WELCOME- CREDIT SEMINAR

Occurrence and Prevention of Production Related Problems in Dairy Animals

Major AdvisorDr U. Krishnamoorthy PhD Professor and HeadDepartment - LPMVeterinary college Bangalore Biradar Satish Chandra PhD I st Year

CONTENTS Statistics - Livestock population. - Milk production. Status of feed and fodder of country. Quality of milk. Milk procurement and processing. Calf mortality and heifer raising. Breed and breeding policy. Production related problems . Conclusion.

THOUSANDS AGR% 2003 2007 2003-2007 R U T R U T R U T

TOTAL MILK PRODUCTION(MT) AND PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF MILK(G)

STATISTICS INFERENCE (MILLION)

Female

Male Total In milk

F:M Ratio

AGR milk Female %

AGR total %

Share of milk %

AMY

Ind 89.23

76.77

166.01

48.04

53:47

.63 1.83 25 1.39 L/D

Cross breeds

26.21

6.84 33.0 14.4 75:25

6.42 7-8 23 5.17 L/D

Buffaloes

85.74

19.5 105.34

48.0 78:22

.74 1.84 52 4 L/D

Resource 2005 2012-2013

Available Required

% Deficit

Available Required

% Deficit

Dry fodder 365 412 11 382 422 10

Concentrates 34 47 28 36 56 35

Green fodder

126 193 35 133 199 33

Total 526 652 19 551 676 19

Demand and supply of feed and fodder resources (million tones)

Wide gap between demand and supply

Likely to be wider by 2020 (reduced land for cultivation, dwarf varieties of crops, breeding varieties for higher grain yield, fodder availability ??)

Hence requires multipronged approach for resource management

(Birthal 2000, IGFRI 2010)

FOOD PRODUCTION VS FODDER PRODUCTION 245 MT food grains

produced, apart from, milk, meat, vegetable and fruits. 95% land used.

194 MT food grains consumed.

One fifth or more land can be spared.

Land used will further enhance food production – quality nutrients.

5% grains are used for 550 million livestock population. And less than 5 % land is used fodder production.

20% land used for fodder production- Milk prod.

- Manure - Food prod.

Wastage can be avoided. No need to spend money for

detoxification.

Economic Survey 2010.

CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION

CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION: CONSTRAINTS

In India – Challenge. Indian dairy- Small holders - 1-3 animals. Milk is produced by masses. Unique production, processing and

marketing. Pricing policy of milk.

CLEAN AND SAFE MILK:

“ Milk drawn from the udder of healthy animal, collected in clean, dry milking pail free from extraneous material like dirt, dust, flies, hay, manure etc.

Normal flavor with low bacterial count- Safe for human consumption.

Raw milk quality – Composition -- Hygiene(SCC BC)

PACKAGE OF PRACTICES

First few drops stripped each teat- Strip cup test. Pre milking stimulation- 10-20 sec. Milk completely else residue milk- Mastitis. Clean pails, milkers, dress etc. Feed and fodder should be clear of contaminants

and moulds . Feeding of Vit E and Se. (Bouwstra et al., 2010) Assess the feed for quality safety and

palatability before using. Health- Vaccination, Testing separating sick

animals.

MILK PROCESSING

Country produces 127 MT milk annually. Processed- 30%

Unprocessed- 60% Domestic consumption- 10%

o Unprocessed milk is still in great demand due to following reason.o Cheap rateo Availabilityo Sweet marts

LOW YIELDERS

Depend upon crop residue- 5-7 MJ/Kg and 3% CP.

Green grass and dry fodder – Vol. intake 2% BW.

Conc. generally not fed. Suffer from both energy and protein

deficiency. BW – max 150-300 Kg. MY – 1-2 liter /D. Simple suppl.: 400g maize+150g GNC+50-100

MM Maize-12-14 MJ /Kg (5MJ) GNC- 60 g (150

g)

SOLIDS NOT FAT (LOW SNF)

Low SNF is generally due to low protein in the diet.

Supply protein to the diet. 8.5 %-cow(3.5% as fat) and 10% - Buff (5.5%) Cow weighing 400 Kg—2.5% DM—10 Kg 3.5 Kg-- Green grass (15 Kg) 3.5 Kg-- dry grass 3.0 Kg-- Conc. - absence of green grass compensated with

gram husk or dry fodder. Every rise in .1 unit of SNF needs 100g of maize. Low fat and SNF is also due to Society recording

system.

CALF MORTALITY AND HEIFER AVAILABILITY

Colostrum. Milk allowance--3 m. One tenth wt of BW—30 Kg –1.5 kg BID. 1m– 100g/d –grains given to stimulate rumen ,

increase 100g monthly till ASM(14m)—ADWG—500g/D—210 kg BW.

Normally suffer from protein deficiency. Feed Legumes— dried2-3 kg or green grass—5-7 kg Calf starters –2m –20% CP, 70% TDN. Worm load—10d and three monthly. Since calf rearing is not given much importance

hence shortage of heifers.

BREED AND BREEDING 1930-40: AI Major thrust on MY increase Upto2000: CB to increase MY and emphasis to improve

indigenous animals was less. Cant go ahead-Need balance. 50-62.5% exotic inheritance-reaching pure lines—inter

se mating. Indigenous animals improved-- Dairy breeds--proper

records and selection 8-10 generations(40-60 years). Interval method– 15 d once recording—Selection

practiced.—Incentives. Coordinated efforts of all development agencies—KMF,

KLDA, Univ, state govt. and farmers to work in cooperative manner.

PRODUCTION RELATED PROBLEMS

Transition period- 3weeks prior to 3 weeks after.

