.....ICAR

IGFRI

ANNUAL REPORT

1994-95

INDIAN GRA~SLAND AND FODDER RESEARCH INSTITUTE

JHANSI • 284003 IND~A

Guit/a;'ce

Publication .Committe

Assistance

PhOt'!graphs .:

Printed at

Dr BhagMal, Director

Vinod Shankar, Chairman

Bimal K. Misti, Member.

M.M: Roy, Member

A~K. Roy, Member

Bandla Srinivas, Member

A.K. Srivastava, Member Secretary

G.P. Nigam

Pramod Kumar Dwiv

K.P. Rao

C.B. Mishra

Kini Offset'Lokpath Bhavan'365, Civil Lines Jhansi (U. PPh. 440820, 440066

PREFACE

During the year 1994-95, the Indian Gra.:>.,:c.alo.an<a Fodder Research

Institute concentrated on advancing the research on evolving high yielding

disease and pest resistant varieties of fodder crops and pasture species suited to

different agroclimatic situations, developing agrotechniques for maximizing

forage production from irrigated, rainfed and problem areas and maximization of

seed production of forage species. Major research thrust was given to upgrade

the biomass production from marginal and degraded lands through grassland

management, silvipasture and agroforestry systems. The research work on the

forage utization vis-a-vis plant animal interface systems, harvest and postharvest

technology and design and development of improved farm implements

progressed well.

The assesment, refinement and transfer of technology to tne

farmers/consumers remained a.priority.

,This report embodies the project-wise progress of the Institute research

programmes and accomplishments. I hope it will be useful to researchers,

planners, policy makers and users.

~(BhagMaI)

Director

CONTENTS'

1. General

A2.Dlvlslon of Plant Improvement

3.' DIVIsion of Agronomy,

4. Division of Grassland Management

5.. Division of Agrosl.lvlpasture

,6. ' Division of SoIl ScIence

. 7:' Qlvlslon of Plant Anlm!'1 Relatlonshlp

8. Division of'Seed Technology

9.' Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry. .

10. DIvision of Plant Protection

1-1. Division of Agricultural Engineering and.PHl:. -,. ,

12., blvlslon of Rural Economics and Biometrics•. " I •

13. 'DIvision of Extension and Training. .

14. Fa rmlri g System Research Project

15: Coordinated .nd Adhoc: Research Projects

16. Regional Re..arch Station, Avlkanagar

17. Regional Research station, Dharwad'. .

18: Publications

19: .Vls'ta Abroad

20. Distinguished Vlsltor~

List of Staff

Budget

Page

1 .

6

23

, 31

'38

49

59

.63

, 68

78

85

88

94

98

,111

123

125

130

147

148

Ap~nqix - I

Appendix - 1i .

Guidance

Publleauon' .Committe

Assistance

Printed at

Dr BhagMal, Director

Vinod Shankar, Chainnan

Bimal K. Misri, Member.

M.M: Roy, Member

A.K. Roy, Member

Bandla Srinivas, Member

A.K. Srivastava, Member Secretary

G.P. Nigam

Pramod Kumar Dwivedi

K.P. Rao

C.B. Mishra

Kini Offset'Lokpath Bhavan'365, Civil Lines Jhansi (D. PPh. 440820, 440066

GENERAL

INTRODUCTION

Th'e Government ~f Indiaestabiished Indian Grassland and Fodder:Research Institute at Jhansi in 'the year1962 to initiate organized research inthe field of grasses, grasslands. andfodder crops. Laten, in 1966 theadminist~ative control of the Institutewas transferred to the Indian Council- ofAgricultural Research. Since then theInstitute has made concerted efforts andhas made significant contribution inconducting, collating, and coordinating .research, training and extensionprogrammes on all aspects of forageproduction and utilization throughinter-disciplinary research programmes.The-research work in the field of forageplant improvement, grassland production.and improvement, agro-sitvipasture,

! agronomy, 'plant protection, conservationand 'postharvest teclrrro log y, seedtechnology and forage utilization is beingcarried out. Due to prevelant land andinput constraints, research .work has beenintensified for integrating forageproduction with the existing farming

!

systems as an essential component.Technology transfer, its assessment andrefinement have also been given higherpriority.

THE MANDATE

1. To conduct basic and strategic researchon forage- crops and grassland manage­

'ment;,

2. To sustain, enrich and enhance forage. germplasm. .

.3. To disseminate the technolo-gydeveloped for effective adoption.

4. To establish national and internation­. al linkages in' the mandate areas of the

Institute,

5. To extend consultancy and expertise inthe area .Qf fodder, forage and feeds.

ORGANIZATION

The Institute is organized intotwelve scientific divisions, .nine centralunits and three regional stations.

The scientific divisions are: (i)'Plant Improvement (ii).Agronomy (iii)Grassland Management (iv) Soil Science(v) Agro silvipasture '(vi) Plant-Animal I

Relationships (vii) Seed Technology(viii) Plant Physiology & Biochemistry(ix) Plant Protection (x) AgriculturalBngineertng : and Post-HarvestTechnology (xi) Rural Economics andBiometrics (xii) Extension and Training.

. The nine central units are: (i)Administration ,(ii) Audit and Accounts(iii) Estate (iv) Central Research "Farm (v)Library (vi) Technical Cell (vii)'Photography and Arts (viii) Central

2,

Laboratory Services and (ix) MedicalUnit.

The Headquarter of All IndiaCoordinated Project· for Research on'Forage Crops is located at this Institute.The -Inter- Institutional CollaborativeNetwork Programme on "Crop basedLivestock Feeding System II has beeninitiated this year. The Institute housesresearch centres for All IndiaCoordinated Research Projects on: (i)Dryland Agriculture (ii) Agroforestry(iii)Under-utilized/Under-exploited Plants(iv) Farm Implements and MachineryPrototype Testing and Feasibility. Theprojects on (i) National Seed Production(ii)NAEB' Pasture Seed Storage in'Re lation to its Quality (iii) NDDBsupported Compaction, Storage andTransportation of Crop Residues andGrasses (iv) NARP Training Programme(v)' Inventory of /Grazing System andPastoralism in India, (vi) Photosynthesisand Shade Tolerance in Tropical RangeGrasses and Legumes (vii) DST FloodHazard in the Rapti - Burhi Rapti Region(viii) Utilization of Sesbania aegypticaGrown "under Agroforestry System asAnimal Feeds are also located at thisInstitute.

The Institute has two internationalprojects viz. IDRC-IGFRI SilvipastureOp,erational Research Project andIndo-U .K. Collaborative ResearchProject on Forage Production.

IGF~RI

The Institute's Tthree reg~oiiaI

stations are located at CSWRI,Avikanagar in Raj.asthan; Tegur near

.Dharwar in Karnataka and Srinagar inJ&K for conducting research invarious agroclimatic regions of thecountry.

RESEARCH COLCABORATioN

The Institute has followingcollaborative research programme ~~ith

various Institutes/Organizations at thenational and inter national levels..

All India Coordinated Research-,Project on Forage Crops

The coordinating unit of theproject is located' at the Institute. "Theproject has major mandate of identifyinghigh yielding varieties and ~productionsystems for various agroclimaticzones through' its research centreslocated throughout the country. Throughthis project, the Institute has establishedlinkages with vari~us state agriculturaluniversities and research Institutes in

'. /the country. The project iscoordinating activities of 24 centres inthe country, one being at Jhansi.

Breeders Seed Produ~tion Project

The National Seed Projectlocated at this Institute is operative tostrengthen the research capabilities forvarietal improvement, varietal testing llDd

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

uninterrupted basic and breeder seedproduction. The seed production ofreleased or notified varieties ofcultivated forage crops is taken up asper the allotment of Ministry ofAgriculture and Project Coordinator(Fq.

NARP Training Centre

A centre of National AgriculturalResearch Project has been functioningto strengthen training facilities in thefield' of agroforestry, forage productionan,d animal nutrition. The trainingprogramme has been designed for NARPScientists / Professors for 30 daysduration,

IDRC-IGFRI Project

The objective of this project is toincrease the overall fo~age and tre~

crop productivity of tae degradedgrazinglan.ds and wastelands semiaridpastoral areas by interplan ting , fastgrowing' trees with grasses and .legumesthat have high potential for animal feeds(Includes pasture and; leaf fodder) andfirewood' production. The area at foursites representing typical, wasteland hasbeen rehabilitated through varioussilvipastoral systems.' '

Indo-Ll.K, Collaborative Research'PI;()ject

.The aDA has fiaally approvedthe project at a cost of .£ 1.6 million.'The ~ajor components are provision ofequipments; training of IGFRI staff in

3, ,

UK, Indiavand other countries; bilateralresearch; consultants visits etc. ,Theproject has been envisaged tostrengthen 'the research capabilities of theInstitute.

srrAFF

The Institute has a sanctionedstrength of 160 scientific, 137 Technical,82 Administrative, 157 Supporting an.d .36Auxiliary staff. . The detailed staff inposition is given in Appendix I.

FINANCE

During the" year 1994-95" theInstitute utilized budget grant of Rs.443.00 lakhs out of which Rs.160.00 wereutilized under plan "and Rs 283:00lakhs under non-plan. During the .year,revenue of Rs. 15.54 lakhs wasrealized. The, headwise expenditure ismentioned in Appendix II.

FACILITIES

Central Research Farm

The Institute farm has a total areaof 574 ha including the area' undercampus. and National Research Centre onAgroforestry. The farm has varyingtopography with rakar, parwa kabar typesof soils. The farm roads were recarpetedthis year.

Administrative Wing ~nd Research,Laboratories

The Administrative Wing andResearch Laboratories comprise of fivelaboratory wings and one administrativewing. There are well furnished

Conference Hall and CommitteeRoom for Symposia/Conference etc.The laboratory wings have 51' rooms.and 25 laboratories well equippedwith fixtures and Iurn itures and'&ophisticated instruments. The CentralAnalytical Laboratory' and CentralInstrumentation .Laboratory providecentralized research services forchemical analysis and instrumentrepairs and maintenance.

Library

The Institute'! l ibrary hasaccessioned 7214 books, besides,reports/bulletins/books received oncomplementary basis during the year.The library subscribed for 90 Indian and,58 foreign journals. library is also!providing current awareness service to thescientists. The dissemination ofinform~tion is provided to Pp.D.scholars and scientists from otherorganizations and library consultation,facility .frorn time to time. Thereprograpb ical ' services are alsoavailable. The copies of the reprints ofarticle are also seht free to theindenters.

Photography & Art Unit

The photography and art unit. h"undertakes the preparation of carts,

maps, illustrations and slides. Thefacility for preparation of colouredphotographs is also available.

JGFGRI

Residential Complex

The residential campus namedKrishi Nagar has 140 quarters of variouscategories. It has a community centrealong with recreation .and playgroundfacilities with necessary infrastructurefor providing better social life to theresidents. State government aidedprimary school is also functioning in theCampus.

Scientist Home and Guest House

The eleven suit Scientist Home'is annexed with 25, rooms PG Training

, Hostel. The 3-suite VIP Guest House iscatering to the needs of visitors.

Medical Unit

The Medical Unit is located inthe premises of the Institute with aMedical Officer and other auxiliary staff.The available facilities. are providingbetter health care to the staff and theirfamily members.

Weather /

During the period fro~ April1994 to March '95 total amount of 566.9mm rainfall was recorded wliich is farbelow the normal rainfall in this region.The year 1994 experienced onset ofmonsoon in 4th week of June i.e. 26thstandard meteorological week. Thepattern of rainfall was erratic up to 11 th

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

July and thereafter normal rainfall was.experienced. Again' in August below

. .normal rainfall was recorded (119.2 mm. in 10 rainy days). The monsoon

remained effective only upto third weekof August. A ','ary small amount of ,winter rain ( 13.2,mm ) in 2 rainy .dayswas recorded in January 95. =

. The peak. maximum temperatureof 47.0oC on 31st May 94 and peakminimum temperature of 1.0oC on 31~t

December 94 were recorded. The

5

highest values with respect to evaporation(17.3 mm/day) on 9th June. brightsunshine hours in a day (11.4 hrs) on15th, .16th and 28th May and windvelocity (i7.6 krn/hrs) on Ist July "94were recorded. Maximum values of soiltemperature of 55.0 0 C at 5 em depthon 23rd May, 47.0 ° C at 10 em depthon-30th May and 6th June and 40.5 0 C at20 em depth on 7th and 8th June 94 wererecorded at 14.16 hrs of. the day (Table1).

Table 1. Meteorological data at Central 'Research Farm IGFRI, Jhansi

, ,i

Months Temp °c RH% Rainfall' Rainy Wind Bright Evapo-Max. Mini. period (MM) days velocity sunshine transpi-

1st lind (Nos) (km/hr) (Hours/ ration:

..Apr, 94 37.6 18.6 64 23 004.2 1 3.7 9.5 8.2

May 94 43.5 24.5 49 23 000.0 - 5.6 10.0 12.6!

June 94' 39.9 29.1 59 44· . 106.3 ·7 7.5 6.4 10.1

July 94 32.0 24.5 93 76 279.7 18 4.6 4.5,

3.7-

Aug. 94 31.4 24\2 94 76 119.2 10 2.3 3.8 3.1

Sept.9:4 33.2 21.7 87 53 023.2 2 1.8 8.7 4.6 '

Oct. 94 33.6 14.8 86 27 . 000.6 - 0.5 9.2 4.6..

Nov. 94 29.1 . 9.9 94 27 000.0 - - 9.1 2.9

D~c. 94 25.8 6.0 94 29 000.0 - 0.7 8.9 2.5

Jan. 95 21.4 4.8 93' 49 013.2 2 1.5 7.8 2.2

Feb. 95 27.3 7.9 94 ·55 1.000.0 - 2.1 9.2 ..4.1

Mar. 95 31.3 12.0 82 29 J 020.5 3 3.1 8.8 5.5I

DivISION OF PLANT IMPROVEMENT

PI-1: COLLECTION EVALUA­TION AND MAINTENANCE OFGENETIC RESOURCES OFFORAGE CROPS

\

During the year 101 collections(20 grasses and 81 legumes) were.accessioned. These are being evaluatedinitially in nursery. Out of these 2accessions of grasses ~nd. six of legumesare of exotic origin.

1.1 Grasses

(S.R -, Gupta, Sanjeev Gupta and A.K.Roy)

New entries: A total of 22 new acces­sions of grasses collected from Lahaul­Spiti region. of Himachal Pradesh and 2accessions from FAa were received.

Evaluatlon : Forage attributes of earlierestablished selections of different grasseswere recorded.

Sehima : A total of 12 established ac­cessions . were evaluated. Yield attributesof some promising selections are given in.Fig. 1· which shows arange of variability -.

Chrysopogon : Eight accessions estab­lished previously were evaluated. Yieldvaried from 0.14 to 0.92 kg. Wide varia­tion in length and number of tillers asw~ll as LIS ratio(%) were recorded (Fig.2).

Dichanthium Earlier establishedlines were maintained and evaluated.Other previously acquired accessionswere maintained .:

1.2 Forage legumes

(V.P. Singh)

Enrichment of legume gene pool

One exploration was undertakenin Lahaul and Spiti area of HimachalPradesh for collection of the foragespecies of Medicago, Trifolium,Phaseolus, Vigna, Pisum etc. Thenew accessions are: Medicago sativa(61), Trifolium sp. (5) Pisum sp. (4),V. unguiculata (1), Macrotyloma sp.(1) S. hamata (1) S. "guanensis (1),Phaseolus sp. (I) and Lotonis sp. (1).

Guar improvement programme

Institute guar variety IGFRI-2395(Bundel Guar- 2) .has been ap­

proved for rel~ase and notification.

Co-ordinated trials

In final evaluation trial of guar,against national check Bundel Guar-l(212-1), no variety. was foundsignificantly superior both for greenfodder yield and dry matter .yield.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Fig~ 1: Growth attributes in elite" selections of Chrysopogoari

160~-----------~-------------

7

Length (em) LIS ratio (0/0) Dry matter (0/0) No. of tillers

• Accession 1 -Accession 2 Q]] Accession 3 -Accession 4-Accession 5 CJ Accession 6 em Accession 7 IIIIIIIJ] Accession 8

Ffg. 2: Growth attributes in elite selections of Sehima

500 ~'--------------------------.

300

100

" 0No. of tillers LIS ratio (~}, Dry matter (0/0)

_ Accession 1 _ Accession 2 E2J Accession 3 _ Accession 4

nnnni Accession 5 CJ Accession 6 _ Accession 7

8

However, a very narrow betterment'was observed in GL.546.

In CAUT-l, no cultivarssurpassed the control variety GG-l(1960 kg/ha seed). However, comparableseed was observed in HGS-601 (1920kg/ha).

A, nucleus seed production ofBundel Guar-l and Bundel Guar-2 wasobtained to the tune of 200 kg and 150kg. 'respectively. About 35 kg nucleus'seed of IGFRI-I019-1 was alsoproduced.

Gene pool eva~uation

Gene' pool ofcowpea comprisingof ·200 accessions was evaluated fortheir seed yielding abilities. . Seed yieldper plant ranged between 860-340seeds/plant. Ten genotypes of high seed

.. yielding ability, yielding between260-340 g seeds/plant viz ~ IL 338, 665,838A, ,1062-B, '1183-B, 3174,HY-6P52-1, HY-8P60-4, HY-lOP56-5and CS-24 were identified Germplasmlines of other Icultivated and rangelegumes' like Clitoria ternatea,Desmodium sps, Indigofera sps,Stylosanthes sps Macroptelium sp,Melilotus sps and,' Vieia sps weremaintained.

