Welcome to CMPE003 Personal

Computers: Hardware and

SoftwareDr. Chane FullmerDr. Chane Fullmer

Fall 2002Fall 2002

UC Santa CruzUC Santa Cruz

October 4, 2002 2

Assignments

No late assignments will be accepted

2nd HomeworkDue Now!!

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Assignments

Homework #3 – Due October 18 Design your own Webpage Keep in mind ---

• The world at large will see your page• Don’t put private or sensitive information on

your Webpage. Details and sample – see class page –

http://www.soe.ucsc.edu/classes/cmpe003/Fall02/

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Midterm #1 Friday – October 11

Chapters 1 – 5 ~50 questions Multiple choice

• Bring Scantron form• #F-1712-ERI-L (big & pink)

Bring your student ID• Required to take exam

The Central Processing Unit:

What Goes on Inside the Computer

Chapter 4Part b

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Objectives

Identify the components of the central processing unit and how they work together and interact with memory

Describe how program instructions are executed by the computer

Explain how data is represented in the computer Describe how the computer finds instructions and data

Describe the components of a microcomputer system unit’s motherboardList the measures of computer processing speed and explain the approaches that increase speed

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Number systemsBinary Number: base 2 on and off 0,1 ones=20, twos=21, fours=22, etc 0000 0000 = 0 base 10 0000 0001 = 1 base 10 0000 0010 = 2 base 10 0000 0011 = 3 base 10 0000 1010 = 10 base 10

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Binary Number System We have 10 fingers

Computers have devices with 2 states

... 1000 100 10 1

... 10^3 10^2 10^1 10^0

1 0 0 1 1 the binary number

2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0 place values

(1 * 2^4) + (0 * 2^3) + (0 * 2^2) + (1 * 2^1) + (1 * 2^0)

= 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 19

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Hexadecimal Numbers

Hexadecimal Number: base 16 alternative representation to binary 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F ones=160, sixteens=161, 256's=162, etc translation of hex into binary 0000 0000 = 0 base 16 = 0 base 10 0000 0001 = 1 base 16 = 1 base 10 0000 1010 = A base 16 = 10 base 10 0001 0000 = 10 base 16 = 16 base 10

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Hexadecimal Table

0000 0 1000 8

0001 1 1001 9

0010 2 1010 A (10)

0011 3 1011 B (11)

0100 4 1100 C (12)

0101 5 1101 D (13)

0110 6 1110 E (14)

0111 7 1111 F (15)

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Hexadecimal Example #1 Hexadecimal (called ‘hex’) is often

written with a prefix of ‘0x’ 0xFF or 0xff

0xFF = 1111 1111 = (0xF * 16^1) + (0xF * 16^0) = (15 * 16) + (15 * 1) = 240 + 15 = 255

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Hexadecimal Example #2 0x10 = 0001 0000

= (0x1 * 16^1) + (0x0 * 16^0) = (1 * 16) + (0 * 1) = 16 + 0 = 16

0xA5 = 1010 0101 = (0xA * 16^1) + (0x5 * 16^0) = (10 * 16) + (5 * 1) = 160 + 5 = 165

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The System UnitThe Black Box

Houses electronic components Motherboard Storage devices Connections

Some Apple Macintosh models have system unit inside monitor

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The System UnitThe Black Box

Motherboard Microprocessor chip Memory chips Connections to other parts

of the hardware Additional chips may be

added – math coprocessor

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The System UnitThe Black Box

Storage Devices

Hard driveFloppy drive

CD-ROM driveDVD-ROM drive

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What is in our computer?

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Table Camera view of Motherboard

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Microprocessor

CPU etched on a chip Chip size is ¼ x ¼ inch Composed of silicon Contains millions of

transistors Electronic switches that can

allow current to pass through

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Microprocessor Components

Control Unit – CU Arithmetic / Logic Unit – ALU Registers System clock

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Building a Better Microprocessor Computers imprint circuitry onto

microchips Cheaper Faster

Perform functions of other hardware Math coprocessor is now part of

microprocessor Multimedia instructions are now part of

microprocessor

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Building a Better Microprocessor

The faster the computer runs The cheaper it is to make The more reliable it is

The more functions that are combined on a microprocessor:

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Types of Microprocessors

Intel Pentium Celeron Xeon Itanium

Intel-compatible

Cyrix AMD

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Types of Microprocessors PowerPC

