week 8_environmental dimension
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environmental dimensionTRANSCRIPT
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Dimension
• What are the responsibilities of engineers with regard to the environmental protection?
• Should environmental degradation, which is not involving dangers to human health, be a matter of professional ethics or personal ethics?
• Discuss the “Limiting Growth” and “Unlimited Growth” environmental views
• How can engineers ensure economic growth is sustainable?
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Dimension
• Environmental Protection –
Is an essential to pursue a sustainable future
• Environmental Awareness …
Is to recognize the need for environmental protection in our daily life
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Dimension
“Environmental management should become, where it is not already the case, one of the highest management priorities of business”.
World Business Council for Sustainable Development, 1996.“Trade and Environment : a Business Perspective”
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Dimension
“Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”.
United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Dimension
1980s and 1990s• cost leadership• differentiation• quality &
customers’satisfaction
21st Century• long-term cost leadership• differentiation in favour of
green products and practices
• quality & stakeholders’satisfaction
• environmental performance of cities, firms, products or services
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Issues
Sustainable Development is often defined as:
“meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
World Commission on Economic Development. (1987). Our Common Future. England : Oxford University Press.
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Sustainability
What is Sustainability?(World Summit on Sustainable Development brochure, 2002)1. Economic Growth
foster responsible long-term growth while ensuring that no nation or community is left behind.
2. Conserving natural Resources and the Environmentfor future generations, reduce the consumption of resources, stop pollution and conserve natural habitats.
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Sustainability
3. Social DevelopmentThroughout the world, people need jobs, food, education, energy, health care, water and sanitation. People also need respect for cultural and social diversity and the rights of workers. All members of society need a role in determining their futures.
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
How Engineer Can Help
• Determine Objectives: Product definition, determine business objectives and constraint
• Evaluate Alternatives: Risk analysis and prototyping
• Develop Product: Detailed design, code, unit test and integration
• Planning the Next Round: Customer evaluation, design planning, implementation, and customer delivery
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Design Consideration
Select hazardous-free materials• Avoid the use of toxic or hazardous materials• Avoid ozone-depleting substances• Select recycled and recyclable materialsDesign for energy efficiency• Aim for maximum efficiencyDesign for durability• Identify and eliminate potential weak points• Design for easy maintenance and repairDesign for upgradability• Design to allow new modules or functions to be
added
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Design Consideration
• Design for remanufacturing (similar to design for recycle-ability)- Parts should be standardised and can be
interchangeable• Design for metal recovery
- Increase use of metals- Specify use of materials with recycled content
• Design for plastics recovery- Consolidate parts- Reduce the number of assembly operations
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The Role of An Engineer
• Take reasonable steps to avoid damage to the environment and the waste of natural resources.
• Seek to assess the environmental consequences of work for which he is responsible and to influence events so as to prevent or minimize damage to, and if practicable to improve, the environment.
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The Role of An Engineer
• Strive to create through their projects a healthy and agreeable outdoor and indoor environment;
• Aim to minimize the use of non-renewable resources, to conserve energy and to minimize the generation of waste;
• Consider and take into account the consequences of any proposal upon public health and local custom;
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The Role of An Engineer
• Assess the impacts of their proposals upon the environment, and select options that will ensure sustainable development;
• Consider and explain in their proposals the measures required to protect and improve the environment;
• Promote the concepts of interdependence of ecosystems, maintenance of the diversity of species, resource replacement and recovery, and sustainable development;
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
The Role of An Engineer
• Seek to balance costs with benefit to the environment and human society, achieving the best option for the environment by using the best available technology and techniques without involving excessive costs.
• Encourage management to follow positive environmental policies by recognizing that a ‘statement of intent’ is insufficient to comply with the law.
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Laws in Hong Kong
• Water Pollution Control Ordinance (1980)• Waste Disposal Ordinance (1980)• Air Pollution Control Ordinance (1983)• Noise Control Ordinance (1988) • Environmental Impact Assessment
Ordinance (1997)• Hazardous chemicals control ordinance (2008)• Product eco-responsibility ordinance (from 7 July
09, plastic shopping bags)More details: http://www.gov.hk/en/residents/environment/business/laws.htm
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Sustainable Engineering Development
Economic
Environment
Society
Environmental sustainability
Economic sustainability Society sustainability
Human Well-being
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Environmental Protection …
is a business of all of us.
It is for you, and for further generation.
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Engineering for sustainable development
• Living within environmental limits• Ensuring a strong healthy and just society• Achieving a sustainable economy,• promoting good governance• Using sound science responsiblySource: The Royal Academy of Engineering, “Engineering for Sustainable Development:
guiding principles”, http://www.raeng.org.uk/events/pdf/Engineering_for_Sustainable_Development.pdf
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Three dimensions of sustainabilityEco-centric concerns
Natural resources &ecological capacity
Techno-centric concerns
Techno-economic systems
Socio-centricconcerns
human capital& social
expectations
Sust-ainbility
Eco-centric concerns
Natural resources &ecological capacity
Techno-centric
concerns Techno-economic systems
Socio-centricconcerns
human capital& social
expectations
Sust-ainbility
Eco-centric concerns
Natural resources &ecological capacityTechno-centric concerns
Techno-economic systems
Socio-centricconcerns
human capital& social
expectations
Sustainable development becomes
more commonSource: The Royal Academy of Engineering, “Engineering for Sustainable Development: guiding principles”
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Engineers and sustainable development
• Engineers will still be called on to design and manage complex systems, or simple systems to meet complex sets of demands.
• However, sustainable development redefines the contexts within which these skills must be deployed.
• It is a new integrative principle, not a new set of tools, so that the concept cannot simply be regarded as an ‘add-on’ to existing engineering skills and educational programmes.
Source: The Royal Academy of Engineering, “Engineering for Sustainable Development: guiding principles”
Engineers in Society(Sustainable Development and
Environmental Protection)
Presented byK.L. Tsang
General ManagerHong Kong Productivity Council
SustainableDevelopment
Underlying Issues
The natural resources of the Earth are limited the resources are being used disproportionately by a
minority of people living in the wealthy nations the use of these resources is ever increasing depriving the future generations of a living standard
comparable to that of the present, and creatingintergeneration equity
Sustainable Development is oftendefined as :
“meeting the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs”
World Commission on Economic Development.(1987). Our Common Future. England : Oxford
University Press.
What is Sustainability?From : World Summit on Sustainable Development brochure, 2002
1. Economic Growthfoster responsible long-term growth while ensuring that nonation or community is left behind.
2. Conserving natural Resources and the Environmentfor future generations, reduce resource consumption, stoppollution and conserve natural habitats.
What is Sustainability?
3. Social DevelopmentThroughout the world, people need jobs, food, education,energy, health care, water and sanitation. People also needrespect for cultural and social diversity and the rights ofworkers. All members of society need a role indetermining their futures.
StrongEconomy
FlourishingEnvironment Social Health
SUSTAINABLESOCIETY
Supporting the present standard of living seen in thedeveloped nations for all behind with the currenttechnologies requires the natural resources of twoadditional earth (Wackernagel and Rees)
Need to restraint the rate of use of material and non-renewable energy by technologies that are four times asresource efficient as the current ones (Factor 4 idea)(Hawken, Lovins and Lovins)
Four Types of Sustainable SystemType I - Global concerns or problems
Example :Global warming due to emission of carbon dioxide, methans,nitrogen oxides Ozone depletion due to use ofchlorofhcorocarbons (CFCs)The use of genetical modified crops (GM)
Need international co-operation for solutions Kyoto Protocol for greenhouse gas Montreal agreement on phasing out of CFCs
Type II - characterized by geographical boundaries
Example are cities, villages, or defined ecosystems
Improvement through civil engineering environmentalengineering, hydrology, ecology, urban planning, law andeconomics
Four Types of Sustainable System
Type III - Business strive to be sustainable by
practising cleaner technology recycle by products eliminating waste products reduce emissions of greenhouse gas eliminating the use of toxic substances reducing energy
Four Types of Sustainable System
Type IV : Sustainable Technologies
Any particular technology that is designed to provideeconomic value through clean technology
Four Types of Sustainable System
The Sustainablity Pyramid by Alcan, Canada
The United Nations has declared a
Decade of Education for Sustainable Development 2005-2014
Education for a Sustainable Future :
“enables people to develop the knowledge, values and skillsto participate in decisions …, that will improve the quality oflife now without damaging the planet for the future.”
Sustainable Development Education Panel (1999), FirstAnnual Report 1998, London Department of the Environment,Transport and the Regions, p.30.
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et
of
case
stu
die
s fr
om
the
pra
ctic
al e
xpe
rie
nce
of
the
Vis
itin
g P
rofe
sso
rs a
nd
to
dis
til a
se
t o
f g
en
era
l Gu
idin
g
Pri
nci
ple
s th
at a
re e
nca
psu
late
d in
or
illu
stra
ted
by
the
cas
e s
tud
ies.
This
Gu
ide
fu
lfils
that
ob
ject
ive
an
d I
ho
pe
th
at it
insp
ire
s yo
u t
o m
ake
a d
iffe
ren
ce t
o t
he
wo
rld
th
rou
gh
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t b
ase
d u
po
n w
ise
pra
ctic
e o
f e
ng
ine
eri
ng
.
3
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Lo
rd B
roe
rs F
RE
ng
FR
S
Pre
sid
en
t
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
gPhoto:Royal Academy of Engineering
Pref
ace
This
Gu
ide
is a
ime
d p
rim
arily
at:
•A
cad
em
ic S
taff
in U
niv
ers
ity
Eng
ine
eri
ng
Sch
oo
ls a
nd
De
par
tme
nts
,wh
o n
ee
d o
r ar
e
con
sid
eri
ng
ho
w t
o e
mb
ed
th
e e
sse
nce
of
en
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
into
th
eir
co
urs
es
and
te
ach
ing
In a
dd
itio
n,t
he
fo
llow
ing
gro
up
s ar
e a
lso
se
en
as
imp
ort
ant
targ
et
read
ers
an
d w
e h
op
e
the
y w
ill a
lso
fin
d t
he
Gu
ide
use
ful:
•st
ud
en
ts o
n e
ng
ine
eri
ng
un
de
rgra
du
ate
an
d p
ost
-gra
du
ate
de
gre
e c
ou
rse
s
•te
ach
ers
in U
niv
ers
itie
s in
re
late
d d
isci
plin
es,
wit
h w
hic
h e
ng
ine
ers
hav
e t
o w
ork
•tr
ain
ing
man
age
rs in
an
y e
ng
ine
eri
ng
-re
late
d o
rgan
isat
ion
,wh
o w
ill b
e a
ble
to
use
it
to f
ram
e t
he
ir c
om
pan
y’s
Co
nti
nu
ing
Pro
fess
ion
al D
eve
lop
me
nt
(CP
D)
in s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d d
esi
gn
•in
div
idu
al p
ract
isin
g e
ng
ine
ers
at
all l
eve
ls,w
ho
will
be
ab
le t
o u
se it
fo
r th
eir
pe
rso
nal
CP
D
•th
ose
co
nce
rne
d w
ith
an
d r
un
nin
g t
he
pro
fess
ion
al d
eve
lop
me
nt
sch
em
es
and
exa
min
atio
ns
of
the
en
gin
ee
rin
g in
stit
uti
on
s
•th
ose
co
nce
rne
d w
ith
th
e p
rocu
rem
en
t o
f e
ng
ine
ere
d p
rod
uct
s fr
om
co
nsu
me
r
pro
du
cts
to u
tilit
ies
and
infr
astr
uct
ure
The
ove
rall
stru
ctu
re o
f th
e G
uid
e is
as
follo
ws.
•Se
ctio
n 1
pro
vid
es
an In
tro
du
ctio
n t
o t
he
Gu
ide
an
d w
hy
it h
as b
ee
n p
rod
uce
d,p
lus
som
e f
un
dam
en
tal d
efin
itio
ns,
wh
ich
– it
is h
op
ed
– p
rovi
de
su
ffic
ien
t b
ackg
rou
nd
to s
ust
ain
abili
ty,s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d t
he
ir in
tera
ctio
ns
wit
h e
ng
ine
eri
ng
,
eve
n f
or
tho
se n
ew
to
th
e s
ub
ject
•Se
ctio
n 2
pro
vid
es
an il
lust
rati
on
of
sust
ain
abili
ty is
sue
s in
en
gin
ee
rin
g t
hro
ug
h
sum
mar
ies
of
seve
n e
xam
ple
s se
lect
ed
mo
stly
fro
m c
ase
stu
die
s g
en
era
ted
by
the
Aca
de
my’
s V
isit
ing
Pro
fess
ors
Sch
em
e
•Se
ctio
n 3
pre
sen
ts a
se
t o
f 1
2 ‘G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s’o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t d
isti
lled
fro
m t
he
Vis
itin
g P
rofe
sso
rs S
che
me,
tog
eth
er
wit
h a
tab
le o
f
links
be
twe
en
th
e P
rin
cip
les
and
th
e e
xam
ple
s
•Se
ctio
n 4
pro
vid
es
advi
ce o
n t
he
ap
plic
atio
n o
f th
e G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s in
pra
ctic
e b
y
rela
tin
g t
he
m t
o f
ive
mai
n s
tag
es
in a
ny
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
roje
ct o
r e
nte
rpri
se
•Se
ctio
n 5
ind
icat
es
ho
w t
o t
ake
th
e G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s in
to a
ctio
n –
in u
niv
ers
ity
teac
hin
g a
nd
in e
ng
ine
eri
ng
pra
ctic
e
The
lon
ge
r-te
rm a
im is
fo
r th
is G
uid
e t
o b
e a
ke
y co
mp
on
en
t o
f re
sou
rce
s to
ass
ist,
in
par
ticu
lar,
acad
em
ic s
taff
wh
o a
re t
eac
hin
g o
n U
K e
ng
ine
eri
ng
de
gre
e c
ou
rse
s.
This
Gu
ide
can
be
se
en
as
com
ple
me
nta
ry t
o t
he
exi
stin
g R
oya
l Aca
de
my
of
Eng
ine
eri
ng
Gu
ide
Ed
uca
tin
g E
ng
inee
rs in
Des
ign
(Th
e R
oya
l Aca
de
my
of
Eng
ine
eri
ng
,
20
05
) an
d t
o t
he
Aca
de
my’
s R
ep
ort
,Th
e S
oci
eta
l Asp
ects
of
Ris
k an
d it
s co
mp
anio
n
do
cum
en
ts (
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g,2
00
3).
It s
ho
uld
ass
ist
in d
eliv
eri
ng
th
e
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t co
mp
ete
nci
es
req
uir
ed
by
the
UK
Sta
nd
ard
fo
r P
rofe
ssio
nal
Eng
ine
eri
ng
Co
mp
ete
nce
.(En
gin
ee
rin
g C
ou
nci
l UK
,20
04
).
The
Gu
ide
is p
ub
lish
ed
bo
th p
hys
ical
ly a
nd
ele
ctro
nic
ally
.
4Th
e R
oya
l Aca
de
my
of
Eng
ine
eri
ng
Ack
no
wle
dg
em
en
ts
Ou
r th
anks
are
du
e t
o a
wid
e r
ang
e
of
pe
op
le in
volv
ed
in t
he
pre
par
atio
n o
f th
is G
uid
e,an
d in
teac
hin
g a
nd
pra
ctic
e o
f e
ng
ine
eri
ng
for
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t.In
par
ticu
lar,
we
th
ank
Pro
fess
or
Jim
McQ
uai
d,V
isit
ing
Pro
fess
or
in t
he
Sch
oo
l of
the
Bu
ilt E
nvi
ron
me
nt,
Un
ive
rsit
y o
f U
lste
r,an
d P
rofe
sso
r
Dav
id F
isk,
De
par
tme
nt
of
Civ
il an
d
Envi
ron
me
nta
l En
gin
ee
rin
g,I
mp
eri
al
Co
lleg
e,Lo
nd
on
,fo
r th
eir
tir
ele
ss
wo
rk in
de
velo
pin
g e
arly
dra
fts
as
we
ll as
co
mm
en
tin
g o
n t
he
late
r
dra
fts
of
this
Gu
ide.
We
als
o g
ive
spe
cial
th
anks
to
Pro
fess
or
Ro
lan
d
Clif
t o
f th
e U
niv
ers
ity
of
Surr
ey
for
his
sig
nifi
can
t co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o t
he
Intr
od
uct
ion
.Eac
h o
f th
e V
isit
ing
Pro
fess
ors
wh
o h
ave
con
trib
ute
d t
o
the
exam
ple
s p
rese
nte
d in
Sec
tio
n 2
is in
dic
ated
at
the
hea
d o
f ea
ch
exam
ple
.In
ad
dit
ion
,we
gra
tefu
lly
ackn
ow
led
ge
the
con
trib
uti
on
s o
f
text
an
d/o
r co
mm
ents
by
mem
ber
s
of
the
Aca
de
my’
s Su
stai
nab
le
De
velo
pm
en
t Ed
uca
tio
n W
ork
ing
Gro
up
,plu
s o
the
r m
em
be
rs o
f Th
e
Aca
de
my
and
wid
er
pro
fess
ion
.
Furt
he
r in
form
atio
n o
n s
om
e o
f th
e
case
stu
dy
mat
eri
al g
en
era
ted
by
The
Aca
de
my’
s sc
he
me
can
be
fou
nd
fro
m t
he
Re
fere
nce
s,in
clu
din
g
the
we
bsi
tes
liste
d t
he
re.
Fin
ally
,we
th
ink
it im
po
rtan
t to
se
t th
e G
uid
e in
to t
he
cu
rre
nt
con
text
of
go
vern
me
nt
and
bu
sin
ess
po
licie
s.Th
e n
ew
20
05
UK
str
ate
gy
on
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt,
Sec
uri
ng
the
futu
re,h
as b
ee
n p
ub
lish
ed
an
d n
ee
ds
to b
e t
ake
n in
to a
cco
un
t b
y th
ose
usi
ng
th
is
do
cum
en
t in
th
eir
wo
rk.I
n t
he
str
ate
gy,
the
UK
Go
vern
me
nt
sets
ou
t th
e s
et
of
shar
ed
pri
nci
ple
s th
at it
will
use
to
ach
ieve
its
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t p
urp
ose
,an
d
de
mo
nst
rate
s th
at it
has
be
en
act
ive
in r
ece
nt
year
s d
eve
lop
ing
ap
pro
ach
es
and
pri
nci
ple
s fo
r su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
in t
he
UK
.Th
e la
test
str
ate
gy
has
be
en
ag
ree
d
by
the
UK
Go
vern
me
nt,
the
Sco
ttis
h E
xecu
tive
,th
e W
els
h A
sse
mb
ly a
nd
th
e N
ort
he
rn
Ire
lan
d A
dm
inis
trat
ion
.Th
ey
hav
e b
rou
gh
t to
ge
the
r an
d b
uilt
up
on
th
e v
ario
us
pre
vio
usl
y e
xist
ing
UK
pri
nci
ple
s to
se
t o
ut
an o
vera
rch
ing
ap
pro
ach
,wh
ich
is
sum
mar
ise
d in
th
e f
igu
re b
elo
w.
In a
dd
itio
n t
o t
his
nat
ion
al p
olic
y p
ictu
re,t
he
de
velo
pm
en
t o
f ac
tio
n in
th
ese
are
as is
also
incr
eas
ing
ly in
flue
nce
d b
y C
orp
ora
te S
oci
al R
esp
on
sib
ility
(C
SR)
Polic
ies
in
ind
ust
rial
an
d c
om
me
rcia
l org
anis
atio
ns.
Wh
ilst
this
pu
blic
atio
n d
oe
s n
ot
spe
cific
ally
add
ress
th
e C
SR a
ge
nd
a,m
any
of
the
Pri
nci
ple
s ar
e e
qu
ally
co
mp
atib
le w
ith
a C
SR
app
roac
h a
s w
ith
on
e b
ase
d o
n t
he
co
nce
pt
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t.W
hat
eve
r th
e
bas
is f
or
acti
on
,wh
at is
imp
ort
ant
is t
he
dir
ect
ion
an
d u
rge
ncy
of
that
act
ion
aim
ed
at
imp
rove
d e
ng
ine
eri
ng
pra
ctic
e.
Ric
ha
rd D
od
ds
an
d R
og
er V
ena
ble
s,Ed
ito
rs
5
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Fig
ure
1:T
he
pri
nci
ple
s o
f su
sta
ina
ble
dev
elo
pm
ent
in t
he
20
05
UK
str
ate
gy
‘Sec
uri
ng
th
e fu
ture
’
Co
nte
nts
Lis
t o
f a
bb
rev
iati
on
s u
sed
2
Fo
rew
ord
3
Pre
face
4
1In
tro
du
ctio
n7
1.1
Wh
y En
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t?7
1.2
Sco
pe
of
the
Gu
ide
8
1.3
De
finit
ion
s an
d u
nd
efin
able
pri
nci
ple
s9
1.4
The
ch
alle
ng
e a
he
ad1
0
2
Ex
am
ple
s o
f su
sta
ina
bil
ity
iss
ue
s in
en
gin
ee
rin
g
11
2.1
Civ
il En
gin
ee
rin
g –
Ju
bile
e R
ive
r1
2
2.2
Ch
em
ical
& M
anu
fact
uri
ng
En
gin
ee
rin
g –
lau
nd
ry c
lean
ing
pro
du
cts
14
2.3
Wal
kin
g t
he
tal
k:e
mb
ed
din
g s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t in
to a
n
org
anis
atio
n –
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ers
ity
16
2.4
Pro
du
ct d
esi
gn
in E
lect
rica
l & E
lect
ron
ic E
ng
ine
eri
ng
– m
ob
ile p
ho
ne
s1
8
2.5
Civ
il En
gin
ee
rin
g &
Bu
ildin
g –
Mo
ssle
y M
ill r
eg
en
era
tio
n in
No
rth
ern
Ire
lan
d2
0
2.6
Bal
anci
ng
po
siti
ve a
nd
ne
gat
ive
imp
acts
– t
he
cas
e o
f ca
taly
tic
con
vert
ers
22
2.7
The
en
erg
y ch
alle
ng
e2
3
3G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s o
f E
ng
ine
eri
ng
fo
r S
ust
ain
ab
le D
ev
elo
pm
en
t2
5
3.1
The
Pri
nci
ple
s2
5
3.2
The
Pri
nci
ple
s e
xpla
ine
d2
5
3.3
The
Pri
nci
ple
s re
late
d t
o t
he
exa
mp
les
sum
mar
ise
d in
Se
ctio
n 2
31
4
Ap
pli
cati
on
of
the
Pri
nci
ple
s in
pra
ctic
e4
0
4.1
Intr
od
uct
ion
40
4.2
Fram
ing
th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts4
0
4.3
Pro
ject
De
finit
ion
– S
cop
ing
th
e d
eci
sio
n4
1
4.4
Pla
nn
ing
an
d D
eta
iled
De
sig
n4
1
4.5
Im
ple
me
nta
tio
n,D
eliv
ery
an
d O
pe
rati
on
s4
2
4.6
End
of
usa
ble
life
42
4.7
Lin
kin
g t
he
Sta
ge
s to
th
e G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s 4
3
5
De
ve
lop
ing
ap
pro
ach
es
in t
ea
chin
g,t
rain
ing
an
d C
PD
44
Re
fere
nce
s a
nd
fu
rth
er
rea
din
g4
6
6Th
e R
oya
l Aca
de
my
of
Eng
ine
eri
ng
1In
tro
du
ctio
n
1.1
Wh
y En
gin
eeri
ng
for
Sust
ain
able
Dev
elo
pm
ent?
It is
incr
eas
ing
ly r
eco
gn
ise
d,i
n p
ub
lic d
iscu
ssio
n a
nd
po
litic
al d
isco
urs
e,th
at m
any
of
the
pra
ctic
es
and
life
styl
es
of
mo
de
rn s
oci
ety
– p
arti
cula
rly
bu
t n
ot
exc
lusi
vely
ind
ust
rial
ise
d s
oci
ety
– s
imp
ly c
ann
ot
be
su
stai
ne
d in
de
finit
ely
.We
are
exc
ee
din
g t
he
cap
acit
y o
f th
e p
lan
et
to p
rovi
de
man
y o
f th
e r
eso
urc
es
we
use
an
d t
o a
cco
mm
od
ate
ou
r e
mis
sio
ns,
wh
ile m
any
of
the
pla
ne
t’s in
hab
itan
ts c
ann
ot
me
et
eve
n t
he
ir m
ost
bas
ic n
ee
ds.
This
pro
ble
m,o
f re
cog
nis
ing
th
e n
ee
d t
o li
ve w
ith
in c
on
stra
ints
an
d t
o e
nsu
re m
ore
fair
ne
ss in
acc
ess
to
lim
ite
d r
eso
urc
es,
lies
at t
he
he
art
of
the
co
nce
pts
of
sust
ain
abili
ty
and
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt.
It is
so
me
thin
g n
ew
in h
um
an h
isto
ry –
th
e p
lan
et
is f
ull
and
we
hav
e n
o n
ew
ge
og
rap
hic
al h
ori
zon
s to
mo
ve t
o.T
his
Gu
ide
is in
ten
de
d t
o
pro
vid
e a
n in
tro
du
ctio
n t
o h
ow
su
stai
nab
ility
an
d s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t af
fect
th
e
way
in w
hic
h e
ng
ine
eri
ng
mu
st in
fu
ture
be
pra
ctis
ed
.
Sust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
is t
he
pro
cess
of
mo
vin
g h
um
an a
ctiv
itie
s to
a p
atte
rn t
hat
can
be
sust
ain
ed in
per
pet
uit
y.It
is a
n a
pp
roac
h t
o e
nvi
ron
men
tal a
nd
dev
elo
pm
ent
issu
es
that
see
ks t
o r
eco
nci
le h
um
an n
eed
s w
ith
th
e ca
pac
ity
of
the
pla
net
to
co
pe
wit
h t
he
con
seq
uen
ces
of
hu
man
act
ivit
ies.
It is
use
ful t
o r
epre
sen
t th
e co
nst
rain
ts t
hat
mak
e
sust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
an im
per
ativ
e in
th
e fo
rm o
f a
sim
ple
Ven
n d
iag
ram
(Fi
gu
re 2
).
‘Te
chn
o-c
en
tric
co
nce
rns’,
wh
ich
en
com
pas
s te
chn
o-e
con
om
ic s
yste
ms,
rep
rese
nt
hu
man
ski
lls a
nd
ing
en
uit
y –
th
e s
kills
th
at e
ng
ine
ers
mu
st c
on
tin
ue
to
de
plo
y –
an
d
the
eco
no
mic
sys
tem
wit
hin
wh
ich
we
de
plo
y th
em
.‘Eco
-ce
ntr
ic c
on
cern
s’re
pre
sen
t
the
ab
ility
of
the
pla
ne
t to
su
stai
n u
s –
bo
th b
y p
rovi
din
g m
ate
rial
an
d e
ne
rgy
reso
urc
es
7
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
EC
O-C
EN
TR
ICC
ON
CE
RN
S
Na
tura
l re
sou
rce
sa
nd
eco
log
ica
lca
pa
city
TE
CH
NO
-CE
NT
RIC
CO
NC
ER
NS
Tech
no
-eco
no
mic
syst
em
s
SO
CIO
-CE
NT
RIC
CO
NC
ER
NS
Hu
ma
n c
ap
tia
l a
nd
so
cia
le
xp
ect
ati
on
s
Fig
ure
2a
:Th
ree
dim
ensi
on
s o
f su
sta
ina
bili
ty
SU
STA
INA
BIL
ITY
Diagram prepared by Crane Environmental Ltd after an original idea by Roland Clift
and
by
acco
mm
od
atin
g u
s an
d o
ur
em
issi
on
s an
d w
aste
s.‘S
oci
o-c
en
tric
co
nce
rns’
rep
rese
nt
hu
man
exp
ect
atio
ns
and
asp
irat
ion
s –
th
e n
ee
ds
of
hu
man
be
ing
s to
live
wo
rth
wh
ile li
ves,
sum
me
d u
p b
y th
e p
hra
se in
th
e U
K G
ove
rnm
en
t’s in
terp
reta
tio
n o
f
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t as
‘a b
ett
er
qu
alit
y o
f lif
e f
or
eve
ryo
ne,
no
w a
nd
in t
he
fu
ture
’.
Sust
ain
abili
ty c
an b
e t
ho
ug
ht
of
as t
he
re
gio
n in
th
e c
en
tre
of
Fig
ure
2a
wh
ere
all
thre
e
sets
of
con
stra
ints
are
sat
isfie
d,w
hile
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
is t
he
pro
cess
of
mo
vin
g
to t
hat
re
gio
n.A
lte
rnat
ive
ly,s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ca
n b
e t
ho
ug
ht
of
as t
he
pro
cess
of
mo
vin
g t
he
cir
cle
s to
ge
the
r so
th
at t
he
y al
mo
st c
om
ple
tely
ove
rlap
bu
t w
ith
th
e
soci
eta
l an
d t
ech
no
-eco
no
mic
cir
cle
s si
ttin
g w
ith
in t
he
en
viro
nm
en
tal c
ircl
e,at
wh
ich
po
int
all h
um
an a
ctiv
ity
is s
ust
ain
able
– s
ee
Fig
ure
2b
.
Alt
ho
ug
h F
igu
re 2
is s
imp
listi
c,it
re
min
ds
us
that
su
stai
nab
ility
me
ans
livin
g w
ith
in a
ll
thre
e t
ype
s o
f lo
ng
-te
rm c
on
stra
int:
tech
no
log
y ca
nn
ot
be
de
plo
yed
as
tho
ug
h it
has
no
en
viro
nm
en
tal o
r so
cie
tal i
mp
licat
ion
s.En
gin
ee
rs m
ust
th
ere
fore
be
ke
y p
laye
rs in
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t,an
d h
ave
an
ob
ligat
ion
as
citi
zen
s n
ot
just
to
act
as
iso
late
d
tech
nic
al e
xpe
rts.
Ach
ievi
ng
su
stai
nab
ility
th
rou
gh
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
will
re
qu
ire
som
e s
ign
ifica
nt
shif
ts in
be
hav
iou
r an
d c
on
sum
pti
on
pat
tern
s.O
fte
n it
will
be
– a
nd
sho
uld
be
– e
ng
ine
ers
wh
o le
ad p
roce
sse
s o
f m
akin
g d
eci
sio
ns
abo
ut
the
use
of
mat
eri
al,e
ne
rgy
and
wat
er
reso
urc
es,
the
de
velo
pm
en
t o
f in
fras
tru
ctu
re,t
he
de
sig
n o
f
ne
w p
rod
uct
s an
d s
o o
n.O
ne
imp
licat
ion
is t
hat
en
gin
ee
rs m
ust
re
cog
nis
e a
nd
exe
rcis
e
the
ir r
esp
on
sib
ility
to
so
cie
ty a
s a
wh
ole
,wh
ich
may
so
me
tim
es
con
flict
wit
h t
he
ir
resp
on
sib
ility
to
th
e im
me
dia
te c
lien
t o
r cu
sto
me
r.
Eng
ine
ers
will
sti
ll b
e c
alle
d o
n t
o d
esi
gn
an
d m
anag
e c
om
ple
x sy
ste
ms,
or
sim
ple
syst
em
s to
me
et
com
ple
x se
ts o
f d
em
and
s.H
ow
eve
r,su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
red
efin
es
the
co
nte
xts
wit
hin
wh
ich
th
ese
ski
lls m
ust
be
de
plo
yed
.It
is a
ne
w
inte
gra
tive
pri
nci
ple
,no
t a
ne
w s
et
of
too
ls,s
o t
hat
th
e c
on
cep
t ca
nn
ot
sim
ply
be
reg
ard
ed
as
an ‘a
dd
-on
’to
exi
stin
g e
ng
ine
eri
ng
ski
lls a
nd
ed
uca
tio
nal
pro
gra
mm
es.
This
Gu
ide
is a
ime
d a
t p
rovi
din
g a
se
t o
f G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s an
d u
nd
ers
tan
din
g t
o h
elp
pro
mo
te m
ore
-su
stai
nab
le d
esi
gn
an
d g
uid
e t
he
ir a
pp
licat
ion
in t
he
pra
ctic
e o
f
en
gin
ee
rin
g,i
llust
rate
d t
hro
ug
h s
um
mar
ies
of
sele
cte
d r
eal
-life
exa
mp
les.
1.2
Sco
pe
of t
he
Gu
ide
In p
rep
arin
g t
his
Gu
ide,
we
hav
e t
ake
n a
wid
e d
efin
itio
n o
f e
ng
ine
eri
ng
,so
its
sco
pe
con
seq
ue
ntl
y ra
ng
es
mo
re w
ide
ly t
han
on
ly e
ng
ine
eri
ng
de
sig
n.W
e h
ave
tak
en
an
ho
listi
c vi
ew
,re
cog
nis
ing
th
ree
mai
n is
sue
s.
•Fi
rstl
y,e
ng
ine
eri
ng
an
d s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ar
e c
lose
ly li
nke
d,w
ith
man
y
asp
ect
s o
f su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
de
pe
nd
ing
dir
ect
ly a
nd
sig
nifi
can
tly
on
app
rop
riat
e a
nd
tim
ely
act
ion
s b
y e
ng
ine
ers
•Se
con
dly
,en
gin
ee
rin
g d
esi
gn
is o
nly
a p
art,
tho
ug
h a
ve
ry im
po
rtan
t p
art,
of
the
ext
en
de
d e
ng
ine
eri
ng
pro
cess
of
anal
ysis
,syn
the
sis,
eva
luat
ion
an
d e
xecu
tio
n,a
s
sum
mar
ise
d in
Th
e U
niv
erse
of
Eng
inee
rin
g –
A U
K P
ersp
ecti
ve,(
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f
Eng
ine
eri
ng
,20
00
)
•Th
ird
ly,e
ng
ine
eri
ng
inp
ut
to s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t so
luti
on
s m
ust
be
pro
vid
ed
in
par
tne
rsh
ip w
ith
man
y o
the
r in
tere
sts.