PI-2: PRODUCTION ANDQUALITY BREEDING IN FOD­DERGRASSES

IGFRI

2.1 Breeding superior varieties of 'forage sorghum

(D.S. Katiyar, u.S. Mishra and D.N.Singh) ,

Evaluation of germplasm : 144 ad­vanced single plant progenies at F7'stage of seven inter-specific crosse,s and40 new accessions from ICRISAT were

, planted alongwith two checks i.e. HC-I71(for .single cut) and'SSG 59-3 (for multi­cut). Based on 10% superiority inforage yield over the check 71 genotypesfor the single cut system and 11 genotypefor the multicut sys~em were identified fortheir further testing.

Initial evaluation of promising strains,for single and multicut system: Six­teen superior strains isolated fromgermplasm suitable for single cut andmulticut systems were evaluated usingchecks HC-I71 for single cut and SSG­5.9-3 for multicut systems.

In single cut, the strains Hyb.14136 , 2077A X S. ethiopicum5-4-4-1-3, 2219A X Etawah-2 3-2-3-4,2077A X S. ethiopieum 14-4-4-1 and2077A X S. ethiopicum 14-4-7-1 wereidentified for their further adyancement.

In multicut system, the strains2077A X S. ethiopicum 1-1-1-2 and2219A X Etawah-2 3-6-1-1-1 wereisolated for further trials.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Final evaluation of promising strainsfor single and multicut systems : Tensuperior strains each for single and multi- ,cut systems were tested.

, In single cut, fodder yield variedfrom 31.3 to s::: 8 t/ha .. GenotypeI.S.2179 was superior for both green anddry fodder "yields. 'Whereas I.S. 200ijand I.S. 2472' obtained the second andthird rank for 'dry fodder yield,respectively and confirmed the similartrend for green fodder yield.

In mu lticut, many strainsyielded significantly higher over thecheck in first cut i.e. I.S. 2472, 'I.S.2179,

9

I.S. 1329,2219 X 6014,4-1, IS 20013 and'2219 X 78, S-1 but the dry niatter.was10% higher only in three strains i.e.2219A X 6014, 4-1,~219A X 78,1-1 andI.S. 1328. In second cut, none was foundto be-superior over the check. On basisof the cumulative fodder yields andregrowth ability -of the genotypes threestrains viz 2219A X 78,9-1 1.S.1328and 2219A X 6014,4-1 were identified.

Hybridization: Using is'm.s. lines and•6 promising pollinators, 22 Fr hybrids

were obtained.,I..

Large '. numbers of hybrids andtheir progenies were planted in different-Cilial generations (~~ble 2).

,"

Table 2: Details of filial generations and their advancement<,

,. ,

Filial generation No. of cross No. of single Piant No. ofsingle plant pro-progenies planted genies selected in

the next generation

F1 36· 76 163F2 38 42 106F3 41 127

-156

F3 (ICRISAl) 11 20Erect typesingle tiller (FSHT-93) )

F' (ICRISAl) 47 15:, 3Tillering typeICSPH

F4 " 12 42 62F6 (ICRISAl) 5· 49 63

Erect typeFs ' (ICRISAl)

..22 27 ,

Tillering typeI'ICSPHTPOP

10

Single plant 'progenies: 5 crosses at F7were planted on larger plots to operatemass selection. 15 Bulk and 20 superiorsingle plant were selected for theiradvancement.

Multiplication : Twenty three promis­ing lines were multiplied.

. .All India co-ordinated programme onforage. sor-ihum : Initial evaluation'triai, single cut- was conducted, Institute-contributed two entries i.e. J.Sel 12 and,J.Sel·131'

I Final evaluation trial, (multicut)with 26 entries was conducted. Institute.contributed one entry i.e. HD-8.

Besides, one more entry i.e.,HD-ll was also contributed for initiallevaluation trial for mUI~icut.

2.2 Production and quality breed­ling in fodder oats (Avena sativaL.)and .forage"Pennisetums

(R.N. Choubey, S.N. Zad90 and A.K.I· .Roy) .'

Fodder: 'oats

Gerinplasm evaluatlon: Under All[India. Coordinated Project on Forage,Crops, germplasm evaluation trial was'conducted with 156 oat accessions includ­I ing four standard 'checks in augmenteddesign. Data were recorded for 18desc~il'tors. Wide variation was observed

IGFRI

.for-various quantitative traits viz. days to50% bloom (89- 112), plant height (81­185 em), leaf number/culm (6- 10), flag.leaf length (11-47.em), flag leaf width(1.0- 2.9 em), longest leaf length(31-84 em), leaf/stem ratio (0.150­0.596), green forage yield/plot (230­1270 g), peduncle length (31-89 em),panicle length (11-47 em) and number ofspikelets/panicle (28-176). Promisinggermplasm collections possessing highgrades for different traits were identifiedfor utilization in breeding programme.

Amphiploid progenies: 864 progenies of3 crosses between A vena sativa X A.

maroccana were raised in AlO genera­tion. Characterization data wererecorded for all the progenies. However,53 -selected progenies were screened forcytological parameters.

, Out of 53 plants studied only 3.plants .i.e. "5.7% retained the originalamphiploid number "of 2n = lOx = 70.

a IThirty six plants (67.9%) reverted back tohexaploid number of 2n =6x =42 of. thefemale parent. A morphologicalanalysis of the said hexaploidderivati~s teveal<:d the existence of traitslike' double awn. lemma hairiness,indicating thereby the introgression ofcharacters' from tetraploid parent tostable hexaploid derivatives.

Fourteen plan rs showedpolysomic numbers like 2n = 44, 46, 48,50, 60, 66 and 68. The stability of theplants with 2n = 44 has been observed for

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

two consecutive years. The said plantsexhibited a regular 'formation of 22bivalents indicating an alien addition ofone pair of chromosomes.

Segregating progenies: Screening of 304progenies in F4 and Fs generations indi­cated the superiority of many lines forgreen forage yield varying from 10.5 to .6~.0·% over the standard check. Theprogenies of (OS-7 X 320) X Orbit .eross

appeared to be highest forage yielding.

'. Testing of 129 progenies in F6and F7 'generations of inter-varietalcrosses' showed many high forageyielding lines viz., OS-6 X Diadem andOS-6 X Cuahtemoc recording 17.0 to47.? % hi~her yield over the check.

......", . .Station trial: A trial with 86 promisingadvance generation selections with 2 con­trols showed 19.6% increase in greenforage yield over the check for the entryOS-6 X Pennline -7 followed by PennlineX Akiyutaka (17.1%).

All India coordinated trial: Perfor­mance of 4 Jhansi oats 'in initial evalua­tion trial was assessed under' multicut 'situation. In North - Western zone, JHO­996 produced highest dry matter having8.4% increase over the check. However,at allIndia level JHO-995 ,showed its su­periority (7.7%) over the control.

Testing of 4 Jhansi oats alongwith 12' other eniries in ~dvancevarietal trial exhibited that JHO-. 886gave .maximum green forage yielder with9.9% increase over the check. in south

11

zone. JHO-886 also producedmaximum dry matter in North -. Westzone as well as at all India levelshowing 14.5% and 10.0%. superiorityover the check.-respectively.

Peninsetums .

Interspecific 'hybridizations: Inter­specific hybridizations' were attempted in:following combinations with an objectivelto get new plant typ~s.

FI (P.ame.ricanwn x P. orientale)x Piamericanum

BCI (FI x P. americanwn) x P.:. ,americanum

i

BC2 (BCI x P. americanwn) x 1'.1americanum

Trispecific hybrids x P.amertcanum

Seeds were collected and will beevaluated.

Testing of N-B hybrids in all Indiacoordinated trials .:

Three newly developed ~-BI

hybrids Viz. BN 9201, 9202 and 9203were multiplied for testing in advance I

varietal trial during' kharif, 1995..

2.3 Improvement of forage maize

(B.S. Chaudhary)

12

Germplasm cqllection;, conservation'-, and evalnation: Ninety one new acces­

sions of indigenous fodder type maizewere collected from south and northBihar (12 districts}and were evaluated fortheir various morphological attributes.Twenty accessions were selected for highgreen as well as dry fodder yield andbetter quality. These accessions gave 40.0to 55.0 t/h green fodder yield.

Varietal crosses: Varietal crosses were'made with .25 genotypes/selections usingAfrican Tall as an open pollinatedvariety to increase the dry matter contentin African Tall. Twenty five hybrids (Fr)obtained in 1993-94 were evaluated,Twelve' hybrids performed better andyielded 10 to 25% higher over the parents

•'in respect of GFy, DF,Y and DM%.

PI-3: PRODUCTION ANDQUALITY BREEDING IN, FOD-DER LEGUMES .

3.1 Breeding superior van 'lUes.for high fodder yield D nd qualityin 'cowpea

(KS. Kohl~ and C.B. Singh)

All India coordinated trial

Initial evaluation trial: This trial com­prised .12 entries including UPC-5286and Bundel Lobia-t as control varieties.The plant.height r.mged between 53-15.4tcm, leaf/stem ratio 3~,..102 cm,nodes/plant 12-19, branch no.rplant 2.3-

t, \., • ...-

5.3,OFY 15.8-38.3 t/h. and DMY 4.0-6.5

IGFRI

t/h. The highest yielding cultivar forgreen and dry matter yield was IFC-9401

. (GFY 38.3 and DMY 6.5 tlb) followed byIFC-9402 (GFY 38.0 and DMY 5.7 t/h).The leaf/stem ratio in these cultivars was56%, . As compared to these tlie tJ~~t

chedLvariety Bundel Lobia-1 producedonly 30.0 and 4.8 t/h. green and dry mat­ter yield, respectively.

Final .ev,aluation trial: This trial com­prised 5 varieties from different centersof the country including one entry IFC­9304 from IGFRI and two check varietiesBundel Lobia-1 and UPC-5286. Amongstall the varieties IFC-9304 excelled allother in GFY (4:}:9 t/h), DMY (7.7 t/h.)and plant height,(204 em). The cheekvariety yielded only 36.9t/h G:FY and6.1 t/h. DMY.. The leaf/stem ratio inIFC-9304 was 56% as compared to 63%m the variety CAL-334.

.Trial ('of selected hybrids/varieties incowpea: This -trial comprised 12 hybridlines including' two check varieties EC­4216 and IFC-8901.· Wide variations wereobserved in fodder yield and its attributes(r~ble 3).

5 2 Strain building' in lucernegermplasm

(c. B. Singh ~ K S. Kohli)

A collection of 465 germplasm lines col­lected from Himachal(17), Gujrat(43),Maharastra(39), Rajasthan(90) and old

,s:ollections (276) were raised, Morethan 50% of the collections had ade-

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

~uate.pl~nt stand but others' had scat­tered germination and a few lines hadvery poor plant stand. Considerable

13

intra plant variation within and be­tween the different lines was observed.

Table 3 : Forage. (GFlO and forage attributes In elite selections or cowpea trial

S.NO. Variety Plant Branches! Nodes! Leaf! GFYheight plant plant stem (l/h)(em) (No.) ratio

1. IFC - 8503 201 4.1 17.2 ,0.38 24.7.

2. HY8-P60-4 157 3.5 15.2 0.32 22.8

3. HyS. P60-57 176 4.5 19.2 0.39 23.9.

4. IFC - 8501 163 6.0 15.8 0.37 31.4

5. IFC- 902 151 3.5 16.1 0.55 29.4

6. IFC - 8901 (C) 170 3.1 15.9 0.42 27.5

7. EC - 4216 (C) 162 '4.7 19.2 0.42 26.4

8. Hy8 P6Q-5 183 3.6 25.7 0.60 25.3

9. I L·457 161 3.0 15.5 0.40 24.7

10. Hy5 P3-5 175 4.5 21.8 0.37 24.4

11. j L· 450 178 , 1 15.5 0.24 21.9.12. Hy8 P60·3 143 4.6 17.2 0,55 23.1

Yield variation and correlations in dif­ferent cuttings of lucerne genotypes: Awide range-of variations in the relative dis­tributions of genotypes in different greenfodder yield (GFY) grades was observed.In the first year 0 f growth the majority of

the genotypes (70%) had an yield ran$eof 1 to 3 kg/plot with an average of 1.54kg/plot in the first cut followed by 1.63,2.26 and 2.36 kg/plot in 2nd to 4th cut,respectively. In the second year ofgrowth the GFY in over 80% of the

14

genotypes ranged between 1-4 kg/plot .with an average of 1.8 to 1.9 kg/plot iiifour different cuts.

Correlation coefficients betweenthe eight' different cuts and their averageyield were worked out in 72 germplasrn

.Jtnes of lucerne (Table-4). The cutnumber first to fourth were taken duringthe establishment year and fifth to eighthcut during the second year of growth.Ail the individual cuttings were non­significant and positively associated withthe average yield of all the cutsexcepting the first cut where it was onlymoderately associated. Only the secondcut during the establishment year wasmoderately tcstrongly associated withall the cut yield separately and thereforemost important in determining the yield.

iAII India coordinated trial in .lucerne

Annual lucerne varieties: This trialcomprised nine varieties of lucerne in­cluding. two check varieties namelyRLS-88 and LLC-3. Only two. cut dataon llreen fodder yield could be takenduring the .year. Among all the varietiesAnand-6 outyielded other varieties in GFY( 7.01 and 6.81 tlha in first and secondcut respectively) in both the cuts closelyfollowed !'y the check variety (6.53 and6.83 t/ha GFY in LLC-3 in first andsecond cut respectively) in green as wellas dry matter yield.

IGFRI

Perennial lucerne varieties (KBT-6):This trial comprised eight entries includ­ing three from IGFRI and two checksnamely LIF-3.and RLS-88. Data ongreen fodder yield of only two cut datacould be recorded during the year.Amongst all, the' variety IGFRI-1l2 wasbest for green fodder yield in both thecuts and also the dry matter yield. It wasfollowed by the variety IGFRI-1212 (5.78and 10.14 t/ha in first and second cutrespectively). These varieties outyieldedthe checks by a considerable marginboth in green and dry matter yield..

Seed multiplication: The seed ofthree varieties namely IGFRI-112,IGFRI-1212 and IGFRI-Comp 93 wasmultiplied.

3.3 Genetic improvement in Tri­folium species with special refer­ence to Egyptian clover

(D.R. Malaviya) .'

Mutation breeding: Two b erseemvarieties viz., Wardan and IL 40016 weretreated with 5kR, lOkR, 45kR,60kR and75kR gamma rays. A part of seeds at eachtreatment was given treatment of EMS(0.5% and 1%). Frequency of macro­~utations was very poor. Except a fewchlorophyll mutations no leaf variantswere observed.

· ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95 15

Table, 4 : Correlation Coefficients between the green fodder yieldof lucerne cullivars ineight different cuttings

Cut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 <'·9

, Nos. "

1 1.0000 0.1067 0.0209 0.0138 0.2104 0.2374 0.1395 0.2071 0.39022 - 1.,0000 0.5101 0.4549 0.7133 0.4661 0.3709 0.5115 0.77543 - - 1.0000 0.7960 0.3676 0.2053 0.2556 0.1483 0.63174 -, - - 1.0000 0.2332 .0.2163 fl.2717 0.0993 0.59935 - - - 1.0000 0.5659 0.4752 0.4374 0.77196 - - - - - 1.0000 0.6751 0.5416 0.73097 - - - - - - 1.0000 0.5573 0.70928 - - - - - - - 1.0000 0.66399 - - - - . - '- - - 1.0000

-.12 generation of varietyJHB-146 and pentafoliate treated withEMS'showed segregation for leaf size,shape andmaturity.

Selection: 861 single plant progenieswere grown and observation wererecorded for segregation for flowercolour, leaflet number, leaf shape andmaturity.

Selected bulk population ofexotic line IL 4008 and IL 40011, two.sB population of selections fromRajasthan and S 11/28 showed promise,for GFY and DMY as compared to check'Wardan.

One station trial comprising sixtetraploid, seven diploid and two checkswere grown.

Exotic line IL 40010, whichappeared to be highly cross pollinated,in its fourth generation in openpollinated condition has given rise toquite good number of progenies withhigh fodder ,yielding characters andmajority of them attained Mescavi nature,

"":"~....

Quality analysis: Quality analysisrevealed IL 40016, IL 40015, IL 40012",IL 40013, IL 40011 and S 'lJJ{7 superiorto Wardan for crude protein (%),

Seed muftfpllcatlen : Nucleus seed ofJHB 89-4, JHH- ISB-86 and JHB 146 hasbeen produced.

All India coordinated trial: IGFRIentry JHB 93-4 ranked first in'RBT-2and none.of the entries excelled national,chec~ Wardan in RBT-1.

16

3.4 Breeding high yleldlng foddervarietles in lahlah bean

(D.N. Singh)

Advanced' varietal trial: A set of eightpromising' strains including variety Bun­del Sem-I (control) were evaluated fortheir seed yield. Except r -r the number otbranches and yie.d of the pod: well asseed, varieties were almost similar for allthe characters under study. Seed yield ofthe varieties/strains was ranging between1350 to 2190 kg/ha. Variety S-27 ex­hibited highest seed yield (2190 kglha)followed 'by S-836, S-29 and S-13-1 as 'they produced ,2090, 2020 and 1820kg/ha, respectively. Except one (S-31); allthe.varieties surpassed yield of the control(1646' kglha) by 11 margin over 18 to 305percent.

Evaluation and maintenance of thegenetic lines : Amongst sixty geneticlines, fifteen lines were considerably su­perior" over the check (Bundel Sem-l) inrespect to green fodder yield, seed at­tributes and adaptability parameters.

Hybridization : A crossing programmewas initiated involving four high yieldinglate cultivars from the lignosus group(namely S-27, S-84, JLP-3 and BS-l) andbetween 'two early maturing vegetablevarieties '(Arka Jaya and Arka Vijai) ,belonging to typicus group, Three hybrids ,(Fl)'hav'~ been harvested sucessfully. ,

IGFRI

Multiplication, of the nucleus andbreeder's seed : Three to six kg,nucleus seeds of the selected strains (8Nos) and 30 to 70 'kg breeder's seed of thevarieties JLP-3 and Bundel Sem-I respec­tively were produced.