Cooperative efforts of Apple, IBM, and Motorola

Used in Apple Macintosh family of PCs Found in servers and embedded systems

Alpha Manufactured by Compaq (formerly DEC) High-end servers and workstations

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Semiconductor Memory Reliable Compact Low cost Low power usage Mass-produced economically Volatile Made up of tiny circuits, each

able to represent ‘0’ or ‘1’ (bits)

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Semiconductor MemoryCMOS

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

Uses little electricity Used in PC to store hardware settings

that are needed to boot the computer Retains information with current from

battery

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RAM Keeps the instructions and data for

current program Data in memory can be accessed

randomly Easy and speedy access Volatile Can be Erased Written over

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Types of RAM

SRAM (Static RAM) Retains contents as long as power is

maintained Faster than DRAM

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Types of RAMDRAM (Dynamic RAM) Must be constantly refreshed Used for most PC memory because of

size and cost SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

faster type of DRAM RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)

Faster than SDRAM Expensive

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Adding RAM Purchase memory modules that are

packaged on circuit boards SIMMS – Chips on one side DIMMS – Chips on both sides Maximum amount of RAM that can be

installed is based upon the motherboard design

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Table Camera view of Memory Modules

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ROM Programs and data that are

permanently recorded at the factory Read-only Cannot be changed by the user Stores boot routine that is activated

when computer is turned on Non-volatile

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PROM Programmable ROM ROM burner can change

instructions on some type of ROM chips

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Bus Line Paths that transport electrical signals System bus

Transports data between the CPU and memory

Bus width Number of bits of data that can be carried

at a time Normally the same as the CPUs word size

Speed measured in MHz

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Bus Line

CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions

CPU can support a greater number and variety of instructions

Larger bus width = More powerful computer

CPU can transfer more data at a time = Faster computer

CPU can reference larger memory

addresses= More memory

available

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Expansion Buses

Connect the motherboard to expansion slots

Plug expansion boards into slots interface cards adapter cards

Provides for external connectors / ports Serial Parallel

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Expansion Buses

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PC Buses and Ports

ISA Slow-speed devices like mouse, modem

PCI High-speed devices like hard disks and network cards

AGP Connects memory and graphics card for faster video performance

USB Supports “daisy-chaining” eliminating the need for multiple expansion cards; hot-swappable

IEEE 1394 (FireWire)

High-speed bus connecting video equipment to the computer

PC CardPCMCIA

Credit card sized PC card devices normally found on laptops

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What is in our computer?

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Speed and Power

What makes a computer fast? Microprocessor speed Bus line size Availability of cache

L1 & L2 Flash memory RISC computers Parallel processing

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Computer Processing Speed

Time to execute an instruction Millisecond Microsecond Nanosecond

Modern computers Picosecond

In the future

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Microprocessor Speed Clock speed

Megahertz (MHz) Gigahertz (GHz)

Number of instructions per second Millions of Instructions Per Second (MIPS)

Performance of complex mathematical operations One million floating-point operations per

second (Megaflops – MFLOPS)

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Cache

Small block of very fast temporary memory

Speed up data transfer Instructions and data used most

frequently or most recently

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Cache

Step 1Processor

requests data or instructions

Step 2Go to address in main

memory and read

Step 3Transfer to main CPU and cache

Next processor request• Look first at cache• Go to memory

PROCESSOR

R

A

M

Cache

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Types of Cache Internal cache

Level 1 (L1) Built into microprocessor Up to 128KB

External cache Level 2 (L2) Separate chips 256KB or 512 KB SRAM technology Cheaper and slower than L1 Faster and more expensive than memory

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Flash Memory Nonvolatile RAM Used in

Cellular phones Digital cameras Digital music recorders PDAs

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Instruction Sets

CISC TechnologyComplex Instruction Set Computing Conventional computers Many of the instructions are not used

RISC TechnologyReduced Instruction Set Computing Small subset of instructions Increases speed Programs with few complex instructions

• Graphics• Engineering

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Types of Processing

Serial processing Execute one instruction at a time Fetch, decode, execute, store

Parallel Processing Multiple processors used at the same time Can perform trillions of floating-point

instructions per second (teraflops) Ex: network servers, supercomputers

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Types of Processing Pipelining

Instruction’s action need not be complete before the next begins

Fetch instruction 1, begin to decode and fetch instruction 2

Super Scalar Executes multiple

instructions per cycle

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