Such
en
gin
ee
rin
g in
pu
t b
eg
ins
wit
h
par
tici
pat
ion
in f
ram
ing
th
e is
sue
of
con
cern
or
ho
w it
is d
esc
rib
ed
in t
erm
s o
f th
e
8Th
e R
oya
l Aca
de
my
of
Eng
ine
eri
ng
EC
O-C
EN
TR
ICC
ON
CE
RN
S
SU
STA
INA
BIL
ITY
AC
HIE
VE
D
TE
CH
NO
-C
EN
TR
ICC
ON
CE
RN
S
SO
CIO
-C
EN
TR
ICC
ON
CE
RN
S
EC
O-C
EN
TR
ICC
ON
CE
RN
S
TE
CH
NO
-C
EN
TR
ICC
ON
CE
RN
S
SO
CIO
-C
EN
TR
ICC
ON
CE
RN
S
SU
STA
INA
BIL
ITY
Fig
ure
2b
:Mo
vin
g t
ow
ard
s Su
sta
ina
ble
Dev
elo
pm
ent
SU
STA
INA
BL
E
DE
VE
LOP
ME
NT
be
com
ing
mo
re
com
mo
n
actu
al n
ee
ds
or
wan
ts u
nd
erl
yin
g t
he
issu
e t
o b
e a
dd
ress
ed
.Th
e in
pu
t n
ee
de
d t
he
n
pro
cee
ds
thro
ug
h t
he
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d d
eta
ilin
g o
f th
e e
ng
ine
eri
ng
dim
en
sio
n o
f
op
tio
ns,
to t
he
imp
lem
en
tati
on
of
the
op
tio
n t
hat
is ju
dg
ed
as
the
mo
st a
ttra
ctiv
e b
y
and
to
th
e v
arie
ty o
f st
ake
ho
lde
rs.I
t is
als
o v
ital
th
at t
he
en
gin
ee
rin
g in
pu
t in
clu
de
s
con
sid
era
tio
n o
f al
l of
the
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
that
imp
lem
en
tati
on
into
th
e f
utu
re
This
ho
listi
c an
d w
ho
le-l
ife v
iew
of
en
gin
ee
rin
g s
erv
es
a d
ual
pu
rpo
se.
•Fo
r th
e a
ud
ien
ce o
f ac
ade
mic
sta
ff,s
tud
en
ts a
nd
en
gin
ee
rs in
pra
ctic
e,it
pro
vid
es
the
ove
rall
fram
ew
ork
wit
hin
wh
ich
en
gin
ee
rin
g d
esi
gn
pra
ctic
e h
as t
o f
it.I
t
em
ph
asis
es
that
,fo
r su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
to b
e a
chie
ved
,pro
fess
ion
al p
ract
ice
in e
ng
ine
eri
ng
ne
ed
s u
rge
ntl
y to
hav
e a
wid
er
com
pas
s th
an t
he
de
velo
pm
en
t o
f
ele
gan
t so
luti
on
s to
nar
row
ly s
pe
cifie
d t
ech
nic
al p
rob
lem
s
•Fo
r th
e w
ide
r au
die
nce
of
the
Gu
ide
am
on
g t
he
man
y p
eo
ple
ou
tsid
e t
he
pro
fess
ion
,
we
tru
st it
will
he
lp t
o d
em
on
stra
te t
hat
en
gin
ee
rs a
re a
dd
ress
ing
su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t is
sue
s in
th
eir
wo
rk,a
nd
are
tak
ing
ste
ps
to m
ake
a s
ust
ain
abili
ty-
ori
en
tate
d a
pp
roac
h c
en
tral
to
th
e w
ay e
ng
ine
eri
ng
de
cisi
on
s ar
e t
ake
n
1.3
Def
init
ion
s an
d u
nd
efin
able
pri
nci
ple
sTh
e lit
erat
ure
is f
ull
of
def
init
ion
s o
f su
stai
nab
le d
evel
op
men
t,st
arti
ng
wit
h O
ur
Co
mm
on
Futu
re(t
he
19
87
Rep
ort
of
the
UN
Wo
rld
Co
mm
issi
on
on
En
viro
nm
ent
and
De
velo
pm
ent,
com
mo
nly
kn
ow
n a
s Th
e B
run
dtl
and
Rep
ort
),w
hic
h c
on
tain
ed t
he
stat
emen
t:
‘Hu
ma
nit
y h
as
the
ab
ility
to
ma
ke d
evel
op
men
t su
sta
ina
ble
– t
o e
nsu
re t
ha
t it
mee
ts t
he
nee
ds
of
the
pre
sen
t w
ith
ou
t co
mp
rom
isin
g t
he
ab
ility
of
futu
re
gen
era
tio
ns
to m
eet
thei
r o
wn
nee
ds’.
On
e o
f th
e r
eas
on
s fo
r th
e p
leth
ora
of
de
finit
ion
s is
th
at ‘s
ust
ain
abili
ty’a
nd
‘su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t’ar
e v
ery
ric
h c
on
cep
ts.T
he
ph
iloso
ph
er
Mic
hae
l Ban
ne
r (1
99
9)
has
like
ne
d t
he
m t
o ju
stic
e,w
hic
h h
as b
ee
n r
eco
gn
ise
d a
s an
imp
ort
ant
eth
ical
pri
nci
ple
sin
ce a
t le
ast
the
tim
e o
f th
e A
the
nia
n r
ep
ub
lic,b
ut
wh
ich
has
ne
ver
be
en
cap
able
of
on
e s
ucc
inct
de
finit
ion
.Ho
we
ver,
that
do
es
no
t m
ean
we
sh
ou
ld ig
no
re t
he
co
nce
pt.
It
is t
he
refo
re v
ery
imp
ort
ant
for
en
gin
ee
rs t
o g
ain
a f
ee
l fo
r su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
so
that
,as
wit
h c
on
cep
ts li
ke ju
stic
e,th
ey
can
re
cog
nis
e it
as
a g
uid
ing
pri
nci
ple
to
be
inte
rpre
ted
fo
r e
ach
inst
ance
in w
hic
h t
he
pri
nci
ple
is n
ee
de
d.
The
go
al is
su
stai
nab
le li
vin
g –
bei
ng
ab
le t
o li
ve o
n P
lan
et E
arth
for
the
ind
efin
ite
futu
re –
bu
t re
cog
nis
ing
ou
r im
pac
t o
n o
ther
peo
ple
inh
abit
ing
th
e p
lan
et b
oth
no
w a
nd
in t
he
futu
re,i
nd
eed
man
y g
ener
atio
ns
in t
he
futu
re.T
his
is w
hy
som
e au
tho
rs a
nd
po
litic
ian
s
hav
e re
ferr
ed t
o s
ust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
in t
erm
s su
ch a
s ‘W
e d
on
’t o
wn
th
e ea
rth
;we
ho
ld it
in t
rust
for
ou
r ch
ildre
n’(
and
,we
sho
uld
ad
d,o
ur
gra
nd
child
ren
,an
d t
hei
r ch
ildre
n,
and
…).
This
is s
om
etim
es k
no
wn
as
the
pri
nci
ple
of
inte
r-g
ener
atio
nal
eq
uit
y.
It s
its
alo
ng
sid
e th
e re
spo
nsi
bili
ty t
o e
nsu
re a
deq
uat
e q
ual
ity
of
life
for
all t
he
curr
ent
inh
abit
ants
of
the
pla
net
,wh
ich
can
so
met
imes
see
m m
ore
pre
ssin
g a
nd
pro
ble
mat
ic,
and
wh
ich
is s
om
etim
es k
no
wn
as
the
pri
nci
ple
of
intr
a-g
ener
atio
nal
eq
uit
y.H
ow
ever
,
con
sid
erin
g in
tra-
gen
erat
ion
al e
qu
ity
rem
ind
s u
s th
at b
oth
en
gin
eeri
ng
an
d
con
sum
pti
on
hav
e w
orl
d-w
ide
imp
licat
ion
s:en
gin
eeri
ng
is a
n in
tern
atio
nal
pro
fess
ion
,
bu
t in
tern
atio
nal
tra
de
can
‘exp
ort
un
sust
ain
ablit
y’so
th
at ‘m
eeti
ng
th
e (s
up
po
sed
) n
eed
s’
of
on
e g
rou
p o
f p
eop
le c
an h
ave
seri
ou
s n
egat
ive
imp
acts
on
peo
ple
in o
ther
co
un
trie
s.
9
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Fig
ure
2 in
tro
du
ced
th
e id
ea
that
su
stai
nab
ility
has
th
ree
pill
ars
– e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l,so
cial
and
te
chn
o-e
con
om
ic –
an
d t
hat
,in
ad
dit
ion
to
th
e c
on
stra
ints
imp
lied
,bu
ildin
g o
n
the
se p
illar
s p
rovi
de
s m
ajo
r o
pp
ort
un
itie
s fo
r e
ng
ine
ers
an
d e
ng
ine
eri
ng
.Su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t is
th
us
no
t si
mp
ly a
mat
ter
of
trad
ing
off
po
siti
ve im
pac
ts in
on
e a
rea
agai
nst
ne
gat
ive
imp
acts
in a
no
the
r.A
su
cce
ssfu
l de
velo
pm
en
t b
uild
s o
n t
he
th
ree
pill
ars
and
ach
ieve
s e
con
om
ic s
ucc
ess
,so
cial
be
ne
fit a
nd
hig
h e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l qu
alit
y
tog
eth
er.
On
th
e o
the
r h
and
,an
act
ivit
y th
at c
ause
s e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l dam
age
or
soci
al
dis
qu
iet,
or
that
re
sult
s in
eco
no
mic
loss
or
was
te o
f p
ub
lic f
un
ds,
sho
uld
be
char
acte
rise
d a
s u
n-s
ust
ain
able
.Me
asu
rin
g s
ucc
ess
ag
ain
st a
ll th
ree
fac
tors
at
the
sam
e
tim
e is
oft
en
re
ferr
ed
to
as
the
‘tri
ple
bo
tto
m li
ne’
app
roac
h.
An
alt
ern
ativ
e t
o t
he
th
ree
pill
ars
app
roac
h is
to
co
nsi
de
r su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
as
see
kin
g t
o p
rese
rve
an
d e
nh
ance
wh
at a
re s
om
eti
me
s ca
lled
‘th
e f
ive
cap
ital
s’an
d t
he
n
‘livi
ng
off
th
e in
tere
st’.I
n t
his
co
nte
xt ‘e
nh
ance
’oft
en
do
es
no
t m
ean
sim
ply
‘in
cre
ase’
bu
t
to im
pro
ve m
atte
rs,s
uch
as
qu
alit
y o
f lif
e o
r q
ual
ity
of
en
viro
nm
en
t.
The
fiv
e f
orm
s o
f ca
pit
al t
hat
de
term
ine
th
e o
pti
on
s av
aila
ble
to
fu
ture
ge
ne
rati
on
s ar
e:
•h
um
an (
the
pe
op
les
of
the
wo
rld
)
•e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l (th
e w
ide
r e
nvi
ron
me
nt,
flora
,fau
na
and
re
sou
rce
s)
•so
cial
(o
ur
colle
ctiv
e a
bili
ty t
o g
ove
rn o
urs
elv
es
and
en
han
ce h
um
an w
ell-
be
ing
)
•fin
anci
al
•m
anu
fact
ure
d (
all e
ng
ine
ere
d p
rod
uct
s,b
uilt
infr
astr
uct
ure
an
d o
the
r p
hys
ical
ass
ets
)
Just
like
th
e t
hre
e p
illar
s,th
e e
xte
nt
to w
hic
h t
he
fiv
e f
orm
s o
f ca
pit
al a
re in
ter-
chan
ge
able
or
sub
stit
uta
ble
is li
mit
ed
.So
,on
th
is m
od
el,
a su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
is
on
e t
hat
uti
lise
s h
um
an,e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l an
d f
inan
cial
cap
ital
to
en
han
ce o
r in
cre
ase
hu
man
,so
cial
,en
viro
nm
en
tal,
finan
cial
an
d/o
r m
anu
fact
ure
d c
apit
al.
1.4
The
chal
len
ge
ahea
dTh
e P
rin
cip
les
of
en
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t p
rese
nte
d in
th
is G
uid
e,
tog
eth
er
wit
h t
he
gu
idan
ce o
n it
s ap
plic
atio
n in
pra
ctic
e,sh
ou
ld a
ssis
t al
l in
volv
ed
in
en
gin
ee
rin
g t
o m
ake
th
eir
vit
al a
nd
urg
en
t co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o s
oci
ety
to
:
•d
rive
do
wn
th
e a
dve
rse
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
so
cial
asp
ect
s o
f e
ng
ine
ere
d p
rod
uct
s,
serv
ice
s an
d in
fras
tru
ctu
re
•d
ram
atic
ally
imp
rove
th
eir
en
viro
nm
en
tal p
erf
orm
ance
•im
pro
ve t
he
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f e
ng
ine
eri
ng
pro
du
cts,
serv
ice
s an
d in
fras
tru
ctu
re t
o a
hig
h q
ual
ity
of
life
•h
elp
so
cie
ty t
o m
ove
to
war
ds
a si
gn
ifica
ntl
y m
ore
-su
stai
nab
le li
fest
yle
•e
nsu
re p
rod
uct
s,se
rvic
es
and
infr
astr
uct
ure
me
eti
ng
th
ese
cri
teri
a ar
e c
om
pe
titi
ve in
the
ir m
arke
tpla
ce a
nd
,id
eal
ly,t
he
mo
st c
om
pe
titi
ve
This
tas
k is
vit
al a
nd
urg
en
t,an
d d
em
and
s in
no
vati
on
,cre
ativ
ity
and
oth
er
trad
itio
nal
en
gin
ee
rin
g s
kills
,alo
ng
sid
e a
n a
bili
ty t
o w
ork
wit
h t
he
man
y o
the
r d
isci
plin
es
invo
lve
d.
It a
lso
re
qu
ire
s a
ne
w v
iew
of
the
wo
rld
,an
d a
pre
par
ed
ne
ss t
o a
do
pt
ne
w w
ays
of
wo
rkin
g a
nd
th
inki
ng
ab
ou
t th
e im
pac
ts in
to t
he
fu
ture
– n
eg
ativ
e a
s w
ell
as p
osi
tive
–
of
en
gin
ee
red
pro
du
cts,
pro
cess
es
and
infr
astr
uct
ure
.
10
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Mee
tin
g t
he
req
uir
emen
ts o
f th
e U
K S
ust
ain
ab
le
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Stra
teg
y is
pa
rt o
f th
e ch
alle
ng
e
ah
ead
2Ex
amp
les
of s
ust
ain
abili
ty
issu
es in
en
gin
eeri
ng
Let
us
exa
min
e t
he
co
nce
pts
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t th
rou
gh
su
mm
arie
s o
f
pro
ject
s,p
rod
uct
s an
d a
ctio
ns
fro
m a
cro
ss t
he
en
gin
ee
rin
g d
isci
plin
es.
Ou
r ai
m is
to
de
mo
nst
rate
th
e c
ruci
al c
on
ne
ctio
ns
be
twe
en
su
stai
nab
ility
,su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
and
en
gin
ee
rin
g,a
nd
th
e v
ital
ro
le o
f e
ng
ine
ers
an
d e
ng
ine
eri
ng
in d
eliv
eri
ng
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t.C
on
sid
er
the
fo
llow
ing
se
ven
exa
mp
les,
mo
st o
f w
hic
h a
re
bas
ed
on
cas
e s
tud
ies
de
velo
pe
d b
y A
cad
em
y-sp
on
sore
d V
isit
ing
Pro
fess
ors
:
•C
ivil
Eng
ine
eri
ng
– J
ub
ilee
Riv
er
•C
he
mic
al &
Man
ufa
ctu
rin
g E
ng
ine
eri
ng
– la
un
dry
cle
anin
g p
rod
uct
s
•W
alki
ng
th
e t
alk:
em
be
dd
ing
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
into
an
org
anis
atio
n –
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ers
ity
•P
rod
uct
de
sig
n in
Ele
ctri
cal &
Ele
ctro
nic
En
gin
ee
rin
g –
mo
bile
ph
on
es
•C
ivil
Eng
ine
eri
ng
& B
uild
ing
– M
oss
ley
Mill
re
ge
ne
rati
on
in N
ort
he
rn Ir
ela
nd
•B
alan
cin
g p
osi
tive
an
d n
eg
ativ
e im
pac
ts –
th
e c
ase
of
cata
lyti
c co
nve
rte
rs
•Th
e e
ne
rgy
chal
len
ge
Wh
ere
ava
ilab
le,r
efe
ren
ces
to f
urt
he
r d
eta
il o
n t
he
se e
xam
ple
s ar
e g
ive
n in
th
e
Re
fere
nce
s o
n p
age
46
.
11
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Too
oft
en
in t
he
pas
t,flo
od
alle
viat
ion
chan
ne
ls h
ave
be
en
co
nst
ruct
ed
as
har
d-
surf
ace
d c
han
ne
ls t
hat
ad
de
d n
o o
r ve
ry
limit
ed
am
en
ity
or
wild
life
val
ue
to
th
e
com
mu
nit
ies
and
lan
dsc
ape
s in
to w
hic
h
the
y w
ere
intr
od
uce
d.H
ow
eve
r,Ju
bile
e
Riv
er,
the
nam
e c
ho
sen
fo
llow
ing
a lo
cal
pu
blic
co
mp
eti
tio
n f
or
the
£1
00
mill
ion
Mai
de
nh
ead
,Win
dso
r an
d E
ton
Flo
od
Alle
viat
ion
Sch
em
e,re
pre
sen
ts a
ne
w w
ay
of
con
stru
ctin
g f
loo
d r
elie
f ch
ann
els
.
The
UK
’s R
ive
r Th
ame
s ri
ses
in G
lou
cest
er-
shir
e a
nd
flo
ws
eas
twar
ds
to L
on
do
n a
nd
into
th
e T
ham
es
Estu
ary
and
th
e s
ou
the
rn
No
rth
Se
a.A
s w
ith
man
y m
ajo
r ri
vers
,
com
mu
nit
ies
hav
e g
row
n u
p a
t st
rate
gic
po
ints
su
ch t
hat
,in
tim
es
of
suff
icie
ntl
y
hig
h f
low
fo
r th
e r
ive
r to
ove
rflo
w it
s
no
rmal
ch
ann
el b
anks
,th
ere
is a
sig
ni-
fican
t ri
sk o
f flo
od
ing
pro
pe
rtie
s cl
ose
to
the
riv
er.
A li
mit
ed
ran
ge
of
tech
niq
ue
s is
ava
ilab
le
to r
ed
uce
th
is r
isk,
pri
mar
ily:
•u
pst
ream
sto
rag
e –
th
e f
loo
din
g o
f
un
inh
abit
ed
lan
d u
pst
ream
of
the
vuln
era
ble
co
mm
un
ity,
and
th
e s
tead
y
rele
ase
of
that
exc
ess
wat
er
bac
k in
to
the
riv
er
as c
apac
ity
allo
ws
•p
rote
ctiv
e b
anks
– p
erm
ane
nt
and
/or
tem
po
rary
•re
lief
chan
ne
ls,t
rad
itio
nal
ly t
rap
ezo
idal
in s
ect
ion
an
d m
ade
of
con
cre
te
Hig
h f
low
s in
th
e T
ham
es
thro
ug
h
Mai
de
nh
ead
,Win
dso
r an
d E
ton
hav
e
cau
sed
,ove
r th
e y
ear
s,re
pe
ate
d a
nd
sub
stan
tial
flo
od
ing
,an
d c
on
seq
ue
nt
dam
age
an
d t
rau
ma
for
resi
de
nts
an
d
bu
sin
ess
es.
Aft
er
ext
en
sive
stu
die
s,
pro
po
sals
we
re d
eve
lop
ed
fo
r a
maj
or
12
km lo
ng
re
lief
chan
ne
l to
alle
viat
e
floo
din
g in
th
ese
to
wn
s.W
hat
mak
es
Jub
ilee
Riv
er
spe
cial
in r
ela
tio
n t
o t
he
soci
al a
nd
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
spe
cts
of
sust
ain
abili
ty is
th
at it
has
be
en
de
sig
ne
d
to h
ave
man
y o
f th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l an
d
ame
nit
y fe
atu
res
of
a n
atu
ral r
ive
r,
incl
ud
ing
isla
nd
s,re
ed
be
ds
and
sh
allo
w
mar
gin
s.Th
e c
han
ne
l has
an
ave
rag
e
wid
th o
f 4
5m
an
d w
as d
esi
gn
ed
to
hav
e
a m
axim
um
cap
acit
y o
f 2
00
m3/s
ec,
and
is
sim
ilar
in s
ize
an
d c
apac
ity
to t
he
Riv
er
Tham
es
chan
ne
l in
th
at lo
cati
on
.A d
ry
we
ath
er
flow
of
10
m3/s
ec
is p
asse
d d
ow
n
the
ch
ann
el t
o p
rovi
de
ae
rati
on
an
d
ame
nit
y va
lue
fro
m t
he
flo
win
g w
ate
r.
The
cre
atio
n o
f th
e J
ub
ilee
Riv
er
sig
nifi
-
can
tly
red
uce
s th
e r
isk
of
floo
din
g t
o
app
roxi
mat
ely
5,5
00
ho
me
s an
d 1
2,5
00
pe
op
le in
Mai
de
nh
ead
,Win
dso
r an
d E
ton
,
in a
dd
itio
n t
o r
ed
uci
ng
th
e r
isk
of
dis
rup
tio
n t
o r
oad
an
d r
ail n
etw
ork
s,
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
and
uti
litie
s.It
flo
ws
fro
m ju
st u
pst
ream
of
Bo
ult
er’s
We
ir in
Mai
de
nh
ead
to
just
do
wn
stre
am o
f Et
on
.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
ne
w c
han
ne
l is
aim
ed
at
red
uci
ng
flo
od
ing
ris
k,th
e p
rop
ose
rs o
f
the
sch
em
e (
the
En
viro
nm
en
t A
ge
ncy
’s
pre
de
cess
or
bo
dy,
the
Nat
ion
al R
ive
rs
Au
tho
rity
) re
cog
nis
ed
th
at t
he
re w
ere
po
ten
tial
imp
licat
ion
s fo
r a
mu
ch w
ide
r
are
a b
eyo
nd
th
e lo
calit
y o
f th
e s
che
me,
incl
ud
ing
sig
nifi
can
t le
ng
ths
of
the
Riv
er
up
stre
am a
nd
do
wn
stre
am o
f th
e
Sch
em
e.In
de
ed
,th
e s
olu
tio
n a
nd
ro
ute
eve
ntu
ally
imp
lem
en
ted
invo
lve
d t
he
pla
cin
g o
f th
e S
che
me
on
th
e n
ort
h b
ank
of
the
Th
ame
s,al
tho
ug
h t
he
gre
ate
st
floo
d r
isk
be
ne
fit a
ccru
es
to c
om
mu
nit
ies
on
th
e s
ou
th b
ank.
Pla
nn
ers
had
allo
we
d
de
velo
pm
en
t in
th
e f
loo
d p
lain
on
th
e
sou
th b
ank,
wh
ere
as t
he
pla
nn
ers
fo
r th
e
com
mu
nit
ies
on
th
e n
ort
h b
ank
had
rest
rict
ed
su
ch d
eve
lop
me
nt.
The
sca
le o
f
the
sch
em
e,an
d it
s im
plic
atio
ns
for
the
lan
dsc
ape,
was
als
o a
sig
nifi
can
t
con
sid
era
tio
n in
th
e d
esi
gn
.
The
se w
ide
r co
nsi
de
rati
on
s an
d t
he
sch
em
e’s
scal
e le
d t
o a
ne
w s
tyle
of
solu
tio
n –
of
a flo
od
ch
ann
el d
esi
gn
ed
and
co
nst
ruct
ed
no
t as
a t
rad
itio
nal
con
cre
te c
han
ne
l bu
t to
be
mo
stly
un
line
d t
o lo
ok
like
a n
atu
ral r
ive
r,w
ith
nu
me
rou
s w
ildlif
e a
nd
pu
blic
am
en
ity
feat
ure
s.In
su
mm
aris
ing
th
e f
ind
ing
s o
f
the
Pu
blic
Inq
uir
y in
to t
he
Sch
em
e,th
e
Insp
ect
or
said
:“I f
ind
th
e e
vid
en
ce
12
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
2.1
Civ
il En
gin
eeri
ng
– J
ub
ilee
Riv
erRo
ger V
enab
les,
Visi
ting
Pro
fess
or in
the
Facu
lty
of E
ngin
eeri
ng,
Que
en’s
Uni
vers
ity,
Belfa
st
Flo
od
ing
fro
m t
he
Riv
er T
ha
mes
into
Win
dso
r in
19
47
13
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
pre
sen
ted
str
on
gly
su
gg
est
s th
at t
he
sch
em
e w
ou
ld b
e a
un
iqu
ely
att
ract
ive
add
itio
n t
o t
he
lan
dsc
ape
be
twe
en
Mai
de
nh
ead
an
d E
ton
.”
The
de
sig
n r
esu
lte
d f
rom
co
llab
ora
tio
n
be
twe
en
a w
ide
ran
ge
of
pro
fess
ion
als
–
civi
l en
gin
ee
rs,p
lan
ne
rs,l
and
scap
e
arch
ite
cts
and
eco
log
ists
.Am
on
gst
man
y
oth
er
ob
ject
ive
s,th
ey
sou
gh
t to
cre
ate
a
sch
em
e t
hat
re
pla
ced
hab
itat
th
at h
ad
be
en
lost
fro
m t
he
loca
l Th
ame
s co
rrid
or
as a
re
sult
of
pas
t la
nd
dra
inag
e w
ork
s
and
‘ch
ann
el i
mp
rove
me
nts
’.At
the
sam
e
tim
e,th
e t
eam
ne
ed
ed
alw
ays
to k
ee
p
firm
ly in
vie
w t
he
Sch
em
e’s
pri
me
pu
r-
po
se a
s a
fun
ctio
nal
flo
od
alle
viat
ion
Sch
em
e.Th
is c
om
bin
atio
n o
f fe
atu
res
in
the
de
sig
n w
as s
tro
ng
ly s
up
po
rte
d b
y th
e
fun
din
g b
od
y fo
r th
e S
che
me,
the
Re
gio
nal
Flo
od
De
fen
ce C
om
mit
tee,
and
me
t a
cle
ar o
bje
ctiv
e t
o c
reat
e a
s
sust
ain
able
a s
olu
tio
n a
s p
oss
ible
.
In t
he
de
velo
pm
en
t o
f th
e n
ee
d,a
nd
th
e
fram
ing
of
the
ch
alle
ng
e t
o b
e a
dd
ress
ed
by
the
de
sig
ne
rs,e
xte
nsi
ve c
on
sult
atio
n
was
un
de
rtak
en
wit
h r
esi
de
nts
an
d o
the
rs
like
ly t
o b
e a
ffe
cte
d b
y th
e S
che
me,
and
of
cou
rse
th
e c
on
sult
atio
n p
roce
ss
con
tin
ue
d t
hro
ug
h t
he
Pu
blic
Inq
uir
y.
Asp
ect
s o
f th
e d
esi
gn
we
re c
han
ge
d a
s a
resu
lt o
f in
pu
t fr
om
th
ose
co
nsu
lte
d.
Ho
we
ver,
du
rin
g t
he
co
nsu
ltat
ion
,so
me
pe
op
le a
ske
d f
or
feat
ure
s to
be
incl
ud
ed
,
wh
ich
,in
th
e e
nd
,co
uld
no
t b
e a
cco
m-
mo
dat
ed
.Fo
r e
xam
ple
,man
y w
ou
ld h
ave
like
d t
he
ch
ann
el t
o b
e a
s n
avig
able
as
the
mai
n T
ham
es
chan
ne
l in
th
is a
rea,
bu
t
the
fu
nd
ing
fo
r lo
cks
at e
ach
we
ir w
as n
ot
avai
lab
le,q
uit
e a
par
t fr
om
th
e p
ract
ical
de
sig
n c
on
sid
era
tio
ns
invo
lve
d s
uch
as
the
var
yin
g d
ep
th o
f th
e n
ew
ch
ann
el.
On
ce t
he
Se
cre
tary
of
Stat
e f
or
the
Envi
ron
me
nt
gav
e a
pp
rova
l in
19
95
,th
e
inte
nsi
ve p
lan
nin
g o
f th
e p
revi
ou
s fe
w
year
s co
uld
be
bro
ug
ht
to f
ruit
ion
.
Feat
ure
s o
f in
tere
st in
th
e p
lan
incl
ud
ed
:
•th
e c
on
stru
ctio
n o
f m
ost
of
the
bri
dg
es
ove
r th
e n
ew
ch
ann
el b
efo
re it
was
exc
avat
ed
,wh
ich
no
t o
nly
mad
e
the
co
nst
ruct
ion
pro
cess
es
eas
ier,
bu
t
also
en
able
d m
ove
me
nt
of
exc
avat
ed
mat
eri
al a
lon
g t
he
lin
e o
f th
e c
han
ne
l
and
ou
t o
nto
maj
or
road
s,ra
the
r th
an
cre
ate
co
ng
est
ion
,nu
isan
ce a
nd
en
viro
nm
en
tal d
amag
e a
lon
g m
ino
r
road
s cr
oss
ing
th
e S
che
me
•an
ear
ly u
se in
co
nst
ruct
ion
of
ge
og
rap
hic
al p
osi
tio
nin
g s
yste
ms
for
the
co
ntr
ol o
f e
xcav
atio
n m
ach
ine
ry,
bo
th f
or
po
siti
on
an
d d
ep
th o
f
exc
avat
ion
,an
d t
hu
s m
inim
isat
ion
of
ove
r-d
igg
ing
an
d w
aste
•th
e u
se o
f e
xcav
ate
d m
ate
rial
fo
r
lan
dsc
apin
g,a
nd
th
e s
ale
of
the
su
rplu
s
ext
ract
ed
gra
vel a
s a
con
stru
ctio
n
mat
eri
al f
or
be
ne
ficia
l use
els
ew
he
re
The
ap
pro
ach
ad
op
ted
was
to
cre
ate
a
pe
rman
en
t,la
nd
scap
ed
ass
et
for
loca
l
com
mu
nit
ies.
The
re is
no
do
ub
t th
at,a
t
the
tim
e,th
e s
ust
ain
abili
ty-d
rive
n
app
roac
h w
as in
no
vati
ve a
nd
invo
lve
d
som
e a
dd
itio
nal
ris
ks.
In t
he
eve
nt,
wh
ilst
the
am
en
ity
and
en
viro
nm
en
tal e
nh
ance
me
nts
hav
e b
ee
n
alm
ost
un
ive
rsal
ly w
elc
om
ed
,so
me
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
rob
lem
s h
ave
be
en
en
-
cou
nte
red
.Un
line
d g
rave
l ch
ann
els
re
ly
gre
atly
on
est
ablis
he
d v
eg
eta
tio
n f
or
the
ir
stab
ility
an
d a
re s
usc
ep
tib
le t
o e
rosi
on
.
The
fir
st m
ajo
r flo
w –
of
abo
ut
two
-th
ird
s’
de
sig
n c
apac
ity
– f
low
ed
do
wn
th
e
chan
ne
l in
Jan
uar
y 2
00
3,l
ess
th
an 1
8
mo
nth
s af
ter
it w
as c
om
ple
ted
an
d b
efo
re
The
rou
te o
f th
e Ju
bile
e R
iver
flo
od
rel
ief
cha
nn
el.M
aid
enh
ead
is o
n t
he
up
per
left
,Win
dso
r a
nd
Eto
n a
t b
ott
om
rig
ht.
Pla
nti
ng
sch
emes
alo
ng
th
e n
ew w
ate
rco
urs
e
incl
ud
ed t
rees
,sh
rub
s a
nd
ma
rgin
al p
lan
tin
g a
s
wel
l as
exte
nsi
ve r
eed
bed
s.
Image:from an Environment Agency leaflet
Photo:Crane Environmental Ltd.
The
pu
blic
ity
surr
ou
nd
ing
su
stai
nab
ility
is
ge
ne
rally
fo
cuse
d o
n g
lob
al is
sue
s su
ch a
s
the
ozo
ne
laye
r,o
r o
n p
rod
uct
s su
ch a
s
mo
tor
veh
icle
s,w
he
re o
ne
can
eas
ily
imag
ine
sig
nifi
can
t e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l an
d
soci
al is
sue
s.H
ow
eve
r,m
anu
fact
ure
rs o
f
man
y e
very
day
pro
du
cts,
pu
rch
ase
d
thro
ug
h s
up
erm
arke
ts a
nd
wh
ich
hav
e a
less
ob
vio
us
imp
act
on
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt,
also
ne
ed
to
tak
e s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
p-
me
nt
issu
es
into
acc
ou
nt.
The
mar
ket
for
lau
nd
ry c
lean
ing
pro
du
cts
is p
art
of
the
fas
t-m
ovi
ng
co
nsu
me
r
go
od
s (F
MC
G)
mar
ket,
and
is s
urp
risi
ng
ly
larg
e a
nd
ext
rem
ely
co
mp
eti
tive
.Th
e
maj
or
inte
rnat
ion
al p
laye
rs a
re P
roct
or
and
Gam
ble
,Un
ileve
r,H
en
kel a
nd
Co
lgat
e-P
alm
oliv
e,to
ge
the
r w
ith
str
on
g
ow
n-b
ran
ds
fro
m t
he
larg
e r
eta
ilers
.