PI-4: BREEDING SUPERIORVARIETlES O,FPASTURESPECIES FOR YIELD AND PER­SISTANCE

4.1 Varietal, improvement foryield and quality in range grasses

(U.S. Mishra and D.S. Katiyar)

Selection of superior genotype: Twentynine regenerates of Dichanthium;

, developed from anther, inflorescence,'11hryonal axis through tissue culture

technique, were \valuated in the BIrd yearof growth. All, the regenerates havestatic growth habits similar to the secondyear. Wide range of variation was ob­served in all the growth parameters. Dataconfirmed the findings ofIlnd year.

Evaluation or promising selections :Eight promising selections of Cenchrusciliaris along with a superior varietyIGFRI-3108 .us ed as check, wereevaluated for ~ield and yield contributingCharacters in third' year of growth.

Selection' 3113 produced highergreen (15.87 t/ha) and dry (5.91 t/ha)fodder yields which were 21.9% and29.6% respectively hiaher over the check.

6.NNUAL REPORT It}94-95

,It was followed by selections 675 ~nd

'3105' yielding ,.15.39 !/ha and 14.?2!/hagreen fodder' a-nd 5.73.!/ha and 5.6~!/h't

dry fodder yield respectively. ',' ,

e.rdinated trial: Nine entries ofDichalflJlium were evaluated for theiryield and xield contributing characters inthe secondyear of growth. Entry IGFRI­2225 confirmed the superiority at firstyear and produced (20.6 t/ha) thehighest and entries 576-1 and 1981produced, 20.69 t/ha and 20.4 t/ha,green fodder yield re,~pectivo\'lv-,•

Seed IDultiplicathm: .Tille,seeds ofreleased' varieties along with otherpromising selections were multiplied.,4.3 Genetic Improvement in guineagrass (Panicum maximum)

(D.R. Malaviya)

One All India Coordinated.Trialcomprising ten entries was ·conducted..Sn try PGG 205' was found best (22.19flbal as'compared to Check PGG'9 (17.41!/harm green todder,

Seeds 01 len promising selectionshave been produced,

PI-5: PHYLOGENETIC STUDIESIN FORAGE AND PASTURESPECIES

5.1 Cytogenetical studies in cul­tivated legumes

17

(S. N. Tripathi)

Cytogenetic analysis in Fs progeny.oftrispecilic hybrid.'.

Seeds obtained from the F4plants of trispecific hybrid, Cajanuscajan X (Atylosia albicans X , Atylosiascarabaeoidesy were sown to raise Fsprogeny. The cytogentic studies done inthree selected hybrids are:

Plant No. 3-5.7: in the meiocytes ofthis plant, mostly' bivalents and a few un­paired chromosomes were recorded. Fre­quency of bivalents ranged from 4-8 with75 'per cell. Rod bivalents ranged from2-4 with 35 per cell. .Chiasma frequencyat diakinesis was 155 per cell and 1.8per bivalent. Normal disjunction ofchromosomes was noticed in most ofcells during anaphase. However, a fewlagging chromosomes were also noticed atanaphase -i, Meiosis· resulted in theformation of tetrads, yet a few triads alsoformed at the sporad stage. Pollen fer­tility percentage was 735 and fertile ]lO1­len size ranged from ~ to 38 ,... with30.00 ,... mean diameter,

Plant No. 1-4-8: Chromosomal con­figuration during diakinesis andmetaphase -I revealed formation ofbivalents and univalents. The ringbivalents ranged from 3-9 with 65 percell and rod bivalents ranged from 1-4with 3.00 per cell, Univalent ranged from0-4 with 1.8 per cell. Chiasma frequency

lK

al diakinesis was 16,42 per cell, ami 1.5

per hivalent. During anaphase, a few

bgging chromosomes were noticed in the

mciocytcs. Pollen Icrtitity percentage

was 6'1.5 and fertile pollen sized ranged

from 2X-40 ~t with 35.0 ~l meandiameter.

Plant No. 8-3-9: The -ing bivalcntsranged from 3-6 and rod bivalents 2-5with 5.3 and 4.5 per cell respectively,

Unpnircd Chromosomes ranged

from 0-3 with 1.52 per cell. Chiasma

frequency at diakinesis was 13-45 per

cell and 1.56 per bivalent. Unequal

distribution of chromosomes though

in trcqu ent, has he en recorded during

an.iphusc. At post meiotic stages, micro

nuclei were noticed. Tetrads as well asTriods were formed during sporad stage.

Pollen fertility percentage .was (,7.5 and

Icrrilc pollen sizes ranged from 30 to

41 with 3(,.5 mean diameter.

Cytugentic analysis in C\ plants orMedicago species

Medicago orbicularis (2n =4x =32)

The m c i o t i c configuration

revealed torrnatiun of quadrivalcnts,hivalcnts and univalcnts, The maximum

number of 14 bivalcnts were recorded in

1(,.5 percent of cells and the maximum

number of 6 quadrivalcnts were noticed

III ').5 percent of cells. L'nequal

dl~lrihution of chromosomes was

IGFRI

observed in 5.5 percent of cells. At the

sporad stage, formation of micronuclei

WaS recorded in 3.1 percent of cells. The

pollen fertility was 53.5 percent,

Mcdicago 'rotuta (2n = 4x = 32)

Stu di e s on chromosomal

associations at diakinesis and metaphaseI revealed PMCs with varying numher

of q ua dr iv e lcm s , b iv a lc nts and

univalenls. Maximum number of 10

bivalents were recorded in J2.5 percent or

cells and the maximum numhcr of H

quadr ival cnts were recorded in 7.5

percent of cells. Unequal distribution of

chromosomes was observed in 4.7 percent

of cells. At the s p orn d stage

formation of micronuclei was recorded

in 2.5 percent of cells. The pollenfertility was (,1.5 percent. The colchicine

induced tetraploid of M. rouua posseses

gigas vegetative characters.

Induetiun 0(" polyploilly in Medicagolittoralis

The c o lch i c i n c i n du c cd

tetraploid of Medicago liuoralis showed

delayed flowering and maturity whichcould he attributed to reduced rnte of cell

division. The induced tctrnploid was

associated with decrease in plant height,

thicker stem, broader and green leaves

and higger flowers. An invariable

increase in the sin' or pollen grains IS

recorded as the most const.mt lcaturc.

The frequency of bivalent» was 67.5'1<

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

followed by quadrivalcnts (275%). In

contrast, the frequency of tr,ivafcnl anJunivalent was much lower i.c., 1.5 and

3.5 percent rcspcct ivcly. The hi.~hcst

number of quuur ivalcru per PMC wasfound t(1 he 6. The formation oftrivalcnts and/or un ivalcnts cou Id beattributed t u the precocious

d iv is ion , During an aph as e , irregularseparation of chromosomes at hath the

poles was observed. The m e io ticanomalies arc primarily responsible for

the formation of unbalanced gametes andhence in the reduction of fertility in thistetraploid.

5.2 Cytogentics of range legumes

(S.N. Zadoo)The sub-project has been

concluded. Salient findings arc;

Genus » Sesbania

Meiotic system : Meiotic system of

seven species, incorporating fourteenvarieties was worked out. S. sesban (3varieties} S. aculeatu (2 varieties) and S.tctraptcra were found diploid with

2n=2x=12 chromosomes. S. grandiflora,

(2 varieties) and S. simpliscula werefound natural 'tetraploids with 2n=4x=24chromosomes. Intrnspecific polyploidywas observed in S. macrocarpa and S. ex­asperata (1 variety) each having diploid

and tetraploid status. Tetraploids showed

a perfect diploidizcd meiotic behaviour.

19

Chromosome COIIIIJlc"lcnt: Karyotypein the genus Sesbaniu was found sym­rnctr ica l with regular gr:u1ation fromlongest to smallest set of chromosomes.

The largest chromosome being 2 tp 2.5

times ~IS long as smallest chromosome ofthe complement. S. grandiflora, S. scs­

ban andS. lItacrocUl1Ju were observed

similar in essential kuryoiogical features,

Showing a basi-karyotype of 3V + 3L,

Whereas S. aculeatu, a wild 'weedyspecies has a basi - karyotype of IV + 4L

+ 11.

Induced polyploidy Induced

chromosome. duplication exhibits dif­ferential response with respect to fertility

and seed production potential. Inducedpolyploids of S. sesban, S. macrocat puand S. aculeata and S. tetrapterashowed a typical autopolyploid meioticbehaviour. Only S. aculeata tetraplordshold some promise in having 40 to 50percent seed set, which is sufficient for

effective maintenance.

Induced chromosome mututlons e

Several interchange heterozygotes wereisolated from irradiated seeds of S. sesbanand [aculeala', The number of

chromosomes involved ill various trans­locations varied from a minimum of fourto a whole complement of twelve chro­

mosomes. Details on orientation of inter­change complexes and their bearing onthe fertility of the carrier have been

worked out.

ZO·',

I Phylogenetic' relationships : , Inter­specific crosses were attempted in allpossible combinations, While some cros­ses exhibited parthenocarpy the onlyinterspecific cross to succeed was be­tween two diploid cytotypes of S. m!'c­rocarpa and S. exasperata. Fi- showednormal chromosome pairing and fertility.Amphiploids raised from FI showed typi­cal autopolyploid behaviour. Thus nor­mal pairing followed by "Polyploidy,

, .Test" showed that 'pairing at FI level isbetween 'homologous chromosomes. ' It isevident that diploid cytotypes of the twospecies have a common genetic make up.

Haploidy in S. sesban : .Haploid-diploidt ' ••

twin seedlings were .isolated in S. sesban.Haploids as expected had diminutive mor­phological features. Cytological analysisshowed the existence of six· univalents atineiotic metaphase. The absence of intra­genomal pairing confirmed ll=x=6 as thebasic number for genus Sesbania.

Monosomic in S. macrocarpa:Karyological studies on a monosomic(2n=4x-l=23) plant isolated in S. macro­carpa showed that one chromosomeofthe smallest set of chromosomes wasmissing. The absence of this singlechromosome had a deleterious effect onmeiotic system and normal pairing be­hav!our: Disturbed meiotic process indi­.cates that the. said chromosome .containssome vital genes for meiotic regulation,which --was not compensated by otherchromosomes of this nat?ral tetraploid.

,(

IGFRI.

Cy't.omixis and chromosome varia­tion : Cytological analysis of Sesbaniasesban.vet, bicolor revealed it to be adiploid with 2n:12 chromosomes. How­ever, a few cells with 2n=2x-2=10 and2x+2=14 were also observed. Inter-cel­lular chromosome connections indicatedthe phenomenon of cytomixis, whichmay account for some aneuploid plantsreported in the genus by some workers.. .

Varietal status in S. sesban : Threevarieties have been identified taxonomi­cally in S. .sesban, 'on the basis ofcolour pattern of vexillum. However,our studies on spontaneous and inducedmutations reflecting colour pattern chan­ges, suggest a review of varietal status inthe species.

Gen us Atylosia

Isolation of stable induced tetraploidsin Atylosia scarabaeoides: Cytologicallystable euploid 2n=4x=44 plants were iso,:,lated from Cs to C7 generation of in­ducedpolyploids of A. scarabaeoides.Despite multivalent configurations,chromosomal disjunction was normaland superior plant types with reasonablygood seed set have been isolated.

•5.3 Genetic manipulation of foragecrop species through tissue culturestudies

(M.G. Gupta, Sanjeev G~pta'and SanjayGupta)

ANNUAL REPORT1994-95

_ Detailed studies on tissue culture

aspects were \cdnducted in Medicagosativa and Trifolium alexandrinum callusinduction and regeneration of plants from

various explants, namely epicotyl,hypocotyl, cotyledons. The Murashigeand Skoog's medium with 5 ppm NAAwas found most suitable for callusinduction from all. the explan ts. Callusinduction frequency was 95%. Calluswas white and watery.•

The callus induced was culturedon Murashige and Skoog's medium with0.2 and Q.5 ppm concentration . of each

.of Kinetin, BAP and zeatin. CalIus keptin BAP (0.2 & 0.5 ppm) converted intogreen friable ",allus.There was profuserooting but shoots did not develop.Callus kept in' kinetin (0.2'& 0.5 ppm)

showed ,:"hite, watery developing callus.Purplish shoot tips developed on the

r-callus. Callus kept on zeatin (1:1.2 & 0.5

~pm) showed white watery cailus havingprofuse rooting.

Further experiments are inprogress for plant rege~eration inM.sativa and Tialexandrinum.

Plantlets have been, regenerated,in vitro, in Chrysopogon fulvus,Dichanthium annulatum and C. ciliaris.

C\:il suspension cultures of D.

annulatum developed at !GER, UK, weregrown, multiplied and. maintained. Therate of multiplication and growth' of thesece l lvsuspensions were recorded and

21

regeneration potential at three week'sinterval WaS determined.

Fresh callus cultures from shoot

apices of C. ciliaris and D. annulatumwere raised for preparation of uniformtype of cell suspension. Regenerationpotential of these fresh calli and cellsuspensions were determined.

Experiments on growth andmultiplication performance of the callideveloped from seeds of C. ciliaris andD. annulatum under the influence ofdifferent concentrations of PPT wereconducted and its lethal dose. wasdetermined.

5.4 Cytogenetical approach to her­~eem improvement

(AK. Roy)

Advancing and evaluation of colchiploid

lines: C4 and C3 population of tetraploidlines derived from twelve diploid strainsviz. JHB-89-3,'JHB-89-1, JHB-146, BL­42, JHB-182-P2, BL-22, HFB-476, War­dan, BL-52, JHB-ISB- 86, JHB-183-Ptand JHB-89-4 were evaluated. Tetraploidlines were of ~islinct morphological char­acters having broader, larger leaves withserrate margins, thick stems, dark greencolour, bigger and broader inflorescences,Tetraploid have bigger pollen and showa little higher pollen sterility. In vivonitrate reductase activity was higher inleaves of tetraploid lines as compared totheir diploid counterparts. Tetraploids

22

show chromosomal constitution of 2n::::;32

nscumpured In 21\=lfi in diploids. Sume

meiotic ahnnrmnlitlcs III anaphase andtelophase as well as multivalent assocla­lions at diakinesis and metaphase I wererecorded.

Creation (If genetic variahilitythruugh mutagenesis

IrnulialiulI: Three tetraploid lines viz.lJ-'1(J B, o , <)0 D and 5-'10 M were

treated with gamma rays using 60 Cosource :11 NBRI, Lucknow, The l.!l)SCS

were 5, 10, 15, -15, (,() and 75 Krad and

!!iven at both dry and wet condilions.

f'lants Were raised and screened.

IGFRI

Irradiation + EMS: Irradiated dry seeds

IIf 5-<)() M and 13·<)0 B were furthertr c al cd with 0.5% and 1.0% EthylMethane Sulphonate flit 24 hours lindraised.

EMS: EthylMethane Sulphonate treat­mem 01 three lines \';Z, 9·<)0 E, 4-<)() IJ

and J IfB-ISB-Kfi WilS earned out. The

do...cs used W';TC (I.5'ft.; :IIH..I IJ),};, for 24

hours.

Single ,,1:1111 seeds of all themutagen treated plants were collectedand Lhey will he rniscd in next generation

to look for any recessive dominant,

micro/rnacromutations.

DIVISION OF AGRONOMY

AG-3: AGRONOMY OF JR-RI GATED/DRY LAND FORAGEAND PASTURE CROPS

3.1 Evaluation of varietal responseof forage crops

3.1.1 Evaluation of fodder sorghumvaridies under different dates ofsowing and levels of ultrogen

(S.N. Tripathi)

Treatments comprising three

sOI~L JIll varieties (JS-4, JS-6 and check

variety (HC- 171), three dates of sowing

(5th July, 15th July mid 25th July) and

three levels of nitrogen (40, 80 and 120

kg N/ha) were replicated twice in 33

partial confounding design.

Maximum forage yield was

recorded by JS-6 (31.1 t/ha green and

6.66 t/ha dry matter) followed by JS-4

(27.3 t/ha GM and 5.83 t/ha OM) and

HC-171 (24.6 t/ha GM and 5.33 t/ha

OM). Maximum fodder production was

obta incd under middle July sowing

(34.57 t/ha GM and 7.64 t/ha OM)

which was significantly higher thanthose obuiincd with sowings done in thebeginning .of July 27.5 t/h» GM and 5.73

tlha OM) and end of July (21.0 t/ha

C,~I and 4.46 tlha OM). Application

01 mcreasing levels of nitrogen resulted

in significant increase in the forage yieldof sorghum. On an average, use of

40, 80 and 120 kg Nzha recorded green

forage yields of 24.6; 28.2 and 30.2

t/ha and dry matter yields of 5.31,6.17

and 6.36 t/ha , rcs p e ct i ve l y. The

difference in dry matter yields between

80 and 120 kg Nlha was not

statistically significant. None of the

interactions were found significant withrespect to green or dry mailer yields.

3.1.2 Response or sorghum varietiesto moisture regimes during sum­mer under multieut system

(R.P. Singh and N.P. Shukla)

Th ree 's orgh urn varieties

[Harasona (988), Proagro chari (855) andBioseed (766)] were evaluated under 3

moisture regimes (IW/CPE ratio of

0.5, 0.75 and 1.0).

Sorghum variety Harasona

significantly outyicldcd (90.4 t/ha green

forage) other two varieties Bioseed-766

(X2.3 r/ha) and Proagro chari (81.7

t/ha). These two varieties were at par.

Among the moisture rcgunes,

highest green forage yield of ri9.0 l/ha:

green fodder was obtained at IW/CPE

ratio of 1.0 over 0.7" (S4.7 t/ha) and U.5

(XO.7 t/ha) lW/CPE ratlll

24

Therefore, sorghum sudan grass'Harasona (988) may be .grown athighest frequency of irrigation i.e.IW/CPE 'ratio of 1.0 during. summerperiod to get highest fresh forage yield.

