilizers-reduced chemical runoff in lakes & streams.-decreased soil erosion

INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY-Oil-eating bacteria-Biodegradable plastic-Silk-Vitamins

DNA FINGERPRINTING Technique used to identify individuals

IN CLOSING DNA contains the instructions for making an

organism, including YOU!!!! Your DNA determines how you look, what blood

type you have, even your tendency to get some diseases.

Each chromosome contains a strand of DNA Almost every cell in your body contains the same

DNA & same genes.

QUESTION #3

WHAT CELLS IN YOUR BODY DO NOT CONTAIN ALL OF YOUR DNA.

AND THE ANSWER IS…

YOUR GAMETES (only have half) AND MATURE RED BLOOD CELLS (don’t have any).

Amino Acid Shape & Color

Amino Acid Shape & Color

Lysine Orange Square Valine Blue Triangle

Asparagine White Diamond Alanine Red Star

Arginine Blue Circle STOP Red Octagon

Serine Red Triangle Tryosine Yellow Triangle

Isolucine Green rectangle Trytophan White triangle

Methionine Yellow square Cysteine Brown Oval

Threonine Green star Leucine Pink square

Glutamic Acid Purple Circle Phenylanine Pink circle

Aspartic Acid Black diamond Glutamine Purple rectangle

Glycine White oval Histidine Red circle

Proline Brown Triangle