The
‘eve
ryd
ay’n
atu
re o
f th
e p
rod
uct
s an
d
the
fac
t th
at t
he
maj
or
mu
ltin
atio
nal
pla
yers
hav
e b
ee
n a
mo
ng
st t
he
larg
est
spe
nd
ers
on
te
levi
sio
n a
dve
rtis
ing
sin
ce
the
19
50
s,w
he
n in
de
ed
th
e t
erm
‘so
ap
op
era
’was
co
ine
d,h
ave
pla
ced
th
em
in
the
sig
hts
of
con
sum
er
gro
up
s an
d
vari
ou
s e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l an
d s
afe
ty lo
bb
ies.
Ove
r th
is p
eri
od
th
ere
has
be
en
a
seq
ue
nce
of
pro
du
ct c
han
ge
s –
fro
m s
oap
po
wd
er
to s
pra
y-d
rie
d s
ynth
eti
c
de
terg
en
ts,t
he
intr
od
uct
ion
of
fluo
resc
ers
,
en
zym
es,
and
mo
re-e
ffe
ctiv
e b
leac
he
s,th
e
intr
od
uct
ion
of
fab
ric
was
hin
g li
qu
ids
and
,
the
ve
ge
tati
on
was
fir
mly
est
ablis
he
d,a
nd
som
e u
ne
xpe
cte
d e
rosi
on
occ
urr
ed
.Th
e
cau
ses
of
the
se p
rob
lem
s ar
e s
till
be
ing
inve
stig
ate
d a
nd
incl
ud
e c
on
sid
era
tio
n o
f
ho
w t
he
de
sig
n w
as r
efin
ed
as
the
pro
ject
pro
gre
sse
d.H
ow
eve
r,th
e p
rob
lem
s
un
de
rlin
e t
he
cle
ar n
ee
d,w
he
n a
do
pti
ng
a su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
app
roac
h,t
o
rem
ain
fo
cuse
d o
n t
he
ne
ed
,as
far
as
pra
ctic
able
,th
at t
he
pro
du
ct o
r sy
ste
m
fun
ctio
ns
as in
ten
de
d,w
hat
eve
r
add
itio
nal
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
so
cial
ly-
dri
ven
fe
atu
res
are
incl
ud
ed
.
Fin
ally
,it
is im
po
rtan
t to
re
cog
nis
e t
hat
the
En
viro
nm
en
t A
ge
ncy
as
clie
nt
of
the
Sch
em
e t
rie
d t
o d
eliv
er
wh
at t
he
y tr
y to
pe
rsu
ade
oth
ers
to
ad
op
t.Th
e E
A h
as a
stat
uto
ry r
esp
on
sib
ility
to
pro
mo
te
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d it
s vi
sio
n
en
com
pas
ses
the
fo
llow
ing
th
em
es
for
the
fu
ture
:
•a
be
tte
r q
ual
ity
of
life
•an
en
han
ced
en
viro
nm
en
t fo
r w
ildlif
e
•cl
ean
er
air
for
eve
ryo
ne
•im
pro
ved
an
d p
rote
cte
d in
lan
d a
nd
coas
tal w
ate
rs
•re
sto
red
,pro
tect
ed
lan
d w
ith
he
alth
ier
soils
•a
‘gre
en
er’
bu
sin
ess
wo
rld
;
•w
ise
r,su
stai
nab
le u
se o
f n
atu
ral
reso
urc
es
•lim
itin
g a
nd
ad
apti
ng
to
clim
ate
chan
ge
;an
d
•re
du
cin
g f
loo
d r
isk.
It c
an b
e s
ee
n f
rom
th
e a
bo
ve b
rie
f
de
scri
pti
on
th
at,i
n c
reat
ing
th
e J
ub
ilee
Riv
er,
the
En
viro
nm
en
t A
ge
ncy
was
see
kin
g t
o p
ract
ice
its
pro
clai
me
d v
isio
n
for
itse
lf an
d o
the
rs.A
lth
ou
gh
th
e b
alan
ce
be
twe
en
eco
no
mic
,en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
soci
al p
erf
orm
ance
is s
till
be
ing
stu
die
d,i
t
is ju
dg
ed
th
at t
he
Sch
em
e is
mu
ch m
ore
sust
ain
able
th
an a
n in
acce
ssib
le,c
on
cre
te
trap
ezo
idal
ch
ann
el w
ou
ld h
ave
be
en
.
14
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
2.2
Ch
emic
al a
nd
Man
ufa
ctu
rin
g E
ng
inee
rin
g
– la
un
dry
cle
anin
g p
rod
uct
sRi
char
d D
odds
,Vis
itin
g Pr
ofes
sor i
n th
e Fa
cult
y of
Eng
inee
ring
,Uni
vers
ity
of L
iver
pool
Inte
rpre
tati
on
bo
ard
s a
re p
rovi
ded
alo
ng
th
e b
an
k a
nd
incl
ud
e in
form
ati
on
pa
nel
s in
bra
ille.
Photo:Crane Environmental Ltd.
Photo:Crane Environmental Ltd.
15
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
by
the
19
90
s,th
e m
ove
to
co
nce
ntr
ate
d
pro
du
cts
or ‘
com
pac
ts’.
Co
nsu
me
r co
nce
rns
de
alt
wit
h o
ver
the
year
s h
ave
incl
ud
ed
:
•th
e f
oam
ing
of
rive
rs
•th
e u
se o
f fil
lers
to
‘bu
lk u
p’d
ete
rge
nts
•th
e s
kin
se
nsi
tivi
ty a
spe
cts
of
en
zym
es
•th
e a
mo
un
t o
f p
acka
gin
g u
sed
•th
e b
iod
eg
rad
abili
ty (
or
oth
erw
ise
) o
f
pac
kag
ing
an
d t
he
pro
du
cts
the
mse
lve
s
•th
e u
se o
f liv
e a
nim
als
to s
afe
ty-t
est
ne
w p
rod
uct
co
mp
on
en
ts
•th
e c
on
trib
uti
on
of
de
terg
en
ts,
tog
eth
er
wit
h f
ert
ilise
rs,t
o t
he
ad
dit
ion
of
ph
osp
hat
es
to o
ur
lake
s,ca
usi
ng
eu
tro
ph
icat
ion
The
re h
ave
als
o b
ee
n s
ign
ifica
nt
be
ne
fits.
For
exa
mp
le,b
leac
h t
ech
no
log
y
de
velo
pm
en
t,to
ge
the
r w
ith
ch
ang
es
in
con
sum
er
hab
its
and
was
hin
g m
ach
ine
de
sig
n,h
as e
nab
led
th
e c
lean
ing
tem
pe
ratu
re t
o b
e p
rog
ress
ive
ly r
ed
uce
d
in m
ost
cas
es
to 4
0 a
nd
eve
n 3
0º
C,
resu
ltin
g in
a m
ajo
r re
du
ctio
n in
en
erg
y
usa
ge
as
we
ll as
re
du
ctio
n in
dam
age
to
incr
eas
ing
ly d
elic
ate
co
lou
red
fab
rics
.All
of
the
se a
reas
re
qu
ire
d c
on
sid
era
ble
scie
nti
fic a
nd
en
gin
ee
rin
g in
no
vati
on
to
ide
nti
fy a
nd
imp
lem
en
t so
luti
on
s.
The
late
st s
ign
ifica
nt
chan
ge
in p
rod
uct
form
,fro
m t
he
late
19
90
s,h
as b
ee
n t
he
mo
ve t
o u
nit
-do
se f
orm
ats
of
tab
lets
fo
r
po
wd
er
pro
du
cts,
and
cap
sule
s fo
r liq
uid
pro
du
cts.
Bo
th p
rod
uct
fo
rms
had
be
en
attr
acti
ve t
o c
on
sum
ers
fo
r m
any
year
s,
bu
t ad
eq
uat
e t
ech
no
log
y d
id n
ot
exi
st f
or
the
ir in
tro
du
ctio
n.O
ne
ch
alle
ng
e w
as t
o
man
ufa
ctu
re a
tab
let
that
was
str
on
g
en
ou
gh
to
wit
hst
and
th
e h
igh
-sp
ee
d
fact
ory
pac
kin
g li
ne
an
d y
et
be
ab
le t
o
dis
solv
e q
uic
kly
in a
was
hin
g m
ach
ine
at
40
º C
,or
less
– t
his
was
acc
om
plis
he
d
mai
nly
by
de
velo
pin
g s
uit
able
bin
de
r
che
mic
als
ho
ldin
g t
he
tab
let
par
ticl
es
tog
eth
er
bu
t w
hic
h w
ere
fas
t-d
isso
lvin
g in
the
was
h.
An
oth
er
chal
len
ge
was
to
pre
ven
t th
e
tab
let
fro
m lo
dg
ing
in t
he
do
or
of
the
was
hin
g m
ach
ine
or
fro
m b
eco
min
g
lock
ed
into
a c
loth
ing
ite
m s
o t
hat
th
e
tab
let
did
no
t d
isso
lve
an
d r
ele
ase
th
e
cle
anin
g c
om
po
ne
nts
– t
his
was
ove
rco
me
by
som
e s
up
plie
rs b
y th
e in
tro
du
ctio
n o
f a
ne
t to
ho
ld t
he
tab
lets
,wh
ich
re
qu
ire
d a
chan
ge
in c
on
sum
er
be
hav
iou
r.
On
e m
ajo
r b
en
efit
to
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt
of
the
se n
ew
pro
du
ct f
orm
s is
th
e a
void
ance
of
ove
rdo
sin
g,t
hu
s re
du
cin
g t
he
usa
ge
of
raw
an
d p
acka
gin
g m
ate
rial
s an
d r
ed
uci
ng
the
imp
act
on
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt
of
pro
du
ct w
aste
s b
y m
any
tho
usa
nd
s o
f
ton
ne
s e
ach
ye
ar.I
t h
as b
ee
n e
stim
ate
d
that
th
e s
wit
ch t
o t
able
ts a
lon
e h
as r
esu
l-
ted
in a
re
du
ctio
n in
mat
eri
als
use
d o
f
ove
r 2
50
,00
0 t
on
ne
s e
ach
ye
ar.
As
a re
sult
of
the
ir p
revi
ou
s e
xpe
rie
nce
s,
the
maj
or
man
ufa
ctu
rers
en
gag
e in
life
-
cycl
e a
sse
ssm
en
t p
roce
sse
s fo
r th
e
intr
od
uct
ion
of
any
ne
w p
rod
uct
s.Th
e
ext
en
t to
wh
ich
th
is h
as b
ee
n
com
mu
nic
ate
d t
o t
he
co
nsu
me
r is
of
inte
rest
be
cau
se,i
n t
he
se m
arke
ts,m
ost
con
sum
ers
are
un
will
ing
,at
the
sup
erm
arke
t ch
eck
-ou
t,to
co
mp
rom
ise
on
pri
ce o
r q
ual
ity
for
the
be
ne
fit o
f th
e
en
viro
nm
en
t.In
th
e e
ven
t,m
anu
fact
ure
rs
mad
e t
he
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
act
info
rmat
ion
ava
ilab
le t
hro
ug
h p
ress
rele
ase
s an
d t
ech
nic
al b
ulle
tin
s,b
ut
ge
ne
rally
did
no
t p
urs
ue
th
is a
spe
ct in
the
ir a
dve
rtis
ing
me
ssag
es.
This
cas
e is
an
exa
mp
le o
f th
e m
anu
fact
ure
rs b
ein
g
awar
e o
f th
e e
ffe
cts
of
the
pro
du
ct o
n t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t th
rou
gh
its
tota
l life
-cyc
le
and
to
so
me
ext
en
t b
ein
g a
he
ad o
f
con
sum
ers
’co
nce
rns.
Insp
ect
ion
of
de
terg
en
t p
acks
on
th
e
she
lve
s cu
rre
ntl
y w
ill r
eve
al t
he
tra
de
mar
k
Was
hri
gh
t –
se
e w
ww
.was
hri
gh
t.co
m.T
he
AIS
E (t
he
Inte
rnat
ion
al A
sso
ciat
ion
of
Soap
s,D
ete
rge
nts
an
d M
ain
ten
ance
Pro
du
cts)
has
lau
nch
ed
its
Ch
arte
r fo
r
Sust
ain
able
Cle
anin
g,e
nti
tle
d A
co
mm
on
ap
pro
ach
fo
r a
ll co
mp
an
ies
in t
he
soa
ps,
det
erg
ents
an
d m
ain
ten
an
ce p
rod
uct
s
ind
ust
ry in
Eu
rop
e,ai
min
g t
o p
rom
ote
an
d
de
mo
nst
rate
co
nti
nu
al im
pro
vem
en
t in
the
ind
ust
ry’s
su
stai
nab
ility
pro
file.
Cu
rre
ntl
y,th
is f
ocu
ses
on
usi
ng
fu
ll lo
ads,
usi
ng
th
e c
orr
ect
am
ou
nt
of
cle
anin
g
pro
du
ct,u
sin
g t
he
low
est
re
com
me
nd
ed
tem
per
atu
res
and
red
uci
ng
pac
kag
ing
was
te.
The
ind
ust
ry h
as r
eco
gn
ise
d t
he
lon
ge
r-
term
imp
ort
ance
of
sust
ain
able
so
urc
es
of
raw
mat
eri
als
and
of
en
ablin
g c
on
sum
ers
to c
arry
ou
t th
eir
lau
nd
ry w
ash
ing
in t
he
ir
ho
me
s w
ith
th
e m
inim
um
imp
act
on
th
e
en
viro
nm
en
t,e
ven
if a
sig
nifi
can
t
em
oti
on
al b
rid
ge
be
twe
en
pe
op
le’s
con
cern
s o
ver
sust
ain
abili
ty a
nd
th
eir
bu
yin
g h
abit
s h
as y
et
to b
e b
uilt
.
The
intr
od
uct
ion
of
com
pa
ct w
ash
ing
po
wd
er
tab
lets
an
d li
qu
ita
bs
ha
s le
d t
o a
sig
nif
ica
nt
red
uct
ion
in w
ast
e.
Pictures courtesy of Richard Dodds
16
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
The
sp
he
re o
f in
flue
nce
of
en
gin
ee
rin
g
de
sig
n f
or
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
ext
en
ds
into
all
sect
ors
of
soci
ety
,th
e
acti
viti
es
of
com
mu
nit
ies
and
to
pe
rso
nal
lifes
tyle
s.It
th
us
app
lies
to t
he
run
nin
g o
f all
typ
es o
f org
anis
atio
n,i
ncl
ud
ing
un
iver
siti
es.
This
se
ctio
n r
evi
ew
s w
ork
at
Gla
sgo
w
Un
ive
rsit
y,w
he
re t
he
Th
e R
oya
l Aca
de
my
of
Eng
ine
eri
ng
Vis
itin
g P
rofe
sso
r an
d h
er
colle
agu
es h
ave
incl
ud
ed in
th
e sc
op
e o
f
thei
r ac
tivi
ty t
he
emb
edd
ing
of t
he
con
cep
t
of s
ust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
in t
he
run
nin
g
of
the
Un
ive
rsit
y an
d in
th
e c
urr
icu
lum
.
The
wo
rk a
t G
lasg
ow
is o
ne
exa
mp
le o
f
incr
eas
ing
att
en
tio
n w
ith
in u
niv
ers
itie
s to
the
su
bje
ct o
f su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt,
and
on
ho
w it
aff
ect
s th
e w
ay t
he
y ar
e
run
,wh
at t
he
y te
ach
an
d h
ow
.An
oth
er
is
the
Tal
loir
es
De
clar
atio
n (
see
ww
w.u
lsf.o
rg/p
rog
ram
s_ta
lloir
es.
htm
l).
This
is a
te
n-p
oin
t ac
tio
n p
lan
fo
r in
cor-
po
rati
ng
su
stai
nab
ility
an
d e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l
lite
racy
in t
eac
hin
g,r
ese
arch
,op
era
tio
ns
and
ou
tre
ach
at
colle
ge
s an
d u
niv
ers
itie
s,
to w
hic
h G
lasg
ow
Un
ive
rsit
y is
alr
ead
y a
sig
nat
ory
,an
d t
o w
hic
h t
he
Bo
ard
of
Go
vern
ors
at
Man
che
ste
r U
niv
ers
ity
has
very
re
cen
tly
agre
ed
to
sig
n u
p.
The
Gla
sgo
w t
eam
hav
e s
et
ou
t th
e
follo
win
g a
ims
for
the
ir w
ork
:
•d
eve
lop
me
nt
of
a U
niv
ers
ity-
wid
e
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t Po
licy
and
Stra
teg
y
•e
mb
ed
din
g s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
into
th
e c
urr
icu
lum
th
rou
gh
par
alle
l
top
-do
wn
an
d b
ott
om
-up
ap
pro
ach
es
•d
eve
lop
me
nt
of
cro
ss-s
ect
or
case
stu
die
s fo
r te
ach
ing
stu
de
nts
to
en
cou
rag
e in
ter-
de
par
tme
nta
l wo
rkin
g
•ra
isin
g a
war
en
ess
an
d c
apac
ity
wit
h
acad
em
ic s
taff
•ra
isin
g a
war
en
ess
an
d c
apac
ity
wit
h
sen
ior
man
age
me
nt
•e
xplo
rin
g t
he
inte
rco
nn
ect
ed
ne
ss o
f
en
gin
ee
rin
g e
du
cati
on
an
d s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t w
ith
all
stak
eh
old
ers
,
incl
ud
ing
th
e c
ity
and
its
inh
abit
ants
•e
xplo
rin
g in
tera
ctio
ns
wit
h g
lob
al
issu
es
thro
ug
h w
ide
r co
llab
ora
tio
n
A s
mal
l gro
up
of
staf
f at
Gla
sgo
w,
incl
ud
ing
tw
o e
ng
ine
ers
(ci
vil a
nd
ele
ctri
cal),
has
lob
bie
d s
en
ior
man
age
me
nt
and
pre
par
ed
a S
ust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t St
rate
gy
that
de
mo
nst
rate
s
links
wit
h t
he
Bu
sin
ess
Pla
n f
or
the
Un
ive
rsit
y.Th
is h
as in
flue
nce
d p
olic
y fo
r
the
Un
ive
rsit
y,b
ut
mo
re w
ork
is n
ee
de
d
to e
nco
ura
ge
imp
lem
en
tati
on
th
rou
gh
this
his
tori
c b
od
y th
at is
th
e s
eco
nd
larg
est
em
plo
yer
in s
ou
thw
est
Sco
tlan
d.
A p
arti
cula
r is
sue
is t
hat
su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t te
nd
s to
be
eq
uat
ed
wit
h
en
viro
nm
en
tal m
atte
rs s
uch
as
was
te
min
imis
atio
n.T
he
Sust
ain
able
Dev
elo
pm
en
t
Stra
teg
y G
rou
p a
nd
th
e S
ust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t V
isit
ing
Pro
fess
or
are
con
tin
uin
g t
o p
rom
ote
su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t as
an
ess
en
tial
co
mp
on
en
t
of
Un
ive
rsit
y m
anag
em
en
t.In
itia
tive
s
be
ing
use
d in
th
is w
ork
incl
ud
e:
•ta
rge
ted
aw
are
ne
ss-r
aisi
ng
to
un
ive
rsit
y se
nio
r m
anag
em
en
t to
sup
po
rt t
he
em
be
dd
ing
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t in
to t
he
cu
rric
ulu
m
•id
en
tific
atio
n a
nd
co
llab
ora
tio
n w
ith
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t-aw
are
sta
ff
in o
the
r d
ep
artm
en
ts,i
ncl
ud
ing
th
e
ext
ern
al b
usi
ne
ss d
eve
lop
me
nt
gro
up
,
to s
tre
ng
the
n t
he
su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t lo
bb
y an
d n
etw
ork
•in
itia
tive
s to
en
gag
e s
tud
en
ts in
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t in
un
usu
al
way
s,in
clu
din
g:
-ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
or
tran
spo
rt-
eq
uiv
ale
nt
tre
e-p
lan
tin
g,
-w
aste
min
imis
atio
n o
r re
cycl
ing
at
Fre
she
rs’
We
ek,
and
-a
Fair
Tra
de
Fo
rtn
igh
t to
rai
se
2.3
Wal
kin
g t
he
talk
:em
bed
din
g s
ust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
into
an
org
anis
atio
n –
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ersi
tyBa
rbar
a C
arro
ll,Vi
siti
ng P
rofe
ssor
in th
e Fa
cult
y of
Eng
inee
ring
,Uni
vers
ity
of G
lasg
ow
All
act
ivit
ies
at
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ersi
ty a
re b
ein
g a
dd
ress
ed.
Picture courtesy of University of Glasgow
awar
en
ess
of
glo
bal
inte
ract
ion
s
and
re
spo
nsi
bili
tie
s fr
om
loca
l
to g
lob
al.
The
wo
rk o
f e
mb
ed
din
g s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t in
to t
he
cu
rric
ulu
m
incl
ud
es:
•w
ork
sho
ps
wit
h a
cad
em
ic s
taff
to
rai
se
awar
en
ess
•an
alys
is o
f ci
vil e
ng
ine
eri
ng
co
urs
es
to
ide
nti
fy t
ho
se t
hat
alr
ead
y in
clu
de,
and
/or
cou
ld r
ead
ily in
corp
ora
te,
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t p
rin
cip
les
and
te
ach
ing
s
•id
en
tify
ing
ne
ed
s o
f ac
ade
mic
teac
hin
g s
taff
fo
r su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t m
ate
rial
•id
en
tific
atio
n o
f sy
ne
rgie
s an
d c
olla
-
bo
rati
on
fo
r su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
wit
h o
the
r e
ng
ine
eri
ng
de
par
tme
nts
•an
intr
od
uct
ory
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
-
me
nt
lect
ure
fo
r al
l fir
st y
ear
civ
il
en
gin
ee
rin
g s
tud
en
ts
De
velo
pm
en
t o
f cr
oss
-se
cto
r ca
se s
tud
ies
has
incl
ud
ed
th
e C
lyd
e W
ate
rfro
nt
Re
ge
ne
rati
on
Cas
e S
tud
y,w
hic
h o
ffe
rs
wid
er
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
for
en
gin
ee
rin
g
stu
de
nts
to
co
nsi
de
r th
e in
tera
ctio
n o
f
the
ir a
ctiv
itie
s o
n c
om
mu
nit
ies
and
de
velo
pm
en
t.In
ad
dit
ion
,it
off
ers
on
go
ing
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
for
the
aca
de
mic
staf
f fo
r te
ach
ing
an
d r
ese
arch
,in
clu
din
g
colla
bo
rati
ve p
roje
cts
wit
h a
nd
lin
ks t
o
oth
er
de
par
tme
nts
,un
ive
rsit
ies
and
org
anis
atio
ns,
such
as
urb
an s
tud
ies,
eco
no
mic
s,an
d s
oci
al s
cie
nce
s.
Eng
ine
eri
ng
stu
de
nts
are
exp
lori
ng
th
e
inte
ract
ion
s o
f th
eir
de
sig
n a
nd
de
cisi
on
-
mak
ing
wit
hin
a S
ust
ain
abili
ty A
sse
ssm
en
t
Fram
ew
ork
,in
clu
din
g f
loo
d r
isk
man
age
-
me
nt,
tran
spo
rt,r
em
ed
iati
on
of
con
tam
i-
nat
ed
lan
d,c
ult
ura
l he
rita
ge,
bio
div
ers
ity,
pla
nn
ing
,go
vern
ance
,an
d t
he
inte
gra
tio
n
of
ne
w d
eve
lop
me
nt
wit
h e
xist
ing
com
mu
nit
ies.
A k
ey
issu
e f
or
the
te
am a
t G
lasg
ow
is
inte
gra
tio
n o
f th
e v
ario
us
stra
nd
s in
to t
he
day
-to
-day
op
era
tio
n o
f th
e U
niv
ers
ity.
The
ro
le a
nd
val
ue
of
a U
niv
ers
ity-
wid
e
app
roac
h t
o p
rom
oti
ng
su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d e
ng
ine
eri
ng
ed
uca
tio
n
was
exp
lore
d d
uri
ng
th
e A
cad
em
y’s
Sum
me
r Sc
ho
ol i
n 2
00
4.T
he
exp
eri
en
ce
fro
m G
lasg
ow
was
exp
lore
d b
y p
arti
-
cip
ants
(te
ach
ing
sta
ff a
t a
ran
ge
of
un
i-
vers
itie
s) in
ro
le-p
lay
gro
up
s re
pre
sen
tin
g
the
ke
y st
ake
ho
lde
rs f
or
un
ive
rsit
ies:
stu
de
nts
,se
nio
r m
anag
em
en
t,ac
ade
mic
staf
f an
d n
on
-aca
de
mic
sta
ff.T
he
val
ue
of
such
an
ap
pro
ach
was
en
do
rse
d a
nd
sum
mar
ise
d a
s fo
llow
s:
•U
niv
ers
itie
s m
ust
lead
by
exa
mp
le a
nd
de
mo
nst
rate
re
leva
nce
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t to
eve
ryd
ay li
fe
•Su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
is e
sse
nti
al
to k
ee
p u
niv
ers
itie
s re
leva
nt
to
bu
sin
ess
(e
mp
loye
rs),
com
mu
nit
ies
and
th
e s
tud
en
ts
•Su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
mu
st b
e
em
be
dd
ed
in t
he
cu
rric
ulu
m a
nd
th
e
un
ive
rsit
y m
anag
em
en
t an
d
op
era
tio
ns
•O
pp
ort
un
itie
s n
ee
d t
o b
e o
pti
mis
ed
to
bu
ild u
po
n e
xist
ing
pra
ctic
e a
nd
lin
ks.
•A
ll st
ake
ho
lde
rs n
ee
d t
o b
e in
clu
de
d,
com
bin
ing
bo
th b
ott
om
-up
an
d t
op
-
do
wn
ap
pro
ach
es
•U
niv
ers
itie
s m
ust
de
velo
p a
nd
pro
mo
te S
trat
eg
y an
d P
olic
y as
a
sup
po
rtiv
e S
ust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t
Fram
ew
ork
,wit
h a
pp
rop
riat
e
mo
nit
ori
ng
an
d f
ee
db
ack
me
chan
ism
s
17
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Fair
Tra
de
Da
y a
t G
lasg
ow
Un
iver
sity
Stu
den
ts a
nd
sta
ff a
re a
ctiv
ely
invo
lved
.
Picture courtesy of University of Glasgow
Picture courtesy of University of Glasgow
18
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
2.4
Pro
du
ct d
esig
n in
Ele
ctro
nic
& E
lect
rica
l En
gin
eeri
ng
–
mo
bile
ph
on
esKe
n Sn
owde
n,Vi
siti
ng P
rofe
ssor
in th
e W
olfs
on S
choo
l of M
anuf
actu
ring
& M
echa
nica
l Eng
inee
ring
,Lo
ughb
orou
gh U
nive
rsit
y
Love
th
em
or
hat
e t
he
m,y
ou
can
’t ig
no
re
the
m –
mo
bile
ph
on
es
that
is.T
he
mo
bile
ph
on
e –
th
e ic
on
ic,e
lect
ron
ic s
ymb
ol o
f
the
21
st c
en
tury
– is
th
e r
esu
lt o
f
sop
his
tica
ted
en
gin
ee
rin
g o
f e
lect
ron
ic
har
dw
are
an
d s
oft
war
e.Th
e n
um
be
r o
f
glo
bal
ph
on
e s
ub
scri
pti
on
s is
sti
ll g
row
ing
fast
an
d is
exp
ect
ed
to
re
ach
2 b
illio
n in
20
06
(se
e F
igu
re 3
).O
ver
47
0 m
illio
n
mo
bile
ph
on
es
we
re s
old
glo
bal
ly in
20
03
and
est
imat
es
for
20
04
sh
ow
ed
th
is f
igu
re
risi
ng
to
ab
ou
t 6
30
mill
ion
.
Ho
we
ver,
as m
ass-
pro
du
ced
ele
ctro
nic
con
sum
er
ite
ms,
mo
bile
ph
on
es
hav
e
rece
ntl
y co
me
un
de
r sc
ruti
ny
reg
ard
ing
the
ir s
ust
ain
abili
ty a
nd
th
eir
po
ten
tial
eff
ect
s o
n t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t.O
rig
inal
ly,
po
ten
tial
hu
man
he
alth
ris
ks t
oo
k ce
ntr
e
stag
e,an
d le
adin
g c
om
pan
ies
we
re
inve
stig
atin
g t
he
ir li
fe-c
ycle
imp
acts
.Wit
h
the
arr
ival
of
two
Eu
rop
ean
Dir
ect
ive
s –
on
Was
te E
lect
rica
l an
d E
lect
ron
ic
Equ
ipm
en
t (W
EEE)
an
d o
n t
he
Re
stri
ctio
n
of
the
Use
of
Ce
rtai
n H
azar
do
us
Sub
stan
ces
in E
lect
rica
l an
d E
lect
ron
ic
Equ
ipm
en
t (R
oH
S) –
th
e w
ho
le li
fe-c
ycle
of
mo
bile
ph
on
es
is u
nd
er
mo
re s
cru
tin
y.
This
is a
n e
xam
ple
of
an E
U in
terv
en
tio
n
that
is p
ush
ing
th
e r
esp
on
sib
ility
fo
r
imp
rove
me
nt
in p
ract
ice
bac
k o
nto
man
ufa
ctu
rers
an
d r
eta
ilers
.
No
kia,
a le
adin
g m
ob
ile p
ho
ne
pro
du
cer,
has
be
en
eva
luat
ing
th
e li
fe-c
ycle
imp
acts
of
its
pro
du
cts
sin
ce t
he
mid
-nin
eti
es.
It
has
re
cen
tly
com
ple
ted
an
in-d
ep
th s
tud
y
loo
kin
g a
t th
is t
op
ic (
Sin
gh
al P
ran
shu
,
20
05
a) in
itia
ted
as
par
t o
f th
e E
uro
pe
an
Co
mm
issi
on
’s In
teg
rate
d P
rod
uct
Po
licy
(IPP
).Th
e IP
P a
pp
roac
h is
to
‘re
du
ce t
he
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
acts
fro
m p
rod
uct
s
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
ir li
fe c
ycle
,har
ne
ssin
g,
wh
ere
po
ssib
le,a
mar
ket-
dri
ven
ap
pro
ach
,
wit
hin
wh
ich
co
mp
eti
tive
ne
ss c
on
cern
s
are
inte
gra
ted
’.Th
e w
ork
has
be
en
car
rie
d
ou
t in
co
-op
era
tio
n w
ith
a r
ang
e o
f
stak
eh
old
ers
,to
ass
ess
th
e li
fe-c
ycle
imp
acts
of
mo
bile
ph
on
es.
It is
eas
y to
fo
rge
t th
at a
mo
bile
ph
on
e is
a sm
all,
pe
rso
nal
tw
o-w
ay r
adio
,wh
ich
sen
ds
and
re
ceiv
es
rad
io s
ign
als
carr
yin
g
voic
e a
nd
dat
a in
pe
rso
nal
co
mm
un
i-
cati
on
s w
ith
oth
er
mo
bile
ph
on
es
and
tele
ph
on
es.
The
gre
at s
trid
es
that
ele
ctro
nic
en
gin
ee
rin
g h
as m
ade
in
red
uci
ng
th
e d
em
and
s o
n t
he
Ear
th’s
reso
urc
es
in m
ob
ile p
ho
ne
man
ufa
ctu
re
can
be
se
en
in F
igu
re 4
.Ear
ly m
od
els
we
igh
ed
as
mu
ch a
s 1
0 k
g;b
y 2
00
5,
tech
no
log
ical
ad
van
ces
in e
lect
ron
icFi
gu
re 4
:Dev
elo
pm
ent
of
mo
bile
ph
on
es a
nd
th
eir
sub
sta
nti
al r
edu
ctio
n in
wei
gh
t w
ith
in 2
0 y
ears
Fig
ure
3:G
lob
al m
ark
et g
row
th o
f m
ob
ile p
ho
nes
Graphic courtesy of Nokia
Graphic courtesy of Nokia
com
po
ne
nt
inte
gra
tio
n a
nd
bat
tery
pro
du
ctio
n h
ave
re
du
ced
th
is t
o a
rou
nd
80
g,a
re
du
ctio
n o
f o
ver
99
%.
Mo
bile
ph
on
es
hav
e a
ve
ry c
om
plic
ate
d
stru
ctu
re a
nd
mat
eri
al c
om
po
siti
on
.A
typ
ical
mo
bile
ph
on
e,lik
e m
any
ele
ctro
nic
pro
du
cts,
con
sist
s o
f 5
00
–1
00
0
com
po
ne
nts
.Mo
st o
f th
ese
co
mp
on
en
ts
are
mad
e u
p o
f a
larg
e v
arie
ty o
f m
ate
rial
s
and
su
bst
ance
s.Th
e c
om
me
rcia
l so
urc
es
of
the
se c
om
po
ne
nts
co
uld
be
sit
uat
ed
anyw
he
re in
th
e w
orl
d,m
akin
g s
up
ply
man
age
me
nt
a ke
y is
sue
in a
tte
mp
tin
g t
o
con
tro
l en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
acts
.
The
exa
min
atio
n in
th
e s
tud
y o
f th
e
diff
ere
nt
ph
ase
s o
f th
e li
fe c
ycle
of
a
mo
bile
ph
on
e s
ho
we
d t
he
co
mp
lexi
ty o
f
its
com
po
ne
nts
an
d t
he
larg
e n
um
be
r o
f
stak
eh
old
ers
invo
lve
d in
its
life.
