WELCOME BACK!

Ready? Set? THINK!!!

• Sketch a political map of the United States.

• No. REALLY!

On a different scale…

• Now sketch a map of the world.

• Yes, I am serious!

AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LAND USE

DEVELOPMENT AND DIFFUSION• NEOLITHIC

REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• SECOND AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

• THIRD AG REVOLUTION – w,w,w,w

AG PRODUCTION HEARTHS

• Upper SE Asian Mainland

• Lower SE Asian Mainland

• Eastern India• SWA• East African Highlands

• Meso-America• North-Central China• Mediterranean Basin• Western Sudan• Andean Highlands• Eastern South America

AG PRODUCTION VARIANCES• Nigerian women

spread seeds• Slash and burn in Peru

• Center pivot irrigation in Oregon

AG SYSTEMS in CLIMATE ZONES

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Hunting & Gathering

• Shifting Cultivation(slash-and-burn)

• Pastoral Nomadism

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Subsistence Ag

• Commercial Ag

• Mixed Crop & Livestock

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION

• Dairy Farming

• Grain Farming

• Livestock Ranching

AGRICULTURAL EVOLUTION• Mediterranean Ag

• Commercial Gardening/Fruit Farming

• Plantation Farming

AGRICULTURAL FLOWS

• Columbian Exchange• NAFTA

von THUNEN MODEL

• Originator of spatial models

• Focused on maximizing the profit from his agricultural lands

von THUNEN MODEL

• “Isolated state” – no trade connections

• Possessed only one market

• Located centrally in the state

• Uniform soil, climate, level of terrain

• All farmers lived equal distance from market and had equal access to it

• Farmers sought maximum profits

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

von THUNEN MODEL

THIRD AG REVOLUTION• The complex of seed and

management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland

• 1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• 1965-1983 average yields• Rice 52%; Wheat 66%;

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Advancements in PINGS (Mali) has helped delay famine and extended life expectancies

• PEDS haven’t slowed down – always pushing to find new technologies

THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• HIGH INPUT – HIGH YIELD CROPS• New variations of seeds/plants

• Irrigation• Mechanization

• Fertilization• Use of pesticides• More food

THIRD AG REVOLUTION• Irrigation has destroyed large tracts of

land

• Ground water depletion• Conflict between agricultural societies

and urban sprawl

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THIRD AG REVOLUTION

• Increased mechanization

• Development of

biotechnology

HOPES & FEARS ABOUT THE FUTURE

• Will we be able to produce enough food for the world’s people? At what cost – economic and environmental?

POLITCAL GEOGRAPHY

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Territoriality• The attempt by an individual or group to

affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Sovereignty

Principle that final authority over social, economic, and political matters should rest with the legitimate rulers of independent states and be recognized by other states and codified by international law

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Unitary State• An internal

organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Federal State• Allocation of

strong power to units of local government within the country

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Democratization

The transition to a more democratic political regime

POLITICAL DEFINITIONSNation

• a group of people who possess common cultural traits

• Kurdistan

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

• State• a political entity that possesses

sovereignty over an area delimited by internationally recognized boundaries

• Mexico

POLITICAL DEFINITIONS

Nation-state

• a political unit that contains one principal national group that gives it its identity and defines its territory

• Japan

RISE OF NATION-STATES1. in response to the rise of nationalist political

philosophies during the 18th century 2. humans want to be close to those of similar

background 3. necessary and logical component of the transition from feudalism to capitalism

4. logical accompaniment of economic growth based on expanding technologies 5. arose from the collapse of local communities and the need for effective communication within a large unit

GROWTH THEORIES

1. Size will increase as culture develops

2. Growth of a state is subsequent to other manifestations of the growth of the people

3. Growth from a process of annexing smaller members

4. Boundaries are peripheral organs that take part in all transformations of the state

RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH

GROWTH THEORIES

5. As state grows, it will strive to occupy some politically valuable locations

6. Initial stimulus for growth is external

7. Tendency to grow continually increases in intensity

RATZEL’S SEVEN LAWS OF SPATIAL GROWTH

GROWTH THEORIES

What connection is there between these growth theories and the concepts of

Environmental Determinism and

Possiblism?

GROWTH THEORIES

Wallerstein’s World Systems

• World is divided into three spheres:

core

semi periphery

periphery

Colonialism and Imperialism• Core – higher levels of

education, salaries, more technology

• Semi-periphery – transition between the two

• Periphery – lower levels of education, salaries, less technology

INFLUENCE OF ETHNICITY

Ethnic homogeneity of countries vary, but the extent of a state’s cultural diversity often influences its political stability

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

Ethnic diversity can be a strong centrifugal force – leading to civil disorder, international conflict, unspeakable human rights abuses Yugoslavia

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

Centripetal ForcesUnifying tendencies,

such as a widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

SupranationalismOrganization

involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives

CHANGES IN POLITICAL ARRANGEMENTS

DevolutionProcess by which

regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growth authority at the expense of central government

BOUNDARIES

I. Generic Boundaries

• identified on the basis of their inherent characteristics

• natural or physical, ethnographic or cultural, historical, geometric

BOUNDARIESI. Generic Boundaries: • Natural boundary follows a river or

mountain range

arguments over mineral and usage rights, bridge construction and maintenance, territory lost as a result of course changes over time

BOUNDARIES

• Ethnographic boundary

Cultural differences mark separation

Partition of India

BOUNDARIES• GeometricUsing grid

systems such as latitude and longitude or township and range

BOUNDARIESCompact StateDistance from center

to any boundary does not vary significantly

Prorupted StateCompact state with a

large projecting extension

BOUNDARIESFragmented State

Includes several discontinuous pieces of territory

Perforated State

A state that completely surrounds another one

BOUNDARIES

Elongated State

States with long and narrow shape