3.3 .Cropping patterns for maximumforage productlon

Effect of renovation techniques andmanurial schedules on guineagrass planted atdifferent spacings

(S.N. Tripathi)

It was 2nd year of the experimentconducted on an ,old plantation of guineagrass established at 50, 75 and 100 cm :row spacing. . Treatments consisting of

,three row spacings (cited above) andthree stubble management techniquesviz; shaving the stubbles close to theground, burning and untreated controlwere placed in main plots and threemanurial schedules consisting of 200 kgNzha through urea: 50% N as urea andrest through FYM and 75% N throughFyMand '25% as urea in sub plots in asplit plot design with three replications.

-Amon g the renovationtechniques maximum forage yield of~8.6 t/ha (17.3 t DM/ha) was recordedby the stubble shaving treatmentfollowed by stubble burning (74.4, tGM 'and 16.6 t DM/ha) and untreatedcontrol (66.5 t DM' and 15.0 t DMlha). 'Application of half of the total nitrogen

IGFRI

(200 kg/ha) through 'urea and half :a.sFYM gave the highest forage yield (71j)t GM and 17.2 t DMlha) followed by

, \75% N in the form of FYMand 25% Nas urea (73.0 t GM and ,16.4 t DMlha)and application of full dose of nitrogenas urea (69.6 t GM and 15.5 t DM/ha).Productivity of guinea . grass increasedwith closer spacings. However,forage yield differences due tospacing were, not significant and theyield ranged from 72.0 t/ha (16.1 t DM)for 100 em row spacings to 74.7 t/ha(16.8 t. DM) for 50 em row spacing.

, ! ..

The intercrop of berseem .gavesignificantly higher yield in the stubbleburning treatment (84.7 t GM and 12.2 tDM/ha) followed by stubble shaving(80.6 t GM and 11.7 t DM/ha) andcontrol (64.5 t (}M and 9.3 t. DM/ha).The difference in forage yield betweenstubble burning and shaving treatmentswas not significant.

Application of 50 to 75% ofnitrogen thro~h FYM to' guineagrass had favourable effect on the,forage yield of the following '-TOp ofberseem, recqrding 78.6 to 81.8 t

'green Iodder/ha' (11.4 to 11.8 t DMlha)~ Compared t~, the forage yield of 69.4t/ha (10.0 t DM/ha) obtained in thetreatment where nitrogen to guineagrass was given through urea.Maximum forage yield of berseem wasrecorded under 100 em 'spacing ofguinea grass (84.4 t GM and 12.2 t DM)

:ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

iiWhich- was significantly higher than 7S'em (76.8 t~ GM apd 11.1 DMlha) and 50 .em row spacing (68.6 t GM and:'9.9DMlha).

". Considering the overall, yieldof the system. stubble, shaving appearedto be better for renovation of oldplantation of guinea grass. For betteryields of.both guinea grass and intercrop~r"perseem, 50 to 75% N need of guineagrass should be met through FYM andrest through urea.

3.6 Amelioration of forage produc­tion with an accent on nitrogeneconomy in exlstlngeroppfng systems '.

Forage production in autumnplanted sugarcane based croppingsystems

I

(B.S. Sinsinwar and.K.C. Sharma)

.. The treatments consisted ofthree intercropping systems viz;sugarcane- ;to .. berseem, sugarcane +lucerne and \sugarcan~ +",oat,al~~ withone sole sugarcane #d two nitro~sn

levels viz. optirilumltWe!~(~50 kg/ha) andsub optimum level (tOO kg/ha). ,Thiswas the second year of the e~per.in'le~t.

Slgnificantly ,h.i~4~F .:~r~en..fodder (50.4 t/lia) and' <leY riia~.er yields(7.82 t/ha) were obtained underberseemover lucerne (35.8 and 6.6 t/ha) and oat(29,1 and 5.7 t/ha). While in case 01nltrogen levels, optimum level showed

25.t:-j

I

~1ts superiority and gave signif~ean.qYi

higher "lields (42.1 :t/ha green fodd~r and~

.1.j t/ha dry matter) over sub-optimum

level (34.8 and 6.0 t/ha, respectively). Itmight be'du~ to higher release of nitrogento the soil· which benefited the crops.

',Forage intercrops did not.aff'ect sugarcane ratoon yieldssignificantly but maximum yields wereobtained under sole sugarcane (93.1t/ha) and it was followed by sugarcane +berseem (89.5 t/ha), sugarcane + lucerne(88.5 t/ha) and sugarcane + oat (85.7t/ha'. The similar trend was obtainedfor cane top' yields also. However,optimum nitrogen levels gavesignificantly higher ratoon cane and topyields (95.5 'and 39.6 t/ha, respectively)over sub-optimuin level (85.5 and 33.9t/ha, respectively). .

....1Thus, intercropping of berseem

in .sugarcane with optimum level ofnitrogen holds promise ·for higherforage production' without reduction insugarcane yields.

AG-4.: SOIL AND' WATERMANAGEMENT RESEARCHON FORAGE/PASTURE CROPS

4.1·Crop water use and irrigation. management,

(Menhi Lal and N.P. Shukla)[>-.,,- . .

26

Ir-rlgation management for peren­niallucerne in relation to cuttingschedules and potassium levels

The investigation on perenniallucerne (var. LH-84) was undertakento study 'the effects of 3 cuttingschedules (25, 35 and 45 days interval),3 irrigation schedules (irrigation wat~r

to cumulative pan evaporation IW/CPEratio of 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 with ~60 mmwat~r at each scheduling) and 3potassium levels (0, 60 and 120 kgKzO/ha) on forage productivitjl, standpersistency and water use efficiency.

Duri ng postmonsoon period(November to . June) the green forageyield of lucerne was significantlyhigher with frequent cutting at 25 daysinterval (63.1 t/ha) over 45 days cuttinginterval (51.2 t/ha), The green forageyield with 35 days cutting schedule (62.7 .t/ha) was. also statistically significantover 45 days cutting regime. Irrigationat IW/CPE ratio- of 1.0 and 0.75produced similar green forage yield of60.6-60.7 t/ha , These irrigationschedules proved significantly superiorto that of 0.5 IW/CPE ratio (53.7 t/ha).Application of 60 and 120 kg' K20lhadid not influence the green forage yieldof lucerne over control.

During rainy season (July' toSeptember) cutting schedules of 25,35 and 45 days interval produced greenforage yield of 16.5, ~.5 and 31.0

IGFRI

t/ha respectively. The successivedifferences in. yields were statistically

significant:

The total 'yield during the yearwas highest with 35. days cuttinginterval (88.2 t/ha) followed by 45 daysinterval (82.2 t/ha). The lowest yield of79.6 t/ha was obtained with frequentcutting at 25 days interval. It was alsoobserved that cutting regime exerciseddeleterious effect on crop stand. Theirr igation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.75produced the highest green forageyield' of 85.2 t/ha followed by IW/ePEratio of 1.0 (84.2 t/ha). The totalgreen forage yield of lucerne with 60 or .1.20 kg K20~a was 84.0 t/ha against82.2 t/ha under control treatment.

Therefore, the cutting schedulefor perennial lucerne should consist oftaking first cutting 60 days after sowingand subsequent cuttings at an interval of35 days for highest forage yield andbetter persistency of the crop stand. Thecrop needs to be irrigated at I}V/CPEratio of 0.75 to provide suitable soilmoisture environment from winter tosummer periods .. Annual application of60 kg K20/ha appears to be adequate forbetter regeneration, crop productivityand water use efficiency: .

4.2 Soil, water and crop manage­ment practices for seasonallywaterlogged soil/areas

(N.P. Shukla and Mcnhi Lal)

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95, . 27

The 'work, .on.-constraln tsa'riiiYs'iS conli'n'Qed' I~;.in" Lakara (9rhHnersY; "Rl1iid' .Karafi- {&·(.f?rmef'~~ I andItir~H '(8 f3.fiii~fs) 'vil,lage~ .covered, .Jliderthe'projeCt:' .

. As a result of low rainfalI of592 r•.m during 1994 against averageannual rainfall of 936 mm of the area, thewater ,table remained quite deeper. DueIGtpHo~~ techarge,"'l~e;-pqg), (~dts tit/,~I.I"r I' \_" . . • " .f/ f1lJqr.he'.' ,o'watetslJeC!:::I,;op!eli".!:te8 iM, rJillf the

"'1'/" :' . . ... ,'. capaCity." -Unfike, previous year, . thedifference in .the .fall. ;Qf ,'.Vater tablebetween bunded and unbunded segmentsof the watershed was not so marked.Thus due, to extremely low and erraticmonsoon behaviour in the year"1994:­the watershed experienced all the three,meteorological, hydrological andagricultural droughts.

'During kharif, the area undergroundnut increased as compared tolast year but the productivity remainedle88 than 60%. In Lakarlf \fHlage, wheatwas the predorhinant crop tft tabiseason. Though the area underberseem and vegetables was increasedas compared to previous year but tHeproductivity was only 70% due topaucity of irrigation. water. In Karariand Rund Karari, the area underberseem decreased whereas thecoverage under gram and mustardincreased.

Alley cropping of Sesbania withgrasses

(0l'ella.tional R~~eaxcQ Project)

The evaluation of alley cropping.consisting of S. sesban + B. mutica asoperational research programme

~~ti~Wtdl:11 p.p.~r.:\(i\'11~9,3.~~t;: The plotsremained submergep' (rom July toMatch each year. Thereafter variablewater table conditions existed in theplots.

Para grass maintained itsproductivity over the years under suchsoil-water environments. The survivalof Sesbania stand in the alley rowsremained more than 60% at moderatelevel of productivity with lopping at 75em height.

The' t&:stifts, titetefor~, inditdtethEft Sesbtmia .1,t!Sbdli Is 'quite tolerant towatetloggihg as well as' to fluctuatingmoisture conditions. The species, offersgood scope as alley componentintercropped with Brachiaria muticaunder excess water situations... ,

4.3 Evaluation of different in';iga­tion methods and soil manage­ment techniques for efficient ~ateruse

(N.P.Shuk'la and Menhi Lal)

Evaluation of existing irrigationmethods on farmer's field in water­shed al"eas - Case study

Therefore, it isthe cropping system ascrop productivity both

apparent thatwell as the

in kharif and

28

rabi seasons fluctuated as. per the'!rainfall "pattern in predominantlyrain fed .Lakara-: Karari watershed.

AG-' 5 : AMELIORATION OFPROBLEM SOILS/AREAS FORFORAGE PRODUCTION

5.1 Rehabilitation ofsalt-affectedsoils at Daleepnagar (Kanpur)

(In collaboration with CSAUA&T,Kanpur)

Performance JI' grasses on salt-af­:fected soils

(R.L. Arya, A. Singh, R.B. Yadava andS.P. Singh) •

The soils had p~ (1:2) 9.5, ESP40 and EC 0.99. Nine treatmentcombinations comprising three grassspecies viz: Leptochloa fusca (Kallargrass), Brachiaria mutica (para grass).and Setaria sphacelata (nandi grass) andthree soil amendments viz: (i) noamendments (control), (ii) pyrite @ 1.6t/ha and (iii) -FYM @ 5.0 t/ha wereevaluated.

Significantly higher g;!:.~en forage(48.48 t/ha) and drymatter (17.22 t/ha)yields were obtained from L. fusca ascompared to S. sphacelata. B. mutica alsoproduced significantly higher greenforage (37.18 t/ha) and drymatter (J3.02It/ha) yield as compared to S. sphacelata(28.99 't/ha green forage and 8.69 t/ha

IGFRI

drymatte.r_ yield) . Use of pyrite @ '1.6't/ha produced significantly more greenforage (43.66. t/ha) and dry matter (14.96t/ha) ,yield as compared to control plotsyielding 33.24 t/ha gr~en forage and11.21 t/ha drymatter yields, Applicationof FYM @ 5.0 t/ha also producedsignificantly higher green forage (37.74t/ha) and drymatter (12.72 t/ha) yieldcompared to control.

Development ofsuitable agro-sil- .vlpasture systems for salt-affectedsoils

(R.L. -Arya, A. Singh, R.B. Yadava andM.K. Gangwar)

/ An experiment was taken up onloam texured soils having pH (1.2)8.5-10.4, EC (1:~) 0.27:-1.63-dsm-1 andESP 18-88. The treatment consisted offive tree speccies (Acacia nilotica,Azadiracta . indica, Leucaenaleucocephala, Albizia 'procera, andDalbergia .sissoo) and five grass species(Brachiaria mutica, chloris gy ana,napier-bajra, hybrid-S, Setaria-sphacelataand Tri-specific hybrid).

Significantly higher green fodder(9.87 t/ha) and drymatter (3.4 t/ha) yieldof grasses were obtained in associationwith D. sissoo ascompared to A. nilotica.L. leucocephala (9.37 t/ha GFY and 3.28t/ha drymatter yield), A. Indica (9.15 t/hagreen fodder and, 3.20 t/ha drymatteryield) and A.procera (8.88 t/ha green.fodder and 3.11 t/ha drymatter) also

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

produced significantly higher fodder yield, .

of grasses as compared to A. nilotica(8.0% t/ha green fodder and 2.83, t/hadrymatter yield). Among the grasse~;-·'S..sphacelata produced signifi~~ilY~high~r'

'rgreen fodder (10.64 t/ha) and drymatter(3.73 t/ha) yield as compared toTri-specific hybrid yielding 7.1 t/ha greenfodder and 2.48 t/ha drymatter yield.Napier-bajra-hybrid-3 (9.95 and 3.48t/ha), B. mutica (9.53 and 3.33 t/ha) andC. gyana (8.13 and 2.85 t/h a} alsoproduced significantly higher greenfodder and drymatter yield as comparedto Tri-specific-hybrid, re,spectively. '

~o~g the tr~i~pecies.D.sis~ooand A.. nilotica obtained 100%' survival.rate followed by A.procera (93.7 %) A.indica (8~. 7%) and L. leucocephala(82.5 %).Highest plant height (98.3 em)was jecorded in D. sissoo followed. by L.leucocephala (95cm), A. nilotica (71.3 .em.), A ..indica (44.3 em.) and A. procera(25.0cm.).

'5.2 Forage production in water­logged areas at Crop Research Sta­tion, Ghagharaghat

(In collaboration with NDL'A&T, Kumar­ganj, Faizabad)

Performance of grasses under twosources of nitrogen under flushflood conditions

2.9'

(R.L. Arya, A. Singh, R.B. Yadava' andG. Singh)

The six treatment combinationscomprising three gr~ss species viz,'Brachiaria mutica, Setaria sphacelata andLeptochloa fusca and two, fertilizermanagement practices viz; 150 kg N/hasupplied half through inorganic fertilizer+ half tbf.,(>ugh organic manure (FYM)and 150 kg N/ha full through inorganicfertilizer were evaluated. First flush offlood occured from August 7 to 14 withstanding water upto 24.0 em followed bysecond flush of flood ,from September 6to 23 with standing water upto 92.2 emdepth.

Significantly higher total greenforage (70:16 t/ha) and drymatter (20.97t/ha) yield were obtained in S.sphacelata as compared to L. fuscayielding 8.06 t green- forage and· 2.82 tdrymatter yield/ha. B. mutica producedsignificantly higher green fodder (53.81t/ha) ~nd drymatter (19.13 t/ha) yield ascompared to L: fusca. Application of 150kg N/ha half through inorganic fertilizer +half through organic manure producedsignificantly higher. green forage (45.98t/ha) and drymatter (15.5' t/ha) yieldcompared to 150 kg N/ha throughinorganic fertilizers alone (42.04 t/hagreen forage and 13.60 t/ha drymatteryield).

Forage production on differentialwater stagnation conditions

30

(R.L. Arya, A. Singh, R.B. Yadava andG. Singh)

The treatment combinationscomprising four grass species viz;Brachiaria mutica, Setaria sphacelata,Leptochloa fusca and napier-bajra­hybrid-6 and three depths of waterlogging viz; shallow (below 50 cm depth),deep (50-100 em depth) and very deep(above 100 em depth) were evaluated.

Significantly higher green forage(87.74 t/ha) and drymatter (26.60 t/ha) .yield were obtained in Sssphacelata ascompared to L. fusca ,<44.86 t/ha greenforage and 15.4$ t/ha 'drymatter yield).

ICFRI

B.mutica and napier-bajra-hybrid-6 alsoproduced significantly higher greenforage (81.71 and 66'.11 t/ha) anddrymatter (28.51 and 20.16 t/ha) yield ascompared to L. fusca, respectively.Under differential water-stagnationconditions significantly higher greenforage (65.31 and 58.26 t/ha ) anddrymatter (21.15 and 18.8" t/ha) yieldswere obtained in deep (50-100cmdepth) and 'shallow (below 50 emdepth) waterlogging condition ascompared to very deep (above 100cmdepth) waterlogging condition,respectively.

\

DIVISION OF GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT

GM·3: EVALUATION OFPRESCRIBED BURNING AS ARANGE MANAGEMENT TOOL

(J.N. Gupta)

Two experiments were laid outduring the year 1992-93. 1. Evaluationof burning tolerance of pasture speciesand 2. Impact analysis of time andfrequency of burning on Sehima-'Heteropogon grasslands reseeded withrange legumes. In the first experiment,eight grasses (Bothriochloa intermedia,Ch ry sopogon fulvus, Dichanthiuman nuiatum, Panicum antidotalej P.maximum, Pennisetum pedicel/a tum(perennial), Pennisetum potystachyon

an d Trispecific hybrid ofPennisetum) and four legumes (Arachish agenbeckii, C litoria ternatea,Macroptelium atropurpureum andStylosanthes scabra) were establishedeach in separate plots, replicated andrandomized in a block design. Secondexperiment was laid out in naturalgrassland wherein few range legumeswere reseeaecl. As per schedul~ firstsummer burning was imposed in June1994 and' second winter burning in .January 1995. All grasses andlegumes as well as the natural grasslandwere harvested in December 1994. Dataon population of grasses, legumes,weeds and their biomass 'were recordedbefore the harvest.