The
mai
n
ph
ase
s ar
e e
xtra
ctio
n a
nd
pro
cess
ing
of
raw
mat
eri
als,
com
po
ne
nts
man
ufa
ctu
re,
tran
spo
rt o
f co
mp
on
en
ts t
o t
he
ph
on
e
asse
mb
ly p
lan
t,p
ho
ne
ass
em
bly
,tra
nsp
ort
of
the
ph
on
es
to t
he
dis
trib
uti
on
ne
two
rk,
use
an
d,f
inal
ly,e
nd
-of-
life.
The
fo
llow
ing
eig
ht
po
ints
we
re t
he
mai
n
find
ing
s o
f th
e N
oki
a st
ud
y.
•Th
e u
se p
has
e a
nd
co
mp
on
en
t
man
ufa
ctu
re p
has
e a
re t
he
big
ge
st
con
trib
uto
rs t
o li
fe-c
ycle
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
acts
(se
e F
igu
re 5
)
•In
th
e u
se p
has
e,th
e s
tan
d-b
y p
ow
er
of
the
ch
arg
er
– a
ssu
min
g it
is le
ft
plu
gg
ed
in a
nd
no
t sw
itch
ed
off
–
acco
un
ts f
or
the
maj
ori
ty o
f th
e
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
acts
.Re
cen
t
adva
nce
s in
re
du
cin
g t
he
sta
nd
-by
con
sum
pti
on
of
the
ch
arg
er
hav
e
gre
atly
re
du
ced
th
e im
pac
ts
•In
th
e c
om
po
ne
nt
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g
ph
ase,
the
en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f th
e
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g p
roce
sse
s ac
cou
nt
for
the
maj
or
po
rtio
n o
f e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l
imp
acts
•Th
e m
ost
imp
ort
ant
en
viro
nm
en
tal
issu
e f
or
a m
ob
ile p
ho
ne,
in a
ll th
e li
fe
cycl
e p
has
es,
is e
ne
rgy
con
sum
pti
on
•Th
e P
rin
ted
Cir
cuit
Bo
ard
,In
teg
rate
d
Cir
cuit
s an
d L
iqu
id C
ryst
al D
isp
lay
are
the
co
mp
on
en
ts w
ith
th
e h
igh
est
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
acts
•In
th
e t
ran
spo
rtat
ion
ph
ase,
air
fre
igh
t
acco
un
ts f
or
alm
ost
all
of
the
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
acts
•Th
e c
olle
ctio
n a
nd
pro
pe
r
man
age
me
nt
of
the
mo
bile
ph
on
es
(an
d a
cce
sso
rie
s) a
t th
e e
nd
of
the
ir li
fe
is c
riti
cal t
o p
reve
nt
any
mat
eri
al a
nd
sub
stan
ce d
isp
ers
ion
s to
th
e
en
viro
nm
en
t.Po
siti
ve e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l
imp
acts
are
ach
ieve
d b
y th
e r
eco
very
of
me
tals
,esp
eci
ally
pre
cio
us
on
es
such
as
go
ld a
nd
pla
tin
um
•Fr
om
th
e p
ers
pe
ctiv
e o
f a
mo
bile
syst
em
(w
hic
h c
on
sist
s o
f m
ob
ile
ph
on
es,
a ra
dio
ne
two
rk w
ith
rad
io
bas
e s
tati
on
s an
d r
adio
ne
two
rk
con
tro
l eq
uip
me
nt,
and
a c
ore
ne
two
rk
wit
h s
wit
che
s,ro
ute
rs,s
erv
ers
an
d
wo
rkst
atio
ns)
,th
e e
ne
rgy
con
sum
pti
on
of
rad
io b
ase
sta
tio
ns
du
rin
g t
he
use
ph
ase
is t
he
mo
st s
ign
ifica
nt
con
trib
uto
r to
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
acts
The
to
tal C
O2
em
issi
on
s,w
hic
h a
re c
lose
ly
linke
d t
o t
ota
l en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n,f
rom
19
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Fig
ure
5:P
rim
ary
En
ger
gy
Co
nsu
mp
tio
n in
th
e lif
e-cy
cle
of
mo
bile
ph
on
es
The
mo
bile
ph
on
e h
as
no
w e
volv
ed a
nd
ca
n s
end
e-m
ail,
take
ph
oto
gra
ph
s,p
lay
mu
sic.
..
Graphic courtesy of NokiaGraphic courtesy of Nokia
20
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
the
life
cyc
le o
f a
3G
mo
bile
ph
on
e
(incl
ud
ing
th
e u
se o
f th
e m
ob
ile p
ho
ne
bu
t e
xclu
din
g t
he
sys
tem
an
d in
fra-
stru
ctu
re e
mis
sio
ns)
are
eq
uiv
ale
nt
to t
he
em
issi
on
s fr
om
dri
vin
g a
car
fo
r o
nly
65
to
95
km o
r to
usi
ng
4–
6 li
tre
s o
f p
etr
ol.
Eve
n
the
CO
2e
mis
sio
ns
pe
r su
bsc
rib
er
for
on
e
year
’s u
sag
e o
f a
3G
sys
tem
(al
l th
e in
fra-
stru
ctu
re b
ut
no
t th
e p
ho
ne
itse
lf)
are
eq
uiv
ale
nt
to d
rivi
ng
a c
ar f
or
on
ly 2
50
to
38
0 k
m,o
r u
sin
g 1
9–
21
litr
es
of
pe
tro
l.
A m
ob
ile p
ho
ne
con
tain
s sm
all a
mo
un
ts o
f
som
e m
ater
ials
th
at c
ou
ld b
e co
nsi
der
ed
haz
ard
ou
s.Th
ese
sub
stan
ces
do
no
t p
rese
nt
any
envi
ron
men
tal o
r h
um
an h
ealt
h h
azar
d
wh
en t
he
ph
on
e is
in o
rdin
ary
use
.
Ho
wev
er,t
hey
mig
ht
be
rele
ased
into
th
e
envi
ron
men
t fr
om
lan
dfil
ls,i
nci
ner
ato
rs a
nd
recy
clin
g fa
cilit
ies
if th
e en
d-o
f-lif
e p
roce
sses
are
no
t p
rop
erly
man
aged
.
To r
ed
uce
ad
vers
e e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l im
pac
ts
thro
ug
ho
ut
the
mo
bile
ph
on
e’s
life,
No
kia’
s
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
ctiv
itie
s ar
e f
ocu
sed
on
sou
nd
man
age
me
nt
of
its
ow
n o
pe
rati
on
s,
syst
em
atic
su
pp
lier
ne
two
rk m
anag
em
en
t,
inte
gra
tio
n o
f th
e c
on
cep
t o
f ‘D
esi
gn
fo
r
the
En
viro
nm
en
t’in
to p
rod
uct
an
d
tech
no
log
y d
eve
lop
me
nt,
and
so
un
d e
nd
-
of-
life
pra
ctic
es.
The
se
con
d s
tag
e o
f th
e In
teg
rate
d
Pro
du
ct P
olic
y p
roje
ct t
he
n s
ou
gh
t to
ide
nti
fy a
nd
do
cum
en
t th
e im
pro
vem
en
t
op
tio
ns
that
No
kia
and
th
e p
arti
cip
atin
g
stak
eh
old
ers
co
uld
tak
e t
o e
nh
ance
th
e
en
viro
nm
en
tal p
erf
orm
ance
of
the
ph
on
es.
In t
he
IPP
Sta
ge
II d
raft
re
po
rt
(Sin
gh
al,P
ran
shu
,20
05
b),
the
imp
rove
me
nts
op
tio
ns
we
re id
en
tifie
d
un
de
r e
igh
t th
em
es:
imp
rove
me
nts
in
mo
bile
ph
on
es;
op
tim
isat
ion
of
life
-sp
an;
red
uct
ion
in e
ne
rgy
con
sum
pti
on
an
d
en
viro
nm
en
tally
re
leva
nt
che
mic
als
use
d
du
rin
g c
om
po
ne
nt
man
ufa
ctu
re;
influ
en
cin
g t
he
bu
yin
g,u
sag
e a
nd
dis
po
sal
pat
tern
s o
f co
nsu
me
rs;e
nd
-of-
life
man
age
me
nt
of
dis
po
sed
mo
bile
ph
on
es;
red
uct
ion
of
en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f
ne
two
rk in
fras
tru
ctu
re;d
eve
lop
me
nt
of
suit
able
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
sse
ssm
en
t
me
tho
ds;
and
de
velo
pm
en
t o
f a
con
du
cive
po
licy
en
viro
nm
en
t.
2.5
Civ
il En
gin
eeri
ng
& B
uild
ing
–
Mo
ssle
y M
ill r
egen
erat
ion
inN
ort
her
n Ir
elan
dW
Ala
n St
rong
,Sen
ior L
ectu
rer,
and
Jim
McQ
uaid
,Vis
itin
gPr
ofes
sor,
Scho
ol o
f the
Bui
lt E
nvir
onm
ent,
Uni
vers
ity
of U
lste
r
The
use
an
d r
e-u
se o
f b
uild
ing
s an
d t
hei
r
gro
un
ds
is c
entr
al t
o s
ust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent
and
is im
po
rtan
t to
sev
eral
pro
fess
ion
s as
soci
ated
wit
h t
he
bu
ilt
envi
ron
men
t.Th
e ca
se s
tud
y,M
oss
ley
Mill
–
Reg
ener
ate
d t
o la
st?,
was
dev
elo
ped
at
the
Un
iver
sity
of
Uls
ter,
and
ad
dre
sses
th
e
con
cep
t o
f su
stai
nab
le d
evel
op
men
t
thro
ug
h a
det
aile
d a
pp
rais
al o
f th
e co
nte
xt,
red
evel
op
men
t an
d o
per
atio
n o
f th
e n
ew
Civ
ic H
ead
qu
arte
rs o
f N
ewto
wn
abb
ey
Bo
rou
gh
Co
un
cil i
n N
ort
her
n Ir
elan
d.
The
Co
un
cil’s
ne
ed
fo
r a
cen
tral
ise
d
he
adq
uar
ters
led
to
a r
evi
ew
of
seve
ral
po
ten
tial
ne
w-b
uild
loca
tio
ns
and
,
follo
win
g a
co
mp
reh
en
sive
de
cisi
on
-
mak
ing
pro
cess
,a d
isu
sed
mill
bu
ildin
g
was
se
lect
ed
as
the
pre
ferr
ed
sit
e o
pti
on
.
The
pro
cess
es
of
de
sig
nin
g,
(re
)co
nst
ruct
ing
an
d f
acili
tati
ng
th
e m
ill
reg
en
era
tio
n w
ere
car
rie
d o
ut
by
a te
am
of
con
sult
ants
,exp
ert
s an
d c
on
trac
tor,
wh
o e
mb
race
d s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
(SD
) p
rin
cip
les.
The
cas
e s
tud
y te
am f
ully
eva
luat
ed
th
e
ele
me
nts
of
the
Mo
ssle
y M
ill b
uild
ing
and
gro
un
ds
agai
nst
ind
icat
ors
an
d
be
nch
mar
ks,t
o d
eve
lop
a p
ictu
re o
f it
s
ove
rall
SD p
erf
orm
ance
.Re
fere
nce
to
a
ran
ge
of
pro
toco
ls,d
ire
ctiv
es,
stra
teg
ies
and
sta
nd
ard
s fr
om
Inte
rnat
ion
al,
Euro
pe
an,U
K a
nd
No
rth
ern
Ire
lan
d
sou
rce
s se
t th
e d
eta
iled
eva
luat
ion
wit
hin
a le
gis
lati
ve f
ram
ew
ork
,wh
ile li
nks
to
th
e
Co
un
cil’s
str
ate
gic
do
cum
en
ts s
et
its
loca
l co
nte
xt.
Loca
l co
mm
un
itie
s re
tain
an
ide
alis
tic
vie
w o
f th
eir
old
bu
ildin
gs,
in c
on
tras
t to
the
pla
nn
ers
,lo
cal a
dm
inis
trat
ors
,fin
an-
cie
rs a
nd
po
litic
ian
s w
ho
may
se
e t
he
be
ne
fit in
me
eti
ng
loca
l ne
ed
s in
an
eff
icie
nt
yet
hig
h p
rofil
e m
ann
er.
Ag
ain
st
this
bac
kdro
p,t
his
stu
dy
invo
lve
d s
eve
ral
inve
stig
atio
ns
acro
ss a
ran
ge
of
dis
cip
line
s
in o
rde
r to
bu
ild u
p a
fu
ll p
ictu
re o
f th
e
de
cisi
on
s an
d o
utp
uts
.In
vest
igat
ion
s,
ou
tpu
ts a
nd
ke
y is
sue
s in
clu
de
d:
Mo
ssle
y M
ill b
efo
re r
efu
rbis
hm
ent
21
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
•M
oss
ley
Mill
his
tori
cal t
ime
line
– t
o s
et
the
cu
ltu
ral a
nd
bu
sin
ess
co
nte
xt o
f
the
ori
gin
al b
uild
ing
an
d it
s e
xte
nd
ed
com
mu
nit
y,co
veri
ng
17
50
–2
00
0
•P
lan
nin
g a
nd
de
velo
pm
en
t p
roce
ss
tim
elin
e –
to
tra
ck t
he
de
term
inat
ion
of
the
Co
un
cil t
o r
elo
cate
its
staf
f an
d
fun
ctio
ns
fro
m f
ive
dis
pe
rse
d o
ffic
es
into
a c
en
tral
loca
tio
n,l
ead
ing
to
th
e
sele
ctio
n o
f th
e d
isu
sed
mill
bu
ildin
g,
hav
ing
inve
stig
ate
d 3
8 p
ote
nti
al s
ite
op
tio
ns
be
twe
en
19
82
an
d 1
99
0
•th
e r
eso
urc
ing
of
seve
ral e
xpe
rt
rep
ort
s in
are
as s
uch
as
bio
div
ers
ity,
tran
spo
rt,e
ne
rgy,
pro
cure
me
nt
and
wat
er,
as w
ell
as a
cce
ssin
g in
tern
al
Co
un
cil d
ocu
me
nts
su
ch a
s th
e
Co
un
cil M
issi
on
Sta
tem
en
t an
d
Stra
teg
ies
•M
oss
ley
Mill
fac
t sh
ee
ts –
de
scri
bin
g
20
ke
y su
stai
nab
ility
asp
ect
s o
f th
e
fun
ctio
ns
and
ph
ysic
al a
ttri
bu
tes
of
the
Mill
•Su
stai
nab
ility
au
dit
ing
eva
luat
ion
–
lead
ing
to
th
e s
ele
ctio
n o
f th
e F
oru
m
of
the
Fu
ture
‘Fiv
e C
apit
als’
and
‘12
Feat
ure
s’as
th
e p
refe
rre
d a
ud
itin
g
me
chan
ism
s
A s
ust
ain
abili
ty c
ase
stu
dy
add
ress
es
issu
es
and
dri
vers
in o
rde
r to
se
cure
a
bal
ance
th
at b
oth
info
rms
the
re
ade
rs
abo
ut
the
co
nst
itu
en
t p
arts
of
the
pro
ject
and
po
ints
to
war
ds
imp
rove
me
nts
th
at
will
gu
ide
fu
ture
de
velo
pm
en
ts.T
his
stu
dy
mo
ved
th
e a
nal
ysis
fu
rth
er
forw
ard
,
tow
ard
s a
com
pre
he
nsi
ve a
pp
rais
al o
f
seve
ral i
nh
ere
nt
sust
ain
abili
ty f
eat
ure
s.
Wh
ile t
he
‘tri
ple
bo
tto
m li
ne’
SD a
pp
roac
h
was
he
lpfu
l,th
e F
ive
Cap
ital
s’au
dit
app
roac
h f
acili
tate
d a
sse
ssm
en
t o
f b
oth
the
act
ual
an
d p
ote
nti
al p
erf
orm
ance
,th
e
latt
er
be
ing
re
ferr
ed
to
as
ASA
RP
:As
Sust
ain
able
As
Re
aso
nab
ly P
ract
icab
le.K
ey
find
ing
s w
ere
als
o a
sse
sse
d a
gai
nst
th
e
trip
le b
ott
om
lin
e o
f e
con
om
ic,e
nvi
ron
-
me
nta
l an
d s
oci
al is
sue
s fo
r th
e M
ill
red
eve
lop
me
nt,
hig
hlig
hti
ng
reco
mm
en
dat
ion
s fo
r fu
rth
er
acti
on
an
d
con
clu
din
g w
ith
a g
en
era
l SD
sta
tem
en
t
on
th
e p
roje
ct.
Tho
se k
ey
find
ing
s w
ere
cat
eg
ori
sed
into
thre
e m
ain
are
as:
•En
viro
nm
enta
l ma
tter
sin
clu
de
d
pro
tect
ed
sp
eci
es
pre
serv
atio
n,n
atu
ral
hab
itat
dis
rup
tio
n,b
iod
ive
rsit
y le
vels
,
po
nd
wat
er
qu
alit
y,co
nta
min
ate
d la
nd
rem
ova
l,e
mp
loye
e jo
urn
eys
lin
ked
to
gas
em
issi
on
s,d
em
olit
ion
was
te
salv
age,
gre
en
sp
ace
usa
ge
an
d e
ne
rgy
con
sum
pti
on
•So
cia
l ma
tter
sin
clu
de
d p
ub
lic
tran
spo
rt a
cce
ss,c
en
tral
ise
d s
erv
ice
s
acce
ss,d
isab
led
pe
rso
ns
acce
ssib
ility
,
Co
un
cil p
erf
orm
ance
,an
d c
om
mu
nit
y
ow
ne
rsh
ip o
f an
d p
arti
cip
atio
n in
th
e
red
eve
lop
me
nt
pro
cess
•Ec
on
om
ic m
att
ers
incl
ud
ed
cat
eri
ng
faci
litie
s,re
ven
ue
re
turn
fro
m s
ale
or
dis
po
sal o
f th
e C
ou
nci
l’s f
orm
er
faci
litie
s,u
se o
f lo
cal a
nd
/or
du
rab
le
bu
ildin
g m
ate
rial
s,o
pe
rati
on
al s
avin
gs
fro
m e
ne
rgy-
eff
icie
nt
de
vice
s,
red
eve
lop
me
nt
and
gre
en
field
co
sts,
and
op
en
pla
n o
ffic
e is
sue
s
The
sp
eci
fic f
ind
ing
s w
ere
de
velo
pe
d in
to
a se
t o
f ‘d
efe
rre
d o
utc
om
es’
or
reco
mm
en
dat
ion
s,b
y id
en
tify
ing
hig
h-
leve
l are
as f
or
po
ssib
le in
teg
rati
on
an
d f
or
furt
he
r at
ten
tio
n.T
he
se c
ove
red
mat
ters
such
as
wat
er
usa
ge,
en
erg
y re
du
ctio
n a
nd
man
age
me
nt,
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
war
en
ess
and
ed
uca
tio
n,b
iod
ive
rsit
y p
lan
nin
g,
tran
spo
rt in
teg
rati
on
,co
mm
un
ity
faci
litie
s
and
liai
son
,pro
cure
me
nt
po
licie
s,an
d
futu
re b
uild
ing
de
velo
pm
en
ts.
Eval
uat
ion
of
this
stu
dy
invo
lve
d b
oth
pro
du
ct a
nd
pro
cess
.Th
e p
rod
uct
ou
tpu
t
con
cern
s th
e M
ill r
ed
eve
lop
me
nt
and
is
en
cap
sula
ted
by
the
sta
tem
en
t “Th
e
reg
en
era
tio
n o
f M
oss
ley
Mill
has
pro
ved
to b
e a
val
uab
le a
nd
illu
min
atin
g
exa
mp
le o
f h
ow
th
e p
rin
cip
les
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ca
n b
e
de
live
red
,wit
h e
ven
fu
rth
er
roo
m f
or
pro
gre
ss”.T
his
sh
ou
ld b
e s
ee
n in
lig
ht
of
the
de
sire
fo
r th
e d
efe
rre
d o
utc
om
es
to
be
fu
rth
er
add
ress
ed
by
the
Co
un
cil.
The
pro
cess
of
de
live
rin
g t
he
cas
e s
tud
y
into
aca
de
mia
is a
mu
ch lo
ng
er
bu
t
eq
ual
ly d
em
and
ing
tas
k.In
volv
em
en
t o
f
sub
ject
sta
ff in
usi
ng
th
e c
ase
stu
dy
is
vita
l,b
ut
req
uir
es
com
mit
me
nt
and
a
de
sire
to
en
cou
rag
e s
tud
en
ts t
o e
mb
race
The
new
Civ
ic H
ead
qu
art
ers
of
New
tow
na
bb
ey B
oro
ug
h C
ou
nci
l
Polic
ies
and
pra
ctic
e d
esig
ned
to
del
iver
sust
ain
abili
ty n
eed
to
tak
e ac
cou
nt
of
all
the
elem
ents
of
sust
ain
able
dev
elo
pm
ent:
envi
ron
men
tal,
eco
no
mic
an
d s
oci
al
fact
ors
.Th
is e
xam
ple
illu
stra
tes
the
inte
ract
ion
bet
wee
n t
hes
e el
emen
ts in
th
e
case
of
on
e w
ell-
iden
tifie
d a
nd
per
vasi
ve
pro
ble
m:e
ner
gy
usa
ge
and
loca
l air
qu
alit
y.
The
eff
ect
on
loca
l air
qu
alit
y o
f th
e
em
issi
on
s fr
om
bu
rnin
g f
oss
il fu
els
,an
d in
turn
th
e im
pac
t o
f p
oo
r ai
r q
ual
ity
on
hu
man
he
alth
,has
be
en
re
cog
nis
ed
sin
ce
me
die
val t
ime
s.In
cre
asin
g u
rban
isat
ion
and
ind
ust
rial
isat
ion
mad
e p
rog
ress
ive
ly
gre
ate
r im
pac
ts,u
nti
l th
e c
limac
tic
Gre
at
Lon
do
n S
mo
g o
f D
ece
mb
er
19
52
,a
pro
lon
ge
d s
mo
g t
hat
was
est
imat
ed
by
the
Min
istr
y o
f H
eal
th t
o h
ave
led
dir
ect
ly
to o
ver
4,5
00
pre
mat
ure
de
ath
s in
th
e
Gre
ate
r Lo
nd
on
are
a.
The
Go
vern
me
nt
acce
pte
d a
re
spo
nsi
-
bili
ty t
o d
eal
wit
h t
he
sit
uat
ion
th
rou
gh
the
intr
od
uct
ion
of
the
Cle
an A
ir A
ct o
f
19
56
,wh
ich
fo
rbad
e (
wit
h e
xce
pti
on
s) t
he
bu
rnin
g o
f co
al in
op
en
fir
es.
This
leg
isla
tio
n w
on
ge
ne
ral p
ub
lic
acce
pta
nce
.It
was
rap
idly
fo
llow
ed
by
a
nu
mb
er
of
mar
ket-
dri
ven
te
chn
olo
gic
al
de
velo
pm
en
ts,s
uch
as
the
intr
od
uct
ion
of
imp
rove
d v
arie
tie
s o
f sm
oke
less
fu
els
,
mo
re-e
ffic
ien
t fu
el-
usi
ng
de
vice
s fo
r
he
atin
g w
ate
r,an
d m
ore
-eff
ect
ive
app
roac
he
s to
ho
me
insu
lati
on
.Ho
we
ver,
wh
ile s
mo
kele
ss f
ue
ls im
pro
ved
mat
ters
at t
he
ir p
oin
t o
f u
se,t
he
pla
nts
wh
ere
the
y w
ere
pro
du
ced
we
re s
ou
rce
s o
f
ext
rem
e p
ollu
tio
n –
an
exa
mp
le w
he
re
solv
ing
on
e p
rob
lem
gav
e r
ise
to
an
oth
er.
In t
he
19
60
s,a
com
bin
atio
n o
f e
con
om
ic
inst
rum
en
ts (
for
exa
mp
le t
ax d
iffe
ren
tial
s
on
diff
ere
nt
fue
ls),
tech
nic
al
de
velo
pm
en
ts a
nd
mar
ket
me
chan
ism
s
had
led
to
th
e n
ear
-un
ive
rsal
ad
op
tio
n o
f
gas
-fir
ed
ce
ntr
al h
eat
ing
sys
tem
s.Th
e
ave
rag
e s
ulp
hu
r d
ioxi
de
co
nce
ntr
atio
n in
Lon
do
n in
20
00
was
less
th
an 5
0 m
g/c
c
com
par
ed
wit
h 4
00
mg
/cc
in 1
95
0,w
hile
the
to
tal a
mo
un
t o
f e
ne
rgy
sup
plie
d
ann
ual
ly in
Lo
nd
on
ro
se b
y 5
0%
in t
he
sam
e 5
0 y
ear
s.
No
ne
the
less
,th
ere
is s
till
a fo
rmid
able
cost
to
th
e N
atio
nal
He
alth
Se
rvic
e (
and
to p
eo
ple
’s q
ual
ity
of
life
) ar
isin
g f
rom
adm
issi
on
s to
ho
spit
al d
ue
to
car
dia
c an
d
resp
irat
ory
co
nd
itio
ns
asso
ciat
ed
wit
h
po
or
air
qu
alit
y (a
s an
alys
ed
by
the
Co
mm
itte
e o
n t
he
Me
dic
al E
ffe
cts
of
Air
Pollu
tio
n –
De
par
tme
nt
of
He
alth
,20
02
).
The
so
urc
e o
f th
e p
rob
lem
in r
ece
nt
de
cad
es
has
cle
arly
be
en
ro
ad t
raff
ic.T
he
nu
mb
er
of
veh
icle
mile
s tr
ave
lled
in t
he
UK
has
ris
en
15
-fo
ld s
ince
19
50
,an
d m
uch
of
this
is a
ttri
bu
tab
le t
o s
ho
rt-d
ista
nce
trip
s in
urb
an a
reas
.
The
en
viro
nm
en
tal e
ffe
cts
of
a ra
pid
ly
incr
eas
ing
car
po
pu
lati
on
we
re f
irst
ide
nti
fied
in t
he
Lo
s A
ng
ele
s B
ay a
rea
of
Cal
iforn
ia,w
he
re a
co
mb
inat
ion
of
the
loca
l ge
og
rap
hy
and
clim
atic
co
nd
itio
ns
was
lead
ing
to
th
e p
rod
uct
ion
of
22
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
2.6
Bal
anci
ng
po
siti
ve a
nd
neg
ativ
eim
pac
ts –
th
e ca
se o
f cat
alyt
ic c
onv
erte
rsC
harl
es D
uff,
Visi
ting
Pro
fess
or in
the
Scho
ol o
f Che
mic
alEn
gine
erin
g an
d A
dvan
ced
Mat
eria
ls,U
nive
rsit
y of
New
cast
leup
on T
yne
the
pri
nci
ple
s o
f su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t.Th
is s
tud
y h
as p
rovi
de
d
mat
eri
al f
or
stu
de
nts
tak
ing
mo
du
les
in
con
stru
ctio
n,b
uild
ing
su
rve
yin
g,p
lan
nin
g
and
civ
il &
en
viro
nm
en
tal e
ng
ine
eri
ng
cou
rse
s.It
has
als
o p
rovi
de
d a
val
uab
le
stat
em
en
t an
d e
xem
pla
r o
f h
ow
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ca
n b
e
add
ress
ed
an
d d
eliv
ere
d a
t a
pro
ject
leve
l
that
has
str
on
g li
nks
to
so
cie
ty,t
his
latt
er
are
a fr
eq
ue
ntl
y b
ein
g s
ee
n a
s fo
reig
n t
o
the
bu
ilt e
nvi
ron
me
nt
pro
fess
ion
s.Th
e
stu
dy
has
als
o p
rovi
de
d a
bas
is f
or
min
i
case
stu
die
s to
evo
lve
in w
hic
h s
tud
en
ts
con
sid
er
an a
spe
ct o
f th
e M
ill
Re
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d d
eri
ve S
D s
olu
tio
ns,
wit
hin
a s
em
inar
en
viro
nm
en
t.
Fin
ally
,it
be
cam
e c
lear
th
at t
he
lear
nin
g
and
te
ach
ing
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
is m
ore
co
mp
lex,
bu
t le
ss c
om
plic
ate
d,
than
th
e d
eliv
ery
of
trad
itio
nal
en
gin
ee
-
rin
g m
ate
rial
.He
nce
th
is s
tud
y h
as b
ee
n
set
wit
hin
a c
on
tin
uu
m o
f e
arlie
r
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t aw
are
ne
ss
teac
hin
g a
nd
late
r d
esi
gn
stu
die
s.
Cre
atio
n a
nd
te
stin
g o
f re
leva
nt
pe
dag
og
ical
mat
eri
al,s
uch
as
pre
sen
-
tati
on
s,re
adin
g li
sts,
assi
gn
me
nt
bri
efs
and
fe
ed
bac
k m
ech
anis
ms
hav
e b
ee
n
ess
en
tial
to
en
sure
th
at t
he
stu
dy
has
con
trib
ute
d t
o k
no
wle
dg
e o
f th
e w
ide
r
sust
ain
abili
ty is
sue
s an
d t
o a
pp
rop
riat
e
lear
nin
g in
sp
eci
fic s
ub
ject
mo
du
les.
Ph
oto
gra
ph
s h
ave
bee
n p
rovi
ded
co
urt
esy
of W
Ala
n
Stro
ng
(Su
sta
ina
ble
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Gro
up
,Un
iver
sity
of
Uls
ter)
,alo
ng
wit
h N
ewto
wn
ab
bey
Bo
rou
gh
Co
un
cil a
nd
Ost
ick
& W
illia
ms
(Arc
hit
ects
).
Photo courtesy of The Highways Agency
23
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
‘ph
oto
che
mic
al s
mo
gs’,
of
wh
ich
eye
- an
d
lun
g-i
rrit
ant
ozo
ne
was
an
imp
ort
ant
com
po
ne
nt.
The
Cal
iforn
ian
au
tho
riti
es
dev
elo
ped
clo
se t
ech
nic
al c
om
mu
nic
atio
ns
wit
h t
he
au
to a
nd
ch
em
ical
en
gin
ee
rin
g
ind
ust
rie
s.A
s th
e d
ialo
gu
e p
roce
ed
ed
,an
en
d-o
f-p
ipe
so
luti
on
em
erg
ed
:th
e
cata
lyti
c co
nve
rte
r.Th
ese
th
en
be
cam
e
man
dat
ory
,in
itia
lly,i
n t
he
19
70
s,fo
r al
l
cars
so
ld in
Cal
iforn
ia.S
ince
th
en
,th
ere
has
be
en
a p
rog
ress
ive
rat
che
tin
g-u
p o
f
the
re
gu
lati
on
s,to
mat
ch t
he
ind
ust
ry’s
con
fiden
ce t
hat
its
tech
nic
al im
pro
vem
ents
can
de
live
r im
pro
ved
pe
rfo
rman
ce.T
he
pre
sen
t p
osi
tio
n is
th
at,i
n s
pit
e o
f th
e 1
5-
fold
incr
eas
e in
tra
ffic
in t
he
UK
sin
ce
19
50
,em
issi
on
s o
f th
e h
arm
ful e
xhau
st
gas
es
(CO
,hyd
roca
rbo
ns
and
NO
x) h
ave
actu
ally
fal
len
.
Bu
t,ar
e c
atal
ytic
co
nve
rte
rs,f
or
all t
he
ir
eff
ect
ive
ne
ss a
t th
eir
po
int
of
use
,a
sust
ain
able
so
luti
on
? Th
e c
atal
ysts
con
cern
ed
(an
d s
pe
cifie
d b
y au
tho
riti
es
reg
ula
tin
g s
om
e 8
0%
of
the
wo
rld
’s n
ew
cars
) ar
e P
lati
nu
m G
rou
p M
eta
ls (
pla
tin
um
,
pal
lad
ium
an
d r
ho
diu
m).
Ab
ou
t 3
gra
ms
of
a m
ixtu
re o
f th
ese
hav
e t
o b
e a
pp
lied
to
eac
h c
on
vert
er.
Ho
we
ver,
the
se p
reci
ou
s
me
tals
are
ext
rem
ely
sp
arse
ly d
istr
ibu
ted
aro
un
d t
he
wo
rld
,an
d a
re p
red
om
inan
tly
fou
nd
in S
ibe
ria
and
So
uth
Afr
ica
(wit
h
smal
ler
de
po
sits
in Z
imb
abw
e a
nd
No
rth
Am
eri
ca).
Furt
he
r co
nce
ntr
atio
n in
ore
bo
die
s is
me
asu
red
in a
fe
w p
arts
pe
r
mill
ion
(a
few
gra
ms
pe
r to
nn
e).
The
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
act
of
ext
ract
ing
th
e
ore
s,an
d t
he
en
erg
y re
qu
ire
d f
or
the
ir
ele
ctro
che
mic
al r
efin
ing
,are
fo
rmid
able
.
As
a re
sult
of
the
ab
ove
issu
es
and
fac
tors
,
cru
cial
qu
est
ion
s ar
e f
ace
d b
y p
olic
y
mak
ers
an
d e
ng
ine
ers
of
all d
isci
plin
es,
and
ne
ed
to
be
act
ive
ly a
dd
ress
ed
if t
he
adve
rse
imp
act
of
en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n
on
air
qu
alit
y is
to
be
fu
rth
er
red
uce
d.
He
re a
re s
om
e o
f th
ose
qu
est
ion
s.
•C
an p
ub
lic a
war
en
ess
be
rai
sed
su
ch
that
th
ere
will
be
a v
olu
nta
ry
rest
rict
ion
in r
oad
tra
ffic
? Th
e b
en
efit
s
wo
uld
be
imp
rove
d p
ub
lic h
eal
th a
nd
red
uce
d c
on
ge
stio
n
•Sh
ou
ld p
olic
y m
ake
rs f
acto
r in
th
e
savi
ng
s to
th
e N
atio
nal
He
alth
Se
rvic
e
in p
lan
nin
g n
ew
pu
blic
tra
nsp
ort
syst
em
s an
d r
oad
ne
two
rks?
