welcome to a presentation on group dynamics courtesy of: the curtain closers
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Welcome to a Presentation on Group Dynamics Courtesy of: The CURTAIN CLOSERS (a.k.a. Brooke, Jessica, Suzie, Jess, & Kayla). What is group dynamics?. Group dynamics. Group dynamics refers to what is HAPPENING IN GROUPS Refers to complex forces that are acting upon every thought - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Welcome to a Presentation on
Group DynamicsCourtesy of:
The CURTAIN CLOSERS(a.k.a. Brooke, Jessica, Suzie, Jess, & Kayla)
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What is group
dynamics?
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Group dynamics • Group dynamics refers to what is HAPPENING IN
GROUPS• Refers to complex forces that are acting upon
every thought• DYNAMICS ARE ALWAYS MOVING, DOING
SOMETHING, CHANGING
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The History of Group Dynamics
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The History of Group Dynamics
•The study of small group behavior is a relatively modern development.
It’s a sub-discipline of social psychology
•Group research was a popular topic within social psychology in North America during the ‘40s, ‘50s, and ‘60s.
Many of the studies during this time were done in controlled, artificial laboratory settings with short-term groups.
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The History of Group Dynamics Continued…
• The Michigan School
• The Harvard School
• The Illinois School
The Schools of Research
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The History of Group Dynamics Continued…
• Was called this because many of the it’s early researchers came from the University of Michigan.
• Treated groups as social systems that influence members.
• The bulk of the work that from the Michigan School perspective was laboratory experimental, involving groups of strangers, working under artificial conditions, and for short time periods.
The Michigan School
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The History of Group Dynamics Continued…
• Treated groups as social systems for patterning human interaction.
• Was called this because much of it was inspired by and built around R. F. Bales and his colleagues at Harvard University.
The Harvard School
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The History of Group Dynamics Continued…
• Was called this because a lot of its contributors had a connection with the University of Illinois.
• Treated groups as systems for getting tasks performed.
• A relatively small portion of work from this perspective tried to explore systematically the differential effects of various input conditions of group performance of tasks of different types.
The Illinois School
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The History of Group Dynamics Continued…
• By the late ’60s and early ‘70s group research suffered.– Because each school had distinct objectives,
none of the schools really paid attention to each other.
– As a result, Each school eventually reached the limits of what could be learned within that closely bound paradigm
Weaknesses of the Different Schools
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The History of Group Dynamics Continued…
• Research flourished simultaneously in a number of other disciplines like organizational behavior, speech communication, and political science.– The study of small groups in other fields
blended work from more than just one of the schools.
However…
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Important Figures
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Kurt Lewin
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The Basics• Considered to be the founder of this whole movement to study groups scientifically
• Coined the term “group dynamics”
• Definition: the way groups react to changing circumstances
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Roots: Gestalt psychology- theory and practice, laboratory techniques applies to social behavior (evident in T-Groups TBD)
Interested in how group interactions can be uniform, like identifying patterns of behavior
And More Lewin
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More Lewin2 Ideas Within Group Dynamics:
- interdependence of fate (individual’s fate depends on the group’s fate)
- and task interdependence (group becomes a group because they share a common objective)
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T-Groups•National Training Laboratories:A training program for groups, now used for team building• Was partly used for research- it is a laboratory method with observation by trainers and researchers• It is individual learning for participants, you can learn about yourself, how you interact with others• Totally focused on the process• Feedback is key
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T-Group Objectives(a lot like what we’re learning in core)
• Increase your understanding of group development and dynamics. • Gaining a better understanding of the underlying social processes
at work within a group (looking under the tip of the iceberg) • Increase interpersonal skills • Experiment with changes in your behavior • Increase your skill in facilitating group effectiveness. • Increase your awareness of your own feelings in the moment; and
offer you the opportunity to accept responsibility for your feelings. • Increase your ability to manage and utilize conflict. • Increase your understanding of the impact of your behavior on
others. • Increase your sensitivity to others' feelings. • Increase your ability to give and receive feedback. • Increase your ability to learn from your own and a group's
experience.
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Robert F. Bales
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Basics• Professor at Harvard, where he received his PhD
• His research focused on interpersonal interaction in small groups and searched for reoccurring patterns- influenced by Kurt Lewin
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Bale’s Coding systemsFirst coding system was IPA (Interactive Process Analysis), which was used to classify group behavior into task- and relationship-oriented behaviors
This then developed into SYMLOG (Systematic Multiple Level Observation of Groups) in 1970
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SYMLOGA method of rating or scoring group interaction by an observer or by the participants themselvesThe multiple levels are: non-verbal and verbal behaviors with sublevels within those, also the identification of judgments
Simplified rating form: Reading was an example of a SYMLOG questionnaire
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Adjective Ratings“Dominance/submission. Is this member active, outgoing, and talkative - or passive, quiet and introverted?Friendliness/unfriendliness. Is this member warm, open and positive – or negative and irritable?Acceptance of authority/non-acceptance of authority. Is this member analytical, and task-oriented – or emotional, untraditional and (possibly) resentful?” (http://www.infed.org/thinkers/robert_freed_bales.htm)
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Additional information
on group dynamics
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Topics in Group dynamics• Group development:
• 1. Forming: comes together and gets to know one another• 2. Storming: a chaotic vying for leadership• 3. Norming: eventually agreement on group operation• 4. Performing: the group practices is crafted and becomes effective in
its meaning objectives• 5. Adjourning: in forming the group
• Group Size: optimal is between 6-16• Risky Shift: the risks people take individually versus what
they will do in groups• Social Support• Group Mix• Group Norms
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Group culture • Small groups form their own culture• “Small groups evolve ideals and traditional ways of doing
things, and those ideals and traditions also become normative.“ (Wilson & Hanna, p.39)
• For successful group a collectivist culture needs to take precedence over the individual needs• Collectivist Culture: a culture that values group needs
and goals more than individual needs and goals
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Group culture • A shared culture allows for group goals to be formed• Knowing each goal• Halfway measure enforcing emerging norms that each
member had on an assignment• Encouraging each other
• This aids in building a NORM of quality within the group
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Group Dynamics: Important Terms
• Group Form• Norm• Statuses• Role• Network
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Group Dynamics: Group Form
• Group form is also known as composition. Within group form are the concepts of:– Norms– Status– Roles– Network
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Group Norms• GROUP NORMS: standards behavior of groups
impose on their members• Group rules are created• The do’s and the don’ts that result from the
interactions of group members over time• Standard model/pattern of behavior form
• Norms evolve!
