Welcome to Day 22 & Almost End of Term!

REVIEW FOR THE FINAL EXAM

Day 22 – Review for the ExamGet any missing assignments in by

Wednesday at the latest.Reminder that the exam will be in class

on Wednesday. It will cover Chapters 10 t0 17, and a little bit of 20.

Review PPTs, chapters (esp. the summaries), and your own notes.

It will be a mix of short answers, essay questions, and a few true/ false and/or multiple choice.

What do you think the 10 most important points or messages are from this course?

Day 22 – Review for the Exam

I would include the following:that Geography looks at human-environment

relationships, but especially in a spatial context;

that one can’t understand anything properly without looking at as part of a larger system, with multiple interacting parts;

that a key part of systems are positive and negative feedback cycles (examples?)

that humans have now become a largest factor influencing environmental change through PAT (does anyone remember what that stands for?)

Day 22 – Review for the Examthat the biggest impact humans are having

(and one that affects many others) is climate change, and that this will affect us too;

That climate change and other issues shows that the four spheres are very much interrelated;

that human impacts can and must be understood in terms of carrying capacity/ limits to growth (the environmental side) and ecological footprint (the collective human side);

that, while human population has grown enormously, it is also subject to the demographic transition;

Day 22 – Review for the Examthat lots of positive things are being done to

address the ecological crisis (there are alternatives, and these need to address the ecological, social, and economic dimensions of the crisis);

that to solve the ecological crisis, we need to understand how to make change, at both a social and individual level, and we also need to understand what our own particular strengths are so that we can match our talents to the tasks at hand.

There may be some questions pertaining to these overall points on the exam.

Day 22 – Review for the ExamFor chapter info, starting with Chapter 10:oWhat role is played by forests?oHow has the percentage of the Earth covered by forests changed over the last 200 years?oMajor forest biomesoAlternatives to clear-cut logging and the impacts ofoCauses of deforestation and threats to forestsoPolicies regarding burningoForest certificationoParks and protected areas

Day 22 – Review for the ExamChapter 11 (Freshwater): Arid countries tend to use their water mostly for…?

a) Developing industriesb) Agriculturec) Householdsd) Export to rich countries

Globally the majority of water is used for what?

Why will water become the gold of the twenty-first century, and what might the implications be?

Which of the following statements is not a benefit of dams?

a) Habitat improvementb) Power generationc) Crop irrigationd) Shipping

Pollution is defined as “the release of matter or energy into the environment that causes ______”?

a) Undesirable impacts on human healthb) Undesirable impacts on other organismsc) Undesirable impacts on human well-beingd) All of the above are included in the

definitionWhich of the following is a non-point source of water pollution?

a) A factoryb) Sewer pipesc) Agricultural fieldsd) All are non-point sources

What are major sources of water pollution?

a) It is more water efficient to produce vegetables

b) It is more water efficient to produce meat

c) Vegetable and meat production are relatively alike in water consumption

d) There is little correlation between water consumption and our diet

WHAT CONCLUSION CAN YOU DRAW FROM THIS GRAPH?

CHAPTER 12: Marine EcosystemsAn area where rivers flow into the ocean is called a(n) …?

a) Estuaryb) Mangrove swampc) Salt marshd) Coral reef

Marine reserves have all the following benefits except:

a) Fishing increases in the reserveb) The size of fish increasesc) Larvae can “seed” areas outside the

reserved) Decreased mortality and habitat

destruction

a) China will be a major player in applying fishing pressure

b) China will be playing a smaller role in applying fishing pressure

c) The world will decrease its fishing pressure

d) Canada is not included in this graph

WHAT IS SHOWN BY THIS GRAPH?

What is the major causes behind declining fisheries?

Chapter 13: Air PollutionWhat are the major sources of air

pollution?What are the major health impacts?Any success stories?Which pollutants have been going up

and which down in North America?What about the deterioration of the

ozone layer?Has this been resolved and, if so, how?