•Sh
ou
ld m
ore
fu
nd
ing
be
allo
cate
d t
o
the
furt
her
dev
elo
pm
ent
of
alte
rnat
ives
to fo
ssil-
fuel
-bas
ed m
oti
ve s
yste
ms,
such
as
fuel
cel
ls?
•A
s w
ith
an
y in
du
stry
de
pe
nd
en
t o
n
the
ext
ract
ion
of
scar
ce a
nd
fin
ite
reso
urc
es,
in t
he
lon
g t
erm
th
e m
inin
g
of
Pla
tin
um
Gro
up
Me
tals
can
no
t b
e
sust
ain
able
.Can
sys
tem
s an
d
tech
no
log
ies
be
de
velo
pe
d f
or
an
eff
icie
nt
syst
em
fo
r th
e c
olle
ctio
n a
nd
recy
clin
g o
f u
sed
co
nve
rte
rs?
•W
hat
pro
visi
on
can
be
mad
e f
or
any
dam
age
to
th
e e
con
om
ic a
nd
so
cial
we
lfare
of
tho
se in
volv
ed
in t
he
min
ing
ind
ust
rie
s o
f th
e le
ss
de
velo
pe
d c
ou
ntr
ies
in w
hic
h t
he
cata
lyti
c m
ate
rial
s ar
e e
xtra
cte
d?
•C
an s
yste
ms
and
te
chn
olo
gie
s b
e
de
velo
pe
d t
o d
o t
he
wo
rk o
f ca
taly
tic
con
vert
ers
in a
su
stai
nab
le m
ann
er?
Me
eti
ng
th
e in
cre
asin
g g
lob
al d
em
and
fo
r
en
erg
y is
on
e o
f th
e k
ey
chal
len
ge
s fo
r
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t.
Teac
hin
g m
ate
rial
s o
n t
his
su
bje
ct
intr
od
uce
d a
t th
e U
niv
ers
ity
of
Oxf
ord
hav
e p
rovi
de
d a
ric
h m
ean
s o
f in
tera
ctio
n
wit
h s
tud
en
ts.T
he
su
bje
ct is
to
pic
al a
nd
the
mat
eri
al u
sed
co
nfir
ms
that
th
e
curr
en
t g
lob
al s
up
ply
an
d u
se o
f e
ne
rgy
fails
to
me
et
the
cri
teri
a fo
r su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t o
n t
he
gro
un
ds
of
soci
al
eq
uit
y,u
se o
f n
on
-re
ne
wab
le r
eso
urc
es
and
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
act,
and
par
ticu
larl
y it
s co
ntr
ibu
tio
n t
o c
limat
e
chan
ge.
He
re a
re f
ive
of
the
mai
n p
oin
ts
in t
he
arg
um
en
t.
•C
urr
en
t g
lob
al c
om
me
rcia
l en
erg
y u
se
– a
bo
ut
9,7
00
mill
ion
to
nn
es
of
oil
eq
uiv
ale
nt
pe
r ye
ar –
is d
om
inat
ed
by
foss
il fu
els
(se
e F
igu
re 6
)
•D
em
and
,par
ticu
larl
y in
Ch
ina
and
Ind
ia,i
s in
cre
asin
g
•Th
e p
atte
rn o
f u
se is
far
fro
m e
qu
itab
le,
wit
h p
er
cap
ita
con
sum
pti
on
in t
he
de
velo
pe
d n
atio
ns
be
ing
man
y ti
me
s
hig
he
r th
an in
th
e d
eve
lop
ing
wo
rld
•Th
e In
terg
ove
rnm
en
tal P
ane
l on
Clim
ate
Ch
ang
e h
as c
on
clu
de
d t
hat
man
kin
d is
hav
ing
a d
isce
rnab
le
imp
act
on
glo
bal
clim
ate.
The
UK
Ro
yal
Co
mm
issi
on
on
En
viro
nm
en
tal
Pollu
tio
n r
eco
mm
en
de
d t
hat
em
issi
on
s o
f ca
rbo
n d
ioxi
de
ne
ed
to
be
cu
t b
y 6
0%
by
20
50
if t
he
atm
osp
he
ric
con
cen
trat
ion
is t
o b
e
stab
ilise
d in
th
is c
en
tury
at
wh
at t
he
y
de
em
ed
to
be
an
acc
ep
tab
le le
vel,
that
is d
ou
ble
th
e p
re-i
nd
ust
rial
leve
l.
•Th
ere
is in
cre
asin
g e
vid
en
ce t
hat
bo
th
oil
and
gas
glo
bal
ext
ract
ion
rat
es
cou
ld p
eak
in t
he
ne
ar f
utu
re.
Alt
ho
ug
h t
he
re a
re v
ery
larg
e
reso
urc
es
of
oth
er
foss
il fu
els
,no
tab
ly
coal
,th
ey
all e
mit
mo
re c
arb
on
dio
xid
e
pe
r u
nit
of
de
live
red
en
erg
y se
rvic
e
•A
lth
ou
gh
nu
cle
ar p
ow
er
ge
ne
rati
on
is
low
-car
bo
n,t
he
so
cial
,po
litic
al a
nd
tech
nic
al is
sue
s o
f h
ow
to
dis
po
se
eff
ect
ive
ly o
f h
igh
-le
vel w
aste
hav
e n
ot
yet
be
en
re
solv
ed
2.7
The
ener
gy
chal
len
ge
Roge
r Boo
th,V
isit
ing
Prof
esso
r in
the
Dep
artm
ent o
f Eng
inee
ring
Scie
nce,
Uni
vers
ity
of O
xfor
d
Foss
il fu
els
are
par
t o
f th
e n
atu
ral c
apit
al
of
the
pla
ne
t an
d w
e n
ee
d t
o a
sse
ss
wh
eth
er
we
co
uld
live
off
th
e in
tere
st,t
he
ren
ew
able
so
urc
es
of
en
erg
y.Th
e la
rge
st
ren
ew
able
en
erg
y so
urc
e is
dir
ect
fro
m
the
su
n,w
ith
th
e t
ota
l en
erg
y re
ach
ing
the
su
rfac
e o
f th
e E
arth
in a
day
be
ing
eq
uiv
ale
nt
to a
bo
ut
30
ye
ars
of
curr
en
t
glo
bal
co
mm
erc
ial e
ne
rgy
use
.Man
y
tech
no
log
ies
to c
on
vert
th
e d
iffu
se s
ola
r
en
erg
y ar
e t
ech
nic
ally
pro
ven
,in
clu
din
g
hyd
ro (
bo
th la
rge
an
d s
mal
l-sc
ale
),w
ind
,
sola
r th
erm
al,p
ho
tovo
ltai
cs a
nd
bio
mas
s
(eit
he
r w
aste
s fr
om
fo
rest
ry a
nd
agri
cult
ure
or
fro
m s
ust
ain
ably
gro
wn
cro
ps)
.Sm
alle
r am
ou
nts
of
ren
ew
able
en
erg
y ar
e a
vaila
ble
fro
m g
eo
the
rmal
an
d
tid
al s
ou
rce
s.A
ll so
urc
es
can
be
use
d f
or
po
we
r g
en
era
tio
n;h
ow
eve
r,b
iom
ass
is
also
a p
ote
nti
al s
ou
rce
of
ren
ew
able
tran
spo
rt f
ue
ls a
nd
fu
els
fo
r h
eat
.
In t
ota
l,th
e r
en
ew
able
so
urc
es
of
en
erg
y
hav
e t
he
te
chn
ical
po
ten
tial
to
me
et
a
gre
atly
incr
eas
ed
glo
bal
de
man
d f
or
en
erg
y w
ith
sig
nifi
can
tly
red
uce
d e
nvi
ron
-
me
nta
l im
pac
t,p
arti
cula
rly
atm
osp
he
ric
po
lluti
on
.No
sin
gle
co
nve
rsio
n
tech
no
log
y w
ill b
e s
uff
icie
nt
to m
ee
t
de
man
d a
nd
all
the
te
chn
olo
gie
s w
ou
ld
hav
e t
o m
ake
a c
on
trib
uti
on
.Wit
h t
he
exc
ep
tio
n o
f la
rge
-sca
le h
ydro
,th
e
ren
ew
able
te
chn
olo
gie
s cu
rre
ntl
y m
ee
t
on
ly a
bo
ut
2%
of
glo
bal
co
mm
erc
ial
en
erg
y su
pp
ly a
nd
th
eir
dir
ect
co
sts
are
hig
he
r th
an t
he
est
ablis
he
d f
oss
il
alte
rnat
ive
s.Th
e c
ost
s o
f al
l th
e c
on
vers
ion
tech
no
log
ies
are
fal
ling
,bu
t a
nu
mb
er
of
pro
ble
ms,
such
as
inte
gra
tio
n a
nd
inte
rmit
ten
cy,n
ee
d t
o b
e o
verc
om
e.
The
evo
luti
on
fro
m a
pri
mar
ily f
oss
il-
bas
ed
glo
bal
en
erg
y sy
ste
m t
o a
pri
mar
ily
ren
ew
able
sys
tem
will
tak
e m
any
de
cad
es
and
a w
ide
ran
ge
of
oth
er
tech
nic
al
inn
ova
tio
ns
will
be
re
qu
ire
d in
th
e
inte
rim
.En
erg
y is
use
d t
o m
ee
t h
um
an
ne
ed
s fo
r h
eat
ing
,lig
hti
ng
,co
oki
ng
,
tran
spo
rtat
ion
an
d c
om
mu
nic
atio
n.
Ene
rgy
eff
icie
ncy
me
asu
res
in,f
or
exa
mp
le,b
uild
ing
s,d
om
est
ic a
pp
lian
ces
and
car
s,o
ffe
r th
e s
cop
e t
o r
ed
uce
en
erg
y
use
,po
ssib
ly b
y as
mu
ch a
s h
alf,
wit
ho
ut
any
adve
rse
imp
act
on
qu
alit
y o
f lif
e o
r
stan
dar
d o
f liv
ing
.
A g
oo
d e
xam
ple
is in
th
e d
esi
gn
an
d
pe
rfo
rman
ce o
f ca
rs.T
he
cu
rre
nt
de
sig
n
con
cep
t h
as b
asic
ally
no
t ch
ang
ed
sin
ce
the
late
19
th c
en
tury
an
d r
esu
lts
in o
nly
abo
ut
10
% o
f th
e p
ote
nti
al e
ne
rgy
of
the
fue
l be
ing
de
live
red
at
the
wh
ee
ls in
urb
an d
rivi
ng
co
nd
itio
ns.
The
se
rie
s h
ybri
d
con
cep
t,w
he
the
r fu
el c
ell
or
com
bu
stio
n
en
gin
e p
ow
ere
d,c
ou
ple
d w
ith
imp
rove
d
veh
icle
de
sig
n f
or,
amo
ng
st o
the
r th
ing
s,
red
uce
d m
ass,
off
ers
th
e p
ote
nti
al t
o
imp
rove
eff
icie
ncy
at
leas
t fo
urf
old
.
Oth
er
en
gin
ee
rin
g s
olu
tio
ns
be
ing
de
velo
pe
d in
clu
de
car
bo
n c
aptu
re a
nd
sto
rag
e t
ech
niq
ue
s to
en
able
fo
ssil
reso
urc
es
to b
e u
sed
in t
he
tra
nsf
or-
mat
ion
sta
ge
bu
t w
ith
re
du
ced
car
bo
n
em
issi
on
s.H
ydro
ge
n is
a p
oss
ible
fu
ture
en
erg
y ve
cto
r fo
r h
eat
,po
we
r an
d
tran
spo
rt a
pp
licat
ion
s.If
pro
du
ced
fro
m
ren
ew
able
en
erg
y so
urc
es
or
foss
il
reso
urc
es
wit
h c
arb
on
cap
ture
an
d
sto
rag
e it
co
uld
be
ne
ar t
o a
‘ze
ro c
arb
on
’
fue
l,b
ut
the
law
s o
f th
erm
od
ynam
ics
ne
ed
to
be
tak
en
into
acc
ou
nt
ove
r th
e
full
en
erg
y cy
cle.
Life
Cyc
le A
sse
ssm
en
t an
d S
cen
ario
An
alys
is a
re p
ow
erf
ul t
oo
ls t
o c
om
par
e
alte
rnat
ive
en
erg
y st
rate
gie
s an
d f
utu
res.
Man
y p
ub
lish
ed
sce
nar
ios
con
firm
th
at
the
re a
re a
nu
mb
er
of
pat
hs
to s
tab
ilisi
ng
glo
bal
car
bo
n d
ioxi
de
em
issi
on
s b
y 2
05
0,
wit
ho
ut
cre
atin
g a
n u
nac
cep
tab
le b
urd
en
on
nat
ion
al e
con
om
ies.
All
stak
eh
old
ers
–
incl
ud
ing
go
vern
me
nts
,mu
lti-
nat
ion
al
en
erg
y co
mp
anie
s,N
GO
s an
d in
div
idu
al
con
sum
ers
– w
ill o
nly
ach
ieve
th
is g
oal
wit
h a
pp
rop
riat
e c
o-o
rdin
ate
d a
ctio
ns
and
po
licie
s.Th
e k
ey
qu
est
ion
is w
he
the
r
the
po
litic
al w
ill c
an b
e f
ou
nd
to
tak
e t
he
ne
cess
ary
acti
on
.
24
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Fig
ure
6:G
ener
ati
on
mix
pro
ject
ion
Picture courtesy of HRWallingfordDiagram courtesy of Oxford University
3G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s o
f En
gin
eeri
ng
for
Sust
ain
able
Dev
elo
pm
ent
3.1
The
Prin
cip
les
Invo
lve
me
nt
in t
he
se
ven
exa
mp
les
revi
ew
ed
in S
ect
ion
2,t
og
eth
er
wit
h o
the
r ca
se
stu
die
s,h
as e
nab
led
th
e V
isit
ing
Pro
fess
ors
to
co
nsi
de
r th
e e
ng
ine
eri
ng
asp
ect
s o
f
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t in
th
e c
on
text
of
the
man
y p
rin
cip
les
of
sust
ain
abili
ty a
nd
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ap
pe
arin
g in
th
e li
tera
ture
.Th
is h
as le
d t
o t
he
ide
nti
ficat
ion
of
a se
t o
f 1
2 G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t.Th
e 1
2
Pri
nci
ple
s ar
e li
ste
d b
elo
w w
ith
ou
t e
mb
elli
shm
en
t.In
Se
ctio
n 3
.2,e
ach
is e
xpla
ine
d in
turn
,an
d a
ll ar
e r
ela
ted
bac
k to
th
e e
xam
ple
s as
ap
pro
pri
ate
in S
ect
ion
3.3
.
The
12
Pri
nci
ple
s o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t ar
e:
1.
Loo
k b
eyo
nd
yo
ur
ow
n lo
calit
y an
d t
he
imm
ed
iate
fu
ture
2.
Inn
ova
te a
nd
be
cre
ativ
e
3.
See
k a
bal
ance
d s
olu
tio
n
4.
See
k e
ng
age
me
nt
fro
m a
ll st
ake
ho
lde
rs
5.
Mak
e s
ure
yo
u k
no
w t
he
ne
ed
s an
d w
ants
6.
Pla
n a
nd
man
age
eff
ect
ive
ly
7.
Giv
e s
ust
ain
abili
ty t
he
be
ne
fit o
f an
y d
ou
bt
8.
If p
ollu
ters
mu
st p
ollu
te…
th
en
th
ey
mu
st p
ay a
s w
ell
9.
Ad
op
t a
ho
listi
c,‘c
rad
le-t
o-g
rave
’ap
pro
ach
10
.D
o t
hin
gs
rig
ht,
hav
ing
de
cid
ed
on
th
e r
igh
t th
ing
to
do
11
.B
ew
are
co
st r
ed
uct
ion
s th
at m
asq
ue
rad
e a
s va
lue
en
gin
ee
rin
g
12
.P
ract
ice
wh
at y
ou
pre
ach
.
3.2
The
Prin
cip
les
exp
lain
ed
Pri
nci
ple
1 –
Lo
ok
be
yo
nd
yo
ur
ow
n l
oca
lity
an
d t
he
im
me
dia
te f
utu
re
In c
on
sid
eri
ng
th
e e
ffe
cts
of
ou
r d
eci
sio
ns
on
th
e w
ide
r w
orl
d,w
e n
ee
d t
o:
•id
en
tify
th
e p
ote
nti
al p
osi
tive
an
d n
eg
ativ
e im
pac
ts o
f o
ur
pro
po
sed
act
ion
s,n
ot
on
ly lo
cally
an
d s
oo
n b
ut
also
ou
tsid
e o
ur
imm
ed
iate
loca
l en
viro
nm
en
t,
org
anis
atio
n a
nd
co
nte
xt,a
nd
into
th
e f
utu
re
•se
ek
to m
inim
ise
th
e n
eg
ativ
e,w
hile
max
imis
ing
th
e p
osi
tive
,bo
th lo
cally
an
d m
ore
wid
ely
,an
d in
to t
he
fu
ture
Exam
ple
s w
her
e th
ese
con
sid
erat
ion
s m
ay a
pp
ly in
clu
de
the
envi
ron
men
tal a
nd
so
cial
effe
cts
of
raw
mat
eria
l ext
ract
ion
,wh
ich
may
ari
se a
ver
y lo
ng
way
fro
m a
pro
du
ct
man
ufa
ctu
rin
g p
lan
t o
r o
ther
po
int
of
use
su
ch a
s co
nst
ruct
ion
,an
d in
th
e en
viro
nm
enta
l
effe
cts
of
op
erat
ing
a p
rod
uct
,wh
ich
may
als
o a
rise
far
fro
m it
s p
oin
t o
f m
anu
fact
ure
.
25
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Un
-su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
or
pro
du
ct m
anu
fact
ure
can
re
sult
fro
m a
n a
ctio
n t
hat
,
wh
ile b
ase
d o
n t
ryin
g t
o a
ct s
ust
ain
ably
in a
loca
l co
nte
xt,c
reat
es
mo
re s
eve
re
de
velo
pm
en
t p
rob
lem
s o
r so
cial
an
d e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l eff
ect
s in
a b
road
er
con
text
,eit
he
r
imm
ed
iate
ly o
r in
th
e f
utu
re.
Pri
nci
ple
2 –
In
no
va
te a
nd
be
cre
ati
ve
A s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ap
pro
ach
is c
reat
ive,
inn
ova
tive
an
d b
road
,an
d t
hu
s d
oe
s
no
t m
ean
fo
llow
ing
a s
pe
cific
se
t o
f ru
les.
It r
eq
uir
es
an a
pp
roac
h t
o d
eci
sio
n-m
akin
g
that
str
ike
s a
bal
ance
be
twe
en
en
viro
nm
en
tal,
soci
al a
nd
eco
no
mic
fac
tors
.
This
me
ans
that
:
•w
e a
re n
ot
see
kin
g a
‘ho
ly g
rail’
of
a si
ng
le ‘c
orr
ect
’so
luti
on
•al
tern
ativ
e s
olu
tio
ns
can
be
ide
nti
fied
th
at f
it w
ith
th
e s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
app
roac
h
•it
is v
ery
diff
icu
lt t
o p
red
ict
wit
h c
ert
ain
ty h
ow
th
ese
alt
ern
ativ
es
will
wo
rk in
to t
he
futu
re,s
o w
e n
ee
d t
o p
rovi
de
op
tio
ns
and
fle
xib
ility
fo
r ch
ang
e a
nd
oth
er
acti
on
in
the
fu
ture
•th
ere
are
no
gu
aran
tees
th
at o
ur
solu
tio
ns
will
be
tru
ly s
ust
ain
able
– w
e th
eref
ore
mu
st
do
ou
r b
est
wit
h t
he
skill
s,kn
ow
led
ge
and
res
ou
rces
we
hav
e at
ou
r d
isp
osa
l no
w
Pri
nci
ple
3 –
Se
ek
a b
ala
nce
d s
olu
tio
n
Ap
pro
ach
es
like
th
e ‘t
hre
e p
illar
s’an
d t
he
‘fiv
e c
apit
als’
exp
lain
ed
in S
ect
ion
1 s
ee
k to
de
live
r e
con
om
ic,s
oci
al a
nd
en
viro
nm
en
tal s
ucc
ess
all
at t
he
sam
e t
ime,
and
so
se
ek
to
avo
id a
ny
pro
du
ct,p
roce
ss o
r p
roje
ct t
hat
yie
lds
an u
nb
alan
ced
so
luti
on
.Th
is c
ou
ld b
e
on
e t
hat
ge
ne
rate
s si
gn
ifica
nt
en
viro
nm
en
tal h
arm
,th
at g
en
era
tes
soci
al d
isq
uie
t o
r
that
ge
ne
rate
s e
con
om
ic lo
ss o
r sp
en
ds
pu
blic
fu
nd
s in
eff
icie
ntl
y,b
eca
use
eac
h o
f
the
se s
ho
uld
be
ch
arac
teri
sed
as
un
-su
stai
nab
le.
Thu
s,in
co
nsi
de
rin
g o
pti
on
s an
d in
ou
r d
eci
sio
n-m
akin
g,w
e n
ee
d t
o:
•n
ot
just
se
ek
to b
alan
ce t
he
ad
vers
e a
nd
po
siti
ve im
pac
ts o
n e
con
om
ic,s
oci
al a
nd
en
viro
nm
en
tal f
acto
rs in
th
e c
hal
len
ge
we
are
ad
dre
ssin
g b
ut
see
k g
ain
s in
all
thre
e
26
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
It is
no
w s
cien
tifi
cally
ack
no
wle
dg
ed t
ha
t
atm
osp
her
ic c
arb
on
dio
xid
e co
nce
ntr
ati
on
is
ha
vin
g a
n e
ffec
t o
n g
lob
al c
lima
te,i
ncl
ud
ing
the
freq
uen
cy o
f ex
trem
e w
eath
er.
Picture courtesy of Oxford University
•e
nsu
re,a
s fa
r as
pra
ctic
able
,th
at r
en
ew
able
or
recy
clab
le r
eso
urc
es
are
use
d
pre
fere
nti
ally
be
fore
no
n-r
en
ew
able
,no
n-r
ecy
clab
le o
ne
s
•e
nsu
re n
on
-re
ne
wab
le r
eso
urc
es
are
use
d,w
he
reve
r p
oss
ible
,on
ly f
or
the
cre
atio
n o
f
pe
rman
en
t n
ew
ass
ets
•fo
cus
on
th
e f
utu
re a
t le
ast
as m
uch
as
the
pre
sen
t
•ai
m f
or
du
rab
ility
,fle
xib
ility
an
d lo
w im
pac
t p
rod
uct
s an
d in
fras
tru
ctu
re
•liv
e o
ff t
he
‘in
tere
st’r
ath
er
than
de
ple
tin
g n
atu
re’s
cap
ital
ass
ets
– r
eco
gn
ise
th
at t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t is
an
eco
log
ical
sys
tem
,an
d a
sse
ss t
he
car
ryin
g c
apac
ity
of
the
en
viro
nm
en
t an
d n
atu
re’s
cap
acit
y fo
r re
ge
ne
rati
on
•av
oid
irre
cove
rab
le c
han
ge
s to
alr
ead
y-re
fine
d m
ate
rial
s
•re
cog
nis
e t
hat
,eve
n t
ho
ug
h e
nh
ance
me
nt
of
soci
al c
apit
al m
ay b
e d
iffic
ult
to
qu
anti
fy,i
t is
a v
ery
imp
ort
ant
asp
ect
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
•re
cog
nis
e t
hat
su
stai
nab
le s
olu
tio
ns
that
are
co
mp
eti
tive
will
be
pro
mo
ted
an
d
pro
pag
ate
d b
y th
e m
arke
t
Pri
nci
ple
4 –
Se
ek
en
ga
ge
me
nt
fro
m a
ll s
tak
eh
old
ers
Soci
ety
will
ult
imat
ely
say
wh
at is
ne
ed
ed
or
wan
ted
fo
r an
y d
eve
lop
me
nt,
sust
ain
able
or
oth
erw
ise.
So r
eac
hin
g d
eci
sio
ns
in t
his
are
a re
qu
ire
s:
•e
ng
age
me
nt
of
stak
eh
old
ers
to
bri
ng
th
eir
diff
ere
nt
vie
ws,
pe
rce
pti
on
s,kn
ow
led
ge
and
ski
lls t
o b
ear
on
th
e c
hal
len
ge
be
ing
ad
dre
sse
d
•p
rofe
ssio
nal
en
gin
ee
rs t
o p
arti
cip
ate
act
ive
ly in
th
e d
eci
sio
n-m
akin
g a
s ci
tize
ns
as
we
ll as
in t
he
ir p
rofe
ssio
nal
ro
les
Pri
nci
ple
5 –
Ma
ke
su
re y
ou
kn
ow
th
e n
ee
ds
an
d w
an
ts
Effe
ctiv
e d
eci
sio
n-m
akin
g in
en
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t is
on
ly p
oss
ible
wh
en
we
kn
ow
wh
at is
ne
ed
ed
or
wan
ted
– t
he
fra
me
wo
rk o
f th
e p
rob
lem
,iss
ue
or
chal
len
ge
to
be
tac
kle
d.T
his
sh
ou
ld b
e id
en
tifie
d a
s cl
ear
ly a
s p
oss
ible
,in
clu
din
g
ide
nti
fyin
g a
ny
leg
al r
eq
uir
em
en
ts a
nd
co
nst
rain
ts.W
e s
ho
uld
use
te
amw
ork
an
d
assi
stan
ce o
f im
me
dia
te c
olle
agu
es
to im
pro
ve p
rob
lem
de
finit
ion
.
It is
imp
ort
ant
to r
eco
gn
ise
th
at m
any
en
gin
ee
rin
g c
hal
len
ge
s ar
e d
rive
n b
y w
hat
pe
op
le w
ant
to h
ave
– s
uch
as
eve
n b
ett
er
mo
tor
cars
– r
ath
er
than
just
wh
at t
he
y
ne
ed
– a
me
ans
of
tran
spo
rt.I
n a
dd
itio
n,‘w
ants
’are
oft
en
ch
arac
teri
sed
as
‘ne
ed
s’w
he
n
the
y ar
e in
fac
t ju
st p
erc
eiv
ed
ne
ed
s,an
d a
mo
re m
od
est
so
luti
on
may
ult
imat
ely
be
acce
pta
ble
.As
a re
sult
,we
ne
ed
to
:
•e
ng
age
wit
h s
take
ho
lde
rs in
ide
nti
fyin
g t
he
pro
ble
m,i
ssu
e o
r ch
alle
ng
e t
o b
e
tack
led
ah
ead
of
the
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
rob
lem
s to
be
so
lve
d
•e
nsu
re c
lari
ty o
f th
e c
on
sid
era
tio
ns,
crit
eri
a an
d v
alu
es
that
diff
ere
nt
stak
eh
old
ers
wis
h t
o h
ave
re
flect
ed
in t
he
fra
min
g o
f w
hat
eve
r is
be
ing
tac
kle
d
•id
en
tify
th
e le
gal
re
qu
ire
me
nts
an
d c
on
stra
ints
up
on
th
e p
rob
lem
,iss
ue
or
chal
len
ge
to b
e t
ackl
ed
an
d e
nsu
re t
he
y ar
e r
efle
cte
d in
th
e f
ram
ing
•re
cog
nis
e t
he
dis
tin
ctio
ns
be
twe
en
a n
ee
d a
nd
a w
ant,
and
be
twe
en
an
act
ual
an
d a
pe
rce
ive
d n
ee
d
•th
en
ide
nti
fy t
he
‘wan
ts’a
s w
ell
as t
he
‘ne
ed
s’,so
th
at t
he
fu
ll sp
ect
rum
of
pro
ble
ms,
issu
es
and
ch
alle
ng
es
is k
no
wn
27
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
•id
en
tify
inte
rde
pe
nd
en
ces
be
twe
en
eco
no
mic
,so
cial
an
d e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l fac
tors
in
the
se n
ee
ds
and
wan
ts
•d
eci
de
on
th
e s
yste
m b
ou
nd
ary,
wh
ich
sh
ou
ld b
e s
uff
icie
ntl
y la
rge
to
co
mfo
rtab
ly
en
com
pas
s th
e f
ore
see
able
influ
en
ces
on
su
stai
nab
ility
,bu
t n
ot
so la
rge
th
at t
he
de
tail
of
the
cu
rre
nt
chal
len
ge
is lo
st
•co
mm
un
icat
e t
he
en
gin
ee
rin
g o
pp
ort
un
itie
s an
d c
on
stra
ints
to
th
e t
eam
an
d
stak
eh
old
ers
,an
d e
xpla
in a
ny
valu
e ju
dg
em
en
ts a
bo
ut
en
gin
ee
rin
g a
spe
cts
that
are
incl
ud
ed
in t
he
fra
min
g
•u
se a
n a
pp
rop
riat
e t
em
pla
te f
or
you
r ap
pro
ach
fro
m t
ho
se a
vaila
ble
– s
uch
as
the
thre
e p
illar
s o
r fiv
e c
apit
als,
and
co
nsi
de
r ti
me
as
we
ll as
sp
ace
– t
o e
nsu
re t
hat
a
bro
ad s
cop
e a
nd
ran
ge
of
op
tio
ns
is c
on
sid
ere
d in
itia
lly,a
void
ing
th
e t
rap
of
nar
row
ing
do
wn
to
on
e t
ech
no
log
ical
so
luti
on
to
o q
uic
kly
•re
cog
nis
e t
he
leg
acy
issu
es
of
the
pro
ject
to
fu
ture
use
rs a
nd
fu
ture
ge
ne
rati
on
s;
•h
ow
eve
r re
gre
ttab
le it
may
be,
acce
pt
that
an
eve
n b
ett
er
solu
tio
n m
ay h
ave
to
awai
t th
e c
reat
ion
of
the
ne
xt p
lan
t o
r p
iece
of
infr
astr
uct
ure
Pri
nci
ple
6 –
Pla
n a
nd
ma
na
ge
eff
ect
ive
ly
In p
lan
nin
g o
ur
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
roje
cts,
we
ne
ed
to
:
•e
xpre
ss o
ur
aim
s in
su
ffic
ien
tly
op
en
-en
de
d t
erm
s so
as
no
t to
pre
clu
de
th
e
po
ten
tial
fo
r in
no
vati
ve s
olu
tio
ns
as t
he
pro
ject
de
velo
ps
•as
sem
ble
an
d c
riti
cally
re
vie
w h
isto
rica
l evi
de
nce
an
d f
orw
ard
pro
ject
ion
s,an
d
we
igh
th
e e
vid
en
ce f
or
rele
van
ce a
nd
imp
ort
ance
to
th
e p
lan
•e
nco
ura
ge
cre
ativ
e ‘o
ut-
of-
the
-bo
x’th
inki
ng
•d
efin
e t
he
de
sire
d o
utc
om
e in
te
rms
of
an a
pp
rop
riat
e b
alan
ce b
etw
ee
n t
he
eco
no
mic
,en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
so
cial
fac
tors
ide
nti
fied
ear
lier
•re
cog
nis
e t
hat
ide
as t
hat
may
no
t b
e im
me
dia
tely
pra
ctic
able
can
sti
mu
late
re
sear
ch
for
the
ne
xt p
roje
ct,b
ut
also
th
at t
he
y n
ee
d t
o b
e p
rop
erl
y re
cord
ed
if t
he
y ar
e t
o b
e
acte
d u
po
n
•se
ek
to im
pro
ve o
n,o
r at
leas
t m
ain
tain
,th
e s
ust
ain
abili
ty o
f e
xist
ing
pra
ctic
es;
•e
nsu
re t
hat
th
e e
ffo
rt a
nd
re
sou
rce
s d
evo
ted
to
avo
idin
g u
n-s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t re
mai
ns
in p
rop
ort
ion
to
th
e a
nti
cip
ate
d e
ffe
ct –
do
n’t
use
a
sle
dg
eh
amm
er
to c
rack
a n
ut
•ke
ep
th
e p
lan
str
aig
htf
orw
ard
,so
oth
ers
can
un
de
rsta
nd
it
•p
ick
the
‘lo
w-h
ang
ing
fru
it’(
the
eas
iest
,re
adily
-ava
ilab
le g
ain
s),b
ut
no
t in
a w
ay t
hat
con
stra
ins
furt
he
r im
pro
vem
en
ts a
nd
/or
hin
de
rs t
he
ne
xt g
en
era
tio
n in
me
eti
ng
the
ir n
ee
ds.
Pri
nci
ple
7 –
Giv
e s
ust
ain
ab
ilit
y t
he
be
ne
fit
of
an
y d
ou
bt
This
en
cap
sula
tes
the
‘pre
cau
tio
nar
y p
rin
cip
le’a
nd
,to
be
imp
lem
en
ted
,fo
rce
s u
s to
add
ress
th
e f
utu
re im
pac
ts o
f to
day
’s d
eci
sio
ns.
So w
e n
ee
d t
o:
•d
em
on
stra
te t
hat
imp
rove
d s
ust
ain
abili
ty w
ill r
esu
lt f
rom
th
e a
ctio
ns
pro
po
sed
•ac
t w
ith
cau
tio
n w
he
re w
e c
on
sid
er
that
th
e e
ffe
cts
of
ou
r d
eci
sio
ns
may
be
pe
rman
en
t an
d/o
r if
we
do
no
t h
ave
a f
ull
scie
nti
fic u
nd
ers
tan
din
g o
f th
e is
sue
or
chal
len
ge
be
ing
co
nsi
de
red
28
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
•o
nly
dis
cou
nt
the
dis
adva
nta
ge
s an
d b
en
efit
s o
f fu
ture
eve
nts
or
imp
acts
wh
en
th
ey
are
ve
ry u
nce
rtai
n
•re
cog
nis
e t
hat
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
de
pe
nd
s o
n in
vest
ing
fo
r ja
m t
om
orr
ow
and
fo
r b
read
an
d b
utt
er
tod
ay.