Important period ,Hormonal changes occur. Cow prepares for parturition and lactation. GH,T4, Progesteron, Estrogen,

Glucocorticoides and Prolactin. Immunosupression, plasma insulin.

(Kuntz et al.,1985 Chew et al., 1979)

o Late pregnancy- Decreased DMI- Fat mobilization

(Holtenius2003)NEFA twice increased (Grum et

al.,)

All the metabolic disease are interrelated.

Calving—Changes rumen dynamics. Starchy diet- Lactate and propionate prod. Fibrous diet- Cellulytic bacterial. During dry period- 50 % absorptive surf lost.

(Bacic et al.,2006)

o Sudden grain diet after calving—lactate, pH is reduced, VFA absorption hampered along with reduced DMI and decreased immunological status. (Goff & Horst1997)

o Indian condition – sale of animals at parturition.- Avoid pen moves, hierarchy and sudden diet change.

INDICATORS OF EXISTENCE OF PRODUCTION PROBLEM:

10-15% of herd. Increased infection and poor response to

vaccination. Weak, silent heat and low conception.. Fat and SNF reduced by 0.2 - 0.3% Off flavored milk. Decreased milk production or peak lactation. 10% BCS. Depressed DMI.

PREVENTION

Balanced ration-CP, soluble intake protein, NDF, Mineral content especially during dry period.

Avoid concentrates overfeeding. Dry- <30 DM.

Post calving-50-55 %.o Sod bicarbonate recently calved -20go Good quality forages -2weeks before and 6

weeks after and avoid fermentable CHO during this period.

o Ca bolus 75g after calving.o B comp bolus 100g.o Encourage feed liked by the animal.

KETOSIS Reasons are high energy demand and low energy intake,

fat gets mobilized—Increased NEFA(1000 microeq/L—gets oxidised on liver mitochodria—TG—Incoplete oxidation of NEFA.

Infection may complicate ketosis. Avoid obesity and too thin cow especially in dry period.

Maximize DMI good quality roughages. Niacin is fed orally 6g- 2-4 weeks prior and 12 weeks

after calving. Prevents mobilization.(Dufvaet al., 1983)

Avoid sudden change of ration. (Agenas et al.,2003) Once disease occurs-300g of propylene glycol-days.

(Pickett et al.,2003) Niacin-12 g daily for 1-2 weeks. Inj-6 mg of Vit B12 and IV Glucose.

MILK FEVER

MILK FEVER 6% dairy cattle affected, 9-10 mgdl- normal , < 5 mgdl.

(Goff,2000) Ca needed for Ach release –Can’t get up. Balance ration throughout dry period, avoid

low and high Ca in dry period. Concentrates last 4-8 weeks-0.5-0.8 %BW Vit D 15,000-25,000 IU/D/A Once disease occurs

Calcium boroglucanate Calcium boluses Vit D3 i/m 10mill IU

PREVENTION

Reduce dietary Na & K—difficult , alpha alpha Add anion Hcl -- reduce alkalosis, mild

acidosis. 40-50g of P /cow/day <25g- DCS > 80g -

MF

(Cox,1998)o 15g of Ca 10 d prior –negative Ca balance—

Stimulate parathyroid– Vit D produced.o Oral Ca drench at calving.

UDDER EDEMA:

UDDER EDEMA Excessive accumulation of fluid intercellular space. High incidence– Pregnant heifers (Erb &Grohn,1988)

Older cows. (Hays & Albright,!966)o Discomfort to animal, Udder injury and Teat injury.o Reduces milk yield.o Prone for mastitis.o Pregnant heifers 7-8 kg conc/d. -Increase incid Vs no conc.

(Emery et al., 1969)o Obese cows more prone. (Vigue,1963)o Excessive intake of Na, K. (Jones et al., 1984)o Fertilizer app improve alpha alpha. (Sanders & Sanders

1981)o CaCl and anionic salt with diuretics—First week.o Adequate Vit E, Cu, Mg, Zn, Mn, Se – diet. (Tucket et al.,

1992)

GRASS TETANY

Cows grazing on high N, K and low Mg, Na- (Littledike et

al.,1993)o Hypocalcaemia— Aggravateso 10-15 g Mg– Pregnant cow/d o 30g Mg – Lactating cow/d Prevents o Mg unpalatable getting into animal is

difficult.o 60 MgO in grain is successful.

DISPLACED ABOMASUM Transition period is at risk. LDA – 85 % cases. Risk pd.- 3w before 4 weeks after calving.

Cows with high BCS and dried off - Risk due to Poor DMI

(Coppocket al.,1982)• Increase grain in diet slowly after calving @.25kg to

peak yield.• Grains divided in three equal parts.• Decreased Ca around calving– contractility of

abomasum decreased– DA

RP AND METRITIS 12-14 h. Metritis often associated with RP. Causes: Dystocia– RP, Metritis –3-4 times.

( Erb et al., 1995) Twinning Short dry period Mycotoxins Stress, Hereditary, Milk fever Immunosupression Toxins, Low PGF2Nutritional causes:Def of energy and protein8% CP in dry period- 50 % RP Vs 15% CP –20%

(Morrow,1996)Cows with milk fever, fat cows- 2 times prone ( Miller ,

1993)

Treatment:

Diets Se .12 mg/kg Incidence is lower.Vit E 1000 IU/cow/d

CONCLUSION:

Indian condition problems different from other countries– Need to address core issue of bringing more area under fodder cultivation.

Our problems are decreased availability of DM, feeds, fodder, greens and concentrates.

This leads to loss of quality and quantity. BCS, Arched back, Hoof problems. Non development of indigenous cattle aggravates

problem. High time to think Producing our own parent stock

of Dairy breeds rather importing temperate breeds.

Practical problems- Indian condition.

Thank You