week 8 observation and analysis

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Complete the procedure of your observation in your observation folder. Where did you do it? When did you do it? What did you do? (start with creating the coding scheme) Who did you do For full marks on a procedure the person reading it should be able to replicate what you did without asking you any questions. Have you missed anything?

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Week 8 Observation and Analysis

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Page 1: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Complete the procedure of your observation in your observation folder.

• Where did you do it?• When did you do it? • What did you do? (start

with creating the coding scheme)

• Who did you do it to?

For full marks on a procedure the person reading it should be able to replicate what you did without asking you any questions. Have you missed anything?

Page 2: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Lesson ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you …

• Must be able to describe (AO1) the observational method and its components.

• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) you observation.

• Should be able to identify different data types (nominal, ordinal and interval/ratio).

Pg 6-8

Page 3: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Quantitative Data

Qualitative Data

Page 4: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Descriptive vs. Inferential

Descriptive Statistics• Summary of data to illustrate patterns and

relationships – BUT can’t infer conclusions

Inferential Statistics• Statistical tests that allow us to make

conclusions in relation to our hypothesis.

eg. Mann-Whitney or Spearman’s Rho or Chi Square.

Page 5: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

DESCRIPTIVE Data Analysis

0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.50

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.5

Scattergram to show the Correlation between variable

1 and variable 2

Titles are VERY important. Title your axis, the integers and give the graph a title.

y ax

is la

bel

y ax

is la

bel

x axis label x axis label

Page 6: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Male Female0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

UnhealthyHealthy

Page 7: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Levels of Measurement

Page 8: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Levels of DataNominal - measure of central tendency: modeData in categories (finished, fell, started)

Ordinal - measure of central tendency: median Data which are ranked or in order (1st 2nd 3rd)

Interval / Ratio - measure of central tendency: mean

Precise and measured using units of equal intervals (1m54s, 1m59s, 2m03s)

Ratio has a definite and meaningful zero point

Cat

ego

rica

l C

on

tin

uo

us

Page 9: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

20 minutes

Page 10: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

TYPE DESIGN

NOMINALDATA

ORDINALDATA

INTERVALDATA

REPEATEDMEASURES Sign test Wilcoxon sign test

Related ttest*

MATCHEDPAIRS Sign test Wilcoxon sign test

Related ttest*

INDEPENDENTMEASURES Chi-squared

Mann-Whitney'U'

Unrelated ttest*

CORRELATION Chi-squaredSpearman

RhoPearsonmoment*

* For Parametric tests Parametric criteria must also be met.

Page 11: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

TYPE DESIGN

NOMINALDATA

ORDINALDATA

INTERVALDATA

REPEATEDMEASURES Sign test Wilcoxon sign test

Related ttest*

MATCHEDPAIRS Sign test Wilcoxon sign test

Related ttest*

INDEPENDENTMEASURES Chi-squared

Mann-Whitney'U'

Unrelated ttest*

CORRELATION Chi-squaredSpearman

RhoPearsonmoment*

* For Parametric tests Parametric criteria must also be met.

Page 12: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

An inferential statistical test allows us to make conclusions in relation to our hypothesis. We choose the appropriate statistical test based on the level of data that we have collected and the design of the experiment.  When you conduct an inferential statistical test you will always end up with three values.

• Calculated (observed) – this number is affected by the scores that you enter into the calculation and is the important number that you need to compare to the table value to ascertain if you are to accept or reject your hypothesis.

• Table (critical) – this number is affected by the number or participants / number of conditions you have. Your calculated value is compared to this.

• Significance level – how confident are we in the conclusion of the test.

Page 13: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

• Must be able to describe (AO1) the observational method and its components.

• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) you observation. • Should be able to identify different data types

(nominal, ordinal and interval/ratio).

Page 14: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Finding the middle …

Complete the worksheet on averages and range.

Page 15: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Lesson ObjectivesBy the end of the lesson you …

• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) an observation.

• Must be able to carry out (AO3) an observation to collect data.

• Should be able to describe (A01) P values and describe their impact on conclusions.

Page 16: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

p ≤ 0.05

(p = probability)

Page 17: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

Steps for testing hypotheses

1. Calculate descriptive statistics

2. Calculate an inferential statistic

3. Find its probability (p value)

4. Based on p value, accept or reject the null hypothesis

5. Draw conclusion

< less than> greater than≤ less than or equal to ≥ greater than or equal to

Page 18: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

1. Proportion of girls categorised as early-maturers: California versus Arizona, p <0.05

2. Degree of agreement with the statement "All in all, it was worth going to war in Iraq." Republicans vs. Democrats, p=0.35

3. Rating of overall liking of movie: Film club members vs. non-club members p = 0.173

4. Difference in reaction time between those consuming alcohol and those not, p<0.001

5. Number of lawn signs for candidates: Winner vs. loser, p=0.025

6. Degree of agreement with the statement "By law, abortion should never be permitted." Women vs. Men, p > 0.05

GREEN = SIGNIFICANT RED = NON-SIGNIFICANT

Page 19: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

p ≤ 0.05The probability that the results are due

to chance …

… is less than or equal to …

… 5%

Page 20: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

20 minutes

Page 21: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

• Must be able to evaluate (AO2) an observation. • Must be able to carry out (AO3) an observation

to collect data. • Should be able to describe (A01) P values and

describe their impact on conclusions.

Page 22: Week 8 Observation and Analysis

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