Pri
nci
ple
8 –
If
po
llu
ters
mu
st p
oll
ute
… t
he
n t
he
y m
ust
pa
y a
s w
ell
The
en
viro
nm
en
t b
elo
ng
s to
us
all a
nd
its
fre
e u
se f
or
abso
rpti
on
of
ou
r w
aste
s o
r it
s
un
fett
ere
d e
xplo
itat
ion
are
no
t su
stai
nab
le.T
he
ad
vers
e,p
ollu
tin
g e
ffe
cts
of
any
de
cisi
on
sh
ou
ld,i
n s
om
e w
ay,b
e p
aid
fo
r o
r co
mp
en
sate
d f
or
by
the
pro
po
ne
nt
of
an
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
roje
ct,s
che
me
or
de
velo
pm
en
t;th
ey
sho
uld
no
t b
e t
ran
sfe
rre
d t
o o
the
rs
wit
ho
ut
fair
co
mp
en
sati
on
.In
ad
dit
ion
,it
may
be
ne
cess
ary
to a
nti
cip
ate
fu
ture
po
lluti
on
pre
ven
tio
n le
gis
lati
on
if a
lon
g-t
erm
pro
ject
is t
o b
e s
ust
ain
able
.
The
ch
alle
ng
e t
hat
th
is P
rin
cip
le t
hu
s p
rese
nts
is h
ow
to
de
fine
th
e ‘c
ost
’or
com
pe
nsa
tio
n t
hat
is a
pp
rop
riat
e.To
de
term
ine
ho
w m
uch
sh
ou
ld b
e p
aid
,or
ho
w
mu
ch c
om
pe
nsa
tory
wo
rk s
ho
uld
be
do
ne,
we
ne
ed
to
wo
rk w
ith
co
sts
that
fu
lly r
efle
ct
the
so
cial
an
d e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l im
plic
atio
ns
of
a d
eci
sio
n,a
nd
to
ols
to
un
de
rtak
e s
uch
calc
ula
tio
ns
are
no
w a
vaila
ble
an
d b
ein
g d
eve
lop
ed
.Cu
rre
nt
leg
isla
tio
n p
arti
ally
ach
ieve
s th
is b
y ta
xati
on
(su
ch a
s th
e la
nd
fill t
ax)
or
by
imp
osi
ng
dir
ect
co
sts
of
pre
ven
tio
n (
for
exa
mp
le o
n p
reve
nti
on
of
gro
un
dw
ate
r co
nta
min
atio
n).
Ho
we
ver,
no
po
lluti
on
th
at is
no
t al
low
ed
fo
r b
y la
w s
ho
uld
be
co
nsi
de
red
fo
r in
clu
sio
n
in t
he
pro
ble
m,i
ssu
e o
r ch
alle
ng
e t
o b
e t
ackl
ed
.Fo
r e
xam
ple
,th
e c
on
tro
lled
gas
eo
us
and
so
lid-w
aste
em
issi
on
s fr
om
fu
el-
bu
rnin
g p
ow
er
ge
ne
rati
on
is c
on
tro
lled
ye
t
allo
we
d in
man
y e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l le
gal
re
gim
es,
bu
t d
isch
arg
es
of
sig
nifi
can
t q
uan
titi
es
of
oils
an
d c
he
mic
als
into
wat
er
cou
rse
s ar
e n
ot.
The
WEE
E an
d R
oH
S D
ire
ctiv
es
(se
e
sect
ion
2.4
ab
ove
) w
ill a
lso
co
ntr
ol d
isp
osa
l of
man
y in
du
stri
al p
rod
uct
s at
th
e e
nd
of
the
ir u
sefu
l life
.We
th
us
ne
ed
to
:
•av
oid
incu
rrin
g t
he
co
sts
in t
he
fir
st p
lace
by
elim
inat
ing
or
min
imis
ing
ad
vers
e
en
viro
nm
en
tal e
ffe
cts
•p
ract
ice
a r
esp
on
sib
le a
ttit
ud
e t
o t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t
•b
road
en
ou
r p
ers
pe
ctiv
e b
eyo
nd
cu
rre
nt
leg
isla
tive
re
qu
ire
me
nts
•sc
an t
he
ho
rizo
n f
or
em
erg
ing
me
asu
res
and
pla
n a
cco
rdin
gly
•fu
lfil a
ny
Co
rpo
rate
So
cial
Re
spo
nsi
bili
ty P
olic
ies
that
ap
ply
,an
d p
rom
ote
th
eir
de
velo
pm
en
t if
the
y d
o n
ot
exi
st
•b
rin
g s
oci
al a
nd
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
mp
licat
ion
s in
to o
pti
on
s ap
pra
isal
so
th
at a
bal
ance
d d
eci
sio
n c
an b
e m
ade
•re
me
mb
er
the
po
ten
tial
ind
ire
ct c
ost
s o
f la
x e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l ste
war
dsh
ip o
n,f
or
exa
mp
le,r
ep
uta
tio
n a
nd
mar
ket
shar
e
Pri
nci
ple
9 –
Ad
op
t a
ho
list
ic,‘
cra
dle
-to
-gra
ve
’ap
pro
ach
To d
eliv
er
this
ap
pro
ach
,th
e e
ffe
cts
on
su
stai
nab
ility
th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e w
ho
le li
fe-c
ycle
of
a p
rod
uct
or
infr
astr
uct
ure
sch
em
e s
ho
uld
be
sys
tem
atic
ally
eva
luat
ed
.We
ne
ed
to
:
•u
se w
ho
le-l
ife-c
ycle
to
ols
to
imp
rove
ou
r d
eci
sio
n-m
akin
g:w
ho
le-l
ife-c
ycle
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
sse
ssm
en
t,w
ho
le-l
ife-c
ycle
co
stin
g,a
nd
ass
ess
me
nt
of
the
so
cial
imp
acts
ove
r th
e w
ho
le li
fe t
ime
of
the
en
gin
ee
rin
g c
hal
len
ge
we
are
ad
dre
ssin
g –
29
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
The
fitt
ing
of
cata
lyti
c co
nve
rter
s to
pa
ssen
ger
ca
rs is
a w
ay
of
po
llute
rs p
ayi
ng
to r
edu
ce t
he
po
lluti
on
leve
l,b
ut
the
exa
mp
le
in s
ecti
on
2.6
illu
stra
tes
the
cha
llen
ge
of
stri
kin
g t
he
rig
ht
ba
lan
ce b
etw
een
red
uce
d
envi
ron
men
tal e
ffec
ts a
t p
oin
t o
f u
se a
nd
th
e
envi
ron
men
tal i
mp
act
s o
f ex
tra
ctio
n a
nd
refi
nin
g o
f th
e ca
taly
tic
ma
teri
als
.
Copyright Johnson Matthey Plc 2005
som
eti
me
s ca
lled
ass
ess
me
nt
of
inte
r-g
en
era
tio
nal
eq
uit
y –
wh
ere
th
e im
pac
ts o
f
ou
r d
eci
sio
ns
on
fu
ture
ge
ne
rati
on
s ar
e c
on
sid
ere
d a
lon
gsi
de
th
e p
rese
nt
•h
and
le u
nce
rtai
nty
by
kee
pin
g o
pe
n a
s m
any
futu
re o
pti
on
s as
pra
ctic
able
•e
nsu
re t
hat
th
e d
esi
gn
is m
ain
tain
able
an
d t
hat
th
e m
ate
rial
s ar
e a
dap
tab
le f
or
re-u
se o
r re
cycl
ing
•th
ink
in t
he
fo
urt
h d
ime
nsi
on
an
d e
nsu
re t
hat
th
e d
esi
gn
life
is a
pp
rop
riat
e t
o t
he
pro
du
ct o
r p
roje
ct a
nd
its
con
text
•u
se h
igh
em
bo
die
d e
ne
rgy
on
ly w
he
n it
is ju
stifi
ed
by
a lo
ng
de
sig
n li
fe
•e
xplic
itly
ad
dre
ss t
he
en
d-o
f-lif
e o
pti
on
s,an
d a
void
wh
ere
ver
po
ssib
le le
avin
g t
o o
ur
succ
ess
ors
an
y p
rob
lem
s o
f d
isp
osa
l
•e
nsu
re n
on
-re
ne
wab
le r
eso
urc
es
are
use
d,w
he
reve
r p
oss
ible
,on
ly f
or
the
cre
atio
n o
f
pe
rman
en
t n
ew
ass
ets
Pri
nci
ple
10
– D
o t
hin
gs
rig
ht,
ha
vin
g d
eci
de
d o
n t
he
rig
ht
thin
g t
o d
o
Ad
he
rin
g t
o t
he
Pri
nci
ple
s e
xpla
ine
d s
o f
ar s
ho
uld
en
sure
th
at r
igh
t d
eci
sio
ns
fro
m a
sust
ain
abili
ty p
oin
t o
f vi
ew
hav
e b
ee
n m
ade
in r
ela
tio
n t
o t
he
cir
cum
stan
ces
that
ap
ply
.
The
imp
lem
en
tati
on
of
the
se r
igh
t d
eci
sio
ns
mu
st t
he
n p
ay f
ull
reg
ard
to
do
ing
th
ing
s
rig
ht,
agai
n f
rom
a s
ust
ain
abili
ty p
oin
t o
f vi
ew
.To
de
live
r th
is P
rin
cip
le,w
e n
ee
d t
o:
•re
tain
th
e s
ust
ain
abili
ty f
ocu
s o
n t
he
inte
nd
ed
ou
tco
me
rig
ht
thro
ug
h t
he
imp
lem
en
tati
on
of
the
so
luti
on
•re
cog
nis
e t
hat
th
e in
term
ed
iate
pro
cess
es
of
con
stru
ctio
n,m
anu
fact
ure
,pro
du
ctio
n
and
tra
nsp
ort
can
be
re
sou
rce
-in
ten
sive
an
d n
ee
d t
o b
e m
anag
ed
wit
h a
n a
ctiv
e
sust
ain
abili
ty o
rie
nta
tio
n
•e
nsu
re (
as f
ar a
s p
ract
icab
le)
that
th
e le
gal
re
qu
ire
me
nts
an
d c
on
stra
ints
on
th
e
pro
ble
m,i
ssu
e o
r ch
alle
ng
e t
o b
e t
ackl
ed
are
co
mp
lied
wit
h
•ai
m t
o c
riti
cally
ap
pra
ise
cu
rre
nt ‘
go
od
pra
ctic
e’an
d b
e in
he
ren
tly
sce
pti
cal o
f
un
sup
po
rte
d ju
dg
em
en
ts,i
n o
rde
r to
de
cid
e o
n a
pp
rop
riat
e a
ctio
ns
to b
e t
ake
n
•ke
ep
ab
reas
t o
f te
chn
ical
an
d m
arke
t d
eve
lop
me
nts
,to
ch
eck
th
e a
ssu
mp
tio
ns
and
pre
dic
tio
ns
em
be
dd
ed
in t
he
de
sig
n.
Pri
nci
ple
11
– B
ew
are
co
st c
utt
ing
th
at
ma
squ
era
de
s a
s v
alu
e
en
gin
ee
rin
g
We
are
un
like
ly t
o a
rriv
e a
t o
ur
be
st d
eci
sio
ns
first
tim
e e
very
tim
e.So
we
ne
ed
to
chal
len
ge
ou
rse
lve
s an
d r
efin
e t
ho
se d
eci
sio
ns,
wh
ilst
rem
ain
ing
fo
cuse
d o
n t
he
inte
nd
ed
ou
tco
me.
We
th
ere
fore
ne
ed
to
:
•av
oid
sac
rific
ing
th
e s
ust
ain
abili
ty d
esi
res
inco
rpo
rate
d in
a d
esi
gn
wh
en
se
eki
ng
cost
re
du
ctio
ns
•in
clu
de
an
y ad
vers
e e
ffe
cts
on
su
stai
nab
ility
in t
he
‘val
ue
eq
uat
ion
’an
d v
alu
e
en
gin
ee
rin
g
•b
e s
elf-
crit
ical
of
ou
r o
wn
fu
nd
ame
nta
l ass
um
pti
on
s an
d v
alu
es
•b
e p
rep
are
d t
o c
hal
len
ge
ou
r an
d o
the
rs’e
xist
ing
ass
um
pti
on
s
•re
-exa
min
e f
irst
pre
fere
nce
s an
d s
ub
mit
th
em
to
re
-ap
pra
isal
30
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
•u
se in
telli
ge
nce
fro
m t
he
mar
ketp
lace
to
mo
nit
or
assu
mp
tio
ns
on
use
r b
eh
avio
ur
incl
ud
ed
in t
he
de
sig
n
•ch
eck
th
at t
he
ach
ieve
me
nt
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t o
bje
ctiv
es
is n
ot
be
ing
sub
vert
ed
by
un
inte
nd
ed
co
nse
qu
en
ces
of
de
sig
n c
han
ge
s an
d/o
r u
ser
be
hav
iou
r
•h
ow
eve
r re
gre
ttab
le it
may
be,
acce
pt
that
an
eve
n b
ett
er
solu
tio
n m
ay h
ave
to
awai
t th
e c
reat
ion
of
the
ne
xt p
lan
t o
r p
iece
of
infr
astr
uct
ure
Fin
ally
,if
sati
sfie
d w
ith
th
e b
alan
ce s
tru
ck b
etw
ee
n t
he
eco
no
mic
,en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
soci
al im
pac
ts o
f th
e p
rop
ose
d s
olu
tio
n,c
on
gra
tula
te y
ou
rse
lf.If
no
t… c
han
ge
it.
Pri
nci
ple
12
– P
ract
ice
wh
at
yo
u p
rea
ch
On
e’s
ow
n e
very
day
pra
ctic
es
sho
uld
no
t b
e a
t va
rian
ce w
ith
wh
at is
be
ing
ask
ed
of
oth
ers
– y
ou
mu
st n
ot
exp
ect
mo
re o
f o
the
rs t
han
yo
u d
o o
f yo
urs
elf.
Be
pre
par
ed
to
be
acco
un
tab
le f
or
you
r d
esi
gn
an
d e
ng
ine
eri
ng
,an
d u
ph
old
by
exa
mp
le t
he
be
liefs
it
refle
cts.
Ch
ang
e y
ou
rse
lf b
efo
re y
ou
se
ek
to c
han
ge
oth
ers
.
3.3
The
Prin
cip
les
rela
ted
to
th
e ex
amp
les
sum
mar
ised
in S
ecti
on
2In
ord
er
to d
em
on
stra
te t
he
re
leva
nce
of
the
se P
rin
cip
les
to t
he
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
rofe
ssio
n,
the
fo
llow
ing
Tab
le s
ho
ws
the
Pri
nci
ple
s re
late
d t
o t
he
se
ven
exa
mp
les
of
sust
ain
abili
ty
issu
es
in e
ng
ine
eri
ng
co
vere
d in
Se
ctio
n 2
of
this
Gu
ide.
Sect
ion
4,a
fte
r th
e t
able
,pro
vid
es
gu
idan
ce o
n h
ow
th
e P
rin
cip
les
can
be
ap
plie
d t
o
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
roje
cts
and
op
era
tio
ns,
thro
ug
h t
he
mai
n s
tag
es
thro
ug
h w
hic
h
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
roje
cts
pas
s.
31
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
A u
niv
ersi
ty-w
ide
sust
ain
ab
le d
evel
op
men
t
po
licy
ha
s b
een
ag
reed
at
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ersi
ty,
infl
uen
cin
g n
ot
on
ly t
he
eng
inee
rin
g c
ou
rses
bu
t a
ll a
ctiv
itie
s a
t a
nd
ma
na
gem
ent
of
the
Un
iver
sity
.
Picture courtesy of University of Glasgow
32
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ca
se S
tud
y:
Pri
nci
ple
:
Jub
ile
e R
ive
r (M
aid
en
he
ad
,
Win
dso
r &
Eto
n F
loo
d
All
ev
iati
on
Sch
em
e)
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
un
it-d
ose
d
lau
nd
ry c
lea
nin
g p
rod
uct
s
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ers
ity
Su
sta
ina
ble
De
ve
lop
me
nt
Po
licy
an
d P
ract
ice
1Lo
ok
bey
on
dyo
ur
ow
n
loca
lity
an
d
the
imm
edia
tefu
ture
The
po
ten
tial
eff
ect
s o
f th
e
sch
em
e o
n u
pst
ream
an
d
do
wn
stre
am c
om
mu
nit
ies
and
hab
itat
s w
ere
stu
die
d
alo
ng
sid
e t
ho
se in
th
e a
reas
to
be
pro
tect
ed
fro
m f
loo
din
g
and
alo
ng
th
e r
ou
te o
f th
e
sch
em
e.
Co
nsu
me
rs a
nd
co
nsu
me
r
gro
up
s ar
e c
on
cern
ed
ab
ou
t
the
lon
g-t
erm
su
pp
ly o
f ra
w
mat
eri
als
and
th
e f
inal
de
stin
atio
n o
f p
rod
uct
che
mic
als
and
pac
kag
ing
.
The
ind
ust
ry t
ake
s th
ese
an
d
oth
er
fact
ors
into
acc
ou
nt
for
any
ne
w p
rod
uct
,ge
ne
rally
thro
ug
h p
ub
lish
ed
life
-cyc
le
asse
ssm
en
ts.
Init
iati
ves
at G
lasg
ow
Un
ive
rsit
y
to e
ng
age
stu
de
nts
an
d s
taff
in
SD f
rom
loca
l to
glo
bal
incl
ud
e:
eco
log
ical
fo
otp
rin
tin
g,w
aste
min
imis
atio
n &
re
cycl
ing
at
Fre
she
rs’W
ee
k,an
d F
air
Trad
e
Fort
nig
ht.
2In
no
vate
an
d
be
crea
tive
M
any
alte
rnat
ive
s w
ere
con
sid
ere
d.
It is
cle
ar t
hat
it is
mu
ch le
ss-u
n-s
ust
ain
able
th
an
an in
acce
ssib
le,c
on
cre
te
trap
ezo
idal
ch
ann
el w
ou
ld
hav
e b
ee
n.T
he
we
tlan
d a
rea
incl
ud
es
an a
rea
spe
cific
ally
de
sig
ne
d f
or
use
in t
eac
hin
g
eco
log
y an
d n
atu
re
con
serv
atio
n
The
ran
ge
of
pro
du
cts
avai
lab
le
me
ans
that
th
ere
are
alw
ays
sig
nifi
can
t d
esi
gn
ch
oic
es:
po
wd
er
vs li
qu
id v
s ta
ble
t vs
cap
sule
,plu
s ch
oic
e a
nd
fun
ctio
nal
ity
of
form
ula
tio
n
and
pac
kag
ing
.Lo
ng
-te
rm
eff
ect
s o
f d
esi
gn
ch
oic
es
(su
ch
as p
ho
sph
ate
vs
zeo
lite
) ca
n
ne
ver
be
pre
dic
ted
wit
h
cert
ain
ty,b
ein
g d
ep
en
de
nt
on
de
velo
pin
g s
cie
nti
fic
asse
ssm
en
ts a
s w
e le
arn
abo
ut
eco
syst
em
s,an
d a
lso
on
avai
lab
ility
of
infr
astr
uct
ure
s
to e
nab
le r
ecy
clin
g t
o b
e
carr
ied
ou
t.
Emb
ed
din
g S
D in
to a
un
ive
rsit
y an
d it
s cu
rric
ula
req
uir
es
inte
gra
tio
n o
f a
ran
ge
of
app
roac
he
s,in
clu
din
g t
op
-
do
wn
po
licy
and
str
ate
gy,
and
bo
tto
m-u
p a
war
en
ess
-rai
sin
g
and
imp
lem
en
tati
on
.A
Un
ive
rsit
y-w
ide
SD
Po
licy
and
Stra
teg
y h
as b
ee
n a
gre
ed
at
Gla
sgo
w,b
ut
it is
diff
icu
lt t
o
pro
mo
te im
ple
me
nta
tio
n w
ith
so m
any
de
man
ds
on
th
e
teac
hin
g s
taff
fo
r re
sear
ch a
nd
the
ge
ne
ral a
ssu
mp
tio
n
amo
ng
st m
any
staf
f th
at S
D
eq
uat
es
to e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l
sust
ain
abili
ty.
3S
eek
a
ba
lan
ced
solu
tio
n
Sig
nifi
can
t e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l an
d
finan
cial
cap
ital
was
use
d,b
ut
sig
nifi
can
t e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l
cap
ital
was
als
o c
reat
ed
,as
we
ll
as e
nh
ance
d h
um
an w
ell-
be
ing
an
d a
sig
nifi
can
t
red
uct
ion
in r
isks
of
finan
cial
loss
ach
ieve
d.H
ow
eve
r,th
e
ne
w c
han
ne
l was
no
t m
ade
nav
igab
le b
y p
ow
ere
d c
raft
be
cau
se o
f th
e a
dve
rse
eff
ect
on
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt
and
th
e
eco
log
ical
fe
atu
res
in t
he
pro
ject
,an
d b
eca
use
of
the
de
sire
to
cre
ate
a h
ave
n f
or
wild
life
an
d q
uie
t re
cre
atio
n.
The
bal
ance
in t
his
ind
ust
ry is
sup
ply
ing
an
en
viro
nm
en
tally
-
resp
on
sib
le p
rod
uct
th
at
con
sum
ers
are
will
ing
to
pay
for.
Co
nsu
me
rs a
re b
eco
min
g
mo
re e
nvi
ron
me
nta
lly a
war
e
bu
t ra
rely
is t
his
use
d a
s an
adve
rtis
ing
pla
tfo
rm.I
n t
his
case
,th
e m
ain
en
viro
nm
en
tal
be
ne
fit is
low
er
mat
eri
al u
se.
Envi
ron
me
nta
l Su
stai
nab
ility
is
ge
ne
rally
we
ll-u
nd
ers
too
d a
nd
,
for
exa
mp
le,G
lasg
ow
has
wo
n
awar
ds
for
its
en
erg
y sa
vin
gs.
Eco
no
mic
dev
elo
pm
ent
rem
ain
s
the
mai
n d
river
,an
d fo
cuse
s th
e
staf
f o
n s
ee
kin
g m
ajo
r re
sear
ch
fun
din
g r
ath
er
than
te
ach
ing
.
Soci
al S
ust
ain
abili
ty is
mo
re
diff
icu
lt t
o e
ng
age,
esp
eci
ally
wit
h t
ech
nic
al s
ub
ject
s.Th
e
Un
ive
rsit
y’s
role
in S
ust
ain
able
Co
mm
un
itie
s n
eed
s to
be
bet
ter
un
de
rsto
od
an
d e
nco
ura
ge
d.
Gla
sgo
w h
as s
ou
gh
t SD
lin
ks
wit
h d
iffe
ren
t d
ep
artm
en
ts a
nd
the
wid
er
com
mu
nit
y to
try
to
eng
age
the
soci
al a
gen
da
of
SD.
33
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Su
sta
ina
ble
Pro
du
ct D
esi
gn
– M
ob
ile
Ph
on
es
Re
ge
ne
rati
on
of
Mo
ssle
y
Mil
l,N
ew
tow
na
bb
ey,
Co
.An
trim
Ca
taly
tic
Co
nv
ert
ers
Th
e E
ne
rgy
Ch
all
en
ge
The
ele
ctro
nic
s b
usi
ne
ss is
a
glo
bal
ind
ust
ry.T
he
nu
me
rou
s
com
po
ne
nts
are
so
urc
ed
fro
m
aro
un
d t
he
wo
rld
.Lo
oki
ng
on
ly
loca
lly a
t SD
issu
es
is n
ot
an
op
tio
n in
mo
bile
ph
on
e
de
sig
n,p
rod
uct
ion
,use
an
d
dis
po
sal.
----
Au
toca
ts (
auto
mo
bile
cat
alyt
ic
con
vert
ers
) im
pro
ve lo
cal a
ir
qu
alit
y,b
ut
the
imp
acts
of
min
ing
,re
finin
g a
nd
tran
spo
rtin
g c
atal
ytic
mat
eri
als
fro
m s
ou
rce
to
th
e
auto
cat
man
ufa
ctu
rer
ne
ed
to b
e c
on
sid
ere
d a
gai
nst
the
se b
en
efit
s.
Cu
rre
nt
glo
bal
en
erg
y su
pp
ly
invo
lve
s th
e e
xtra
ctio
n o
f ra
w
mat
eri
als
in a
reas
re
mo
te f
rom
final
co
nsu
mp
tio
n a
nd
has
an
adve
rse
imp
act
on
th
e g
lob
al
en
viro
nm
en
t.
Mo
bile
ph
on
es
are
on
ly o
ne
me
ans
of
mas
s
com
mu
nic
atio
ns.
Ne
w
ele
ctro
nic
de
vice
s ap
pe
ar
reg
ula
rly
in d
iffe
ren
t h
ard
war
e
and
so
ftw
are
fo
rmat
s.
Tech
no
log
y w
ill in
vari
ably
dri
ve
incr
eas
ed
fu
nct
ion
alit
y,
min
iatu
risa
tio
n e
tc.N
ew
recy
clin
g s
che
me
s w
ill
be
com
e m
ore
via
ble
as
eco
-
leg
isla
tio
n b
ite
s,e
spe
cial
ly in
Euro
pe
an
d J
apan
.
A c
om
pre
he
nsi
ve s
ite
se
lect
ion
pro
cess
en
sure
d t
he
mo
st
app
rop
riat
e s
ite
was
ch
ose
n in
acco
rdan
ce w
ith
HM
Tre
asu
ry
gu
ide
line
s.A
s su
stai
nab
ility
was
no
t th
e o
vera
ll g
oal
,th
is
pro
cess
re
turn
ed
a g
ree
nfie
ld
site
as
the
pre
ferr
ed
op
tio
n,
ove
rtu
rne
d o
nly
wh
en
th
e
pre
sen
t si
te c
ame
on
to t
he
mar
ket.
The
Mill
ou
t-sc
ore
d t
he
alte
rnat
ive
op
tio
n b
ut,
if it
had
no
t,th
e le
ss-s
ust
ain
able
op
tio
n
wo
uld
hav
e b
ee
n s
ele
cte
d d
ue
to b
ure
aucr
atic
loca
l
go
vern
me
nt
reg
ula
tio
ns.
Au
toca
t m
anu
fact
ure
de
ple
tes
scar
ce a
nd
fin
ite
nat
ura
l
reso
urc
es
and
co
nsu
me
s
en
erg
y.B
ut
the
pro
cess
es
cre
ate
an
d p
rese
rve
job
s in
pro
du
cer
cou
ntr
ies
and
pro
tect
hu
man
he
alth
in
traf
fic-c
on
ge
ste
d a
reas
.Th
is
pro
mp
ts c
on
sid
era
tio
n o
f
alte
rnat
ive
te
chn
olo
gie
s o
r
po
licy
app
roac
he
s to
un
con
stra
ine
d p
ers
on
al
mo
bili
ty.
The
evo
luti
on
to
th
e
sust
ain
able
su
pp
ly a
nd
use
of
en
erg
y w
ill r
eq
uir
e t
he
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d d
ep
loym
en
t
of
man
y d
iffe
ren
t te
chn
olo
gie
s
– f
utu
re s
up
ply
of
en
erg
y w
ill
be
eve
n m
ore
te
chn
ical
ly
div
ers
e.
Equ
ipm
en
t m
anu
fact
ure
rs a
re
incr
eas
ing
ly b
ein
g m
ade
aw
are
of
the
ir S
D a
nd
eco
-
resp
on
sib
iliti
es
thro
ug
h
leg
isla
tio
n,a
ctio
n b
y
com
pe
tito
rs a
nd
su
pp
ly c
hai
n
pre
ssu
res.
Incr
eas
ing
ly
ele
ctro
nic
an
d e
lect
rica
l
eq
uip
me
nt
is s
cru
tin
ise
d f
or
its
SD p
ote
nti
al.
Ne
wto
wn
abb
ey
Bo
rou
gh
Co
un
cil h
ad t
o b
alan
ce t
he
Mo
ssle
y M
ill s
ite
in t
erm
s o
f
the
bio
div
ers
ity
valu
e o
f th
e
po
nd
an
d e
stab
lish
ed
hab
itat
s
wit
h t
he
ne
ed
to
re
de
velo
p a
de
cayi
ng
str
uct
ure
into
a c
ost
-
eff
ect
ive
civ
ic b
uild
ing
.Th
is
req
uir
ed
car
efu
l co
nsi
de
rati
on
of
the
fin
anci
al im
plic
atio
ns
of
pre
serv
atio
n a
nd
co
nse
rvat
ion
,
as w
ell
as r
eg
ard
fo
r th
e
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
so
cial
con
seq
ue
nce
s o
f d
em
olis
hin
g
a si
gn
ifica
nt
exa
mp
le o
f lo
cal
he
rita
ge.
We
can
no
t b
an a
ll u
rban
tra
ffic
wit
ho
ut
bal
anci
ng
th
at
de
cisi
on
wit
h a
cce
pta
ble
alte
rnat
ive
me
tho
ds
of
mas
s
tran
spo
rt.W
e s
ho
uld
pri
ori
tise
the
ne
ed
s,an
d d
ire
ct t
ech
nic
al
de
velo
pm
en
t to
th
ese
,e.g
.
no
n-f
oss
il-fu
elle
d p
ow
er
for
taxi
s an
d u
rban
de
live
ry
veh
icle
s.Ta
x m
eas
ure
s ca
n
the
n b
e a
dju
ste
d t
o p
rom
ote
mar
ket
me
chan
ism
s an
d
con
sum
er
bu
y-in
.
A s
ust
ain
able
en
erg
y fu
ture
bas
ed
larg
ely
on
re
ne
wab
le
sou
rce
s o
f e
ne
rgy
is a
pri
me
exa
mp
le o
f ‘liv
ing
off
th
e
inte
rest
’rat
he
r th
an c
apit
al.
34
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ca
se S
tud
y:
Pri
nci
ple
:
Jub
ile
e R
ive
r (M
aid
en
he
ad
,
Win
dso
r &
Eto
n F
loo
d
All
ev
iati
on
Sch
em
e)
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
un
it-d
ose
d
lau
nd
ry c
lea
nin
g p
rod
uct
s
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ers
ity
Su
sta
ina
ble
De
ve
lop
me
nt
Po
licy
an
d P
ract
ice
4S
eek
eng
ag
emen
tfr
om
all
sta
keh
old
ers
Exte
nsi
ve c
on
sult
atio
n t
oo
k
pla
ce t
o a
rriv
e a
t th
e s
olu
tio
n
and
du
rin
g c
on
stru
ctio
n,w
he
n
the
loca
l co
mm
un
ity
was
fu
lly
en
gag
ed
an
d t
he
co
ntr
acto
rs
off
ere
d v
isit
s to
th
e s
ite
to
loca
l
resi
de
nts
an
d t
he
ge
ne
ral
pu
blic
.
In t
he
19
50
s,th
e r
eta
il m
antr
a
was
“pile
‘em
hig
h,s
ell
‘em
che
ap”.N
ow
,man
ufa
ctu
rers
,
reta
ilers
an
d a
dve
rtis
ers
all
ne
ed
to
be
co
mfo
rtab
le t
hat
reg
ula
tio
ns
are
me
t an
d h
igh
stan
dar
ds
set.
Ad
vers
e
con
sum
er
or
con
sum
er-
gro
up
reac
tio
n c
an d
amag
e a
bra
nd
seve
rely
an
d q
uic
kly.
SD is
ess
en
tial
to
ke
ep
un
ive
rsit
ies
rele
van
t to
all
stak
eh
old
ers
:sta
ff,s
en
ior
man
age
me
nt,
stu
de
nts
,lo
cal
com
mu
nit
ies
and
em
plo
yers
.It
is im
po
rtan
t to
en
gag
e t
he
loca
l co
mm
un
ity
and
th
e n
on
-
teac
hin
g s
taff
wh
o a
ll h
ave
an
inte
rest
in a
un
ive
rsit
y th
at h
as
vita
lity
and
pro
mo
tes
SD.
5M
ake
su
re y
ou
kn
ow
th
e n
eed
sa
nd
wa
nts
Mu
ch e
ffo
rt w
as e
xpe
nd
ed
on
this
issu
e,al
tho
ug
h n
ot
all
‘wan
ts’c
ou
ld b
e p
rovi
de
d f
or.
Nav
igat
ion
of
the
ch
ann
el w
as
a w
ant,
no
t a
ne
ed
,an
d w
as
avai
lab
le c
lose
by
in t
he
mai
n
Riv
er
Tham
es
chan
ne
l.Se
e a
lso
com
me
nt
agai
nst
Pri
nci
ple
3.
Co
nsi
de
rab
le e
ffo
rt e
xpe
nd
ed
he
re in
de
velo
pin
g t
he
mar
ket
po
siti
on
of
a n
ew
pro
du
ct w
as
con
stra
ine
d b
y fin
anci
al,
eco
no
mic
,re
gu
lato
ry a
nd
en
viro
nm
en
tal i
ssu
es,
wit
h
par
ticu
lar
em
ph
asis
on
con
sum
er
atti
tud
es
to t
he
pro
du
ct a
nd
its
eff
ect
s.
The
ne
ed
s o
f th
e s
tud
en
ts a
nd
staf
f h
ave
tak
en
pri
ori
ty s
o f
ar
bu
t w
ith
in t
he
co
nte
xt o
f an
un
de
rsta
nd
ing
of
the
ne
ed
s o
f
sen
ior
man
age
me
nt.
