week02 lect01x2 color
TRANSCRIPT
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ONeill Media: PN1997 .D35 1991
French Revolution
Virtue and Terror Part 2
Week 02 Lecture 01
22 January 2008
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II. 1791
Turning point:No more dream of
constitutional monarchy
1791: June 20-21: The Night of Varennes:
Royal family tries to escape
Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette (of Austria)
La Nuit de Varennes: O'N Media PN1997.N92x 1983
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Deputy Target gives birth to the constitution of September 1791
NB: A male gives birth! Viktor Frankenstein
III. 1792: Radical phase begins
Unified self v. Other:
External Enemies
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1) Domestic:
September Massacres
[1792] in Paris
V Frankenstein born
2) Foreign: French
victory at Valmy calms
tensions
REPRESENTATION:
Enemy is everywhere: in
your neighborhood!
Lennemi est partout![The enemy is everywhere!]
EXPORTING THE REVOLUTION: mission civilisatrice
REPRESENTATION: A Crusade againstCounter-revolutionaries: to liberate all Europe Crusade: medieval religion-- liberate from Holy Land from Islam
War against external enemies [counter-revolutionaries] permits the invention /legitimation of self-identity over and against an other
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Phrygian cap --- worn by freed Roman slaves
The Marseillaise
Arise you children of ourpatrie,
Oh now is here our glorious day !
Over us the bloodstained banner
Of tyranny holds sway !
Oh, do you hear there in our fields
The roar of those fierce fighting men ?
Who came right here into our midst
To slaughter sons, wives and kin.
To arms [aux armes], oh citizens !Form up in serried ranks !
March on, march on !
And drench our fields
With their tainted blood !
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Albertville 1992 Opening Ceremony
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTuy9kW1UKk
Start at 4:02 --- notice the white dove of PEACE!!!
The Marseillaise
Arise you children of our patrie,
Oh now is here our glorious day !
Over us the bloodstained banner
Of tyranny holds sway !
Oh, do you hear there in our fields
The roar of those fierce fighting men ?
Who came right here into our midst
To slaughter sons, wives and kin.
To arms [aux armes], oh citizens !
Form up in serried ranks !
March on, march on !
And drench our fieldsWith their tainted blood !
IV. 1793: Regicide
Disorder at the Center:
Pollution, Purity and Danger
Cf. Earlier examples of anthropological anxieties:
Uccello, Burning of the Jews
Gargoyles: sacred center / dangerous edges
Luther: pope as monster excrement
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Jean-Paul Marat:
Leader of the radical
Montagnard faction
1793: July 13
Assassinated in
his bath by
Charlotte Corday, a
young Girondin
conservative.
Jacques Louis David,
Marat Assassinated
[1793]
counter-revolutionary / conservative forces
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1793 October 28: Marie
Antoinette guillotined for
promiscuity [esp.
incest]
QUESTION: Why wouldyou kill your father and
mother???
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Imaginary Center of the NationCartesian Order --- Sexual Disorder
PURITY --- POLLUTION
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Tabula rasa: Dechristianisation program
The Republican Calendar: Adopted by Convention of Oct. 1793
Re-naming the months
Referents are natural
[i.e., not mythological / Xtn]
cf,. Rousseau: natural = primitive;
innocent; objective; not sullied by
civilization or culture
Again: cf. Frankenstein
RATIONALITY:
12 Months
30 days each
Three ten-day weeks [dcades]
10th day = day of rest
5 days left over at end of year:
the sans-culottides
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Whats in a name??????????
Proper address: Citizen X [cf. Soviets: Comrade
NOT based on gender Monsieur; Madame; Mademoiselle
or Estate: Monseigneur [My Lord]; Pre [Father]; Soeur [Sister]
Elimination of de --- signifies aristocracy [Duc dOrleans; Duc de Lubac; Dumortier
Childrens names --- no longer saints names [Pierre; Michelle; Jean-Marie]
Rather, natural referents: Goldenrod; Marigold; Seedling; Rosebud
V. 1793-1794
Robespierre:
Virtue imposed by Terror
Terror is nothing other than
justice: prompt, severe, inflexible.
