Welcome to

History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

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Topics

• Review: The Age of Caudillos

• Primary Source Instructions

• Quiz 2

• 19th century society & political developments

– What is Positivism?

• U.S. Foreign Policy In Latin America in the late 19th century and early 20th Century

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Age of Caudillos Latin America 1820s-1850s

• Caudillos= Dictators

• Politically: left or right

• Creoles, mestizos

• “Personalism”

• Hacienda patrons

• Replaced the viceroy

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Argentina 1829-1852

• In 1816 Independence

• 1820s struggle

– Unitarios vs Federales

• Juan Manuel de Rosas, gaucho

– Landowner, conservative

– Fought for the federalists

• Economy: Cattle hide & tallow – Salted jerked beef

ARGENTINA • Buenos Aires dominates the country

• By 1830s

– Conservative government under Juan Manuel de Rosas

• Rosas's federalism favored the gauchos

• Campaigns against the Mapuches, natives of Patagonia

• Ousted by a coalition of his enemies in 1852.

Brazil

• Grito de Ipiranga 1822

• Pedro I Emperor 1822-1831

– Dissolves assembly

– Rewrites constitution 1824

– War with Argentina over Uruguay

in 1826, end Uruguay is free

Pedro II 1830s

Slavery agreement with U.K. 1826

Fazendeiro class

Uruguay

• Argentina-Brazil conflict, gain independence 1828

• Jose Gervasio Artigas

• Economy: cattle

• 1839-1852 civil war

– Blancos, conservatives, Manuel Oribe

– Colorados, liberals, Fructuoso Rivera

Paraguay

• Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia , dictator 1814-1840

– Nationalist

– Isolated the nation

– Eliminated old creole/spanish elite & confiscated Church wealth

• Redistribute land to small farmers

– Policy of intermarriage among the mestizos & Guarani

• Carlos Antonio Lopez

– Nationalist

– Opens trade with the world

Chile

1820s political chaos

1830s political stability lead to economic prosperity (copper), unlike neighbors

Diego Portales, landowner

1836-1839 War against the confederation Peru/Bolivia

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• Union failed

• Mining industry stagnated

• High military budget

• 80% spoke Quechua

• General Andres Santa Cruz 1829

• Peru-Bolivia Confederation

– Chile & Argentine against union

– Battle of Yungay, Peru (Chile wins)

Bolivia Peru

• 1823-1850

– 6 constitutions

– 30 presidents

• General Agustin Gamarra of Peru

• Economy: Guano: bird dung for fertilizer

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• Gran Columbia 1821-1830

• Quito, conservative v.s. Guayaquil, liberals

• Juan Jose Flores

– Supports the Church & elite

– Crushes Vicente Rocafuerte Rebellion 1833,

frees him

– Rocafuerte president 1835

• Liberal constitution

• Anticlerical

• Juan Jose Flores 1839-1845 in power

– Abolish constitution

– 1847-1861, 11 changes in govt.

Ecuador Colombia

• 1830s break up, no resistance

• Francisco de Paula Santander, liberal, 1832-1837

• Fighting between conservative & liberals

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Venezuela

Jose Antonio Paez

Economy: coffee

price falls in 1840s

1848 Liberal Party overthrow Paez

1840-1860s civil war

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Central America

1821 union with Mexico

United Provinces of CA 1823-1837

Conservatives vs liberals

Church-state relations

Franciso Morazan, Honduran liberal

land reform

Church property

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Political Fragmentation

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War of the Reforma

• 1857 Plan de Tacubaya (Conservative plan)

• 1858-1861 War of the Reform (ends in liberal victory due to conservative disunity)

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1861 Juarez Administration

• National treasury empty

• 2 year moratorium on Mexico’s foreign debt

• Convention of London

– English, Spanish, French agreement to take over custom house in Veracruz

– U.K. 69,994,544 pesos

– Spain 9, 460, 986 pesos

– France 2,999,000 pesos

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French Intervention 1861-1867

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May 5 1862, Battle of Puebla

• 4000 troops

• Ignacio Zaragoza

• Porfirio Diaz

• 6000 troops

• Charles Latrille

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French Intervention 1861-1867

• French 30,000

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2nd Mexican Empire 1864-1867

Emperor Maximilian Von Hapsburg

Marie Charlotte

Archbishop Pelagio Antonio de Labastida

Juan Almonte (Morelos’son)

Plebiscite

Convention of Miramar: increases Mexico’s debt

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1867 Execution of Maximilian cerro de las campanas, Querétaro

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Positivism: Order and Progress

• Theory based on scientific applications to gain knowledge

• Philosophy by Auguste Comte

• Based on empirical & scientific observations

• Embraced by Latin America why? – Social and political order brought progress

• Mexico: Diaz’s govt.

• Argentina: Immigration from Europe

• Chile: Secularized education

• Brazil: separation Church & State, republic 1889

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Positivism: Order and Progress

• Theory based on scientific applications to gain knowledge

• Philosophy followed by the Diaz Regime

• Applied to Mexico

• Government: Cientificos

• Economy: foreign investment

• Society: immigrants

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Porfirato Economy

• Economy

– Railroad Industry

– Mining

– Oil

– 1900 ¼ of budget on military

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Economic Transformation

• 1883 Land Law: land companies could survey the land, proof of landownership was required.

• Growth Centered on Export Agriculture

– henequen, coffee, sugar, cattle

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Henequen Agave fibers Haciendas in

Yucatan Worse conditions

Economic Transformations • Exports from Latin America grew

• Chile: wheat

• Colombia: tobacco

• Argentina: hides & beef

• Peru: guano

• Cuba: sugar

• Brazil: coffee

• Venezuela: cacao

• More unequal distribution of wealth

• Railroad growth with U.S. & UK capital – Dependency theory?

Growth in Foreign Trade, 1877-1910

Cuban Sugar Mill

House of a Wealthy Mexican Family in 1901 32

Mexico 1910 8,245 Haciendas

Luis Terrazas

• Owns 50 haciendas

• 7 million acres

Peon Majority of the people, 30 life expectancy Landless & indebt Tienda de Raya

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• 1884 Mining Code: appeals to foreign investment

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Los Cientificos (technocrats)

• Justo Sierra

• “We need to attract immigrants from Europe… for only European blood can keep the level of civilization that has produced our nationality from sinking…”

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• Jose Limantour

• Foreign debt paid off

• 1894 surplus in treasury

• Favor European immigrants

• Dislike natives & rural masses

Porfirio Diaz in 1910

“Poor Mexico, so far from God and so

Close to the United States”

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Peoples of Latin America 19th century

• Southern Cone & S. Brazil European immigration

• Spanish America 50% to 66% indigenous

– Cheated of their lands ejidos or ayllus

• Venezuela & Colombia majority mixed pop.

• End of slavery in Latin America

– 1801 Haiti

– 1824 Guatemala

– 1825-1829 Argentina, Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Paraguay, Mexico

– 1840-1845 Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador

– 1865 U.S.A.

– 1873 Puerto Rico

– 1886 Cuba 1888 Brazil

Becoming a World Power

• The New Imperialism

– After 1870 European powers scrambled to dominate Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.

– Bringing “civilization” to the supposedly backward peoples of the non-European world.

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