A s
trat
eg
y
for
me
eti
ng
te
ach
ing
sta
ff’s
and
stu
de
nts
’ne
ed
s is
be
ing
de
velo
pe
d in
a p
has
ed
app
roac
h.
6P
lan
an
dm
an
ag
eef
fect
ivel
y
De
taile
d p
lan
nin
g w
as
un
de
rtak
en
,in
clu
din
g t
o
min
imis
e d
isru
pti
on
to
ne
igh
bo
urs
an
d lo
cal t
raff
ic b
y
ado
pti
ng
a c
on
stru
ctio
n
seq
ue
nce
th
at b
uilt
th
e b
rid
ge
s
first
so
as
to e
nab
le t
he
mu
cksh
ift
to t
ake
pla
ce a
lon
g
the
ch
ann
el r
ou
te,n
ot
on
loca
l
road
s.
Sust
ain
abili
ty c
on
cern
s ar
e n
ot
dri
vin
g t
he
intr
od
uct
ion
of
lau
nd
ry t
able
ts a
nd
cap
sule
s,
bu
t si
gn
ifica
nt
imp
rove
me
nts
hav
e b
ee
n m
ade
by
the
ir
intr
od
uct
ion
,eve
n if
th
is is
no
t
mad
e e
xplic
it t
o t
he
co
nsu
me
r
in a
dve
rtis
em
en
ts.
SD is
be
ing
wo
ven
into
th
e
curr
icu
lum
fo
r th
ose
co
urs
es
and
lect
ure
s th
at a
lre
ady
len
d
the
mse
lve
s to
de
mo
nst
rati
ng
SD g
uid
elin
es.
35
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Su
sta
ina
ble
Pro
du
ct D
esi
gn
– M
ob
ile
Ph
on
es
Re
ge
ne
rati
on
of
Mo
ssle
y
Mil
l,N
ew
tow
na
bb
ey,
Co
.An
trim
Ca
taly
tic
Co
nv
ert
ers
Th
e E
ne
rgy
Ch
all
en
ge
Man
y an
d v
arie
d s
take
ho
lde
rs
we
re in
corp
ora
ted
into
th
is
stu
dy.
The
y ra
ng
ed
fro
m
auth
ori
tie
s at
th
e E
uro
pe
an
leve
l,te
leco
mm
un
icat
ion
s
serv
ice
pro
vid
ers
,man
u-
fact
ure
rs,u
sers
,co
mp
on
en
t
sup
plie
rs,p
lus
NG
Os
such
as
the
WW
F.
The
de
sig
n t
eam
ap
po
inte
d t
o
un
de
rtak
e t
he
Mo
ssle
y M
ill
reg
en
era
tio
n in
clu
de
d e
xpe
r-
tise
fro
m a
wid
e r
ang
e o
f p
ro-
fess
ion
s al
l of
wh
om
bo
ug
ht
into
th
e n
ee
d f
or
a h
igh
qu
alit
y
pro
du
ct.W
hile
th
e C
ou
nci
l
ob
tain
ed
an
eff
icie
nt
and
eff
ect
ive
ce
ntr
e,th
e lo
cal
com
mu
nit
y h
as b
ee
n
inte
gra
ted
into
th
e f
inal
pro
du
ct t
hro
ug
h t
he
bu
ildin
g
and
its
site
be
ing
op
en
ed
to
pu
blic
use
,cre
atin
g a
se
nse
of
pu
blic
ow
ne
rsh
ip.
Mo
st h
ou
seh
old
s h
ave
car
s.
Co
llect
ive
ly w
e c
an c
urb
em
issi
on
s b
y sh
arin
g jo
urn
eys
,
e.g
.fo
r co
mm
uti
ng
an
d t
he
sch
oo
l ru
n.C
ar m
ake
rs a
nd
oil
firm
s ca
n w
ork
to
ge
the
r o
n
en
gin
e m
anag
em
en
t sy
ste
ms
and
fu
el t
ype
s an
d f
orm
u-
lati
on
s to
re
du
ce c
on
sum
pti
on
and
em
issi
on
s.Lo
cal
auth
ori
tie
s an
d p
ub
lic t
ran
s-
po
rt o
pe
rato
rs c
an c
om
bin
e t
o
off
er
mo
re-a
ttra
ctiv
e a
lte
r-
nat
ive
s to
use
of
pri
vate
car
s.
Mu
lti-
nat
ion
al c
orp
ora
tio
ns,
go
vern
me
nts
,NG
Os
and
ind
ivid
ual
co
nsu
me
rs,p
lus
futu
re g
en
era
tio
ns,
are
all
stak
eh
old
ers
in e
ne
rgy
sup
ply
and
use
.
Exte
nsi
ve e
ffo
rts
we
re m
ade
to
stri
ke a
bal
ance
be
twe
en
use
r
ne
ed
s an
d w
ants
,mar
keta
bili
ty
and
th
e S
D a
nd
eco
-asp
ect
s o
f
the
mo
bile
ph
on
e a
nd
its
sup
po
rtin
g in
fras
tru
ctu
re.
The
de
licat
e n
atu
re o
f th
e o
n-
site
bio
div
ers
ity
in t
erm
s o
f it
s
valu
e a
s a
hab
itat
fo
r p
rote
cte
d
bat
sp
eci
es
ne
cess
itat
ed
spe
cial
ist
man
age
me
nt.
As
bat
roo
sts
can
no
t b
e d
istu
rbe
d,
con
sult
ants
dre
w u
p a
Hab
itat
Man
age
me
nt
Pla
n,i
ncl
ud
ing
leg
isla
tive
co
mp
lian
ce a
s w
ell
as c
lau
ses
on
saf
eg
uar
ds
du
rin
g c
on
stru
ctio
n.T
his
pro
vi-
de
d c
lari
ty t
o t
he
sit
uat
ion
an
d
en
sure
d t
hat
th
e c
orr
ect
solu
tio
ns
we
re in
corp
ora
ted
into
th
e d
esi
gn
.
Nat
ion
al p
olic
y ai
ms
to
imp
rove
pu
blic
he
alth
,to
imp
rove
qu
alit
y o
f lif
e a
nd
curb
NH
S h
eal
thca
re c
ost
s
wh
ile m
inim
isin
g a
ny
infr
ing
em
en
t o
n p
ers
on
al
mo
bili
ty.T
he
nat
ion
al n
ee
ds
are
th
us
to im
pro
ve e
ne
rgy
eff
icie
ncy
to
co
un
ter
incr
eas
ing
re
lian
ce o
n
imp
ort
ed
fo
ssil
fue
ls a
nd
to
incr
eas
e p
ub
lic a
war
en
ess
of
the
issu
es
and
de
velo
p a
nd
pro
mo
te a
pp
rop
riat
e p
rod
uct
s
and
se
rvic
es.
Ene
rgy
is e
sse
nti
al f
or
eco
no
mic
an
d s
oci
al
de
velo
pm
en
t.Th
e c
hal
len
ge
is
to a
chie
ve t
he
se g
oal
s u
sin
g
ren
ew
able
re
sou
rce
s an
d
wit
ho
ut
risk
ing
irre
vers
ible
dam
age
to
th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt.
Sust
ain
abili
ty is
sue
s ar
e
incr
eas
ing
ly b
ein
g f
elt
by
the
wh
ole
ele
ctri
cal &
ele
ctro
nic
s
ind
ust
ry w
orl
dw
ide.
Init
ially
,
leg
isla
tio
n w
as t
he
mai
n d
rive
r
bu
t la
tte
rly
’gre
en
’pro
du
cts
are
see
n t
o g
ive
a c
om
me
rcia
l
adva
nta
ge
in s
om
e s
ect
ors
.
Rec
om
men
dat
ion
s w
ere
dra
wn
up
to
iden
tify
th
e is
sues
th
at
the
clie
nt
cou
ld a
dd
ress
to
hel
p
incr
ease
th
eir
sust
ain
abili
ty
pro
file.
Co
nsi
der
ed t
o b
e ‘A
s
Sust
ain
able
As
Rea
son
ably
Prac
tica
ble
’,th
ese
wer
e
ther
efo
re p
rese
nte
d a
s is
sues
that
co
uld
be
add
ress
ed
wit
ho
ut
sig
nifi
can
t fin
anci
al o
r
op
erat
ion
al h
ard
ship
.
Ap
ply
ing
mo
re c
atal
ytic
coat
ing
mat
eri
al m
ay im
pro
ve
con
vert
er
pe
rfo
rman
ce,b
ut
at
incr
eas
ed
co
st.W
e s
ho
uld
mak
e s
ure
oth
er
em
issi
on
s-
red
uci
ng
pro
cess
es
and
pro
ced
ure
s p
lay
the
ir p
art.
An
exa
mp
le o
f ‘o
ut-
of-
the
-bo
x
thin
kin
g’i
s sh
ow
n b
y th
e n
ee
d
to c
han
ge
bo
th t
he
de
sig
n o
f
veh
icle
s,an
d t
he
so
urc
e o
f fu
el
to s
ust
ain
ably
-gro
wn
cro
ps,
in
ord
er
to a
chie
ve s
ust
ain
able
tran
spo
rt.
36
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ca
se S
tud
y:
Pri
nci
ple
:
Jub
ile
e R
ive
r (M
aid
en
he
ad
,
Win
dso
r &
Eto
n F
loo
d
All
ev
iati
on
Sch
em
e)
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
un
it-d
ose
d
lau
nd
ry c
lea
nin
g p
rod
uct
s
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ers
ity
Su
sta
ina
ble
De
ve
lop
me
nt
Po
licy
an
d P
ract
ice
7G
ive
sust
ain
ab
ilit
yth
e b
enef
it o
fa
ny
do
ub
t
The
su
stai
nab
ility
ap
pro
ach
led
to r
isks
be
ing
tak
en
wh
eth
er
an u
nco
nve
nti
on
al,b
ut
mo
re –
sust
ain
able
,so
luti
on
wo
uld
wo
rk.
Cau
tio
us
app
roac
he
s m
ust
be
take
n o
n t
he
ke
y is
sue
s,e
ven
if
the
be
ne
fits
can
no
t b
e
qu
anti
fied
exa
ctly
.
Man
ufa
ctu
rers
hav
e b
ou
gh
t
into
th
e w
ww
.was
hri
gh
t.co
m
cam
pai
gn
.
Rai
sin
g a
war
en
ess
of
SD a
nd
giv
ing
SD
th
e b
en
efit
of
the
do
ub
t is
diff
icu
lt t
o p
rese
nt
to
sen
ior
man
age
me
nt,
wh
o t
en
d
to r
esp
on
d m
ain
ly t
o e
con
om
ic
dri
vers
.
8If
po
llu
ters
mu
stp
oll
ute
… t
hen
they
mu
st p
ay
as
wel
l
----
Co
nsu
me
r g
rou
ps
are
aw
are
of
the
pre
ssu
res
the
y ca
n p
ut
on
man
ufa
ctu
rers
to
min
imis
e
po
lluti
on
th
rou
gh
th
e d
esi
gn
of
the
ir p
rod
uct
s (e
.g.
pac
kag
ing
).H
ow
eve
r,
con
sum
ers
exp
ect
th
ese
asp
ect
s to
be
han
dle
d w
ith
in
curr
en
t p
rice
s.
----
9A
do
pt
a h
oli
stic
,‘c
rad
le-t
o-g
rave
’a
pp
roa
ch
The
ap
pro
ach
was
de
finit
ely
to
cre
ate
a p
erm
ane
nt
asse
t.N
o
‘dis
po
sal’
to h
and
on
to
fu
ture
ge
ne
rati
on
s,o
nly
an
ass
et.
In
add
itio
n,a
su
bst
anti
al a
rea
of
con
tam
inat
ed
lan
d w
as
cle
ane
d u
p,b
y cr
eat
ion
of
a
con
tain
me
nt
cell,
and
bro
ug
ht
bac
k in
to b
en
efic
ial u
se.
Life
-Cyc
le A
sse
ssm
en
ts a
re a
n
ess
en
tial
co
mp
on
en
t o
f th
is
ind
ust
ry n
ow
.
----
10
Do
th
ing
sri
gh
t,h
av
ing
dec
ided
on
th
e ri
gh
t th
ing
to d
o
Mu
ch w
as d
on
e w
ell,
bu
t th
ere
hav
e b
ee
n s
tru
ctu
ral f
ailu
res
of
a w
eir
an
d s
om
e b
anks
.Th
is
illu
stra
tes
that
it is
ve
ry
imp
ort
ant
to g
et
the
en
gin
ee
rin
g r
igh
t al
on
gsi
de
the
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
ame
nit
y e
nh
ance
me
nt.
The
con
tain
me
nt
cell
for
mat
eri
al
fro
m c
on
tam
inat
ed
lan
d w
as
cre
ate
d s
ucc
ess
fully
an
d
inco
rpo
rate
d in
to t
he
lan
dsc
apin
g o
f th
e p
roje
ct.
The
te
chn
ical
ch
alle
ng
es
of
lau
nch
ing
tab
lets
we
re
con
sid
era
ble
an
d,u
nle
ss t
he
qu
alit
y w
as c
on
sist
en
t an
d t
he
de
live
ry m
ech
anis
m in
th
e
mac
hin
e a
de
qu
ate,
the
n t
he
pro
du
ct w
ou
ld h
ave
fai
led
.
It t
ake
s ti
me
to
pro
mo
te a
nd
imp
lem
en
t an
SD
Str
ate
gy
thro
ug
ho
ut
a U
niv
ers
ity,
and
exp
eri
en
ce a
t G
lasg
ow
ind
icat
es
that
to
‘do
th
ing
s
rig
ht’
ne
ed
s p
ers
iste
nt
and
pat
ien
t p
ers
uas
ion
,wit
h
de
mo
nst
rati
on
of
the
ne
cess
ity
to e
mb
ed
SD
.
37
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Su
sta
ina
ble
Pro
du
ct D
esi
gn
– M
ob
ile
Ph
on
es
Re
ge
ne
rati
on
of
Mo
ssle
y
Mil
l,N
ew
tow
na
bb
ey,
Co
.An
trim
Ca
taly
tic
Co
nv
ert
ers
Th
e E
ne
rgy
Ch
all
en
ge
SD is
sue
s sh
ou
ld b
e a
sse
sse
d
in t
he
de
sig
n p
roce
ss
alo
ng
sid
e p
rice
,pe
rfo
rman
ce,
app
ear
ance
etc
.
----
We
ne
ed
to
inve
st n
ow
in
tech
no
log
ies
and
sys
tem
s to
reco
ver
and
re
cycl
e s
carc
e
auto
cat
mat
eri
als.
We
als
o
ne
ed
to
inve
st in
alt
ern
ativ
es
to t
his
en
d-o
f-p
ipe
so
luti
on
to
exh
aust
em
issi
on
s,g
ivin
g
pro
pe
r w
eig
ht
to s
oci
al a
nd
eco
no
mic
co
nsi
de
rati
on
s.
In t
he
cu
rre
nt
abse
nce
of
abso
lute
sci
en
tific
ce
rtai
nty
reg
ard
ing
th
e c
on
trib
uti
on
of
foss
il fu
el u
se t
o c
limat
e
chan
ge,
the
ap
plic
atio
n o
f th
e
pre
cau
tio
nar
y p
rin
cip
le w
ou
ld
be
a w
ise
ap
pro
ach
.
Use
rs o
f m
ob
ile p
ho
ne
s ar
e
ge
ne
rally
un
awar
e o
f th
e w
ide
r
SD p
ictu
re.P
rim
ary
con
cern
s
ove
r h
um
an h
eal
th a
nd
bas
e
stat
ion
rad
iati
on
hav
e t
ake
n
cen
tre
sta
ge
so
far
.
----
We
ne
ed
to
pre
par
e f
or
futu
re
reg
ula
tio
ns
req
uir
ing
fu
ller
inte
rnal
isat
ion
of
en
viro
nm
en
tal c
ost
s,e.
g.
he
alth
care
co
sts
attr
ibu
tab
le t
o
har
mfu
l exh
aust
em
issi
on
s.
Lan
dfil
l tax
an
d o
the
r le
vie
s
can
be
min
imis
ed
th
rou
gh
inve
stig
atin
g s
trat
eg
ies
for
was
te m
inim
isat
ion
an
d
dis
po
sal o
pti
on
s,p
lus
use
of
the
was
te h
iera
rch
y ap
pro
ach
.
The
ext
ern
al c
ost
s o
f th
e
en
viro
nm
en
tal a
nd
he
alth
imp
acts
of
foss
il fu
el u
se a
re
no
t cu
rre
ntl
y in
tern
alis
ed
in
the
en
d p
rice
to
th
e c
on
sum
er.
If t
he
y w
ere
,re
ne
wab
le e
ne
rgy
sou
rce
s w
ou
ld h
ave
an
incr
eas
ed
mar
ket.
Life
-cyc
le t
hin
kin
g n
ow
pe
r-
cola
tes
the
wh
ole
de
sig
n
pro
cess
in t
he
te
leco
mm
un
i-
cati
on
s b
usi
ne
ss.
De
sig
n d
eci
sio
ns
that
re
flect
lon
ge
vity
incl
ud
e
mai
nte
nan
ce-f
ree
an
d lo
ng
-life
mat
eri
als;
flexi
ble
op
en
-pla
n
de
sig
n;l
igh
twe
igh
t
par
titi
on
ing
;ro
om
fo
r
exp
ansi
on
in a
se
con
d M
ill;a
nd
po
ssib
ility
of
re-u
sin
g
hyd
roe
lect
ric
and
wat
er
abst
ract
ion
fac
iliti
es
on
sit
e.
We
nee
d,w
ith
cu
sto
mer
s an
d
sup
plie
rs,t
o d
evel
op
str
ateg
ies
for
des
ign
for
de-
man
ufa
ctu
re,
take
-bac
k sc
hem
es a
nd
pac
kag
ing
op
tio
ns.
Inte
gra
ted
Pollu
tio
n P
reve
nti
on
an
d C
on
tro
l
req
uire
men
ts (m
and
ato
ry in
auto
cat
man
ufa
ctu
re) n
eed
to
be
met
,an
d t
he
Envi
ron
men
t
Ag
ency
’s B
PEO
Ref
eren
ce N
ote
s,
wh
ich
pro
vid
e a
chec
klis
t o
f
asp
ects
to
co
nsi
der
in a
cra
dle
-
to-g
rave
ass
essm
ent,
nee
d t
o
be
follo
wed
.
Life
Cyc
le A
sse
ssm
en
t is
sh
ow
n
to b
e a
n e
sse
nti
al t
oo
l fo
r th
e
com
par
iso
n o
f e
ne
rgy
tech
no
log
y o
pti
on
s.
Cu
sto
me
r re
qu
ire
me
nts
of
ligh
tne
ss,f
un
ctio
nal
ity
etc
hav
e p
rod
uce
d c
oin
cid
en
tal
eco
-be
ne
fits
of
less
mat
eri
al
usa
ge,
mo
re e
ne
rgy
eff
icie
ncy
and
re
cycl
abili
ty.
Fro
m w
he
n t
he
Mill
was
fir
st
con
stru
cte
d c
.17
50
,it
has
alw
ays
dis
pla
yed
a
sust
ain
abili
ty p
rofil
e.
Re
de
velo
pm
en
t o
f th
e M
ill
thu
s o
ffe
red
th
e c
lien
t an
op
po
rtu
nit
y to
co
nti
nu
e t
his
leg
acy,
wit
h t
he
bu
ildin
g
awar
ds
sho
win
g e
vid
en
ce t
hat
this
has
be
en
ach
ieve
d.
Des
ign
to
go
‘bey
on
d
com
plia
nce
’e.g
.on
pro
du
ct li
fe
sho
uld
be
con
sid
ered
ser
iou
sly.
Eng
agin
g s
up
ply
ch
ain
par
tner
s
wit
h t
he
join
t ef
fort
to
see
k
mo
re-s
ust
ain
able
so
luti
on
s
sho
uld
pay
off.
The
sco
pe
for
par
tici
pat
ing
in la
nd
res
titu
tio
n
sch
emes
in c
atal
yst
min
ing
area
s,an
d p
arti
cip
atin
g in
‘gre
en d
rivi
ng
’pu
blic
aw
aren
ess
sch
emes
sh
ou
ld b
e co
nsi
der
ed.
The
ap
plic
atio
n o
f e
me
rgin
g
tech
no
log
ies
for
carb
on
cap
ture
an
d s
tora
ge
sh
ow
ho
w
foss
il fu
els
co
uld
be
use
d w
ith
a re
du
ced
imp
act
on
atm
osp
he
ric
carb
on
dio
xid
e
du
rin
g t
he
sh
ort
to
me
diu
m
term
.
38
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ca
se S
tud
y:
Pri
nci
ple
:
Jub
ile
e R
ive
r (M
aid
en
he
ad
,
Win
dso
r &
Eto
n F
loo
d
All
ev
iati
on
Sch
em
e)
Intr
od
uct
ion
of
un
it-d
ose
d
lau
nd
ry c
lea
nin
g p
rod
uct
s
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ers
ity
Su
sta
ina
ble
De
ve
lop
me
nt
Po
licy
an
d P
ract
ice
11
Bew
are
co
stcu
ttin
g t
ha
tm
asq
uer
ad
esa
s va
lue
eng
inee
rin
g
The
wid
er
imp
licat
ion
s o
f
de
sig
n c
han
ge
s m
ade
du
rin
g
con
stru
ctio
n m
ay n
ot
alw
ays
be
eas
y to
sp
ot.
The
co
mp
eti
tive
co
nsu
me
r
go
od
s m
arke
t w
ill q
uic
kly
ide
nti
fy f
law
s in
a p
rod
uct
.Th
e
ale
rt m
anu
fact
ure
r ca
n t
he
n
refin
e t
he
pro
du
ct e
.g.n
ot
selli
ng
ne
ts,w
hic
h la
st m
on
ths,
in e
very
pac
k o
f ta
ble
ts.
----
12
Pra
ctic
e w
ha
tyo
u p
rea
ch
The
En
viro
nm
en
t A
ge
ncy
,as
clie
nt,
has
re
spo
nsi
bili
ty f
or
pro
mo
tin
g s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t.W
ith
th
is p
roje
ct
it t
rie
d t
o ‘p
ract
ice
wh
at it
pre
ach
es’.
Man
y b
elie
ve t
hat
,
de
spit
e t
he
en
gin
ee
rin
g
diff
icu
ltie
s,th
e J
ub
ilee
Riv
er
exp
eri
en
ce m
ean
s th
at m
ore
con
cre
te t
rap
ezo
idal
flo
od
chan
ne
ls a
re v
ery
un
like
ly.
The
su
stai
nab
ility
sta
nd
ard
s in
the
ind
ust
ry a
re g
en
era
lly
run
nin
g a
he
ad o
f g
en
era
l
con
sum
er
con
cern
s.
Man
ufa
ctu
rers
wis
h t
he
ir
bra
nd
s to
be
se
en
as
resp
on
sib
le a
nd
saf
e.
The
ess
en
ce o
f th
e e
tho
s an
d
app
roac
h a
t G
lasg
ow
is t
o t
ry
to f
ind
way
s o
f p
ract
isin
g w
hat
we
pre
ach
,par
ticu
larl
y b
y
em
ph
asis
ing
th
at S
D
pro
gre
ssio
n is
de
pe
nd
en
t o
n
chan
gin
g li
fest
yle
s.
Civ
il,i
nfr
ast
ruct
ure
an
d b
uil
ten
vir
on
men
t
✓✓
Ch
emic
al
✓✓
Ele
ctri
cal
✓✓
Mec
ha
nic
al
✓✓
✓
Aer
on
au
tica
l✓
Dis
cip
lin
es
cov
ere
d:
39
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Su
sta
ina
ble
Pro
du
ct D
esi
gn
– M
ob
ile
Ph
on
es
Re
ge
ne
rati
on
of
Mo
ssle
y
Mil
l,N
ew
tow
na
bb
ey,
Co
.
An
trim
Ca
taly
tic
Co
nv
ert
ers
Th
e E
ne
rgy
Ch
all
en
ge
The
mo
bile
ph
on
e m
arke
t is
hig
hly
co
mp
eti
tive
an
d in
no
-
vati
ve.H
ow
eve
r,co
nfu
sio
n
som
eti
me
s ar
ise
s w
he
n t
he
tech
no
log
y –
fo
r e
xam
ple
3G
–
pro
mis
es
mo
re t
han
it a
ctu
ally
de
live
rs o
r ta
kes
lon
ge
r th
an
exp
ect
ed
.
Des
pite
reg
ener
atio
n o
f th
e M
ill
no
t b
ein
g a
imed
at
sust
ain
abili
ty
ob
ject
ive
s,so
me
pro
gre
ss w
as
mad
e in
corp
ora
tin
g t
hem
into
the
de
sig
n.B
ut
the
dan
ge
r is
that
th
e C
ou
nci
l fai
ls t
o p
ush
furt
he
r su
stai
nab
ility
-in
spir
ed
ob
ject
ive
s.C
hal
len
ge
s re
mai
n
in in
teg
rate
d t
ran
spo
rt
pla
nn
ing
,co
nsi
de
rati
on
of
no
n-c
om
me
rcia
l use
s fo
r B
lock
II,cl
ose
r co
mm
un
ity
liais
on
,
and
gre
en
pro
cure
me
nt.
The
re is
a n
ee
d t
o w
ork
wit
h
car
asse
mb
lers
,en
gin
e
man
age
me
nt
syst
em
s
en
gin
ee
rs a
nd
fu
el e
ng
ine
ers
to d
eve
lop
so
luti
on
s th
at
com
ply
wit
h s
tan
dar
ds,
bu
t
req
uir
e le
ss r
eso
urc
es
in
man
ufa
ctu
re,u
se a
nd
dis
po
sal.
Som
e r
en
ew
able
en
erg
y
tech
no
log
ies
are
sig
nifi
can
tly
mo
re e
xpe
nsi
ve t
han
th
e
mar
ket
pri
ces
for
trad
itio
nal
sup
ply
.Ne
w m
ate
rial
s an
d
pro
du
cts
are
be
ing
de
velo
pe
d
wit
h t
he
po
ten
tial
fo
r ve
ry
sig
nifi
can
t co
st r
ed
uct
ion
s.
SD a
nd
eco
-aw
are
ne
ss in
th
e
ind
ust
ry a
re g
en
era
lly a
he
ad o
f
soci
eta
l re
qu
ire
me
nts
at
this
stag
e.
----
We
ne
ed
to
en
gag
e in
su
pp
ly
chai
n d
ialo
gu
e,p
rovi
de
trai
nin
g p
rog
ram
me
rs f
or
SME
sup
plie
rs a
nd
su
pp
ort
sub
sid
ise
d p
ub
lic t
ran
spo
rt
sch
em
es
for
staf
f.
We
are
all
use
rs o
f e
ne
rgy
and
sho
uld
pu
t e
ne
rgy
eff
icie
ncy
at
the
to
p o
f o
ur
bu
yin
g c
rite
ria.
Co
nst
ruct
ion
,tra
nsp
ort
,
en
viro
nm
en
tal h
eal
th &
en
gin
ee
rin
g,b
uild
ing
surv
eyi
ng
& p
rop
ert
y
Traf
fic m
anag
em
en
t,ro
ad
pla
nn
ing
✓
✓C
atal
yst
op
era
tio
n a
nd
man
ufa
ctu
re
✓
✓Se
nso
rs t
o a
nal
yse
exh
aust
com
po
siti
on
an
d f
ee
d b
ack
e.g
.to
fu
el i
nje
ctio
n s
yste
ms
✓
✓A
pp
rop
riat
e lo
cati
on
an
d f
ixin
g
of
auto
cats
in t
he
ve
hic
le
✓ ✓
4A
pp
licat
ion
of t
he
Prin
cip
les
in p
ract
ice
4.1
Intr
od
uct
ion
De
cisi
on
-mak
ing
in e
ng
ine
eri
ng
,wh
eth
er
in t
he
de
sig
n o
f a
pro
cess
or
pro
du
ct,i
n t
he
pro
visi
on
of
infr
astr
uct
ure
,or
in t
he
man
age
me
nt
of
an e
ng
ine
eri
ng
en
terp
rise
,tak
es
pla
ce t
hro
ug
ho
ut
the
life
-cyc
le o
f th
at p
roce
ss,p
rod
uct
,in
fras
tru
ctu
re o
r e
nte
rpri
se.
The
re is
a r
ang
e o
f m
od
els
fo
r th
e s
tud
y o
f su
ch a
life
-cyc
le o
f d
eci
sio
n-m
akin
g.T
he
on
e
cho
sen
to
be
use
d h
ere
is d
ivid
ed
into
fiv
e m
ain
sta
ge
s:
•Fr
am
ing
the
req
uir
emen
ts–
oft
en
co
mp
lete
d in
a F
eas
ibili
ty S
tud
y
•Sc
op
ing
the
dec
isio
n–
oft
en
mad
e in
a P
roje
ct D
efin
itio
n S
tud
y
•P
lan
nin
g a
nd
Des
ign
– d
eci
sio
ns
mad
e in
th
e d
eta
iled
de
sig
n s
tag
e
•Im
ple
men
tati
on
,Del
iver
y a
nd
Op
era
tio
ns
•En
d o
f usa
ble
life
The
fo
llow
ing
se
ctio
ns
pro
vid
e g
uid
ance
on
ho
w s
ust
ain
abili
ty c
on
sid
era
tio
ns
and
a
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ap
pro
ach
to
en
gin
ee
rin
g m
ust
influ
en
ce d
eci
sio
n-m
akin
g a
t
eac
h s
tag
e.
The
ap
pro
ach
su
itab
le f
or ‘
fram
ing
’an
d ‘s
cop
ing
’te
nd
s to
be
par
tici
pat
ive
an
d
qu
alit
ativ
e,an
d t
hat
fo
r ‘p
lan
nin
g a
nd
de
sig
n’t
en
ds
to b
e s
trat
eg
ic a
nd
an
alyt
ic,w
he
reas
that
fo
r ‘im
ple
me
nta
tio
n,d
eliv
ery
an
d o
pe
rati
on
s’is
man
age
rial
an
d q
uan
tita
tive
.
Co
nta
ct m
ust
ne
ver
be
lost
wit
h t
he
re
qu
ire
me
nts
of
use
rs (
wh
eth
er
the
y b
e n
ee
ds,
wan
ts o
r a
com
bin
atio
n)
no
r w
ith
oth
er
stak
eh
old
ers
th
rou
gh
ou
t th
e p
roce
sse
s.
Act
ual
imp
acts
on
fu
ture
de
velo
pm
en
t (c
om
par
ed
to
pre
dic
ted
imp
acts
) o
ccu
r o
nce
the
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
,De
live
ry a
nd
Op
era
tio
nal
Sta
ge
is e
nte
red
.It
is c
ruci
al t
o t
he
succ
ess
ful d
eliv
ery
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t to
re
alis
e t
hat
th
is a
nd
su
bse
qu
en
t
stag
es
alw
ays
be
ne
fit f
rom
a r
igo
rou
s co
nsi
de
rati
on
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t is
sue
s
at e
arlie
r st
age
s.It
is,h
ow
eve
r,al
so c
ruci
al t
o r
eco
gn
ise
th
at,f
rom
th
e Im
ple
me
nta
tio
n,
De
live
ry a
nd
Op
era
tio
nal
Sta
ge
on
war
ds,
ear
lier
sust
ain
able
ap
pro
ach
es
are
ext
rem
ely
vuln
era
ble
to
be
ing
ove
rtu
rne
d t
hro
ug
h s
ho
rt-s
igh
ted
re
spo
nse
s to
un
fore
see
n
diff
icu
ltie
s an
d r
eso
urc
e c
on
stra
ints
.Th
e p
rin
cip
les
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t
the
refo
re h
ave
to
be
ap
plie
d a
t e
very
sta
ge
in a
n e
ng
ine
eri
ng
de
cisi
on
an
d it
s
imp
lem
en
tati
on
.
The
re
lati
on
ship
be
twe
en
th
e P
rin
cip
les
and
th
e f
ive
sta
ge
s is
pre
sen
ted
in a
tab
le a
t
the
en
d o
f th
is s
ect
ion
.
4.2
Fram
ing
th
e re
qu
irem
ents
Fram
ing
th
e r
eq
uir
em
en
ts in
volv
es
de
finin
g t
he
ne
ed
or
de
sire
d o
utc
om
e.M
arke
ters
call
this
th
e ‘n
ee
ds
and
wan
ts’f
or
a n
ew
pro
du
ct o
r se
rvic
e,an
d t
he
fra
min
g is
do
ne
by
de
scri
bin
g t
he
issu
e,p
rob
lem
or
chal
len
ge
to
be
tac
kle
d in
its
ge
ne
ral c
on
text
an
d –
very
imp
ort
ant
– a
gre
ein
g t
he
bo
un
dar
ies
to t
he
de
cisi
on
-mak
ing
.Oft
en
,su
ch w
ork
and
ou
tco
me
s ar
e u
nd
ert
ake
n a
nd
de
term
ine
d t
hro
ug
h a
Fe
asib
ility
Stu
dy
bu
t,at
th
e
40
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ex
am
ple
fro
m t
he
Vis
itin
g
Pro
fess
ors
’ca
se s
tud
ies
of
the
ne
ed
fo
r a
n S
D a
pp
roa
ch a
t th
e
Fra
min
g S
tag
e:
The
fai
lure
of
leg
isla
tors
,wh
o r
eq
uir
ed
the
intr
od
uct
ion
of
cata
lyti
c
con
vert
ers
,to
dra
w t
he
bo
un
dar
y o
f
the
ir d
eci
sio
n a
nd
an
alys
is a
rou
nd
th
e
wh
ole
life
cyc
le.T
his
re
sult
ed
in a
con
cen
trat
ion
on
th
e in
-use
be
ne
ficia
l
eff
ect
s,w
ith
litt
le o
r n
o c
on
sid
era
tio
n
of
the
up
stre
am e
ffe
cts
and
imp
acts
of
min
ing
th
e P
lati
nu
m G
rou
p M
eta
ls.
oth
er
en
d o
f th
e s
cale
of
en
gin
ee
rin
g p
roje
cts,
the
y m
ay s
imp
ly b
e d
on
e in
th
e e
arly
stag
es
of
an o
the
rwis
e s
eam
less
de
sig
n p
roce
ss.