CHAPTER 14: Climate Change

Who is largest producer of CO2 on the planet:a) The U.S.b) Chinac) Brazild) none of the above

What is considered to be a “safe” limit for CO2 in the atmosphere?a) 390b) 450c) 350d) 280

What chemicals are the sources of acid rain?

What is the difference between brown smog and grey smog?

What is the difference between ozone in the atmosphere and at ground level?

What is the gaseous composition of our atmosphere?

Chapter 14: Climate Change“Climate” is defined as….

a) Conditions at localized sitesb) Conditions over hours or daysc) An area’s long-term atmospheric

conditionsd) Variations in Earth’s

temperatureWhich of the following are major contributors of global warming?

a) Burning fossil fuels and recycling

b) Burning fossil fuels and deforestation

c) Deforestation and nuclear energy

d) Fossil fuels and nuclear energy

What happens as ice melts in polar regions?a) More heat is reflected into spaceb) Glaciers re-freeze at nightc) Exposed soils and water absorb heat

and make melting worsed) Polar bears learn to like the Sun

Chapter 14: Climate Change

Which greenhouse gases are far more potent than CO2?

What is an example of positive feedback mechanisms in the case of climate change?

Why is it called climate change and not mainly global warming?

What is the difference between mitigation and adaptation?

Chapter 15: Fossil Fuels

What are the different kinds of fossil fuels and how were they created?

What uses do we put fossil fuels to besides transportation?

What is the concept of peak oil?Why do we have to make a transition to

other energy sources?

CHAPTER 16: Conventional AlternativesWhich of the following is not a benefit of

hydropower?

a) It produces carbon dioxideb) It is a clean source of energyc) It is renewabled) All of these are benefits of hydropower

If ethanol in Canada is produced from corn, a drawback suggested from this graph could be:

a) More corn is availableb) More competition

between food and fuelc) Less land planted in cornd) None of these

Chapter 16: Conventional Alternatives

Overall what are the pros and cons of biofuels?

What are the pros and cons associated with nuclear power?

How is biomass currently used in developing countries and for what?

What would be an example of a relatively simple and elegant biomass technology for developing countries?

CHAPTER 17: New Renewables (what is a renewable?)Which of these is not a passive solar technique?

a) The use of thermal massb) Using flat-plate solar collectorsc) Installing low, south-facing windows that will maximize sunlight

capture in the winterd) Using strategically planted vegetation

Turbines can be erected singly, but they are most often erected in groups called:a) Wind turbinesb) Wind farmsc) Wind millsd) Solar cells

What is the difference between a supply management and demand management approach to energy, water or waste?

What are some other promising renewable technologies?

CHAPTER 20

_______ occurred as a result of deteriorating conditions in the inner cities

a) Movement to suburbsb) Movement to rural areasc) Development of inner citiesd) Decentralizationof city management

“Sprawl” is defined as…?a) Increased resource extraction from

rural areasb) Creating more livable citiesc) The spread of low-density development

outward from an urban centerd) The spread of high-density development

outward from an urban centerWhich of the following is NOT a cause of urban sprawl?

a) People like their privacyb) Technology allows people to work from

homec) Technology frees businesses from having to

be located in the cityd) All of the above are causes of sprawl

Chapter 20: CitiesWhat is the ecological impact of cities?What influences their ecological footprints,

and what are the principal components of these, at least in North America?

What are some of the key alternatives to urban sprawl?

What can we do to make cities more sustainability and to better enable them to withstand shocks associated with natural disasters, political instability, peak oil, and climate change?

CHAPTER 20: CitiesUrban growth boundaries….

a) Encourage development in the suburbsb) Can be implemented only in wealthier citiesc) Keeps growth within existing urbanized areasd) Are no longer a viable option for North American

citiesIn “new urbanism,” cities are designed around…?

a) Mass transitb) Cars and highwaysc) Walkingd) All of the above

Which statement is false, regarding cities?

a) They must import resources from far awayb) They rely on large expanses of land for

ecosystem servicesc) People living in cities feel more connected to

nature, particularly since TVd) Cities tend to concentrate people, allowing

for more efficient consumption of resources