welcome to human anatomy & physiologylemastm/teaching/bi234...human anatomy & physiology bi 234 -...

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Welcome to

Human Anatomy & Physiology BI 234 - Fall 2012

Instructor:

Mike LeMaster

Office Hours: M / W / F: 10:00 – 11:00 am; T: 9:00 – 11:00 am

Office: 011 Natural Sciences

E-Mail: [email protected]

Phone: 838 - 8136 (x8-8136)

Lectures: MWF: 9:00 – 9:50 am HWC 105

Labs: No Lab = See Me! NS 006

• Anatomical examination of histology and body systems

• Prepared slides; anatomical models; human cadavers

• Computer-based physiological experiments

Required Text:

Anatomy and Physiology – Marieb and Hoehn (4th ed.)

Optional Text:

A Photographic Atlas for Anatomy & Physiology Lab

Introduction

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Testing Format:

Multiple choice

True/False

Matching (w/ diagrams)

Fill-in-the-blank / Short answer

Exam 1 (12 Oct) 75

Exam 2 (29 Oct) 75

Exam 3 (16 Nov) 75

Final (4 Dec) 125

Laboratory 150

500

Grading:

Grading Scale (approximate): 100 - 90% = A 65 - 55% = D

90 - 80% = B < 55% = F

80 - 65% = C

* Curve may be utilized at end if average falls below 73%

Introduction

Web Site: http://www.wou.edu/~lemastm/Teaching/BI234

How to get the most out of BI234:

1) Come to class

2) Read the book before lecture

3) Do your best in lab (It’s 30% of your grade!)

4) Seek understanding of concepts.

• talk to your professor

• visit the tutoring center

• start a study group

5) Stay Healthy!

6) Apply what you learn!

If you take any medicines that

have nitrates in them (e.g.,

nitroglycerin for chest pain), you

should NOT take VIAGRA.

The Warning:

= 1 Hour

antioxidants

Introduction

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What is Anatomy and Physiology?

Anatomy: Study of internal / external structure and the physical relationships

between body parts

• Microscopic Anatomy (requires magnification…)

• Cytology = Study of cells

• Histology = Study of tissues

• Gross Anatomy (visible to naked eye…)

• Regional Anatomy = Study of structures in particular region (e.g., arm)

• Systemic Anatomy = Study of organ systems

Physiology: Study of how living organisms perform vital functions

The two disciplines are interrelated (structure dictates function...)

• Physical / chemical factors

• Cell physiology Special physiology System physiology

• Surface Anatomy = Study of internal structures as they relate to overlying

skin

Introduction

1) Cellular level

• Molecular interactions

2) Tissue level

• Similar cells specific function

3) Organ level

• 2 tissues specific function

4) Organ system level

• 2 organs specific function 5) Organism level

• Organ systems = life

Introduction

Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 1.1

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Organ Systems: (BI 234)

Introduction

Skeletal

System

Muscular

System

Immune

System

Integumentary

System


Introduction


Endocrine

System

Cardiovascular

System

Nervous

System


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Introduction


Urinary

System

Reproductive

System

Respiratory

System

Digestive

System



Organ systems work cooperatively to promote

the well-being of the entire body

Introduction

Remember:

Digestive system:

Takes in nutrients, breaks

them down, and eliminates

unabsorbed matter

Respiratory system:

Takes in oxygen and

eliminates carbon dioxide

Urinary system: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes

and excess ions

Cardiovascular system:

Distributes oxygen and

nutrients to all cells; delivers

wastes and carbon dioxide

to disposal organs

Example:

ATP production

Food O2 CO2

CO2 O2

Feces Urine

Nutrients

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For life to continue, precise internal body conditions

must be maintained regardless of external conditions

Homeostasis: The process of maintaining a relatively stable internal

environment (Cannon – early 20th century)

• Not a static process (dynamic equilibrium)

• Requires energy (unlike a true equilibrium state)

• Conditions maintained via feedback systems

The principle function of regulatory systems

is to maintain homeostasis

Introduction

Regulatory System Function:

Feedback System:

Information Input Control Center

(Set Point)

Effector

Output

Receptor (transducer)

Effect

Feedback

Negative Feedback:

Drives system

toward set point (e.g., temperature regulation)

autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation

Body Temp = 96.5º (98.6º)

Introduction

(Muscles)

(-)

(Hypothalamus)

(Change in

system)

(Body heats up)

(Shivering)

