weightless

• Weightless

https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html

Effect of spaceflight on the human body - The effects of weightlessness

1 Following the advent of space stations that can be inhabited for long periods of time, exposure to weightlessness has been demonstrated to

have some deleterious effects on human health. Humans are well-adapted to the

physical conditions at the surface of the earth, and so in response to weightlessness, various Biological system|physiological systems begin to change, and in some cases, atrophy. Though these changes are usually temporary, some do

have a long-term impact on human health.


Effect of spaceflight on the human body - The effects of weightlessness

1 Short-term exposure to microgravity causes space adaptation syndrome,

a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the vestibular

system


Spaceflight - Weightlessness

1 In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the

Earth, humans experience a sense of weightlessness. Short-term exposure to microgravity causes space adaptation

syndrome, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the vestibular system. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues.

The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant deconditioning of muscular and

cardiovascular tissues.


Marconi Union - Weightless

1 On 16 October 2011, Marconi Union created an eight minute track, titled Weightless, in collaboration with the British Academy of Sound Therapy.



1 According to scientists at the Mindlab institution (a commercial 'neuromarketing' company) it

induced a 65% reduction in overall anxiety and brought test subjects' resting pulse rates to 35%

of their usual resting rates. The song features guitar, piano and manipulated field recordings. It is punctuated throughout by low tones that

supposedly induce a trance-like state. This piece propelled the band into the media spotlight and news reports, and was reported in newspapers

worldwide.



1 In November 2011, Marconi Union were featured in Time magazine|

Time magazine's list of Inventors of the Year, for writing and recording

Weightless.


Weightless (wireless communications)

1 'Weightless' is a proposed Proprietary protocol|proprietary open standard|open wireless technology standard

for exchanging data between a base station and thousands of machines

around it using White spaces (radio)|White space (frequency channels intended for TV broadcasting but currently unoccupied) with high

levels of security. https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html


1 Weightless is managed by the Weightless SIG, or Special Interest Group, which was

revealed to the public on 7 December 2012. An inaugural event for industry was held at

the Moller Centre in Cambridge, UK by Cambridge Wireless on Friday, 30 September 2011. Representatives – mainly engineers –

from many companies from around the world attended. Presentations were given by Neul, Landis+Gyr, Cable Wireless Worldwide|Cable

Wireless, and ARM Holdings|ARM.



1 The intention is that devices must be qualified by the Weightless Special Interest Group to standards defined by the SIG. Patents would only be

licensed to those qualifying devices; thus the protocol, whilst open, may

be regarded as proprietary.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Name and logo

1 The name Weightless was chosen to reflect the allegedly light-weight

nature of the protocol, meaning that the overhead per transmission is

minimised for devices that need to communicate just a few bytes of

data.



1 The Weightless logo is trademarked and appears as uppercase letters with the 'W' appearing in the top-

right corner of a light blue box that has a solid blue line above it.



1 One of the presenters at the inaugural SIG event in September

2011 stated jokingly, in reference to cellular communication standards,

Weightless is not 1G, 2G, 3G or even 4G – it is ZERO G.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Implementation

1 Weightless uses Time-division duplex operation with frequency hopping and

variable spreading factors in an attempt to increase range and accommodate low power

devices in frequency bands, or channels, within the terrestrial television broadcast

band. Channels that are in use by a nearby television transmitter are identified and left

unaffected while channels not being used for broadcasting television can be allocated for

use by Weightless devices.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Implementation

1 A network of base stations communicate with the Internet, or a private network, in order to pass information from devices to

a computer system; and to pass information back to the devices. The downlink to devices uses time slots (TDMA) and the uplink to the base

station is divided into sub-channels so that several devices can communicate to

the base station.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Communication and connection

1 A base station transmits a Weightless frame which is received by a few thousand

devices. The devices are allocated a specific time and frequency to transmit their data

back to the base station. The base station is connected to the Internet or a private network. The base station accesses a

database to identify the frequencies, or channels, that it can use without interfering with terrestrial television broadcasts in its

local area.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html

Weightless (wireless communications) - Uses

1 Weightless is a wireless communications protocol designed to

connect Smart Machines to the Internet – so-called Machine to

machine|Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications – over distances

ranging from a few metres to about 10km.