No adverse effect of fire wasnoticed on the.plant population in someof the perennial grasses viz.,Bothriochloa intermedia, Dichanthiumann ulatum, Chrysopogon fulvus,Heteropogon contortus, Panicummaximum and Sehima nervosum. Someof the legumes were adverselyaffected. Among legumes tol~.rant

species were Aty/osia scarabaeoides,Arachis hagenbeckii and Stylosanthesscabra. Adverse affect of burning wasobserved on the plant population of somegrasses viz., Pennisetum pedicel/atum(perennial), P. polystachyon, Panicumantidotale and Trispecific hybrid ofPennisetum with population reduction of55, 23, 33 and 33% respectively due towinter burning, whereas 62.5, 66, 55and 44% respectively due to summerburning. Adverse affect of burning wasobserved on the plant population ofsome legumes viz., Clitoria ternatea,Macroptelium atropurpureum andStylosanthes hamata with populationreduction of. 45, 66 and 16%respectively due to winter burning.Summer burning was found mosthazardous to these species as respectivepopulation reductions were to the extentof 83, 100 and 42%. Thus effect ofburning varied from season to seasonand summer burning proved moredetrimental as compared to winterburning. Burning was most detrimental

. to annual species of grasses as well asweeds. Adverse' effect of burning was

32

"also -noticed on some perennial weeds.However,. increase in population, quickregeneration ~nd accelerated growthof few perennial'. weeds followingbumi.ng was 'observed. .

Gl\1-S.1:· GRAZING PREFEREN­CES OF CAFETERIA SPECIES

(J.P. Singh and Vinod Shankar)

Goat grazing which started fromAugust 1994, was continued up toFebruary 1995. Daily movement alongwith graz in y time spent in eachgrassllegume stand and body weight a~

monthly intervals were. recorded.Pasture measurements were plantpop:: lation, plant height, total andeffective. tillers/branch, basal cover,foliage cover, biomass, leaf/stem ratioand population count of weedy species.'

Grazing preference

. The total grazing time spentby goats was minimum in themonsoon period (August-October)(Fig.3). The grazing time wasmaximum in January .followed by

. February. During the monsoon, post.monsoon and winter' period goats spentmore time to legumes grazing.Consumption of grasses increased inthe spring· (Februar~) and in the winter .months (FigA). The goats spent about23.4, 37.1 27.4 and 28.7 per cent ofgrazing time to consume

IGFRI

-annual/perennial -weeds in the monsoon,postmonsoon, winter and spring months,respectively. 'PIe- total number of visitswas lowest in August-September, whengoats utilized only a few highlypreferred species. The visits increased tothe nijlXimum in February (Fig.5). Theseason *<ise grazing preferences arementioned below:

Monsoon: Stylosanthes scabra was them~st preferred species followed by S.

. hamata, Cynodon dactylon cv. Bermuda­1, Ma~r.optelium atropurpureum, Labl~bpurpureus cv. JLP-4, Rhynchosia lJJini­ma, Leucaena leucocephala, Pennisetumpedicellatum etc.

Post-monsoon:' Stylosanthes scabracontinued to show higher preferencefollowed .by S,' hamata; Leucaenaleucocephala, Rhynchosia minima. Ingrasses, Cynodon dactylon dr, Bermuda­

.1, Pennisetum polystachyon ' werepreferred.. .

. . I >.

Winter: In the early winter goats devotedmaximum time . to S. scabra' and S.hamata but later on shifted to'iloragegroundnut (Arachis hagenbackiii . andshowed high preference. L.leucocephala, A tylos ia scrabaeoidesalso maintained ~ high preference level.In grasses, C.dactylon cv. Berinuda-2,followed by Brachiaria decumbens, C.dactylon cv. Bermuda-l, Chloris gayanashowed high preference,

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Fig. 3: Goat grazing/rest durationf .

100.---------------------------,.-....,

80

40

20

oAugust September October November December January February, .

_ Grazing _ Rt;lst

Fig. 4: Goat grazing time allocation;- J

70~--------------------------;

60

50

40

30

20

10

August September October November December. January February-

__Grass _ Legume !/;:/H Annual- - .

34 IGFRI

Fig. 5: Goat visit frequency

300~----~---------~-----~

August September dcto'ber November December January Februaryo

50

100·... ·

150···... ··········· ...

I

200

250

• (lrass _ Legume 1'1 Annual

Spfing: The maximum grazing time wasspent in consuming grasses but S.scabra, s. hamata, A. hagenbeckii weremuch preferred. The grasses viz: C. doc",tylon' cv. Bermuda-I, C. dactylon cv. Ber­muda-Z, Cencbrus setigerus, Panicummaximum, Pennisetum pedicellatwn weremore preferred as compared to others.

GM-6: EvALUATION OFUNDER EXPLOITED ANDUNDER- UTILIZED PLANTSFOR RANGELAND

I(J.N. Gupta and J.P. Singh)

'Initial varietal trial on fodderAmaranth.

Seven en fries of fodderAmaranth viz, . APGA-2, ~PGA-3,APGA-4, LC-2, LC-4, AV-64 and K436 were evaluated.

Only three entries viz., APGA-2,APGA-3 and APGA-4 germinated' well.These are early .flowering types (55- 60days) and also show higher forageproduction as well .as regeneration (Table5 and Table 6). Three entries viz., LC-2,LC-4 and AV~64 were' Iale types andshowed staggered germmation (98-108days) with poor yield and noregeneration. One entry viz; K-436 wasa mixture. of 'diverse types. The entryAPGA-2 is considered best followed byAPGA-4.

~NNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Forage groundnut .

'In a mixed pasture of ~8 grassesand 18 legumes 'less reduction i}lpopulation of .A. hagenbeckii and A.glabrata was observed under continuousgrazing or' cattle, sheep and goat <?ver aperiod of ·three years indicating its highdegree of persistence as compared toother forage legumes..

35

Simarauba glauca'

Four years old plants of S.glauca could attain the height of2.0-2.5 m under good edaphiccondition whereas in rangelandsthey could not attain' the height of1.5 m. No flowering was observed inany of the plant till now.

I

ITable 5. Growth and regrowth ofAmaranthus species under different nitrogen levels I

.- I

III

APGA-2 APGA-4Characters

No N40 N80 'No N40 N80 I

Growth performance at SOOk:lowering stage,

Plant.height (em) 43.3 82.8 78.8 73.5 78.5 72.4 iI

No. of nodes on main shoot 14.9 15.8 21.1 16,3 17.0 17.8

'10. of branches 0 2.8 3.2 12.0 11.8 12.5

Leaf length (ern) 10.3 13.4 13.2 11.4 11.1 12.6I

Leaf breadth (em) 6.1' 8.2 7.6 '/ 6.7 6.6 7.3

Regeneration after; cutting

. Length of longest branch (ern) 9.3 20.1 58.6 48.9 65.6 106.3

No. of branches 1.5 1.3 2.7 2.9 3.8 4.0,No. of secondary branches. 0 0 0 5.0 7.9 . '9.8.

\

Browse' species

Eight shrub 'species which canpersist under grazing condition and can .offer nutritive fodder to the livestock.

during lean period were identified which'are: Clerodendron phlomoidies, Ehretiaaspera,Grewia flavescens,Gymnosporia spinesa, Helictres iora,Securinega virosa, Woodfordia

.fruticosa and Vitex negundo. Seeds of

36

I these species were 'being, ' collected fordetailed evaluation.

GM-9: GEOMORPHOLOGICALAND GRAZING RESOURCE IN"'VENTORY OF LOWER SINDCATCHMENT

(Jai Prakash Singh and Dipankar Saha)

Lower Sin~ Catchment (area

23.500 km2

) cover~. certai!1 ", part~ qfJhansi, Jalaun and Etawah districts of·Uttar Pradesh and Datia, Bhind, Morena,Gwalior and Sh ivpur i districts ofMadhya Pradesh. Geographically it is

.situated in between 24°47 N to 26°52N

"IGF1{1 '.

;'1atitude(and;77.13' E to 79.11'£

longitude.

Satellite data (IRS..L<\., LlSS-I,F.C.C., Row 49 & 50, Path 27 & 28dated Feb. 1989, Feb. 1992, Feb. 1995on .1/250.000 and IRS-lB, LISS-II,F..C.C. of 54J4, S4112 & S4G14 datedFeb. 1989, Feb. .1992,' Feb. 1995 on1'/250,000 and 'IRS-Ib, LISS-I1, F.C.C. of

, S4112 and S4C.H4. dated Feb. 1989, Feb.19-9-2\01' iFeH:1q 1995; ·o~· li50,OOO) and

Survey of India Toposheets (54N, J. K;F, G & I on 1/250,000 ana S4J/4,54J/12.& S4G/14 on 1/50,000) havebeen interpreted ~nd analyzed andlimited ground truthing has been made.

Table 6. Forage .yield and regeneration potential ofAmaranthus spp, under different level ofNitrogen

. Varieties N Days to Green forage Yield (Vha) TotalLevel 50% flowe-

ring . 1st Cut lind Cut III,rd Cut

APGA-2 No· 60 2.55 1..27 3.82

N40 8.22~ 3.77 11.99

Nso 8.:;5 4.11 12.66

APGA-4 No 55 2.22 0.99 0.33 3.54

N40 4.88 2.22 1.50 8.60

Nso 6.11 4.44 1.67 12.32

•

,ANN"VAL REPORT 1994-95

On the basis of study oftoposheets and' FCC imagery regardingstructure, physiography, relief,geomorphic processes and resultanttopography, following 14 major landformunits have been identified for the studieson plant community' dynamics and itsrelation with the physical environments:

''".~.I-PII·~ Upland Plateau, Dissected_

17

upland, Monadnoks (isolated residualhi ll ocks/out rock crops);Intervening Basin, Upper DrainageFloor, Valley .fill, Undulating plain,Weathered and Buried RockySurface, "Interflue -crest, Gentleslopping plain, Gully, . Ravines . andEroded land, Recent Alluvium RiverValley

DIVISION OF AGROSILIVIPASTURE

ASP-1: AUTECOLOGY OF FOD-. . ..DER CUM FUEL TREES/SHRUBS

1.2 Collectlen and evaluation oftree/shrub spp. suitable for fuel,fodder and minor timber

(R.C. Singh)

Eleven tree/shrub species wereplanted in July/Aug. 1987. Out ofthese spp. 3 were planted at 2 x· 2 mspacing .and' 4 at 3 x 3 m and remaining4 at 4'x 4 m spacing.

The '25 trees of each speciesexcept A. -lebbeck ~nd H. integrifoliawere measured for growth and productionat final felling stage i.e, 75 years afterplanting (Table 7).

ASP-2: SILVIPASTORALSTUDIES

2.2 Lopping management studieson selected fodder trees/shrubs insllvlpastoral systems

(M.M. Roy and B.K. Choubey)

During .this period, based onth.ird year of study on 7 year oldDichrostachys cinerea based'silvipasture, more growth in height andcollar diameter (June 1994) was obtainedin unlopped trees (3.~6 0.42 m and 6.9 ,1.32 em) compared to lopped trees 3.82

0.47 m and 5.7 1.18 em). The averageannual increment in collar diameter wasmore .(1.16 em) ~ Compared to meanannual increment (1.06 em) in unloppedtrees. However, the average currentannual increment in collar diameter (0.89em) was almost same as to mean annual'increment (0.87 . cm) in lopped trees.There was not ' much difference ingrowth of observational plants indifferent spacing treatments, excepting the3- x 2 m spacing where average diametergrowth was less by 18 per cent.

The seed production (May 1994)was significantly low in lopped trees(0.34 -0.57 kg/tree) as compared tounlopped trees (1.93 - '2.17 kgltree). Thepod to seed ratio. varied from 35-3.7.Higher dry matter pasture yield (October1994) was obtai,ned in wide spacedtreatment (2.68. t/ha) as compared to:narrow spaced treatments (1.72 -2.41t/ha). Higher dry 'matter yield throughsuckers of Dichrostacbys 'cinerea(October 1994) was obtained in widespaced treatments. The yield levelsvaried from (~A7 -=- 2.17 t/ha). Theaverage leaf/stem ratio in the suckermaterial was found to be 0.32. Thus,leaf fodder yield of 0.47 - 0.69 t/hil ·.wasobtained through this component. '(heaverage values of crude protein, NDFand ADF in such fodder was found to be12.8 per cent, 41.0 per cent and 30.0·per cent respectively.

ANNUAL REPORT 39

Table 7. Growth and production traits of tree/shrob species and grass productionI underneath- in cval~ationtrial

Characters Ht CD DBH Canopy Branch Pole height

(m) (em) (em) Diameter number . (m)

(m)

z x z m

Subabul (KB) 8.36 11.62 6.92 4.04 2.76I

2.31

Subabul (Silva 4) 8.32 11.46 7.57 4.75 2.43 2.81

Eucalyptus, 9.90 11.77 7.54 3.00 1.00 4.25.

Average' 8.8.6 11.62 7.34 3.93 2.06 3.13

3X3m<,

Ac- ra ni/otica <8.27 12.6~ 8.92 4.61 4.48 1.77

,A torti./#; 5.52 8.10 5.51 3.75 1.96 1.78

,

P, jufif/ora 6.48 8.52 5.97 4.72 2.72 1.87

D. cineria 3.34 6.10 3.90 2.98 2.92 1.09r-

.. Average 5.90 8.85 6.07 4.01 3.02 1.63

4x4m

A /ebbeck 6.04 12.48 R70 .6.04 2.80 1.79

.,-

A amara 4.54 10.09 4.31 4.19 7.12 1.45

H. integrifo/ia 3.71 8.86 4.58 3.23 1.31 1.28

D. sissoo 6.02 12.02 8.69 3.74 2.25 1.86

Average 5.08 10.86 6.57 4.30 3.37 1.60-

Higher dry matter yield as .aresult of lopping the branches(November/December 1994) wasobtained in narrow spaced treatmen~

on account of more number of trees/ha.The yield level'varied from 1.7~ - 3.24t/ha.. 2 - 5 new shoots developed fromone previously cut end.' The height anddiameter of such shoots varied from 0.13- 0.67 m and 0.18 - o{).63 emrespectively. The vigour of regenerated ,shoots was comparable with previousyear's shoots. The average leaf to stemratio in .regenerated branches was foundto be 0.59. Thus, leaf fodder yield of1.05 - 1.91 t/ha was ?btained throughthis component. Browse quality of thisfodder was 12.8 per, cent crude protein, .39.5 per cent NOF and 29.9 per cent'ADF.

ASP..3: ,AGROFORESTRYSTUDIES

3.2 Productivity of agrosilvip.as-toral system involving Faidh~rbiaal- 'bida (Del) A. Chev

(S.K. Gupta)

Survival and growth of the trees :Survival of F. albida at the end of theyear was highest under jmproved pasture(84:0%) in 3 x 5 m spacing. Plantheight was remarkably higher in crop as­sociation (207.5 em) at 5 :x 3 m spacing\~\\~~~~\)'i \\.\. ~o.m~ \~~o.\m~\\.\ 0.\ l\ 'k~ m~~~~\\.~. '-\\.~ ~~o.~ ~\.o.,-,,--~\.~~ ~~\\.~~~~

IGFRI

with crop association (3.19 em) at 5 X? inspacing which was followed by improvedpasture (25 em) at the same spacing.This year also plants respon~ed toedaphic variability in the experimentalarea.

Production of natural grassland: Inthefourth year, the grassland production wasmaximum 5.18 t/ha (12.92 t/ha fresh wt)at 5 x 3 m spacing while it was 4.75 t/ha(lL83 tf.ha fresh wt) at 4- x 3 m spacing.1}1e production of grass was 5.85 t/ha(13.75 t/ha fresh) where tree was notplanted (control).

Productlen of improved pastures: Theproduction Of i:mproved pastureCenchrus ciliaris + Stylo was 7.36 t/ha(15.67 t/ha fresh wt) at 5 x 3 m spacingfollowed by 5.68 t/ha (14.92 t/ha fresh wt)at 4 x 3 m spacing. The production waslowest 5.18 t/ha. where tree was notplanted (control). .

Crop pl))duction: ' The maximum yieldof teosinte was 37.5 t/ha (18.3 t/ha OM):at 4 x 3 m spacing followed by 30.83 t/ha'(15.02 t/ha OM) at 5 x 3 m spacing.

Biomass production of trees: Themaxi­mum above ground biomass 'was 2.06Uha (dry wt) in'S x 3 m spacing in crop'association followed by 1.84 t/ha inA x3 m spacing in the same treatment. The.lowest production (0.57 t/ha) was ob­tamed'm 5 x 3 m ~\?ac\\\l~ with. im\?{<wed~~\.~'-~

ANNUAL REPORT

As plants respond to edaphicvariability . in the experimental area, the .data of biomass production' of plantsgrouped" along the red black and mixedsoil habitats. The maximum aboveground "biomass production (3.43 t/ha)was obtained in mixed soil in 5 x 3 mspacing" followed by, (1.68 t/ha) in samespacing and soil. The lowest production(0.68 t/ha) was obtained in red soil in 4 x,3 m spacing.

3.6 Studies on management prac­tices of different agroforestry sys­tems

(R.C. Singh and Sudhir Kumar)

Response of til + urd mixture tochemical and Leucaena leafmanuring in alley cropping system

Alley widths (Wo - no width i.e.pure crop mixture, W1 -4 m, W2 - 6 mand W3 - 8 m) were taken as main plot,treatment and nitrogen. sources (Ni - 45kg N/ha through urea alone in two equalsplits, Nz"- 22.5 kg N/ha through urea atsowing + 2~:5 kg N/ha throughLeucaena leaf after 20:. 25 days of sowingas sub plot treatments in split plot design.