Most common type of feedback system

found in the human body

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Feedback System:

Information Input Control Center

(Set Point)

Effector

Output

Receptor (transducer)

Effect

(Change in

system)

Feedback

autoregulation vs. extrinsic regulation

Cervix stretches

Introduction

(Posterior Pituitary)

(↑ oxytocin release)

(+)

Positive Feedback:

Drives system

away from set point (e.g., child birth)

(Hypothalamus)

(Uterine contractions intensify)

Rare type of feedback system

found in the human body

THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

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Atom: Fundamental structural unit of matter

• Composed of:

1) Protons: Positively charged; located in nucleus

2) Neutrons: No charge; located in nucleus

3) Electrons: Negatively charged; orbit nucleus

• Electrically neutral (# protons = # electrons)

Introduction – Chemistry


(Periodic Table)

Element: Unique substances that can not be broken down into simpler

substances via ordinary chemical means

Elemental Composition

of Human Body:

9.5%

18.5% 3% 65%

< 4% (Table 2.1)


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Interaction among atoms depends on electron arrangements:

Electron Shells: Regions of space occupied by electrons around nucleus

• 1st shell = 2 electrons

• Subsequent shells = 8 electrons

Stable Atoms:

• Outermost electron shell full

• Inert gases (e.g., helium, neon)

Reactive Atoms:

• Outermost shell partially full

(e.g., carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

Molecule:

Chemical structures

containing > 1 atom

• Oxygen (O2)

• Water (H2O)

• Glucose (C6H12O6)

Compound:

Chemical structures

containing multiple elements

• Water (H2O)

• Glucose (C6H12O6)

Atoms held together

via chemical bonds...


Neon (Ne)

Carbon (C)


Types of Chemical Bonds:

1) Ionic Bond: Attractive force between atoms that have lost / gained

electrons (electron transfer ions)

Cation:

Ion with positive charge

sodium (Na+); potassium (K+)

calcium (Ca++); magnesium (Mg++) Dissociate

in

water

Attraction via charge

difference (+ vs -)

Anion:

Ion with negative charge

chloride (Cl-); bicarbonate (HCO3-)

biphosphate(HPO42- ); sulfate (SO4

2-)


+ -

Form crystals


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2) Covalent Bond: Attractive force between atoms that share electrons

• May form double and triple bonds

• Strong bond

• Most common bond (biological molecules)


Non-polar Covalent Bonds:

Equal sharing of electrons

Polar Covalent Bonds:

Unequal sharing of electrons

+

-

Introduction – Chemistry Marieb & Hoehn – Figure 2.7

3) Hydrogen Bond: Attractive force between polar molecules

(attraction via charge difference)


Hydrophobic = water fearing

(non-polar)

Hydrophilic = water loving

(polar / ion)


e.g., H2O

Surface Tension


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Chemical Reaction: The making / breaking of chemical bonds

Basic Energy Concepts:

• Energy: The capacity to do work (put matter into motion…)

• Kinetic Energy = Energy in motion (e.g., muscle contraction)

• Potential Energy = Stored energy (e.g., ATP)

Kinetic Energy Potential Energy

Not 100%

Efficient

Heat

Metabolism = Sum of all chemical reactions in body

1st Law of

Thermodynamics

2nd Law of

Thermodynamics


Classes of Chemical Reactions:

1) Decomposition Reactions

• Molecule broken into smaller units (catabolism)

C6H12O6 6H2O + 6CO2

2) Synthesis Reactions

• Large molecules assembled from smaller units (anabolism)

6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6

3) Exchange Reactions

• Reacting molecules shuffled around

NaOH + HCl H2O + NaCl

Exergonic Reaction:

Reaction liberates energy

+ Energy (Cellular Respiration)

Endergonic Reaction:

Reaction required energy

Energy + (Photosynthesis)

Many biological reactions

are reversible

A + B AB (balanced at equilibrium)


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Important Compounds in Body:

Inorganic Molecules (contain no carbon skeleton):

2) Water Extremely important (body 2/3 water):

• Excellent solvent (dissolves ions / polar molecules)

• High heat capacity (moderates temperature )

• Essential reactant (e.g., hydrolysis)

• Lubricant (low friction interactions)

3) Salts (cation + anion):

• Function as electrolytes (e.g., table salt (NaCl))

1) Gases:

• O2 / CO2; Consumed / produced during cellular respiration

4) Acids and Bases:

• Acids release hydrogen ion (H+)