Weightless (wireless communications) - List of applications

1 * Smart cars – vehicle diagnostics and

upgrades


Weightless (wireless communications) - List of applications

1 * Industrial machine monitoring


Weightless (wireless communications) - Weightless vs. Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11af)

1 Other technologies which use the white space – the channels not used for terrestrial television broadcast in

a particular area – are also being developed. One is Wi-Fi under the

developing standard IEEE 802.11af.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Weightless vs. Cognitive Radio (IEEE 802.22)

1 The IEEE 802.22 standard defines a MAC and PHY layer for TV WhiteSpaces that complies with the FCC and international

standards for broadcasting in this spectrum. It also defines general protocol model for

negotiating and selecting shared spectrum band for device operation. A Weightless

Radio implementation would comply with this standard to cooperatively share the

available TV WhiteSpace spectrum.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Devices

1 Currently the majority of the devices that are envisionsed to use the

Weightless standard are mainly of industrial and medical type, such as

smart electric meters, health monitors, vehicle tracking, etc.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Specifications and features

1 The Weightless specification was developed as a proprietary machine-to-machine, allegedly low-cost, low-

power communication system for use in the White spaces (radio)|white

space between TV channels in 2011 by engineers working at Neul in

Cambridge, UK.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Specifications and features

1 The specification is based on Time-division duplex technology with

Spread spectrum frequency hopping in an attempt to minimise the impact

of interference and with variable spreading factors in an attempt to increase range (at the expense of

lower data rate) and to accommodate low power devices

with low data rates.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html

Weightless (wireless communications) - Weightless v1.0

1 A formal standard was published in 2013, however it was not made

freely available to general public -- it was only available to the members of Weightless SIG who paid membership

fees. A brief and incomplete overview of the standard may be

available without a charge to the so-called observer members of SIG.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Setting up connections

1 A base station queries a database which identifies the channels that are

being used for terrestrial television broadcast in its local area. The

channels not in use – the so-called White spaces (radio)|white space – can be used by the base station to communicate with terminals using

the Weightless protocol.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Setting up connections

1 Terminals will be allegedly designed to be low cost fit and forget devices –

meaning that they are expected to use minimal power so that they could work autonomously for long periods

close to the typical shelf-life of a battery (probably several years).


Weightless (wireless communications) - Security Concerns

1 It is proposed that the entire data transmission is encoded. It is claimed that that the protocol was designed

to be secure and guarantee message delivery.


Weightless (wireless communications) - Air interface

1 A database is queried by a base station to determine which channels

are in use by terrestrial television broadcast stations in the area, and

which ones are free for use by white space devices (such as those utilising

Weightless)


Weightless (wireless communications) - Security

1 The communications link between the base station and the devices is encrypted.


Weightless (Wet Wet Wet song)

1 'Weightless' is a pop music|pop song by Scottish group Wet

Wet Wet


Weightless (Wet Wet Wet song) - Track listings

1 # Exclusive video footage


Secondhand Serenade - Hear Me Now and Weightless EP (2010–2011)

1 Secondhand Serenade's third studio album is entitled Hear Me Now (Secondhand Serenade album)|Hear Me Now, and was released on August 3, 2010.Thanks to Chris Lipa And

His local band from Michigan for the additions to the album, The album's track listing has also been announced.