Crops, til (VaT. T4) and urd(Var. T9) were sown with recommendedseed rates in alternate paired rows.

Seed yield of urd crop

The tree association in form ofhedges reduced the seed yield of crop(7(}.10 kg/ha) than pure crop (98.35

41

kg/ha). Maximum yield at 78.34 kg/hawas obtained in" 8.0 m wide alleysfollowed by 6.0 and 4.0 m wide alleys.This may be attributed to the effect ofother characters related to seed yield.Both sources of nitrogda applicationhad no visible effect on- seed yield ongross plot basis (Table 8).

Seed yield of til crop

,There was a-reduction in the yield

of .crop due to association withLeucaena 0" shrub in form of hedge(24.824 kg/ha) than pure crop (27.70kg/ha) in below normal rainfall year(62%). Moreover, the differenttreatments did not show any markedeffect on seed production of til crop on

"gross plot basis.

Total biomass production

Contrary La the seed yield ofcrops the total dry biomass production(Leucaena leaf + crop produces) wasimproved due to tree association in formof hedge than pure c~op (2.39 t/ha).Moreover, within .alley cropping systemthe maximum biomass yield (2.54

t/ha) Was recorded in treatment whiclhad leucaena hedges at 4.0 m spacingThe biomass production decreased withan increase in alley widths and thusminimum yield (2.35 t/ha) was obtained"in 8.0 m wide alleys which was 8.09%'less than the former one.

)GFRr

system. It may 'be attributed to ~jghe~'

production of Leucaena leaf during-cropseason of abnormal rainfall year (Table9).

"

"

Table 8. Seed yield of'urd (kgIha) on gras<1 ,..lot basis in alley cropping during 1994-95

.- ~.

'Width (m) AverageSource 4 'S 8, Control

"

kg/ha kg/ha0'

./

U-rea alone ~. 1.810 2.739 3.690 76..36 100.00- -. "

Urea + L 1 1..499 2.830 3.880 75,~ 96.70I leafI

i Average 0.550 0.927 1.265 - -kg/ha 68.75 77.22 78.34 76.10 98.35

-.,

Table 9. Seed yield of til (kgIha) on gross plot basis in alley cropping during 1994-95

, .. .Width (m) fwerageSource' 4 6 8 Control

..

kg/ha ;{g/ha;

Urea alone, 0.545 ' 0.89 1.20 24.407 27.00

Urea + L.1 0.680 0.88 1.1'7 25.240 28.30leaf

I

Average .. 0.204 0.295 0.395 - 27.70

kglha 25.50 24.574 24.688 24:2f 27.70

r ---....

Similarly, urea alone was betterthan urea '+ Leucaena leaf manuring assource of nitrogen application which alsoproduced 7.1% more total biomass in the

I •

ANNUAL REPORT 43,- -- .- ,"-'. /

Table 10. Total dry biomass of alley cropping (t/ha) on gross plot basis during 1994-95

Width (m)Source' 4 6 8 Average % increase Control

. orIdecrease ,II

Urea alone 7.897 7.331 7.449 2.520,' - 7.1-70

Urea + L1 7.320 7.117 6.628 2.341 - .71 7.140leaf -

Average - 2.536 2.408 2.346 2.430 - 2.385

% increaseor +8.09 - - - -decrease (-)

c,

-ASP-4: DEVELOPMENT OF HOR­rIPASTORAL SYSTEMS FOR

1 TIlE WASTELANDS OF ~UN·

"DELKHAND REGION

4.1 Growth and productivity ofIfruit crops in association with'grasses and legumesI

(S.K. Sharma)

Average fruit yield was 5.8kg/tree. Fruit yield was maximum whentrees were grown with, Stylosantheshamata which was statiscally higher thanother treatment combinations includingcontrol. At the time of annual trianing andprunniIlg in March, the tre~ also yieldedI.eaf fodder and fuelwood. Average leaff?#der production was 0.55 kg DMper'trtt>and there was no apperant effect of

pasrure component on leaf fodderproduction.

. Fuelwood production, however,showed maximumm production with, 5,.hamata which was statistically higher]than other treatment combinations. Thep~~tu~e production was maxium when C'Iciliaris and S. hamata were grown,together as mix crop. S. hamata gaveminimum pasture production.

4.2 Productivity of klnnow basedSehima dominated hortlpastoral sys­tem

(S.K.Sharma)

There was no significant effect ofpasture component on collar, diameter.However, col lar diameter wasmaximum when trees were gro~n

44. IGfRI

Table 11. Growth and production of tree (Zizyphus mauri/iana) and pasture components

(Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylosanthes hamata) components

~

A. Tree component :'

Treatment Control Trees + Trees + Trees + C.O.combinations (Tree .. C. ciliaris S. hamata C. ciliaris

alone S. hamata 5%

Fruit yield 5.360 5:723 6.915 5.224 1.495(kg/tree)

Leaf fodder 0.502 0.509 0.579 . 0.596 0.126(OM kg/tree)

Fuelwood 0.959 0.939 ' 1.236 0.723 0.247(OM kg/tree)

B. Pasture component : (OM t/ha)

Treatment C. ciliaris S. hamata C. ciliaris + S. hamataCombinations

Control 4.59 3.23 4.27

WJth trees 3.92- (4.15) 2.20 (2.33) 4.23 (4.48) .

. CD 5% 0.47 ---

(Figures in parentheses shows pasture production DM t/ha after area taken by the trees is deducted).

with .Sehima and Stylo. Therewas a significant increasein plant height when thetrees were grown with both.the combinations of pastures over con- .tro!.

Average pasture production'was 5.46 DM t/ha. Inclusion of treecomponent decreased Sehima yieldsignificantly. However, this loss, wascompensated when Stylo was also grownwith trees and Sehima (Table 12).

ANNUAL REPORT. 45

Table 12. Growth and production of kinnow based hortipastoral systemI

" Treatment Growth and productioncombinations

Pasture "Tree growthproduction(OM t/ha) Plant height (cm) Collar diameter(cm)

SO SO

Control 5.87 - -(Sehima alone)

Control - 65.~,..: 35.75 1.83 :t O.S4(Tree alone)

Trees +Sehima 4.97 86.44:t 44.15 2.1O:t 1.17

(5.14)Trees +Sehima + 5.54 86.33:t 44.24 2.21:t 1.08Stylo (5.73)

.,

C05% 0.78 9.60 1.34

,

ASP-5: EVALUATION OF NEWGENOTYPE~IDEOTYPESOF

VARIOUS FE~DCUM ENERGYPRODUCING SPECIES

5.1 Genetic improvement of sub­abul in relation to forage and fuel­wood production and quality

(P.S. Pathak)

Evaluation of promising selections

The first rotation of 15 selectionsplanted at 2 x 1 m. spacing in threereplications was harvested in 1994.

Selection S-24 gave peak biomass yield(56.36 kg/tree) followed by S 10(50.16 kg/tree) and the lowest by S23 (23.91 kg/tree). Over the K-8, 34an d 19.5% more biomass wasproduced by S 24 and S 10. The pathanalysis of total biomass and bole',branch and leaf weight showed that allthe three characters contributedmaximum towards .total biomass yieldthrough direct effect. Thecontribution through indirect effectwas quite low (Table 13). It is thus,concluded that simple selection breeding

46

Table 13: Direct and indirect effect ofcom'p<me~tsof biomass on the production ofabOveground biomass m15 populations

Characters Bole. Branch Leaf Genotypic CorrelationI with AGB

,Bole' 0.72196 0.2160 0.0362 0.9741

, ,

Branch 0.5348 0.2915 0.0411 , 0.8674I

Leaf 0.3445 0.1579 0.0758 0.5783

method could help improving biomass inthis species.

One year coppice growth hasfurther indicated peak collar diameter in S22 and S 10 wh ile the minimum wasobserved ·.in K 397. Peak height wasobserved in K8 which was 21 em morethan the S 22 showing peak diametergrowth. Although 1 year growth is noindication of their performanc; yet itpoints to the superiority of the selectionmade (Fig. 6)

Evaluation of superior populations

Nine different population of Leucaena.planted during 1984 and harvested in1989 and 1994 were observed for cop­pice' growth in third rotation. One yearcoppice growth has shown peak growthin silvi-4~ (a selection at IGFRI) fol­lowed by E1 Salvador. The minimumwas however observed in K8 (Himachal).T1)e r~nge in growth between K8 was 3.9 -

5.0 and 3.3 - 4.3 em for collar and breastheight diameter of the population receivedfrom different states. The V.P. prove::nance ofK. vas superior among all. .

ASP-6: MODELING STUDIES

6.2 To study the yield distributlo!*patterns of grass production andito; relationship with crown area insilvlpastoral system

(T.A. Khan and P.S. Pathak)

Data on forage yield under treeat 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 m radius 'circular:plots along with .the tree crown area,CD and dbh growth at the time of grassharvest were recorded under 20 trees in,each of spacings (4 x 3, 4 x 4 and 4 x 6m) in a Acacia: tortilis basedsilvipastoral system at ID.RC site II,Datia and were subjected to statisticalanalysis .'

ANNUAL REPORT

F~g. 6: Radial plots & CV%(ignoring 0.5 m) of per sqm forage under

Acacia tortitls

47

cv %35r---,------------------

30

25

,20I

15

10

5

1.5 2 2.5

Radial distance from tree

0'----------'--------'--------'----.1 3

Obs.

It was found- that" when Crownar~a increased > the forage productiondecreased both in 4 'x ·3 and 4 -x 4 m. .

spacings. but in 4 x 6 m no such trendcould . be observed. Correlations ofcrown .area, CD an~ .dbh with the

Iproduction (per -Sqm basis) at 1.0 ~d 1.5m were·significant (p< 0.(5) and nosignificance could be detected .in otherdistance in the two- other spacings.Following relationships were established :

--::-. .Y·(1.0 m) = 779.7541 - 133.3437 % Ln(Crown) .

-Estd.

(47.6596) R2 =0.3031. .

Y (1.5. m) =788.7824 - 130.951 % Ln(Crown)

(47.9776) R2 = 0.2927

Hence crown effect is limited to4 x 3m spacing only. Analysis: ofcovariance also confirms the significanceof spacings at 1.0 m radius. Hencecircular plot at 1.0 m ignoring 0.5 must

I •

betaken for seeing the effect of spacingand crown area on the basis of understory production;

48 IGFRl

Table 14. Coetlicient of Skewness and Kurtosis of the observed Log and Square roottransformed data

Observed Log Sqrt

CrownSkewness 1.176 -0.038 0.571Kurtosis 4.286 2.620 3.033

CDSkewness 0.156 ,0.491 -0.167Kurtosis 2.480 2.630 2.438

dbhSkewness 0.535 -0.373 0.115Kurtosis 2.760 3.020 2.620

Forage at 1.0 mSkewness 0.158 -0.881 -0.311Kurtosis 2.658 4.044 2.939

Forage at 1.5 mSkewness -0.118 -0.885 -0.471Kurtosis 2.439 3.684 2.809

Forage at 2.0 mSkewness -0.278 -1.208 -0.741~t:Jrtosis 3.284 4.514 3.620.

Statistical values for deviation from normality (P=O.05) :

Skewness =n=60

n=40

0.492

0.587

Kurtosis =3.92 - 2.20

4.04 - 2.10

Perusal of Table 14 shows thatcrown area' and dbh were deviated fr~m'

normality and f)!:1.er basic data Iollox..zsthe normality. Log-transformation forcrown area and square root for dbh wasfound tobe ideal for normality.

Smith's equation have beenworked out for radiuses of circular plots

and their CV% on per sq m productionlevel.

DIVISION OF SOIL SCIENCEI

SS-I: SOIL STUDIES UNDER IN­TENSIVE FORAGE PRODUC­TION,

1.1.2 Soil P test crop responsestudies under lntercropplng

(S:B. Tripathi)

The study was conducted withfour levels of P (0, 40, 80 & 120 kgP20S/ha) and two crops namely MPChari pure and MP Chari + Cowpeaduring 'kharif season and oat pureduring rabi in three levels of soilfertility (low, medium and high P soils).Forage yield of. rabi and kharif cropsincreased considerably with. increase inP levels upto 120 kg P20S/ha. The. . ~

yield responses 'of crops to added' Pdecreased sharply with increased soilfertility. ',The nutrient P, K, S, Ca and Mgconcentration and uptake -increased withincrease in level of P upto 120 kgP20s!ha.

For pre d i cti n.g maximumfertilizer response, the critical limit ofavailable sdil P was 18.5 and 16.0for . MP Chari/MP Chari + Cowpea andoat, respectively. The correlation ofOlsen's method for extractable Pwith forage yield (r=0.80) and Puptake (r=0.92) in kharif crops and withforage yield (r=0.95) and P uptake(r=0.90) in rabi season crop washighest than other soil P test methodsviz, Bray & Kurtz, Troug, Morganand Al-Abbas method.

Soil fertility: As compared to fertility atsowing, the status, of P in soils after" har­vest of crops decreased to the extent of20-25% in low and 6-8% in medium Psoils, in non-treated P' plots. Availabilityof P was maintained in high P soils, par­ticularly in plots receiving 80 kg P20s!haand above. The status of Sand Mgdecreased in all P soils and drasticreduction of about 40 & 30% wasnoticed under mixed cropping in plots ofhigher P soils (at 120 kg P20s!ha) afterharvest of kharifcrop.

1.1.3 Soil K test crop responsestudies under intercropping

(S.B. Tripathi)

The' experiment was laid outwith four levels of. K (0, 30, 60 & 90 kgK20) in three K soils (lOW, medium andhigh K soils) with two crops namely oatand oat + senji. Application of Kinfluenced forage yield and uptake.High and medium K soils producedsignificantly higher yield and K uptakeat K application ,of 60 kg K20!ha overcontrol whereas such significantincreases were obtained. at 90 kgK20!ha in low K soils. However, thegreen and dry fodder yield and Kuptake were ,recorded maximum withhighest level of K application (90 kgK20!ha). The increase in green fodderyield with added K 'application of 30, 60& 90 Kg/ha was 10, 16 & 21 percent iii

50

low, 8, 10. & 14 percent in medium and.5, 8, 10 percent in high K soils for oatpure, .andlO, 1.9 & 21 percent in low, 1.0,14· & 15 percent in medium and 7, 10 '& 1Lpercent in high .K soils, for oat +senji intercropped, respectivejy. The.responses to applied K level'sdecreased witli increased level of K inthe soils where Jow K soils hadmaximum response j.e. 7~..;105 kg. greenfodder of oat/Kg K and 78-117 kg .greenfodder of oat * senji/kg K. The contentand' uptake of nutrients (P, OJ, Mg &. S)increased with the application of K upto 90 kg K20/ha except Mgcontent inhigh K soils at 60 kg/ha and above thecontent of Mg in, plants decreased withhighest K application over lowe; level ofK application on high,' K soils. Thecritical limit of available K in, soil was'180 kg K20/ha for predicting fertilizerresponse to added K application Soiltest K method L,e. ammoniumacetate.', exJ[act put. for available Kestimation proved superior' as it gavesignificantly higher correlation withgreen fodder "(r=0.95) and, K uptake(r=0.91) in case of pat pure anti greenfodder (r=~O) and K uptake (r=0..88) incase of oat +, senji mixed crops, .. -, -; .

Soil fertlllty

The content of available K aftercrop. harvest was maintained in, mediumto high K soils with the K application of~O kg/ha and above. It) was reduced by22~ 29pt<rct<nt incontrol plots and

IGFRI'

10-IS percentin K treated plots underlow K soils over iheir initial status ofsoil, .atrthe time of .sowing. Themixed.croppingsystem .retained sufficientresidual K in soils than pure cropping.The available content of P & Ca in lowfertility andMg & S in higher soilfertility in 'respect of 'k were reduceddue to K fertilization.

1.2 Studies on secondary and micro­nutrients in relation to forages

(O.P.S. Panwar)

i. Studies on Zn & P nutrition ilJegyptian clover (Trifolium.alexandrinumLi)

The treatments comprised of 3graded Ievels of Zn ranging from 10.0to 30.0 ppm -< ZnS04): and 2 gradeddoses of P of 30.0 and 60.0 ppm (asDAP) along with control.

A consistent increase in fodderyield was observed with eachincrement in level of P .fertilization.Response of Zn wasnQtice~ up to 20ppm which was almost. at par with Zn@ 10' ppm level. However,maximum forage production 'was obtainedin Zn 20 + P 60 ppm level.Application of P was observed toincrease. contents of nutrients (N 3.04%,P 0.29% & K 1.97%) in plants and theiruptake. Zn fertilization also improved'contents of nutrients' (N & K) and

ANNUAL REPORT

their uptake. However, there was no 'definite trend on P contents in plants.

There .was .a wide variation in·.status Of, available micro-nutrients(Zn, Cu, Mn & Fe) .in soil undervarious treatments imposed, J\;:ailable(DTJ'A extn) Zn improved progressivelyas a result of Zn fertilization to theextent of 1.40~ 2.87 &4.27 JJpm orr.:

application of Zn @ 10,20 & .30 ppmrespectively, over the control.Tendency of depression of availableZ~ due to P fertilization particularly athigh doses appeared. The increase tothe extent of 19.23~ 26.49 & 28.43 p'pmwas obtained @ 10, 20 & 30 ppm Znapplied, respectively, over control (14..2ppm) in Zn concentration of plants.Fertilization of P tended to decrease Zncontent in plants. to some extent,

1.4 Effect o~ leaf manuring onnutrient dynamics and soilproductivity

(A.K·P~~r~and M.R.Pahwa)

Laboratory experiment

Relationships. between thechemical ,composition of the plantmaterials and the cumulative 'amountof N m ineraf iz ed in soil wereimportant in predicting the N releasein soil. The fast decomposition ratesand quick release of N from all thespecies . except Partheniuni and Neem

51

suggest that' the foliage can beapplied just before sowing/transplantingand in the middle of the cropping seasonas an alternative to th e- traditional

" practice of top dressing with N feitiliz~rs

in cereals just before flowering...However,' in contrast W inorganic Nfertilizers, the rapid initial release of Ninto the soil followed by gradual oneresulting 'in the mere efficient use ofN. Because of the ability' of greenleafy materials to decompose fastcoupled with the evidence of high N, lowC/N ratios .and polyphenol contents,leaves of leguminous trees/shrubs canbe recommended' to the farmers of thetropical countries.