HCl H+ + Cl-

• Bases take up hydrogen ion (H+)

NaOH Na+ + OH- pH based on

free H+ in solution

Buffer:

Compounds that stabilize pH (e.g. bicarbonate)

OH- + H+ H2O


1) Carbohydrates (C,H,O 1:2:1):

• Function: Energy source

• Function:

• Energy storage (e.g., fats)

• Structure (e.g., phospholipids)

• Hormones (e.g., steroids)

2) Lipids (C,H,O):


Organic Molecules (contain carbon skeleton):

• Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose)

• Disaccharides (e.g., lactose)

• Polysaccharides (e.g., glycogen)

• Water insoluble (hydrophobic)

• Composed of amino acid chains

3) Proteins (C,H,O,N):

• Function:

• Support (e.g. collagen)

• Movement (e.g. actin)

• Transport (e.g. hemoglobin)

• Catalysts (e.g. enzymes) • Defense (e.g. antibodies)


• Triglycerides

• Phospholipids

• Steroids / Eicosanoids

Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 2.15 / 2.16 / 2.19

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Organic Compounds (contain carbon skeleton):

4) Nucleic Acids (C,H,O,N,P):

• Composed of nucleotides

• Function: Store information (DNA / RNA)

5) High Energy Compounds:


ATP Energy currency

of cell

Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 2.22 / 2.23

• Contain high-energy bonds

• Function: Short-term energy storage

THE CELL

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Plasma Membrane Structure:

• Functional barrier

2) Integral proteins

• Transport proteins

• Identification proteins

• Anchor proteins

• Receptor proteins

• Enzymes

1) Phospholipid bilayer

Molecules enter / exit cells

through the lipid bilayer or

via transport proteins

Introduction – Cell Structure / Function

3) Cholesterol

• Membrane fluidity

cholesterol = fluidity / permeability

1) Simple diffusion: Movement from high [solute] to low [solute]


• Requires no energy

• Molecules are:

1) Lipid-soluble (enter via phospholipids)

Osmosis:

Movement of water from [high] to [low]

across a semi-permeable membrane


Transport Processes: (Table 3.1 / 3.2)

2) Small (enter via channel proteins)

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Solute concentration critical to water balance in cells:


Isotonic

[inside] = [outside]

• • •

• •

• •

•

• •

Hypotonic

[inside] > [outside]

• • •

• •

• •

•

•

•


Hypertonic

[inside] < [outside]

• •

•

•

• • •

•

• •

2) Filtration:

3) Carrier-mediated transport:

1) Simple diffusion

(requires no energy)

a) Facilitated diffusion:

Passive transportation via proteins

• Molecules too large for simple diffusion (e.g., glucose)

• Requires no energy

b) Active transport:

Movement of solutes against [gradient]

• Requires transport proteins

• Requires energy (energy = ATP)

• Substances “pushed” through membrane via hydrostatic pressure (e.g., kidney)

Introduction – Cell Structure / Function Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.7 / 3.11


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1) Simple Diffusion

2) Filtration

3) Carrier-mediated transport

4) Vesicular transport

• Molecules enter / exit via vesicle formation (energy required)

• Endocytosis: Material enters into cell (e.g., bacteria)


Pinocytosis Receptor-mediated

Endocystosis

Exocystosis

Phagocytosis


• Exocytosis: Material exits cell (e.g., cellular waste)

Cell Organelles:


1) Cytoskeleton:

Internal protein framework (microfilaments / microtubules)

Cytoskeleton

2) Ribosomes:

Site of protein synthesis (rRNA / proteins)

3) Endoplasmic reticulum:

Membranous network (intracellular storage / transport)

• Rough ER = Protein synthesis

• Smooth ER = Lipid synthesis

4) Golgi apparatus:

Packages / modifies / ships proteins

5) Lysosomes:

Site of intracellular digestion (contain hydrolytic enzymes)

6) Mitochondria:

Site of ATP synthesis (aerobic respiration)

7) Nucleus:

Houses genetic information (site of ribosome assembly)

Lysosome

Mitochondrion

Endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleus

Plasma membrane

Ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Marieb & Hoehn – Figures 3.2

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Cell Growth & Reproduction:


Central Dogma of Biology:

DNA RNA Protein

Transcription

(nucleus)

Mitosis:

• Parental cell 2 Daughter cells (Full DNA)

Meiosis:

• Parental cell 4 Daughter cells (1/2 DNA)

Translation

(cytoplasm)


Cell Cycle:

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