[http://puregrainaudio.com/news/secondhand-serenade-returns-with-hear-me-now-due-out-august-3rd Upcoming

album details] from PureGrainAudio.com In a recent interview, Vesely stated that the new record will be more

upbeat than his last album, which focused on relationships.http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/daily-noise/959710/secondhand-serenade-kelly-clarkson-talk-

new-material



1 On June 1, Something More was released onto iTunes as a deluxe

single with a bonus track You Are a Drug, a video showing the making of

Something More, and a digital booklet to the new single.



1 The vocals of Juliet Simms from American rock band Automatic

Loveletter were featured on the song Hear Me Now and the cover of Fix

You, originally performed by British rock band Coldplay.



1 On July 21, while on tour in Dallas, Vesely announced that a

downloadable track pack for Rock Band would be made available soon,

featuring multiple Secondhand Serenade hits including Fall for You.



1 On July 27, Vesely added the eleven tracks off of the new album to his MySpace and made them available for streaming for

fans. Many of these songs have also leaked onto sites such as YouTube. On November

23, 2010, Vesely released a free online download for a demo of a new song of the new Extended play|EP entitled Let Me In.

The next single of the new album is a new version of You I featuring Cady Groves.



1 In March 2011, Vesely announced he was mastering the new EP and that it

would be entitled Weightless EP|Weightless. Weightless was released digitally on May 3, 2011 and consists

of five songs: Our Time, Let Me In, Animal (Neon Trees Cover), You I (Acoustic), and Never Too Late.


Weightless (All Time Low song)

1 'Weightless' is a song by American pop punk band All Time Low and the first and lead single from their third

studio album Nothing Personal (album)|Nothing Personal (2009)


Weightless (All Time Low song) - Meaning

1 Lead vocalist Alex Gaskarth stated in an interview with MTVu that The

whole mentality of the song is like, you feel like you're stuck in this like, negative space and you just want to get out. Summer's rolling up and uh, everybody's finishing up with school

and everybody's getting like the exam beatdown.


Weightless (All Time Low song) - Meaning

1 In the Nothing Personal album trailer, Jack Barakat said that the song is about not wanting to grow up and

just wanting to be a kid.


Weightless (All Time Low song) - Music video

1 The music video for Weightless commenced filming on May 20,

directed by Matthew Stawski. Fans were invited to go on the set and be a part of the music video. It debuted on MTV, MTV2, mtvU and HITS the day before the album's release, on

July 6, 2009. The video features cameo appearances by Pete Wentz from Fall Out Boy and Mark Hoppus from Blink-182 with a joke that Pete

Wentz tweets


Weightless (All Time Low song) - Music video

1 (on mobile Twitter) that All Time Low rips off Fall Out Boy, but Mark

Hoppus thinks to himself that both All Time Low and Fall Out Boy rip off Blink-182. The camera follows the

action through the venue, with text that is insulting everyone, stating Loser!. The video ends with the

slogan Nothing Personal, which is not only a reference to the album, but is

also the theme of the video.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html

Weightless

1 *Weightless (wireless communications), proposed proprietary open wireless

technology standard


Weightless - Music

1 *Weightless (Animals as Leaders album)|Weightless (Animals as

Leaders album), second album by instrumental progressive metal group

Animals as Leaders


Weightless - Music

1 *Weightless (The Skinny Boys album)|Weightless (The Skinny Boys album), debut album by rap group

The Skinny Boys


Weightless - Music

1 *Weightless (All Time Low song)|Weightless (All Time Low song), song by American pop punk band All Time

Low


Weightless - Music

1 *Marconi Union|Weightless (Marconi Union song), the ...most relaxing song ever.


Weightless - Music

1 *Weightless, song by alternative rock band Black Lab from their album Passion Leaves a

Trace


Weightless (Animals as Leaders album)

1 'Weightless' is the second album by instrumental progressive metal group Animals as Leaders. It was released

on November 4, 2011 in Europe, November 7, 2011 in the UK, and November 8, 2011 in the US by Prosthetic Records. The album

charted at #92 on Billboard 200|Billboard’s Top 200 Chart, as well as

#7 on Billboard (magazine)|Billboard’s Top Hard Music Chart,

#16 on their Top Independent Album Chart and #50 on the Top Current

Digital Album Chart.