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Evolution of Group Norms• 1. Collective evaluation: shared beliefs about what should be
doing• 2. Collective expectation: predictions of what people will do
rather than what they ought to• This creates a group truth
• 3. Reaction to behavior/adaptation to behavior• **EVOLUTION of norms is important to group and can help
with success and cohesiveness• If there are damaging norms groups can• Identify the concern• Ask group members to discuss their perceptions• Finally find an agreement to grow from
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Group Structure• This is the how and what of group communication• Communication networks are complex in the organization but
can establish hierarchy for its members • Groups can without any trail and notion can work on
communication patterns – TRIAL AND ERROR• In five person networks• Wheel and chain type of communication pattern is
more efficient since it centralizes on the network• Centralized networks are useful for solving complex
problems
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Group Dynamics: Status•Status: A positive or negative position based off of one’s power, prestige, access to resources, and other means.•Types of Status:• Ascribed (Given)• Achieved (Earned)•Social Stratification: A categorization of individuals based off of their power and wealth in a given society. • Major-Race, Ethnicity, gender, etc. • Hidden- Age, weight, disability, etc.
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Group Dynamics: Development
• There are many new ways of how to form groups, which then in turn creates different ways of having group dynamics.– Reasons why ascribed and achieved
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Group Dynamics: Network
• Network: Patterns of connection among a set group of points.
• Wheel-Centralized• Chain- Serial/Compare parallel• Circle- Closed• Completely Connected-Distributed• Redundantly Connected-Districted
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• Your role is the part you play in a group.• Formal roles: are assigned on the basis of a
member's formal position or title and are sometimes called positional roles.
• Informal roles: sometimes called behavioral roles, are the parts people play that reflect their personality traits, habits, and behaviors in the group.
Group Roles
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Role Functions in a small GroupTask Roles: Encompass behaviors that contribute to the accomplishment of the group’s task.
• Initiating and orienting• Information giving• Information seeking• Opinion giving• Clarifying
• Elaborating• Summarizing• Consensus testing• Recording• Suggesting Procedure
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Maintenance Roles: Incorporate those behaviors that help the group maintain harmonious relationships and a cohesive interpersonal climate.
Establishing normsSupportingHarmonizingTension relievingDramatizingShowing solidarity
Role Functions in a small Group
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Individual Roles: Consist of self-centered behaviors.
• With drawing• Blocking• Status seeking and
recognition seeking• Playing• Acting helpless
Role Functions in a small Group
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Bibliography• Galanes, A. (2009). Communication in groups: Application and skills. New Yory: Frank Mortimer• Heiss, D. (2000). SYMLOG Questionnaires. Indiana University. Retrieved from:
www.psychology.sbc.edu/Kurt%20Lewin.htm• Forsyth, D. (1997). The scientific study of groups: An editorial. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and
Practice, 1(1), 3-6. • Knowles M. & Knowles H. (1959) Introduction to group dynamics. Broadway, NY. Association Pres.• Light Bryan Consulting. (n. d.). The history of group dynamics. Retrieved from
http://www.lightbryan.com/explain/grouphistory.html• Kagan, J., Kelman, H. C., Stone, P. J., & Mahler, B. A. (2005). Robert Freed Bales. Retrieved from
http://www.news.harvard.edu/gazette/2006/04.20/20-mm.html• McGrath, J. (1997). Small group research, that once and future field: An interpretation of the past with an eye
to the future. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(1), 7-27.• Neill, J. (2007, April 3). Group dynamics, processes & development. Retrieved from
http://wilderdom.com/Group.html#Introduction• Payne, K. J. (2005, March 30). Group Dynamics. Retrieved July 11, 2010, from :
http://outopia.org/teach/socpsy/SPSY4-gd.pdf• Scanzoni, J. (1983). Review: Untitled. The American Journal of Sociology, 88(4), pp. 814-816.• Smith, M. K. (2001). Kurt Lewin, groups, experiential learning and action research. The encyclopedia of
informal education. Retrieved from: http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-lewin.htm • Smith, M. K. (2008). Robert Freed Bales, Group observation and interaction processes. The encyclopedia of
informal education. Retrieved from: http://www.infed.org/thinkers/robert_freed_bales.htm