Incr
eas
ing
ly,t
he
re is
als
o a
ne
ed
to
co
nsi
de
r ca
refu
lly w
hat
it is
acc
ep
tab
le t
o b
uild
or
man
ufa
ctu
re.T
his
may
als
o le
ad t
o a
re
cog
nit
ion
th
at t
he
clie
nt
or
cust
om
er
for
the
en
gin
ee
rin
g d
esi
gn
may
no
t b
e a
ble
to
acc
om
mo
dat
e a
su
bst
anti
al le
ap in
de
sig
n
thin
kin
g t
o a
cce
pt
a fu
ll su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
app
roac
h.S
om
e a
spe
cts
of
such
an
app
roac
h m
ay,f
rom
a p
rag
mat
ic s
tan
dp
oin
t,th
ere
fore
ne
ed
to
be
incl
ud
ed
in ‘t
he
pla
nt
(or
pro
du
ct)
afte
r n
ext
’.Th
ere
is a
dan
ge
r h
ere
,ho
we
ver,
that
insu
ffic
ien
t u
rge
ncy
will
be
en
ge
nd
ere
d f
or
the
ne
ed
fo
r ch
ang
e.
4.3
Pro
ject
Def
init
ion
–
Sco
pin
g t
he
dec
isio
nA
t th
is s
tag
e,si
gn
ifica
nt
eff
ort
will
be
re
qu
ire
d t
o a
gre
e o
n c
are
fully
co
nst
ruct
ed
de
scri
pti
on
s o
f th
e p
rob
lem
(s)
to b
e s
olv
ed
or
chal
len
ge
(s)
to b
e m
et,
and
th
us
to a
gre
e
on
th
e a
ims
and
ob
ject
ive
s fo
r th
e p
roje
ct a
nd
fo
r th
e e
ng
ine
eri
ng
de
cisi
on
s to
be
mad
e.Th
ese
ou
tco
me
s m
ay b
e a
chie
ved
th
rou
gh
a f
orm
al P
roje
ct D
efin
itio
n S
tud
y o
r
sim
ply
be
co
ncl
usi
on
s d
raw
n f
rom
th
e e
arly
sta
ge
s o
f th
e s
eam
less
de
sig
n p
roce
ss
alre
ady
allu
de
d t
o.
It is
cru
cia
lto
th
e s
ucc
ess
ful d
eliv
ery
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t to
re
alis
e t
hat
th
is is
the
sta
ge
wh
ere
rig
oro
us
con
sid
era
tio
n o
f su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
issu
es
– a
nd
in
par
ticu
lar
a cr
adle
-to
-gra
ve a
pp
roac
h (
see
se
ctio
n 4
.5 b
elo
w)
– w
ill g
en
era
te t
he
gre
ate
st b
en
efit
.Th
e m
ore
de
sig
n d
eci
sio
ns
are
mad
e a
t th
is s
tag
e w
ith
ou
t
con
sid
era
tio
n o
f su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt,
the
fe
we
r su
stai
nab
ility
be
ne
fits
will
acc
rue,
ho
we
ver
gre
at t
he
co
nsi
de
rati
on
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t is
sue
s la
ter
in t
he
pro
cess
.
4.4
Plan
nin
g a
nd
Det
aile
d D
esig
nP
lan
nin
g c
an u
sefu
lly b
e c
har
acte
rise
d a
s th
e a
nal
ytic
pro
cess
th
at p
rece
de
s ta
kin
g
acti
on
,wh
ich
incl
ud
es
app
rais
al o
f th
e o
pti
on
s av
aila
ble
,cre
atin
g t
he
ob
ject
ive
s th
at
wo
uld
ind
icat
e s
ucc
ess
an
d a
me
ans
of
me
eti
ng
th
em
.
De
taile
d d
esi
gn
th
en
invo
lve
s th
e c
reat
ion
of
solu
tio
ns,
pro
du
ct o
r p
roce
ss d
esi
gn
s,o
r
infr
astr
uct
ure
de
sig
ns
that
me
et
all t
he
div
ers
e b
ut
con
ne
cte
d r
eq
uir
em
en
ts –
fit
ne
ss
for
pu
rpo
se,s
afe
ty,q
ual
ity,
valu
e f
or
mo
ne
y,ae
sth
eti
cs,c
on
stru
ctab
ility
,eas
e o
f u
se a
nd
mat
eri
al e
ffic
ien
cy.I
t d
oe
s so
alo
ng
sid
e t
he
min
imis
atio
n o
f ad
vers
e e
nvi
ron
me
nta
l an
d
soci
al im
pac
ts,t
he
en
han
cem
en
t o
f th
e e
nvi
ron
me
nt
wh
ere
po
ssib
le,a
nd
th
e
en
han
cem
en
t o
f q
ual
ity
of
life
fo
r co
nsu
me
rs,w
ork
ers
an
d n
eig
hb
ou
rs a
like.
This
is a
sub
stan
tial
ch
alle
ng
e f
or
en
gin
ee
rin
g d
esi
gn
ers
bu
t o
ne
th
at c
an –
wit
h c
are
ful
tho
ug
ht,
cre
ativ
ity,
inn
ova
tio
n a
nd
de
term
inat
ion
– b
e d
eliv
ere
d f
or
soci
ety
’s b
en
efit
.
Eve
n t
ho
ug
h t
he
re is
a s
ep
arat
e s
tag
e o
f ‘En
d o
f u
sab
le li
fe’t
o c
on
sid
er
(se
e s
ect
ion
4.5
be
low
),it
is v
ital
th
at,a
t th
is P
lan
nin
g a
nd
De
sig
n S
tag
e,ac
tive
co
nsi
de
rati
on
of
the
se
issu
es
is in
clu
de
d.O
ne
pri
me
exa
mp
le o
f su
ch c
on
sid
era
tio
n is
th
e im
po
rtan
ce o
f
de
sig
n f
or
dis
asse
mb
ly,t
o a
llow
fo
r th
e m
axim
um
re
-use
an
d r
ecy
clin
g o
f th
e r
eso
urc
es
em
be
dd
ed
in t
he
pro
du
ct o
r in
fras
tru
ctu
re.
41
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Ex
am
ple
fro
m t
he
Vis
itin
g
Pro
fess
ors
’ca
se s
tud
ies
of
an
SD
ap
pro
ach
at
the
Pro
ject
De
fin
itio
n S
tag
e:
In t
he
cre
atio
n o
f la
un
dry
tab
lets
,
care
was
tak
en
to
en
sure
th
at t
he
stro
ng
en
viro
nm
en
tal c
ase
fo
r th
is
ne
w p
rod
uct
fo
rmat
was
re
cog
nis
ed
and
de
velo
pe
d in
par
alle
l wit
h t
he
no
rmal
pro
du
ct d
eve
lop
me
nt
task
s.
Re
leva
nt
info
rmat
ion
was
mad
e
avai
lab
le t
o t
he
re
tail
trad
e a
nd
con
sum
ers
on
th
e r
eso
urc
e
eff
icie
ncy
asp
ect
s.
Ex
am
ple
fro
m t
he
Vis
itin
g
Pro
fess
ors
’ca
se s
tud
ies
of
an
SD
ap
pro
ach
at
the
Pla
nn
ing
an
d D
eta
ile
d D
esi
gn
Sta
ge
In t
he
Ju
bile
e R
ive
r p
roje
ct,t
he
lan
dsc
apin
g b
rie
f fo
r th
e w
etl
and
s
incl
ud
ed
a r
eq
uir
em
en
t e
arly
in t
he
pro
ject
to
co
llect
see
ds
and
see
dlin
gs
of
loca
l pla
nts
,an
dcu
ltiv
ate
th
em
off
-
site
,so
th
at s
uff
icie
nt
loca
l-
pro
ven
ance
pla
nts
we
re a
vaila
ble
fo
r
the
we
tlan
d p
lan
tin
g s
che
me
s w
he
n
the
pro
ject
re
ach
ed
th
at s
tag
e.
4.5
Imp
lem
enta
tio
n,D
eliv
ery
and
Op
erat
ion
sIm
ple
me
nta
tio
n,D
eliv
ery
an
d O
pe
rati
on
s in
volv
es
the
pra
ctic
al r
eal
isat
ion
of
the
de
sig
n
into
,fo
r e
xam
ple
,a r
eal
ph
ysic
al p
rod
uct
,cre
atio
n o
f n
ew
infr
astr
uct
ure
or
imp
lem
en
tati
on
of
a n
ew
pro
cess
in c
he
mic
al e
ng
ine
eri
ng
.
It b
ear
s re
pe
atin
g t
hat
it is
cru
cial
to
re
cog
nis
e t
hat
ear
lier
sust
ain
able
ap
pro
ach
es
are
ext
rem
ely
vu
lne
rab
le a
t th
is s
tag
e t
o b
ein
g o
vert
urn
ed
th
rou
gh
sh
ort
-sig
hte
d
resp
on
ses
to u
nfo
rese
en
diff
icu
ltie
s an
d r
eso
urc
e c
on
stra
ints
,su
ch a
s co
st r
ed
uct
ion
me
asu
res
mas
qu
era
din
g a
s ‘v
alu
e e
ng
ine
eri
ng
’.Th
e p
rin
cip
les
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t th
ere
fore
hav
e t
o b
e a
pp
lied
at
eve
ry s
tag
e in
an
en
gin
ee
rin
g d
eci
sio
n
and
its
imp
lem
en
tati
on
.
4.6
En
d o
f usa
ble
life
All
en
gin
ee
red
pro
du
cts,
pro
cess
es
and
infr
astr
uct
ure
will
hav
e a
de
sig
ne
d a
nd
act
ual
de
sig
n li
fe,a
fte
r w
hic
h s
ust
ain
abili
ty a
nd
a s
ust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t ap
pro
ach
de
man
d
con
tin
ue
d a
pp
licat
ion
of
the
th
inki
ng
alr
ead
y d
iscu
sse
d.T
he
re
turn
ing
of
reso
urc
es
for
furt
he
r u
se,o
r fo
r re
-ab
sorp
tio
n in
to t
he
en
viro
nm
en
t,th
rou
gh
re
-use
,re
cycl
ing
or
dis
po
sal,
is a
cru
cial
ele
me
nt
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t,fo
r w
hic
h t
he
te
rm
‘rem
anat
ion
’has
be
en
su
gg
est
ed
.
The
was
te h
iera
rch
y m
ust
be
ap
plie
d:
•th
ink
first
of
op
po
rtu
nit
ies
for
re-u
se;
•if
that
is n
ot
pra
ctic
able
,th
en
max
imis
e t
he
pra
ctic
al o
pp
ort
un
itie
s fo
r re
cycl
ing
•o
nly
aft
er
max
imis
ing
pra
ctic
al r
ecy
clin
g s
ho
uld
de
stru
ctiv
e d
isp
osa
l be
co
nsi
de
red
•e
ven
th
en
,re
cove
ry o
f th
e e
ne
rgy
em
bo
die
d in
th
e m
ate
rial
to
be
dis
po
sed
of
sho
uld
be
so
ug
ht,
wit
h d
isp
osa
l to
lan
dfil
l be
ing
co
nsi
de
red
on
ly a
s th
e la
st r
eso
rt,
no
t th
e f
irst
re
sort
as
is s
o o
fte
n t
he
cas
e a
t p
rese
nt
42
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Ex
am
ple
fro
m t
he
Vis
itin
g
Pro
fess
ors
’ca
se s
tud
ies
of
an
SD
ap
pro
ach
at
the
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
,De
liv
ery
an
d
Op
era
tio
ns
Sta
ge
:
At
Gla
sgo
w U
niv
ers
ity
wh
ere
,
be
cau
se it
tak
es
tim
e t
o p
rom
ote
and
imp
lem
en
t an
SD
Str
ate
gy
thro
ug
ho
ut
an o
rgan
isat
ion
,
imp
lem
en
tati
on
is n
ee
din
g
pe
rsis
ten
t an
d p
atie
nt
pe
rsu
asio
n,
wit
h d
em
on
stra
tio
n o
f th
e n
ece
ssit
y
to e
mb
ed
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
in U
niv
ers
ity
pra
ctic
es.
Wit
ho
ut
such
pe
rsis
ten
ce a
nd
pe
rsu
asio
n,e
arlie
r
de
cisi
on
s in
pri
nci
ple
may
no
t b
e
real
ise
d in
pra
ctic
e.
Ex
am
ple
fro
m t
he
Vis
itin
g
Pro
fess
ors
’ca
se s
tud
ies
of
an
SD
ap
pro
ach
at
the
En
d o
f
usa
ble
lif
e S
tag
e:
The
incr
eas
ing
ly im
po
rtan
t e
mp
has
is
on
se
eki
ng
to
re
cove
r re
du
nd
ant
mo
bile
ph
on
es
and
su
bse
qu
en
tly
to
reco
ver
valu
able
mat
eri
als
thro
ug
h
care
ful r
ecy
clin
g.
43
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Fra
min
g t
he
req
uir
em
en
tsS
cop
ing
th
ed
eci
sio
nP
lan
nin
g a
nd
de
tail
ed
de
sig
n(i
ncl
.en
d-o
f-li
feco
nsi
de
rati
on
s)
Imp
lem
en
tati
on
,D
eli
ve
ry a
nd
Op
era
tio
ns
En
d o
f u
sab
leli
fe
Sta
ge
:
Gu
idin
g P
rin
cip
le:
1Lo
ok
bey
on
d y
ou
ro
wn
loca
lity
an
d th
eim
med
iate
futu
re
2In
no
vate
an
d b
ecr
eati
ve
3S
eek
a b
ala
nce
dso
luti
on
4S
eek
to
en
ga
ge
all
sta
keh
old
ers
5M
ake
su
re y
ou
kn
ow
th
e n
eed
sa
nd
wa
nts
6P
lan
an
d m
an
ag
eef
fect
ivel
y
7G
ive
sust
ain
ab
ilit
yth
e b
enef
it o
f a
ny
do
ub
t
8If
po
llu
ters
mu
stp
oll
ute
… t
hen
th
eym
ust
pa
y a
s w
ell
9A
do
pt
a h
oli
stic
,‘c
rad
le-t
o-g
rave
’a
pp
roa
ch
10D
o t
hin
gs
rig
ht,
ha
vin
g d
ecid
ed
on
th
e ri
gh
t th
ing
to d
o
11
Bew
are
co
stcu
ttin
g t
ha
tm
asq
uer
ad
es a
sva
lue
eng
inee
rin
g
12
Pra
ctic
e w
ha
t yo
up
rea
ch
4.7
Lin
kin
g t
he
Stag
es t
o t
he
Gu
idin
g P
rin
cip
les
The
Tab
le b
elo
w s
ug
ge
sts
a re
lati
on
ship
be
twe
en
th
e S
tag
es
and
th
e G
uid
ing
Pri
nci
ple
s
of
Eng
ine
eri
ng
fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
eve
lop
me
nt,
usi
ng
a s
imp
le 5
-sta
r ra
tin
g s
yste
m t
hat
aim
s
to in
dic
ate
th
e im
po
rtan
ce o
f e
ach
Pri
nci
ple
at
eac
h s
tag
e a
lon
g t
he
fo
llow
ing
lin
es:
•n
o s
tars
= n
o c
on
ne
ctio
n,w
ith
th
e P
rin
cip
le u
nlik
ely
to
be
ap
plic
able
at
this
sta
ge
;
•o
ne
sta
r =
a d
efin
ite
co
nn
ect
ion
be
twe
en
sta
ge
an
d P
rin
cip
le,b
ut
of
low
pri
ori
ty;
•th
ree
sta
rs =
Pri
nci
ple
no
t th
e h
igh
est
pri
ori
ty,b
ut
ne
vert
he
less
imp
ort
ant
for
the
succ
ess
ful d
eliv
ery
of
the
sta
ge
in q
ue
stio
n;
•fiv
e s
tars
= t
he
Gu
idin
g P
rin
cip
le is
vit
al f
or
succ
ess
ful d
eliv
ery
of
the
sta
ge
in q
ue
stio
n.
5D
evel
op
ing
ap
pro
ach
es in
te
ach
ing,
trai
nin
g a
nd
CPD
The
ori
gin
al a
im o
f th
e V
isit
ing
Pro
fess
ors
Sch
em
e w
as t
o e
mb
ed
th
e t
op
ic o
f En
gin
ee
-
rin
g f
or
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t in
to e
ng
ine
eri
ng
co
urs
es,
and
no
t to
cre
ate
a
sep
arat
e s
ub
ject
.Th
e r
ang
e o
f o
pti
on
s fo
r te
ach
ing
th
e s
ub
ject
is t
he
refo
re v
ery
wid
e,
and
th
ere
is n
o p
resc
rib
ed
ap
pro
ach
.Th
e e
xpe
rie
nce
of
intr
od
uci
ng
th
e t
op
ic in
to t
he
Eng
ine
eri
ng
De
par
tme
nt
at C
amb
rid
ge
Un
ive
rsit
y h
as b
ee
n p
ub
lish
ed
an
d c
on
tain
s
use
ful l
ess
on
s (F
en
ne
r,2
00
4).
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t is
a s
till-
ne
w s
ub
ject
be
ing
intr
od
uce
d in
to e
ng
ine
eri
ng
curr
icu
la a
t a
tim
e w
he
n n
ew
ap
pro
ach
es
to t
eac
hin
g a
re b
ein
g d
eb
ate
d.I
ncr
eas
ing
th
e
imp
ort
ance
of
the
‘kn
ow
-ho
w’a
pp
roac
h in
ad
dit
ion
to
th
e e
stab
lish
ed
‘kn
ow
-wh
at’
app
roac
h h
as b
ee
n a
rgu
ed
str
on
gly
(H
ills,
20
05
).Th
is is
on
e r
eas
on
wh
y th
e A
cad
em
y
aske
d it
s Su
stai
nab
le D
eve
lop
me
nt
Vis
itin
g P
rofe
sso
rs t
o c
on
cen
trat
e o
n c
ase
stu
die
s,so
that
stu
de
nts
co
uld
be
ne
fit f
rom
th
e r
eal
exp
eri
en
ces
of
pra
ctit
ion
ers
in t
his
are
a.
The
En
gin
ee
rin
g In
stit
uti
on
s h
ave
re
cog
nis
ed
th
e im
po
rtan
ce o
f an
aw
are
ne
ss o
f th
e
sub
ject
.Th
e E
ng
ine
eri
ng
Co
un
cil h
as in
tro
du
ced
th
e f
ollo
win
g r
eq
uir
em
en
t in
its
UK
Sta
nd
ard
fo
r P
rofe
ssio
na
l En
gin
eeri
ng
Co
mp
eten
ce(E
C U
K,2
00
4)
accr
ed
itat
ion
cri
teri
a:
“Un
der
take
en
gin
eeri
ng
act
ivit
ies
in a
wa
y th
at
con
trib
ute
s to
su
sta
ina
ble
dev
elo
pm
ent.
This
co
uld
incl
ud
e a
n a
bili
ty t
o:
•o
per
ate
an
d a
ct r
esp
on
sib
ly,t
aki
ng
acc
ou
nt
of
the
nee
d t
o p
rog
ress
en
viro
nm
enta
l,
soci
al a
nd
eco
no
mic
ou
tco
mes
sim
ult
an
eou
sly
•u
se im
ag
ina
tio
n,c
rea
tivi
ty a
nd
inn
ova
tio
n t
o p
rovi
de
pro
du
cts
an
d s
ervi
ces
wh
ich
ma
inta
in a
nd
en
ha
nce
th
e q
ua
lity
of
the
envi
ron
men
t a
nd
co
mm
un
ity,
an
d m
eet
fin
an
cia
l ob
ject
ives
•u
nd
erst
an
d a
nd
en
cou
rag
e st
ake
ho
lder
invo
lvem
ent”
In a
dd
itio
n,o
the
r b
od
ies
are
tak
ing
act
ion
,fo
r e
xam
ple
th
e J
oin
t B
oar
d o
f M
od
era
tors
for
de
gre
es
in c
ivil
and
str
uct
ura
l en
gin
ee
rin
g,w
hic
h h
as is
sue
d S
ust
ain
abili
ty
Gu
ide
line
s fo
r in
clu
sio
n o
f th
e s
ub
ject
in B
Eng
an
d M
Eng
co
urs
es.
The
y in
dic
ate
th
at:
“Th
e ke
y ca
pa
bili
ties
fo
r a
n e
ng
inee
r g
rad
ua
tin
g f
rom
an
acc
red
ited
en
gin
eeri
ng
cou
rse
are
:
•th
e ca
pa
bili
ty t
o f
ram
e a
pro
du
ct,o
r p
roce
ss,i
n a
su
sta
ina
ble
dev
elo
pm
ent
con
text
;
•u
nd
erst
an
din
g t
he
lon
g-t
erm
imp
lica
tio
ns
of
con
tin
uin
g t
o e
xplo
it t
he
pro
du
ct o
r
syst
em f
or
ever
;an
d
•to
be
ab
le t
o id
enti
fy a
nd
kn
ow
ho
w t
o im
ple
men
t a
ny
des
ign
ch
an
ges
to
cou
nte
ract
th
e n
ega
tive
imp
act
s.”
The
follo
win
g fo
ur
step
s ar
e su
gg
este
d a
s o
ne
way
of
gen
erat
ing
th
e re
qu
ired
cap
abili
ty.
Firs
t is
de
mo
nst
rati
on
th
at t
he
stu
de
nt
is a
war
e o
f an
d u
nd
ers
tan
ds
the
co
nce
pt
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t –
fo
r e
xam
ple
th
rou
gh
an
ess
ay:‘E
xpla
in t
he
like
ly
con
seq
ue
nce
s o
f th
e c
arb
on
tax
on
th
e b
uild
ing
ind
ust
ry’o
r ‘Ex
pla
in h
ow
su
stai
nab
ility
pri
nci
ple
s o
ug
ht
to b
e a
pp
lied
to
th
e d
esi
gn
of
infr
astr
uct
ure
or
of
a p
rod
uct
’.Th
is
mig
ht
mak
e a
ve
ry s
uit
able
tas
k in
a f
irst
-ye
ar c
om
mu
nic
atio
ns
mo
du
le.
44
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
Picture courtesy of University of Glasgow
45
Eng
inee
rin
g fo
r Su
stai
nab
le D
evel
op
men
t
Seco
nd
ly,a
n a
nal
ysis
co
uld
be
so
ug
ht
of
the
life
-cyc
le ‘c
rad
le-t
o-g
rave
’asp
ect
s o
f a
pro
du
ct,i
nd
ust
ry o
r p
roce
ss,w
ith
a q
ual
itat
ive
or
sim
ple
qu
anti
tati
ve li
fe-c
ycle
an
alys
is
to id
en
tify
th
e k
ey
po
siti
ve a
nd
ne
gat
ive
imp
acts
,an
d t
he
n t
his
co
uld
be
ext
en
de
d t
o
ide
nti
fy a
reas
fo
r im
pro
vem
en
t.Th
is t
ask
can
be
fac
ilita
ted
by
the
incr
eas
ing
nu
mb
er
of
case
stu
die
s av
aila
ble
an
d e
nliv
en
ed
by
role
-pla
yin
g a
s th
e v
ario
us
stak
eh
old
ers
.
Thir
dly
,all
teac
hin
g m
od
ule
s –
an
d p
arti
cula
rly
for
de
sig
n t
eac
hin
g a
nd
pro
ject
s –
co
uld
be
re
vie
we
d f
or
the
ir c
on
ten
t o
n o
r re
lati
on
ship
to
th
e c
on
cep
t an
d p
ract
ice
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t.Th
is m
ay le
ad t
o a
wid
e r
ang
e o
f am
en
dm
en
ts,f
rom
ve
ry
mo
de
st y
et
imp
ort
ant
add
itio
ns,
for
exa
mp
le t
he
incl
usi
on
of
sou
rcin
g o
f m
ate
rial
s,to
mo
re m
ajo
r re
visi
on
,su
ch a
s th
e a
dd
itio
n o
f re
sou
rce
eff
icie
ncy
an
d w
aste
min
imis
atio
n
to a
mo
du
le t
hat
do
es
no
t cu
rre
ntl
y co
ver
the
se m
atte
rs e
xplic
itly
.
Fou
rth
ly,t
he
se is
sue
s co
uld
be
bro
ug
ht
tog
eth
er
in t
he
sig
nifi
can
t p
roje
cts
– w
he
the
r
un
de
rtak
en
in t
eam
s o
r in
div
idu
ally
– c
arri
ed
ou
t d
uri
ng
th
e f
inal
ye
ars
of
un
de
r-
gra
du
ate
de
gre
e c
ou
rse
s.A
lon
gsi
de
th
e in
-de
pth
te
chn
olo
gy
wo
rk o
f th
e p
roje
ct,t
he
resu
ltin
g p
rod
uct
,pro
cess
or
syst
em
sh
ou
ld b
e f
ram
ed
in a
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
con
text
.Th
is m
igh
t,fo
r e
xam
ple
,th
en
gai
n u
p t
o 5
% o
f th
eir
mar
ks in
a 3
00
-ho
ur
task
,or
rath
er
mo
re if
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
is t
he
pri
me
fo
cus
of
the
pro
ject
.
In t
rain
ing
an
d C
PD
,an
incr
eas
ing
ly w
ide
ran
ge
of
cou
rse
s is
be
com
ing
ava
ilab
le,b
oth
pu
blic
an
d in
-ho
use
,an
d t
he
pro
fess
ion
al e
ng
ine
eri
ng
inst
itu
tio
ns
are
incr
eas
ing
ly
incl
ud
ing
co
vera
ge
of
sust
ain
able
de
velo
pm
en
t in
th
eir
lear
ne
d s
oci
ety
act
ivit
ies.
Trai
nin
g m
anag
ers
an
d in
div
idu
al p
ract
isin
g e
ng
ine
ers
will
ne
ed
to
stu
dy
the
imp
licat
ion
s fo
r th
em
of
the
su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt
req
uir
em
en
ts o
f th
e U
K S
tan
da
rd
for
Pro
fess
ion
al E
ng
inee
rin
g C
om
pet
ence
(En
gin
ee
rin
g C
ou
nci
l UK
,20
04
) g
ive
n a
bo
ve,a
nd
take
ste
ps
to e
nsu
re t
hat
th
e s
ub
ject
is a
de
qu
ate
ly c
ove
red
in t
he
ir p
rofe
ssio
nal
de
velo
pm
en
t p
rog
ram
me.
Fin
ally
,wh
ate
ver
the
me
tho
d o
f te
ach
ing
,or
the
car
ee
r st
age
of
the
stu
de
nts
,th
e
Pri
nci
ple
s se
t o
ut
he
re c
an b
e u
sed
to
ass
ist
in t
he
de
live
ry o
f e
ffe
ctiv
e le
arn
ing
ab
ou
t
the
co
ntr
ibu
tio
n o
f e
ng
ine
eri
ng
to
me
eti
ng
th
e c
hal
len
ge
s o
f su
stai
nab
le d
eve
lop
me
nt.
In s
um
mar
y:
•En
gin
ee
rin
g f
or
Sust
ain
able
De
velo
pm
en
t w
ill n
ot
hap
pe
n o
f it
s o
wn
vo
litio
n –
it
ne
ed
s ac
tio
n b
y e
very
on
e in
volv
ed
•u
niv
ers
itie
s in
par
ticu
lar,
and
tra
inin
g m
anag
ers
as
we
ll,h
ave
a r
esp
on
sib
ility
to
de
live
r to
th
e w
orl
d g
rad
uat
es
and
qu
alifi
ed
en
gin
ee
rs w
ho
un
de
rsta
nd
su
stai
nab
le
de
velo
pm
en
t an
d c
an d
eliv
er
sig
nifi
can
tly
mo
re-s
ust
ain
able
so
luti
on
s fo
r so
cie
ty
•in
div
idu
al p
ract
isin
g e
ng
ine
ers
hav
e a
du
ty t
o b
eco
me
an
d r
em
ain
co
mp
ete
nt
to
de
live
r th
e c
on
cep
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48
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
50
The
Ro
yal A
cad
em
y o
f En
gin
ee
rin
g
The
Roya
l Aca
dem
y o
f En
gin
eeri
ng
As
Bri
tain
’s n
ati
on
al
aca
de
my
fo
r e
ng
ine
eri
ng
,we
bri
ng
to
ge
the
r th
e c
ou
ntr
y’s
mo
st e
min
en
t
en
gin
ee
rs f
rom
all
dis
cip
lin
es
to p
rom
ote
ex
cell
en
ce i
n t
he
sci
en
ce,a
rt a
nd
pra
ctic
e o
f
en
gin
ee
rin
g.O
ur
stra
teg
ic p
rio
riti
es
are
to
en
ha
nce
th
e U
K’s
en
gin
ee
rin
g c
ap
ab
ilit
ies,
to
cele
bra
te e
xce
lle
nce
an
d i
nsp
ire
th
e n
ex
t g
en
era
tio
n,a
nd
to
le
ad
de
ba
te b
y g
uid
ing
in
form
ed
thin
kin
g a
nd
in
flu
en
cin
g p
ub
lic
po
licy
.
Str
ate
gic
Pri
ori
tie
s
The
Aca
dem
y’s
wo
rk p
rog
ram
mes
are
dri
ven
by
thre
e st
rate
gic
pri
ori
ties
,eac
h o
f wh
ich
pro
vid
es a
key
con
trib
uti
on
to
a s
tro
ng
an
d v
ibra
nt
eng
inee
rin
g s
ecto
r an
d t
o t
he
hea
lth
an
d w
ealt
h o
f so
ciet
y.
En
ha
nci
ng
na
tio
na
lca
pa
bil
itie
s
As
a p
rio
rity
,we
enco
ura
ge,
sup
po
rt
and
faci
litat
e lin
ks b
etw
een
acad
emia
an
d in
du
stry
.Th
rou
gh
targ
eted
nat
ion
al a
nd
inte
rnat
ion
al
pro
gra
mm
es,w
e en
han
ce –
an
d
refle
ct a
bro
ad –
th
e U
K’s
per
form
ance
in t
he
app
licat
ion
of
scie
nce
,tec
hn
olo
gy
tran
sfer
,an
d t
he
pro
mo
tio
n a
nd
exp
loit
atio
n o
f
inn
ovat
ion
.We
sup
po
rt h
igh
qu
alit
y
eng
inee
rin
g r
esea
rch
,en
cou
rag
e an
inte
rdis
cip
linar
y et
ho
s,fa
cilit
ate
inte
rnat
ion
al e
xch
ang
e an
d p
rovi
de
a m
ean
s o
f det
erm
inin
g a
nd
dis
sem
inat
ing
bes
t p
ract
ice.
In
par
ticu
lar,
ou
r ac
tivi
ties
focu
s o
n
com
ple
x an
d m
ult
idis
cip
linar
y ar
eas
of r
apid
dev
elo
pm
ent.
Re
cog
nis
ing
ex
cell
en
ce a
nd
insp
irin
g t
he
ne
xt
ge
ne
rati
on
Exce
llen
ce b
reed
s ex
celle
nce
.We
cele
bra
te e
ng
inee
rin
g e
xcel
len
ce
and
use
it t
o in
spir
e,su
pp
ort
an
d
chal
len
ge
tom
orr
ow
’s en
gin
eeri
ng
lead
ers.
We
focu
s o
ur
init
iati
ves
to
dev
elo
p e
xcel
len
ce a
nd,
thro
ug
h
crea
tive
an
d c
olla
bo
rati
ve a
ctiv
ity,
we
dem
on
stra
te t
o t
he
you
ng,
and
tho
se w
ho
influ
ence
th
em,t
he
rele
van
ce o
f en
gin
eeri
ng
to
so
ciet
y.
Le
ad
ing
de
ba
te
Usi
ng
th
e le
ader
ship
an
d e
xper
tise
of o
ur
Fello
wsh
ip,w
e g
uid
e
info
rmed
th
inki
ng,
influ
ence
pu
blic
po
licy
mak
ing,
pro
vid
e a
foru
m fo
r
the
mu
tual
exc
han
ge
of i
dea
s,an
d
pu
rsu
e ef
fect
ive
eng
agem
ent
wit
h
soci
ety
on
mat
ters
wit
hin
ou
r
com
pet
ence
.Th
e A
cad
emy
advo
cate
s p
rog
ress
ive,
forw
ard
-
loo
kin
g s
olu
tio
ns
bas
ed o
n im
par
tial
advi
ce a
nd
qu
alit
y fo
un
dat
ion
s,an
d
wo
rks
to e
nh
ance
ap
pre
ciat
ion
of
the
po
siti
ve r
ole
of e
ng
inee
rin
g a
nd
its
con
trib
uti
on
to
th
e ec
on
om
ic
stre
ng
th o
f th
e n
atio
n.
The
Roya
l Aca
dem
y o
f En
gin
eeri
ng
pro
mo
tes
exce
llen
ce in
th
e sc
ien
ce,a
rt a
nd
pra
ctic
e o
f
eng
inee
rin
g.
Reg
iste
red
ch
arit
y n
um
ber
293
074
The
Roya
l Aca
dem
y o
f En
gin
eeri
ng
29 G
reat
Pet
er S
tree
t,Lo
nd
on
,SW
1P 3
LW
Tel:
020
7227
050
0 F
ax:0
20 7
233
0054
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