Weightless (Animals as Leaders album)

1 Unlike the Animals as Leaders (album)|previous Animals as Leaders

album, Weightless features a trio line-up instead of just consisting of

Tosin Abasi along with featuring real drums in addition to programmed drums. Both guitarists in the group

(Abasi and Javier Reyes) play 8-stringed guitars on this release.


Weightless (Animals as Leaders album) - Personnel

1 * Tosin Abasi – eight-string guitar



1 * Navene Koperweis – drums



1 * Navene Koperweis - audio engineering|

engineering



1 * Javier Reyes - Audio mixing

(recorded music)|mixing



1 * Dustin Miller - Audio mastering|mastering


Weightless (The Skinny Boys album)

1 'Weightless' is the debut album by rap group The Skinny Boys. It was

released in 1986 for Warlock Records and was produced by Mark Bush and

Chuck Chillout.


Weightlessness

1 Counterintuitively, a uniform gravitational field does not by itself cause stress or strain, and a body in

free fall in such an environment experiences no g-force acceleration

and feels weightless


Weightlessness

1 When bodies are acted upon by non-gravitational forces, as in a centrifuge, a

rotating space station, or within a space ship with rockets firing, a sensation of weight is produced, as the contact forces from the

moving structure act to overcome the body's inertia. In such cases, a sensation of weight, in the sense of a state of stress can occur, even if the gravitational field was zero. In

such cases, g-forces are felt, and bodies are not weightless.


Weightlessness

1 When the gravitational field is non-uniform, a body in free fall suffers tidal effects and is

not stress-free. Near a black hole, such tidal effects can be very strong. In the case of the

Earth, the effects are minor, especially on objects of relatively small dimension (such

as the human body or a spacecraft) and the overall sensation of weightlessness in these cases is preserved. This condition is known as microgravity and it prevails in orbiting

spacecraft.


Weightlessness - Weightlessness in Newtonian mechanics

1 Weightlessness in this sense can be achieved by removing the body far

away from the source of gravity



1 This is the weightlessness in free fall in a uniform

gravitational field



1 To sum up, we have two notions of weight of which weight1 is dominant.

Yet 'weightlessness' is typically exemplified not by absence of

weight1 but by the absence of stress associated with weight2. This is the intended sense of weightlessness in

what follows below.



1 A body is stress free, exerts zero weight2, when the only force acting

on it is weight1 as when in free fall in a uniform gravitational field. Without subscripts, one ends up with the odd-sounding conclusion that 'a body is

weightless when the only force acting on it is its weight.'



1 The apocryphal apple that fell on Newton's head can be used to illustrate the issues

involved


Weightlessness - Stress during free fall

1 :1. In a uniform gravitational field: Consider any cross-section dividing the body into two parts. Both parts have the same acceleration and the force exerted on each is supplied by

the external source of the field. There is no force exerted by one part on

the other. Stress at the cross-section is zero. Weight2 is zero.



1 :2. In a non-uniform gravitational field: Under gravity alone, one part of

the body may have a different acceleration from another part. This would tend to deform the body and

generate internal stresses if the body resists deformation. Weight2 is not 0.



1 Throughout this discussion on using stress as an indicator of weight, any pre-stress which may exist within a body caused by a force exerted on one part by another is not relevant. The only relevant stresses are those generated by external forces applied

to the body.



1 An object in a straight free fall, or in a more complex inertial trajectory of

free fall (such as within a reduced gravity aircraft or inside a space

station), all experience weightlessness, since they do not experience the mechanical forces

that cause the sensation of weight.


Weightlessness - Force fields other than gravity

1 Such a body would then be stress free and be classed as

weightless


Weightlessness - Weightlessness and proper acceleration

1 On this approach, weightlessness holds

when proper acceleration is zero.


