week 8 radiation biology spring 2012. 2 the early years
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
WEEK 8RADIATION BIOLOGY
Spring 2012
![Page 2: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
2
THE EARLY YEARS
![Page 3: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
![Page 5: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Biological Response toIonizing Radiation (Slide 5)
1. Can causes ___________changes
2. Technologists should have an understanding of:
1. Cellular biology 2. How radiation ___________with cells in order to
protect oneself and the patient.
5
![Page 6: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Early Effects of Radiaton (slide 6)
• 1 _____________• 2 _____________• 3 _____________• 4 _____________• 5 _____________
![Page 7: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Late Effects of Radiaton
• 1 _______________• 2 _______________• 3 _______________• 4 _______________• 5 _______________
7
![Page 8: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8FIG. 9–7 Graph indicates no-threshold versus threshold response to radiation.
Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Linear Response to radiation:
1. Assumes _______ is safe
2. Diagnostic radiation:
• __________________
3. ____ dose over ___period of time
4. Early Radiology Exposure
5. ________________
• Amount needed to see affect
![Page 9: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
EFFECTS OF RADIATION
1. Late effects:A. _______________
• Individual exposed
B. ________________ effects• Future generations
9
![Page 10: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Somatic Cells (SLIDE 29)
1. Perform all the __________________.
2. Possess ___ of every gene on two different chromosomes.
3. Divide through the process of ____________
![Page 11: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Germ Cells (SLIDE 30)
1. ______________ cells of an organism.
2. _____________ the number of chromosomes as the somatic cells.
3. Reproduce through the process of ________
![Page 12: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
SOMATIC & GENETICSTOCHASTIC VS NON STOCHASTIC
A) ______________EFFECTS1. Genetic damage2. Leukemia3. Cancer4. Diagnostic radiology
BB) _______________Dose1. Skin erythema2. Catracts3. Sterility4. Malignancies
12
![Page 13: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Cell Structure
1. Biologic response to ionizing radiation depends on cell structure
2. Comprised of:– Nucleus– Cytoplasm– Chromosomes (made up of genes)
13
![Page 14: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Basic Cell Structure
1. Two parts:1. Nucleus- contains
DNA2. Cytoplasm is 80%
water
2. DNA is at risk when a cell is exposed to ionizing radiation
14
![Page 15: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Cell Type Examples
1. ______________________ 1. Skin cells2. Small intestine cells,3. Germ cells
2. ________________________: 1. Specialized in structure and function, 2. Do not undergo repeated mitosis
1. Nerve, muscle & brain cells
15
![Page 16: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Radiosensitivity of Cells
1. Bergonie & Tribondeau (1906) – method of classifying a cell’s response to radiation according to sensitivity.
2. Cells are most sensitive during active division (primitive in structure & function).
16
![Page 17: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
The Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau
Cells that are most sensitive to radiation are:
• _________________• _________________• _________________• _________________
![Page 18: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
RADIOSENSITIVITY OF CELLS
1. Mitotic activity 2. Specific characterisitics of
the cell (primative)– Structure– Function
18
![Page 19: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Cellular Response to Radiation
1. _________before mitosis
2. _______________ mitosis
3. Failure to divide at __________ mitotic rate
![Page 20: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cell Sensitivity
Radiosensitive Cells123456
Radioinsensitive Cells123456
20
![Page 21: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Example of cell sensitivity
![Page 22: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Direct Hit and Indirect Hit
![Page 23: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Cellular AbsorptionDirect vs. Indirect Hit
Direct Hit Theory:1. When radiation
interacts with _____
2. Break in the bases or phosphate bonds
3. Can _____or ____ the cell
Indirect Hit Theory:1. Occurs when ____molecules
are ionized
2. Produces chemical changes – 1. Can _____ or _______cell
3. __________ of cellular damage is from indirect hit
![Page 24: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
TARGET THEORY1. Photons hit master
molecule DNA
1. cell dies
2. Doesn’t hit nucleus –
1. Passes through
2. No essential damage
3. Hormoresis
1. repair that can occur when below 5 rads of expsoure
24
![Page 25: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
![Page 26: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
![Page 27: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Cell bombarded with photonsWhat damage will they cause?
27
![Page 28: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Radiolysispoison water theory
1. H 2 O molecules -2. Ejection of electron = free
radical 3. H2 0 2 = hydrogen peroxide
28
![Page 29: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
HOH+ recombine to H2O
29
![Page 30: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Radiation Exposure and Cancer
What are some of the causes of cancer?
30
![Page 31: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
31
![Page 32: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
![Page 33: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Acute Radiation Syndrome
Full body exposure given within minutes
![Page 34: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
![Page 35: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
35
Total Body Response to Radiaiton
• _____________________________– full body exposure given in a few minutes.
• 3 stages of response:1. ______________: NVD stage (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea)2. ______________: Feels well while undergoing biological changes3. ______________: Full effects felt, leads to recovery or death
![Page 36: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
3 Radiation Syndromes (SLIDE 49)
1. _______________________: results in infection, hemorrhage & anemia
2. _______________________: results in diarrhea, nausea & vomiting, fever
3. ________________________: results in convulsions, coma, & eventual death from increased intracranial pressure.
CNS least sensitive in ADULTS – MOST sensitive in the FETUS
![Page 37: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Late Effects of Radiation
1. Somatic Effects: develop in the individual who is exposed
– Most common: • Cataract formation & Carcinogenesis
2. Genetic Effects: develop in _____________ as a result of damage to germ cells.
37
![Page 38: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Instances of Acute Radiation Exposure
1) Nagasaki and Hiroshima2) Chernobyl
38
![Page 39: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
![Page 40: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Cherynobyl - immediately
• Shortly after the blast– 20 R in less than 1 minute – clean up crew– fireman – 600,000 “liquidators” exposed
• A pilot saw a village where the dosimeter, the reading had gone off the scale– 500 roentgen per hour: – 'Above 500, the equipment - and human beings - aren't supposed to
work.– he had flown in 1,500 roentgen an hour of expoure
40
![Page 41: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Exposure in soil & water
1. 11,000 mrem- current background in red zones
2. 12 mrem is your average background radiation.
3. This is a thousand times greater than the normal background level of radiation
4. Approximately 15-20% of babies are born healthy.
41
![Page 42: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cherynobyl Fall out
42
![Page 43: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
![Page 44: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
This is Julia, who is four years old and her brain is not within her skull, it’s actually a separate entity onto the back of her head
INCREASE IN BIRTH DEFECTS, CNS & BRAIN INJURY 250x MORE
![Page 45: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
![Page 46: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
BELARUS. Minsk. Children’s Home No 1. This hospital receives many of the most deformed babies soon after birth. Nurse Alla Komarova hugs 3-year-old Yulya, whose brain is in a membrane in the back of his head.
250X more birth defects / Mental Illness / Turmors
![Page 47: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Hiroshima Nagasaki
47
![Page 48: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
US Nuclear Tests 1945 – 1992
48
![Page 49: WEEK 8 RADIATION BIOLOGY Spring 2012. 2 THE EARLY YEARS](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649eaa5503460f94baf7dd/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Nevada Testing Sites
49