1.5 Evapotranspiration studies inforage crops through Iysimetery

(Pradeep Behari)

During 158 days of crops growthperiod of berseern 65'0.5 mmcumulative evapotranspiration was]recorded which .gave mean value ofevapotranspiration .as 4.61mm/day.Cumulative green forage yield of 53.85t/ha was obtained from. lysimeter infour cuttings, .at an interval of 58, ~O,

and 30 days: On the basis of differentcuttings, the mean water use efficiencywas 13.66 kg DM/ha mm for lysimeter.Higher green forage yield was obtaineda~ third cutting (14.79 tlha) at 30 days ofcutting interval. Water use efficiency

1--

52 IGFRI'",

was also highest In third cutting i.e~>" control the disease spray applicatloii '19.04 kg DM/ha mm. In second of Bavistin, @ 0:1 % was done. Drycutting the yield was lower due to the matter yield was highest in the third cutincidence of root. rot disease. To i.e. 3.29 t/ha (Table 15).

Table 15. Forage yield, water use efficiency and ET of berseem at different cuttings

Cutting G.M. Yield D.M. Yield Periodical Et W.U.E. kgStage in t/ha in t/ha ET (mm) mm/day mm/day DM/ha mm

Lys Field Lys Reid (on Lysimeter)

1st 13.61 12.35 1.15 1.14 127.0 2.18 9.06

lind 13.02 13.25 1.88 2.11 142.6 3.56 , 13.18..

IIlrd 1~.79 15.28 3.29 3.17 172.8 5.76 19.04

IVth 12.43 . 13.61 2.78 3.10 208.1 6.94 13.36

Total 53.85 54.49 9.10 9.52 .650.5 . .

Mean 4.61 13.66I

, . . - -

i.s.r Leaching of nutrients

(A.K. Patra and Pradeep Behari)

The leaching of nutrientelements particularly, N, P, K, Ca andS, was quantified with the percolatingwater from. the lysimeter.

Although the total precipitationin the year was little more than 50% ofthe average of this region, however,there· was an appreciable load ofnutrient elements in the leachates(Table 16). ~ong the nutrients, N03-N showed maximum potential (83 kgha· 1

) followed by en (46 kg lia· 1) for

downward transmission.. The magnitudeof otliernutrients, such as, K was

comparatively much lower (8 kg ha'l)and it was interesting to notice thea~sence of measurable P and S04 in :~he

leachates.

2.1 Studies on bacterial mediatedNz fixation for increased produc­tivity in forage crops including pas­ture and tree legumes

2.1.1 Studies on biological nitrogenfixation in grass- legume mixed pas-

o •

turesystem

(M.R. Pahwa and A.K. Patra)

ANNUAL REPORT

There were eight treatmentcombinations consisting of three differentsystems of growing pastures (pure ­Cenchrus ciliaris a'.o ne, Stylosantheshamata alone and mixturesof C. ciliarisand S. hamata) and three types ofinoculation (uninoculated control,inoculation with Azospirillumlipoferum-1 in C. ciliaris andinoculation with Cowpea-Rhizobium in

53 '

S. hamata). Highest increase in forage:production in mixed. pasture wasrecorded when stylo was inoculated (c. c(UI) + Stylo (UI)-green yield-52.5 glpl,D.M. yield - 19.4 g/pl; C. c (UI) + St (I)- 62.3 g/plant and D.M. 24.2 g/pl). Animproved dry matter production to thetune of 24.7% 'was obtained with thistreatment . over uninoculatedcombination (Table-17).

Table 16. The average annual amounts of nutrients in leachate from Iysimeter for a 1 yearperiod, expressed as kgha-1

Leachate Sampling Average Nutrient Lossesdate in 1994 N P K Ca S

21 July 55 ' Trace 5.24 33 Trace

02 Aug 28 Trace 2.33 13 Trace

Note: Th~ values are average of two lysimeters.

Inoculation with respectiveculture in C. ciliaris and S. hamatarecorded 21-23% increased productionover uninoculated control. Efficacy ofAzospirillum in C. ciliaris duringsecond year decreased when grown inmixture' with stylo under inoculationcondition. Thus, the effects of both thenitrogen fixers were more pronouncedin mixed pasture up. to second cutting.Dry root biomass of grass componentalso showed similar trend indicatingimprovement when grown withinoculated stylo. Available N in soil,though improved did not differsignificantly in case of both inoculatedand C. ciliaris (UI) +' Stylo (I) treatments.

2.3 Survey and mapping of soils,grasslands and forage growingareas of Bundelkhand region

(R.K Tyagi, B.K Trivedi, S.B.Tripathi, KS.,. Ramachandra and A.B.Mazumdar)

The terrain of these sites variesfrom plain to undulating with gentleto steep slope in the northern parts i.e.Jalaun, Hamirpur, Banda, Jhansi,Datia districts and Lahar & Bhandertahsils and more undulating and hilly inthe southern part, of the region i.e.Chhatarpur, Pajin a , Damoh, Sagar,Tikamgarh and Lalitpur districts.

54 IGFRI..

Table-I7 : Biomass yield (gIplant) and N-uptake as influenced by inoculation under pureand mixed stand of pasture grass and tegeme (average ,of two cuts)

Treatment Uninoculated" Control Inoculation. ' ,.,

Green D.M. Yield N. upt",,,,· Green D.M. Yield N.Yield . Yield uptake

(g/pij (g/pl) (mg/pl)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cenchrus ciliaris 20;94- 8.51 74.40 24.46 10.34 108.57

Stylosanthes hamata .34.15 9.84 179.58. 42.02. 12.08 241.60

C. clllsuis 52.51 19.40 286.97 57.50 22.52 351.31+8. hamata

c.ciliens (I) - - - 56.44 22.20 301.9~

+8. hamata (UI)

C. .ciliaris (UI) - - - 62.26 24.22 372.68+8. hamata (I)

Gullies initiation was noted at severalsites .whiie the ravine~are frequent inthe northern part-of the region along theriverseg, Yamuna, Sindh, Betwa, Ken andDhasan.

Vegetation: The availability of greenfodder from the grazing lands isrestricted to the monsoon months .. only.Reconnaissance survey of these sitesrevealed that the herbaceous vegetation iscomprised' of perennial and annual gras­ses, legumes and forbs. At most of the .sites legume component was poorwhile atcertain sites it was totally ·absent. Cer­tain sites were infested with bushes.

The prominent species listed during sur­veyare:

Perennial grasses: Cenchrus ciliaris, C.setigerus, Cymbopogon . martinil,Cynodon dectylon, Dichanthium -an­nulatum, Eremopogon [oveolatus,Heteropogon contortus, Iseilema laxumaitd.Sehima nervosum, Bothriochloa per­tusa, Chrysopogon fulvus.

Annual grasses: Andropogon pumilus,Aristida adscensionis, Brachiaria ramosa,Chloris virgata, Eragrostiella bifaria;Fragrostis \ pilosa, E. viscosa,Melanocenchrus jacquemontii, Oropetiumthomaeum, Paspalum s p., Perotis sp.:-,

ANNUAL REPORT....

Setaria glauca, Themada quadrivalvis,Digitariopedicellatum..

Legum«;s: Alysicarpus longifolius, A.monolifer, Atylosia scarabaeoides,Cassia pumilia, C: tora, Heylandialatibtosa, Indil{ofera cordifolia, I. linnae,I. hirsuta, Rhynchosia minima andStylosanthes hamata, Tephrosia tenius.

Forbs. Blumea eriantha, Borreria stric­ta, B. htpida, Cyperus sp., Eclipta alba,Ennecostema verticilatum, Euphorbia'hirta, E. thymifolia, Evolvulus alsi­noides, Fimbristylis dipJiylla, Justiciasimplex, Rungia sp., Suphobia sp., Boer­havia diffusa.

Bushes and, trees: Acacia arabica, A.catechu, Ji:inilotica, A. Ieucopholoea;Anogestssus- latifolia, .A. pendula; Buteamonosperma, 'CariSsa spinerum; Lantana

.camara, ~Mimosa rubicaulis, Prosopisjuliflora and Zizyphus oenoploa.

There was a great variationin the plant' biomass, which rangedfrom' 25 ;g/m2(very' poor site) to 742g/m2 (excellent site) in the northernpart" . Howevertproduction has beenrecorded fairly' better (more- than: 1000g/m2

) in the .grazing areas of.' southerndistricts;

, ,

SoU feriility status: The- soils of. . )~

grasslands of the region are of varied tex-tures VIZ., clay loam; ~andy Ioam, sandy.day. loam? sandy ~I~y,. da,Y and loam,liowev,er,3bout 50% sit~ in the north-

f. f .

55

em part of the region exhibited clay loamsoils.

The study- on pH indicated thatm most of the cases the soil is normalto slightly' alkaline (pll 6- '8.5). . Atthree sites viz., Dhirpura (IDRC siteDatia), village Tigara (Bhander tahsil

. and village Bhujond (Jhansi district) thesoils are 'alkaline in reaction (pH8.6-9.0), While the soil of villagecommunity grazing land 'of LawanChhapar is highly alkaline (pH morethan 9) .. The grass cover underDichanthiumsp. in Damoh district hadmore fertility status with higher organiccarbon, 'available' Nand P as well asmoisture retentivity followed byHetetopogonand Themeda species inSagar district, Digiteria sp. inChhatarpur and Sehima sp. in Pannadistrict. Amongst grass covers 'ofSehima in Panna district' the soilfertility status in hilly areas washigher than piain areas of naturalgrassland during rainy season followedby crop cultivation 'during winter.The fertility status of the surface soilsin general is low particularly in termsof available, N" and P: which rangedfrom.56A,;332:4 kg r ha-1 Nand5_8-9.8 kg ha-1. P in southern .region,However, available K was foundmedium which may .be sufficient fornormal.agriculturafproduction.

Plant nutrltlonal status: The nutri­tional qual~ty of herbage samples col­lected from Chhatarpur, Sagar, Damoh

56

and Panna districts revealed higher CPcontent (9.3%) in grass communities ofDichanthium and Digitaria in Damohdistrict while the lowest (5.33%) inthe grass communities of Heteropogonand Themeda in Sagar district. ADFranged from 40.34% to 51.37% withaverage figure of 45.52%. Lignin con­tent .ranged from 5.45% to 9.68%averaging 7.38%. Cellulose contentranged from 32.84% to 42.89%. Thecopper content varied from 5.12 to 37.65ppm on dry matter basis. It was ade­quate in the grasses of Chhatarpur andDamoh districts but lower than the nor­mal accepted level of 10 ppm in the dis­tricts of Sagar and Panna. The zinc con­tent of these grasses are in between11.93 to 21.60 ppm on DM basis.These were of lower order and muchbelow the zinc requirement of animals(45 ppm). There was considerable varia­tion in. the levels of iron content. Itranged from 133.9010 278.33. ppm.

3.2 Micro meteorological studiesin multlcanopy cropping situation

Micro meteorological factors inrelation to productivity of silvlpas­toral systems

(Pradeep Behari and P.S. Pathak)

In 12 years old silvipastoralsystem two tree species (Leucaenaleucocephala and Acacia tortilis) at twospacings were taken under this study.

IGFRI

Light intensity

Maximum light intensity wasreceived during September in openplot (87 x 10 4 lux). Under A. tortilisthe infiltration rate continued to bemore than 50% during all months of yearin both the spacings..

C. ciliaris and P. maximum(without tree) received maximum lightintensity during September (87 x 104

lux). Under the L. leucocephala morethan 70% of light was filtered' duringmost of the months.

Compared to previous year therewas a shift in the pattern of Ii~ht

infiltration showing its impact onassociated parameters of microclimate!{and plant growth. The light infiltrationthrough tree indicated almost similarsituation as of the last year.

Temperature

In case of A. tortilis withSehima the soil temperature remainedhigher in open plots compared to thoseunder tree during April, July, October,January, February and March while in, .

the other months temperature undertree was more. The mean maximumsoil temperature (39.8° C) wasobserved during May which graduallydecreased to the minimum (15.6° C) . inJanuary under both the canopies. Themaximum leaf temperature (48° C) ~as

~NNUAL REPORT

observed during May while it was~'dinimum during January.

Relative humidity

The relative humidity (R.H.)under A. tortilis with Sehimanervosum 4. x 4m spacing showedhigher values. compared to opensituation. The R.H. continued todecrease in different, months followingAugust. The months of August andNovember reported more than 60% R.H.During April the R.H. fell to only 29f(punder the tree: The reduction in R.H.was associated with the changes in soiltemperature and moisture.

Biomass yield

The peak dry matter productionof Sehima without tree. was recorded

. 4.88 t/ha where as under tree it was3.47 and 3.30 t/ha at 4 x 4m and.4 x3m spacing respectively, Cenchrus gavepeak dry matter production of the orderof 9.9 t/ha at .control and 6.46 t/ha at 4x 4m spacing.

4.1 Amelioration and manage­ment of salt affected soils

(R.B. Yadava)

Soil amelioration studies

The ameliorative effect of threegrass species viz. Leptochloa fuscaC~arnal . grass), Brachiaria mutica

, '57

(Para grass) and Setaria sphacelata(Nandi grass) was evaluated.

After .three years of grasscultivation, there was considerablereduction in soil pH, E.C. -and E.S -.P. thedrop in soil pH over the initial valueranged from 0.30 units under Nandigrass grown without any amendment to1.50 units under Kamal grass receivingpyrite @ 1.6 t/ha. Similar trend wasnoticed with .electrical conductivityvaried from 0.29 0.58 ds/m indicating areduction 0.48 to 0.19 units over theinitial value. The exchangeable sodium

" .percentage decreased by 6.3 to 17.0units under different treatments. Amongthe three. grasses, Nandi grass wasrelatively less effective in improvingthe soil properties while Kamalgrass and Para. grass appeared almostequally effective in reclaiming the sodicsoils;

Plant nutrition

Application of FYM and Pyriteincreased the uptake of N, P, K, Caand Mg while that of Na was reduceddue to application of amendments in allthe three grasses.

The earlier experimental sitewas abandoned and a fresh experimenthas' been started at another site fromJuly 1994. The soils of theexperimental area h-ave pH (1:2)8.5-10.4, E.C.(1:2) 0.27-1.63 d slm and

58

ESP 18-88. In this experiment five"grasses viz., Rhodes grass, Para grass,Setaria, Thin napier .and Trispecifichybrid have been planted along with

IG {I

Sheesham, Subabul, Siris and Neem,without application of any amendment.Further studies at this site are inprogress.

DIVISION OF PLANT ANIMAL RELATIONSHIP

(Bandla Srinivas and N.C. Verma)

(R.S. Upadhyaya, L.K. Karnani, B.Srinivas and TA. Khan)

1.1 Effect of supplementation ofurea-molasses-mineral block(UMMB) licks to low grade ,.roughage ration on milk p~ductiop

and reproduction inlow yieldingcattle

Effective degradability of wheatstraw. dry matter (at rumen outflow rate0.05/h) was improved from 23.62 (onsupplementation of concentrate mixtureto- meet the maint lance requirement' ofcrude protein) to 28.77, 27.46 and 29.77by replacing the concentrate .supplementwithberseem at 3 different levels such asmaintenance level or 25% less-than or'

(K.S. Ramachandra, KK Singh andA.K. Samanta)

Estimation of, nitrogen, fiber frac­tionand minerals (8 and P) in pas­ture grasses, legumes and tree leaves

" .

1.3 Improvement of the nutrientutilization of tropical grassesthrough strategic supplementation

more than maintenance level of CPrequirement, respectively. (The DMintake (kg/100kg body weight) in the fourexperimental groups of cattle were' 1.82,1.55, 1.68 and 1.62 repectively. Thecorrespondin;:values for DM digestibility(%) were 55.03, 58.24; 58.53 and51.90). Rumen fluid volume was foundtvariable during different periods for theday.

The range grasses (C. ciliaris, H.contortus, C. fulvus and S. nervoswn),range legumes (S. hamata, L. purpureusand A. scarabaeoidesy and tree leaves(L. l~ucocepha'a, S. aegyptica, A.lebbeck aridA. nilotica) were analyzed fornitrogen, NDF, ADF, sulphur andphosphorus. The range grasses werelower in CP (3.22-4.10%) thanrange legumes (12-24%) and treeleaves (18-20%). Sand P20S contentswere higher in, tree leaves (0.22 and0.12%) than range legumes (0.11 and0.08%) and range grasses (0.05 and0.05%). '

-stock owners were'erring the technologyrpplementation . Thelas 0.52 only. On anIS lick weig~ing 3 kgrut 8-10 days. Milkso improved about 1/2owever, no change in

performance of theorted.

ion of rumen fermen­-lent utilization ofghage

1.2 Ameli.tation forlow grade

Tenadopted' forof UMMB uadoption rateaverage Uwas last for,production wlitre per daythe reproduclivestockwas

60

CP, and OM degradability inrange grasses were lower than therange legumes and tree leaves. L.purpureus showed significantly higherCP and OM degradability value.scompared to ,S. hamata and A.scarabaeoidis. The said values amongtree leaves were similar except for A.lebbeck.