Weightlessness - How to avoid weightlessness

1 Weightlessness is in contrast with current human experiences in which a non-uniform force is acting, such

as:



1 *standing on the ground, sitting in a chair on the ground, etc., where

gravity is countered by the support force of the ground,



1 *flying in a plane, where a support force is transmitted from the Lift

(force)|lift the wings provide (special trajectory|trajectories which form an

exception are described below),



1 *during atmospheric reentry, or during the use of a parachute, when

atmospheric drag decelerates a vehicle,



1 *during an orbital maneuver in a spacecraft, or during the launch

phase, when rocket engines provide thrust.



1 In cases where an object is not weightless, as in the above

examples, a force acts non-uniformly on the object in question


Weightlessness - Tidal forces

1 Tidal forces arise when the gravitational field is not uniform and

gravitation gradients exist. Such indeed is the norm and strictly

speaking any object of finite size even in free-fall is subject to tidal effects. These are impossible to

remove by inertial motion, except at one single nominated point of the

body.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html


1 The Earth is in free fall but the presence of tides indicates that it is in a non-uniform gravitational field



1 When the size of a region being considered is small relative to its distance from the

gravitating mass the assumption of uniform gravitational field holds to a good

approximation. Thus a person is small relative to the radius of Earth and the field for a person at

the surface of the earth is approximately uniform. The field is strictly not uniform and is

responsible for the phenomenon of microgravity. Objects near a black hole are subject to a highly

non-uniform gravitational field.


Weightlessness - Frames of reference

1 Weightlessness can thus be realised for short periods of time in an

airplane following a specific elliptic flight path, often mistakenly called a

parabolic flight


Weightlessness - Zero-g, zero gravity, accelerometers

1 Microgravity (or µg) is used to refer to situations that are substantially

weightless but where g-force stresses within objects due to tidal effects, as

discussed above, are around a millionth of that at the Earth's

surface.


Weightlessness - Zero-g, zero gravity, accelerometers

1 An accelerometer using a single weight or vibrating element and not

measuring gradients across distances inside the accelerometer

(which could be used to detect microgravity or tidal forces), cannot

tell the difference between free fall in a gravity field, and weightlessness due to being far from masses and

sources of gravitationhttps://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html

Weightlessness - Sensation of weight

1 Because of the distribution of mass throughout a person's body, the magnitude of the reaction force

varies between a person's feet and head


Weightlessness - A common misconception

1 A common conception about spacecraft orbiting the earth is that they are operating in a gravity free

environment. Although there is a way of making sense of this within the

physics of Einstein's general relativity, within Newtonian physics,

this is technically inaccurate .



1 In Newtonian physics, the sensation of weightlessness experienced by

astronauts is not the result of there being zero gravitational acceleration (as seen from the Earth), but of there

being no g-force that an astronaut can feel because of the free-fall

condition, and also there being zero difference between the acceleration

of the spacecraft and the acceleration of the astronaut



1 A geostationary satellite is of special interest in this context. Unlike other objects in the sky which rise and set,

an object in a geostationary orbit appears motionless in the sky,

apparently defying gravity. In fact, it is in a circular equatorial orbit with a

period of one day.


Weightlessness - Relativity

1 To a modern physicist working with Einstein's general theory of relativity,

the situation is even more complicated than is suggested above


Weightlessness - Relativity

1 In the theory of general relativity, the only gravity which remains for the observer following a falling path or

inertial path near a gravitating body, is that which is due to non-

uniformities which remain in the gravitational field, even for the

falling observer


Weightlessness - Microgravity

1 The term 'micro-g environment' (also 'µg', often referred to by the term 'microgravity') is more or less a

synonym of weightlessness and zero-G, but indicates that g-forces are not

quite zero, just very small.