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Maximilien de Robespierre:
The Incorruptible
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Rousseau: A Republic of
Virtue; the Regeneration
of Man
Robespierre: the total
regeneration of man
requires both virtue and
terror [cf. Lenin]
Two-pronged strategy:
1) family values: e.g.,republican motherhood
2) guillotine: ridding body
politic of infection
July 1793- July 1794:
Robespierre principal director of the
Comit de salut public
[Committee on Public Safety]
A. Clment,
La France Rpublicaine[Republican France]
VirtueVirtue
Breasts:
motherhood
Virgin Mary
Rooster: ancientsymbol of France [the
Gallican rooster]
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Rousseaus Regenerated Man
Completely virtuous
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9akAroGKuEs
Greys Anatomy
Melodrama
starts from
and
expresses
the anxiety brought by
a frightening new world
in which the traditional patterns
of moral order
no longer providethe necessary social glue . . .
Trauma: a collective
encounter with chaos
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Melodrama
plays out the force
of that anxiety
with
the apparent triumph
of villainy,
and it dissipates it
with
the eventual victory
of virtue.
Cf. Purity [virtue] and
danger [villainy]
Rousseaus Regenerated Man
Completely virtuous
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Georges Jacques Danton
Robespierre a puritan:
family values
Danton: more popular rival
not at all puritanical
must be eliminated
Guillotined: 5 April 1794
ONeill Media: PN1997 .D35 1991
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June 20, 1794: Feast of the Supreme Being
[June 21 = St. John Baptist / Solsti ce]
20 June 1794:
Feast of the Supreme Being
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Notre-Dame de Strasbourg
Converted into a
Temple of Reason
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Cathedral of Clermont-Ferrand: The French People
recognize the Supreme Being and the immortality of the soul.
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Tabula rasa: Dechristianisation program
The Republican Calendar: Adopted by Convention of Oct. 1793
Francis Poulenc,Dialogues of the
Carmelites
17 July 1794
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Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
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our life, our sweetness and our hope, Hail! [salve]
our life, our sweetness and our hope, Hail! [salve]
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Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
Hail, holy Queen, Mother of Mercy,
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our life, our sweetness and our hope, Hail! [salve]
To thee do we cry, poor banished children of Eve;
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to thee do we send up our sighs, mourning and weeping; [repeat]
in this valley of tears [in had lacrimarum valle]..
Turn then, most gracious advocate, thine eyes of mercy toward us;
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And Jesus, blessed fruit of thy womb, Show unto us after this our exile ,
O clement, O loving, O sweet Virgin Mary.
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O clement .
O loving . O sweet, virgin, Mar -------
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Glory be to the Father, and to the Son who from death is risen
and to the Paraclete into eternity of eternities [Doxology for Eastertide]
into eternity
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Caricature:
Robespierre
executes
the executioner
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This is all of France
Constitution of 1791
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Thermidorian Reaction:
Coup of 9 Thermidor
(July 27, 1794)
Robespierre shot in the jaw
Beheading of Robespierre:
10 Thermidor
28 July 1794
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The Terror
A desperate effort to stabilize
subjective individualism
into a community where
they will be interconnected
and care for one another.
Inherent instability of subjective individualism
On the one hand:
the individual person
as the ordering
principal and source
of all value
PROBLEM: not just
one will but many!
Thus: individual is
source of instability
and disorder
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First topic of semester:
Comparing the American and French
RevolutionsTwo revolutions
Two visions of democracy
Two visions of unity
Two visions of human nature
[Phil. Core: Phil. of the Person]
Dissent and factions essential
Prevent tyranny of majority
over individual (minority) wills
Human nature/reason fallible
Dissent and factions not allowed
Contrary to idea of social compact
Human nature/reason both innocent
and ever-progressing
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Virtue v. Villainy: must virtues victory be forcibly imposed???