Weightlessness - Reduced weight in aircraft

1 Airplanes have been used since 1959 to provide a nearly weightless environment in which to train

astronauts, conduct research, and film motion pictures. Such aircraft

are commonly referred by the nickname Vomit Comet.


Weightlessness - Reduced weight in aircraft

1 During this period, the plane's occupants experience about 25

seconds of weightlessness, before experiencing about 25 seconds of 2 g

acceleration (twice their normal weight) during the pull-out from the

parabola


Weightlessness - NASA's Reduced Gravity Aircraft

1 Versions of such airplanes have been operated by NASA's Reduced Gravity Research Program since 1973, where the unofficial nickname originated.

[http://jsc-aircraft-ops.jsc.nasa.gov/Reduced_Gravity/index.html Reduced

Gravity Research Program] NASA later adopted the official nickname 'Weightless Wonder' for publication.

[http://www.nasaexplores.com/show2_articlea.php?id=03-008 NASA

Weightless Wonder] NASA's current Reduced Gravity Aircraft, Weightless Wonder VI, a McDonnell Douglas C-9,

is based at Ellington Field (KEFD), near Lyndon B


Weightlessness - NASA's Reduced Gravity Aircraft

1 NASA's Microgravity University - Reduced Gravity Flight Opportunities

Plan, also known as the Reduced Gravity Student Flight Opportunities

Program, allows teams of undergraduates to submit a

microgravity experiment proposal. If selected, the teams design and

implement their experiment, and students are invited to fly on NASA's

Vomit Comet.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html

Weightlessness - European Space Agency A300 Zero-G

1 ESA flies campaigns of three flights on consecutive days, each flying about 30 parabolas, for a total of

about 10 minutes of weightlessness per flight


Weightlessness - European Space Agency A300 Zero-G

1 Other aircraft it has used include the Russian Ilyushin Il-76 MDK and French Sud Aviation Caravelle|

Caravelle.


Weightlessness - Others

1 The Zero Gravity Corporation, founded in 1993 by Peter Diamandis, Byron Lichtenberg, and Ray Cronise,

operates a modified Boeing 727 which flies parabolic arcs to create 25–30 seconds of weightlessness. Flights may be purchased for both

tourism and research purposes.


Weightlessness - Ground-based drop facilities

1 Ground-based facilities that produce weightless conditions for research

purposes are typically referred to as drop tubes or drop towers.



1 NASA's Zero Gravity Research Facility, located at the Glenn

Research Center in Cleveland, Ohio, is a 145-meter vertical shaft, largely below the ground, with an integral vacuum drop chamber, in which an experiment vehicle can have a free fall for a duration of 5.18 seconds,

falling a distance of 132 meters. The experiment vehicle is stopped in

approximately 4.5 meters of Pelletizing|pellets of expanded

polystyrene and experiences a peak deceleration rate of .



1 Also at NASA Glenn is the 2.2 Second Drop Tower, which has a drop

distance of 24.1 meters. Experiments are dropped in a drag shield, in order to reduce the effects of air drag. The

entire package is stopped in a 3.3 meter tall air bag, at a peak

deceleration rate of approximately . While the Zero Gravity Facility

conducts one or two drops per day, the 2.2 Second Drop Tower can

conduct up to twelve drops per day.



1 NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center hosts another drop tube facility that is 105 meters tall and provides a 4.6 second free fall under near-vacuum

conditions.[http://science.nasa.gov/ssl/msad/dtf/tube.htm Marshall Space

Flight Center Drop Tube Facility]



1 Humans cannot utilize these gravity shafts, as the deceleration

experienced by the drop chamber would likely kill or seriously injure anyone using them; is about the highest deceleration that a fit and

healthy human can withstand momentarily without sustaining

injury.



1 Other drop facilities worldwide include:



1 * Experimental drop tube of the metallurgy department of Grenoble – 3.1 s free fall



1 * Fallturm Bremen University of Bremen in Bremen (city)|Bremen – 4.74 s free fall



1 * Queensland University of

Technology Drop Tower - 2.0 s free fall


Weightlessness - Neutral buoyancy

1 Weightlessness can also be simulated by creating the condition

of neutral buoyancy, in which human subjects and equipment are placed in

a water environment and weighted or buoyed until they hover in place


Weightlessness - Neutral buoyancy

1 Neutral buoyancy is not identical to weightlessness


Weightlessness - Weightlessness in a spacecraft

1 Weightlessness does not occur when a spacecraft is firing its engines or when re-entering the atmosphere, even if the resultant acceleration is

constant



1 Weightlessness in an orbiting spacecraft is physically identical to

free-fall, with the difference that gravitational acceleration causes a net change in the direction, rather

than the magnitude, of the spacecraft's velocity. This is because the acceleration Vector (geometric)|

vector is perpendicular to the velocity vector.



1 In typical free-fall, the acceleration of gravity acts along the direction of an object's velocity, linearly increasing its speed as it falls toward the Earth,

or slowing it down if it is moving away from the Earth


Weightlessness - Weightlessness at the center of a planet

1 The net gravitational force due to a spherically symmetrical planet is zero at the center. This is clear

because of symmetry, and also from Newton's shell theorem which states that the net gravitational force due

to a spherically symmetric shell, e.g., a hollow ball, is zero anywhere inside the hollow space. Thus the material

at the center is weightless.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-weightless-toolkit.html

Weightlessness - Human health effects

1 Following the advent of space stations that can be inhabited for

long periods, exposure to weightlessness has been

demonstrated to have some deleterious effects on human health.

Humans are well-adapted to the physical conditions at the surface of

the Earth. In response to an extended period of weightlessness, various physiological systems begin

to change and atrophy. Though these changes are usually temporary, long

term health issues can result.



1 The most common problem experienced by humans in the initial hours of weightlessness is known as space adaptation syndrome or SAS,

commonly referred to as space sickness



1 Astronauts subject to long periods of weightlessness wear pants with elastic bands attached between

waistband and cuffs to compress the leg bones and reduce osteopenia.

[http://www.spacefuture.com/habitat/healthfitness.shtml Health Fitness],

Space Future Other significant effects include fluid redistribution

(causing the moon-face appearance typical of pictures of astronauts in

weightlessness),[http://www.spacefuture.com/archive/the_pleasure_of_spa

ceflight.shtml The Pleasure of Spaceflight], Toyohiro Akiyama, Journal of Space Technology and Science, Vol.9 No.1 spring 1993,

pp.21-23 a slowing of the cardiovascular system, decreased

production of red blood cells, balance disorders, and a weakening of the

immune system



1 In addition, after long space flight missions, astronauts may experience

severe visual system|eyesight problems.[http://www.cnn.com/video/#/video/us/2012/02/09/pkg-zarrella-astronaut-vision.cnnCNN News (CNN-

TV, 02/09/2012) - Video (02:14) - Male Astronauts Return With Eye

Problems] Such eyesight problems may be a major concern for future

deep space flight missions, including a manned mission to the planet

Mars.



1 On December 31, 2012, a NASA-supported study reported that

manned spaceflight may harm the brains of astronauts and accelerate the onset of Alzheimer's disease.


Weightlessness - Effects on non-human organisms

1 Russian scientists have observed differences between cockroaches

conceived in space and their terrestrial counterparts. The space-conceived cockroaches grew more

quickly, and also grew up to be faster and tougher.



1 Chicken eggs that are put in microgravity two days after

fertilization appear not to develop properly, whereas eggs put in

microgravity more than a week after fertilization develop normally.



1 A 2006 Space Shuttle experiment found that Salmonella typhimurium,

a bacterium that can cause food poisoning, became more virulent

when cultivated in space.


Weightlessness - Technical adaptation in zero-gravity

1 Weightlessness can cause serious problems on technical instruments, especially those consisting of many

mobile parts


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