In vitro organic matterdigestibility was measured onCenchrus ciliaris in combination withSesbania sesban and Leucaenaleucocephala at different levels of rumendegradable nitrogen (RON). Thedifferent levels of RON used were 20, 25and 30 gper kg DOM. The differentcombinations of C. ciliaris and S. sesbanin Exp, I. were 75:25 (Tz), 60:40 (T3)and in 'addition to the above a small 'amount of groundnut cake was also addedat 60:25:15 ratio. Similarly in Exp. IIRON was supplemented through L.leucocephala. Different combinations~ere 70:30 (1's) , 55:45 (T~) and55:3~:15 ~T7). About 2-3 g sampleswere incubated and at the end of 48 hrsOrviD was estimated. IVbMD of C.ciliaris was 39%. A significant (P)improvement in the IVOMO wasobserved in Tz, T3 and T4 (48, 54 and53% respectively). Similar improvementin IVOMD (%) was also observed in Ts,T6 and T7. There was no significantdifference between S. aegyptica and L.leucocephala. This emphasizes thatthe optimum level of 25g RDN/kg

IGFRI

OMO seems to be necessary f'orimproving the ~iilization of dry maturegrasses.

l.a- Influence of fiber fractions ofrange grasses and legumes ~n theavailability of macro minerals toruminant animals

I(KK Singh, KS. Ramachandra and B.Srinivas)

Range grasses viz. Cenchrusciliaris, Heteropogon contortus,Chrysopogon fulvus, Sehima' nervosumand Dichanthium annulatum and rangelegumes viz. Stylosanthes hamata,Atylosia scarabaeoides and Lablabpurpureus were collected at 30 (I), 6p.(II) and 120 (III) days after first rain.The CP, Mg, P, K, Na and S contentsdecreased while OM, NOF, AoF andlignin increased with maturity grassesas well -, as legumes, In legumes Cacontent increased with maturity. The

"respective values for Ca'1 Mg, P, K, Naand S in range grasses were 0.57-0.62,0.04-0.13, p.05-0.26-, 0.21-0.54,0.06-0.08 and 0.05-0.14% and, inrange legumes 1.37-2.62, 0.09-0.22,0.08-0.38, 0.05,:,0.13 and 0.12-0.23%. Itshowed that legumes weresubstantially richer in Ca, P, Mg, K andS than range grasses at different abovestages' of growth. The Na content wasalmost same in both the species. Thelevel~ of Ca at all stages of growth ingrasses and legumes was adequate for Jhtt,

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

dietary requirement of ruminant.Whereas, the levels of P, Mg, S, K andNa were adequate up to II stage.

1.5 Studies on tlwo relationship be­tween intake and physio-chemicalcharacteristics ~f new foragevarietles

(V.C. Pachauri)'

Three varieties of Cenchrus viz,3801, Molappo and Marwar Anjanwere harvested at flowering stage, driedand conserved as hay. Relatively higher~ntenUi Qf CP (4.66 and 4.77 per cent)

61

and lower contents of NDF (81.12 and76.07 per cent) were observed inMolappo 'and Marwar Anjan,respectively than var. 380l.Muzaffarnagari sheep were fed on thesevarieties. Digestibility coefficients ofDM and CP were higher in MarwarAnjan (58.95 and 53.79) and Molappo(53.79 and 40.73).' than var. 3801 (52.46and 35.27). Dry matter intake (0.83kg) TDN intake (415.5 g) and TDN(50.06%) were found maximum inMolappo. Relationship between voluntryDMI, DCP and TDN intake with packedvolume has been worked out.

Table 18 : Dry matter intak~ .and digestibility coefficients of three varieties of Cenchrusby sheep

. Oigestibility:oefficient (%)Variety OM CP CF EE NFE- NOF AOF

I 3801 52.46 35.27 56,61 19.51 54.06 57.68 ,- 44.59./I Molappo '53.79 40.73 55.66 47.71 55.39 t7.43 48.30

\--

1/1 'M.Anjan 58.95 41.71 48.63 57.28 53.08 48.47 41.77

3.2 Nutritional evaluation of barleyfodder grown under artificial'(BFGA) condition

(A.K. Mishra and S.B. Maity)

Twelve crossbred lactating cowswere equally distributed in threegroups as per priority. The animals ofcontrol ' group (TI) were given

concentrate mixture as per theirrequirement with one kg green sorghumand ad lib wheat straw. In Tz and T3,50 and 75% concentrate mixture wasreplaced by 20 and 30 kg of Ht~ficially

grown barley fodder (AGBF)respectively. The DMI per 100 kg bodyweight was more in Tj (2.65%) than Tz(2.£:4%) and T3 (2.29%). Digestibilityof DM, OM, NFE and NDF was

62

s·ignificantly higher in T3 wI e c.... thevalues were comparable witl and Tz.DCP and TDN values were also higherin T3 than Tj and 'Tz. Average dailymilk yield, 4% FCM yield, Jat%,SNF% and total solids% were sameamong the groups.

The cost of AGBF productionwas Rs. 7.29 per kg of dry matterwhereas cost of concentrate mixturewas Rs.. 4.46 per kg. Thus, cost ofsupplement Tl, T2 and T3 was Rs. 16.72,;28.74 and 35.06 per day, respectively.Nutritionally AFGA proved to replaceup to 75% of concentrate on wheat strawbased diet for lactating cows but wasuneconomical.

3.3 Evaluation of silvipasture sys­tem for ' livestock productionunder mixed herd grazing

(V.S. Upadhyay and Its. Pathak)

T~FRJ

produced ana concentrate consumedduring' April to JUJ)e, were 1909.5 a,»:O1361.5 kg respectively. The cowsproduced on an average 1.4 kg milk perkg. of concentrate consumed.

Performance of breedable sheep

Reproductive efficiency of 12Muzaffarnagari sheep with 250 glhead/dand without concentrate' supplementation(6 in each group) was recorded in termsof lamb born, birth weight and sex etc'

j

Nine sheep gave birth to lamb.• Fourwere from control and five from thesupplemented group. The average birthweight of the lambs was 2.78 kg whichwas lowerthan ,the previous -year (2.84kg). The birth weight of lambs of thecontrol' and supplemented group was2.85 + 0.05 and 2;72 + 0.08 kg,respectively. Out of nine lambs born,four were female and five were males.

Performance of breedable goatsExperiment was continued for

fifth year. and terminated in June, 1994.

Performance of lactating cows

The animals were givenconcentrate @ 1 kg. for maintenanceand additional' 1 kg for every 2.5 kgmilk produced. The total milk

Only one goatkid during the' period

The birt~ weight of kidonly.

gave birth tounder report.

was 1.5 kg"

7ISION OF SEED TECHNOLOGY

1. SPR-1.1 : STl .ES ON CROPGEOMETRY, FERTILIZER USEAND MOISTURE STRESS INRELATION TO SEED PRODUC­TION IN FORAGE CROPS .

Fertilizer use.planting geometry,cutting .management and date of.sowlngstudies in cowpea andlucerne for seed production

( P.S: Tomer, S.N. Singh and A.A. Khan)

Seed production efficiency ofpromising varieties of cowpea inrelation to date of sowing

Cowpea sown on 10th Julyproduced significantly higher seed yield(890kg/ha) over 30th July (625kg/ha)and 19th, August sown crop. However,lowest sed production occurred with ~

19th 'lf~ust,' sown cowpea (165kg/ha). 'Further, variety NP-3 with yieldlevel of 655 kg/ha followed byIGFR,I-450 (6:40 kg/ha) excelled IFC9304 (~55 kg/ha) and IFC-901 (490kg/ha), , The variations between NP-3and IGFRI-450 'and 'between IFC 9301and IFC-QOl were non significant.Therefore, co~~ea variety NP-3 orlGFRI-4~" sown on LOth July waspromising for higher-seed production. '

Study on quality seed productionof Iucerne under' variable seedrates and cutting management

Lucerne seed as well asforage production remained unaltered

. due to varying seed rates of 3 to 12kglha. However, seed yield remarkably'increased .69 kg/ha with no cut and18.01 ha with three cuts) andforage eld decreased with lessernumber cuttings. When gross incomefrom 1 seed and forage was takeninto c Ieration, the seed rates tried 3to 1: /ha were found at par andpracti )f taking more number ofcuttir proved superior over no cut

_(Rs. i.12 with no cut and Rs,4610.65wit e cuts).

1.2 Agronomical investigation inpasture legume seed production

(G.K. Dwivediand P.S.Tomer)

Effect. of cutting management andKN03 foliar feeding on seedproduction of Stylosanthes hamatagrown with and without irrigation

Uncut •. crop producedsignificantly hig~er seed yield (735kg/ha) as compared to crop which wascut once (398 kglha). Irrigated crop,produced significantly, higher seed yield(666 kglha) as compared to rainfed crop(471 kglha). Foliar spray of KN03 @ 6kglha increased the seed yield to681 kglha against 445 kg/ha withcontrol treatment. However, the use ofKN03 beyond' 4 kg/ha did not prove"eneficial.

64

1.4 Agronomic investigation for ln-"creasing seed yield in grasses

( G.K. Dwivedi )

Studies on nitrogen economy bypasture legumes-association forhigher seed production in Setariasphacelata

Increasing doses of nitrogen upto60 kg N/ha gradually increased th~

seed yield. of grass.' I\rnOlla legumes,the .association of Sesbania sesbanproduced the· highest' seed yield Qf

gr~ss. \55 kg/h~) f.ollowed by ttlpaSSOcIatIOn of Claona ternatea (~4

irg/ha). The seed yield with thesetreatments were equivalent to seedproduced on application of 20 kgfertilizer N/ha (55 kg/ha), Sale grassstand produced minimum seed yield 47kg/ha. Besides enhancing the seed yieldof grass and economizing fertilizer Napplication, . intercropped pasture·legumes produced dry forage yieldsin the' order of Desmenthusvirgatus (4.99 t/ha) > Sesbania sesban(4.66:t/ha) > Clitoria ternatea (4.39t/ha) > Stylosanthes scabra (3.74 t/ha) >Desmodium tortuosum (1.66 t/ha).

SPR-2.1 : SEED BORNE DIS­EASES AND THEIR CONTROLIN FORAGE CROPS .

€S:N. Singh)

IGFRi

Studies on control of seed- bornediseases especially fusarium rot. ,rust and downy mildew in lucerne

1

The rating of disease infectionwas done on score ranging from 0 to5 scale on the ba~is of degree ofdefoliation, dried branches and deadplants.

Effect of seedling diseases ongrowth parameters

. Qased on sympt0'll~ isolationfrom host tissues as well. 8S' soil samples,the pathogens detected were Fusariumsp. and Curvularia species (seedlingblights) Phytophthora megasperma (root'rot), Colletotrichum trifoli (anthracnose),Sclerotinia trifoliorum (crown and stemrot), Pseudopeziza medicaginis(common .leaf spots). Fusarium

,oxysporum and F. equiseti and Pythium

irregulare were found prominent inshowing variations 10 virulence to­lucerne seedlings..

The treated seeds showedsignificantly . less pre-emergencedamping off and seedling death thanuntreated ones.- The value ranged from5.7 to 3.3 for bavistin and 9.7 to 135%for plantvax against 33.3% foruntreated check. Among thecombinations of fungicides, Bavistin +plantvax recorded good efficacy byreducing the severity of seedlingdiseases. It was also observed tmm

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

downy mildew, fungus (Peronosporatrifolorum) sporulates at 15 - 30° Cwith relative humidity above 90% andspreads rapidly.

Effect of fungicidal sprays on seedquality

The results indicated that all thefungicidal spray treatments significantlyreduced the infection of downy mildewand rust (Uromyces striatus ) at seedformation stage, Bavistin, a systemiccompound having one of thebenzimidazole, -derivatives proved ~,!e,ty

effective in- reducing the disease severityof rust upto 3.3% and downy mildewlesions followed' by plantvax. The podas, well as seed infection reduced greatly(0.5-2.5%) in both the treatments.

Seeds obtained from unsprayedplants had 38.3% infection with lowgermination (62%) compared to seedscollected from sprayed plots thatshowing high germination. (92-97%) withnegligible, seed~born~ inoculum. Theuse of Bavistin' showed more than 75%efficacy , and as such offers great scopefor recommendation.

The seed borne inoculum ofFusarium and Curvularia species whichmay enter or infest-the seeds during podformation and seed maturity weredrastically reduced by sprayingfungicides.

65

Isolation and identification of dif­ferent micro..organlsms 'associatedwith seeds of forage crops

"'-Studies on seed mycoflora ofStylosanthes showed that sur racesterilized seed yielded Altemart..alternata, Fusarium . oxysporum andCurvularia lunata and Colletotichumgloeosporioides proving the internally ,seedborne nature of these organismsdttring the pathogenicity 'test. Thefungal metabolites (culture filtrates) ofthese fungi were tested which reducedthe seed germination and seedlingvigour in sty}o. It was further observedthat 23% mortality occurred only dueto the Colletotrichum: glo!!osporioidesshowing the seedborne nature of thefungus.

SPR-J.l: STUDIES ON INSECTPEST PATHOGENS IN SEEDSTORAGE

(S.N. Singh and A.A. Khan)

Effect of containers and pesticideson the incidence' of store pest­pathogens and sturability ofDolichos and maize seeds

For short term storage, the typesof containers did' not exercise muchinfluence on. storability. However,cloth, gunny bags and earthen pots werefound unsafe for storing both Dolichosand maize. Reduced seed viability inthese containers was mainly due to'

66

cumulative effect of high moisture andfungal attack particularly in fuzzy seeds. ,

Seed stored in ploythene bagand plastic jars (with and withoutseed treatment) were found to be safe.Significant differences were noticed inviability', potential due to seedtreatments; containers, storage period'

, and their interactions except containers xSeed treatment. Untreated seeds packedin cloth bags showed only 65%viability, upto 1~ months of storagewhereas it was only 45% when store~

upto 33 months-.

Dof ichos and' maize seedsmaintained good viability upto 33

. months of storage with Bavistin +Malathion treatment @ 1 g/kg seedwith good germination (78-85%) andshowing no incidence of storage fungi.

.' These fungicides also exhibited their.repressive effect on oviposition of pulsebeetle (Collosopruchus chinensis) in

\dolichos .and Trogoderma on maizeseeds and maintained the normal .germination upto 33' months of storage.There was a dominance ofAspergilli, Pencillia, Fusaria andRhizopus spp. in untreated seeds but thesaprophytic fungi such as Mucor .sp.Alternaria sp. were present in lessnumber. Theinegative correlationbetween, vigour and moisture' contentindicated that higher the dessication ofseeds .Iower was the seedling vigour.~\\.e"'Vat\ab\es~ s\ota~e ~et\od al\d

IGFRI

moisture content were found to besignificantly linearly associated withseedf ing vigour and germinationpercentage.

Effect of botanicals on insect-pestpathogens and genninability inDolichos and maize seeds

Gennination and moisture content

Seed moisture' had nosignificant effect on the germination,and number of ~bno~al seedling inboth kinds of seed. Seedliag root andshoot length declined significantly with­increase in duration of storage. Seedvigour as measured by, the rate ofgermination and seedling root and shootlength preceded the .seed viability .

Bioefficacy

Seed treatment with all the. ,

botanicals reduced the Bruchid andTrogoderma infestation significantly upto33 months of ' storage as compared tountreated seeds. Seeds' treated withbotanical extracts : appeared to repeloviposition of females as introducedadults cogld survive for few monthswithout oviposition, whereas inuntreated seeds"pest infestation rangedfrom 525 to 98.2 per cent.

Among botanicals Croton andAcorus proved excellent for controllingBruchid.and Trogoderma as well asreducing the development of storage\\\l\~."Th.ete "Na'& a dtas\\~ \\e~t.\Ota\\Ol\

\

\

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

in germination and viability in untreatedseeds with· increased- fungal population'and bruchid infestation. An increase inmoisture content with prevalence ofBruchids and Trogoderma is mainlyAspergilli, Penicillia and Fusariumspecies indicated their direct correlationwith the" insect infestation. .

67

Thus prestorage treatment ofdolichos and maize seeds with Crotontiglium and. Acorus Calamus extract @1.0 ml/kg set:d and stored in polythenebags would retain good viability underambient conditions upto 33 months.

DIVISION OF PLANT PROTECTION

PP-1.: STUDIES ON DISEASES, IN­SECT PESTS AND NEMATODESAND THEIR MANAGEMENT FORINCREASED FORAGE PRODUC­TION

PP 1.1 : Diseases of forages andtheir manage~ent •

(R.B: Bhaskar and S.T. Ahmad)

Screening for resistance

Sorghum : .c\inbng 16 improvedvarieties tested under controlled condi­tions seven (HD-I0, SS-4, JS-6, JS-I0, JS­11, JS-821, IS-29747) were foundmoderately resistant to leaf spot diseases(Colletotrichum graminicola, Gloeocer­cospora sorghi; Ramulisporq sorghi andCercospora SOr$hl)' .'

Cowpea : Varieties under advanced trialswere tested under sick soil conditions for"esistant to root-rot and mosaic. IFC­9304, Bundellobia-l, UPC-287, UPC-93­i;and UPC-93-4 were, resistant to root-rotand moderateiy resistant to mosaic.Varieties CL-334, CL-337, CL- 341, CL­345 AND CL-346 were highly susceptibleto root- rot (Rhizoctonia bataticola).

Maize : Varieties APFM-8, APFM-22and FML-18 showed moderately resis- 'tant reaction against Helminthosporiumleaf snot.and resistant to downy mildew.

Oats : Varieties JHb-893, JHO-813,JHO-995, JHO-94-3, JHO-94~'4, OL-695,UPO-247, DFO-54, DFO-57 and UPO­212 were resistant to leaf blotch(Pyrenophora avenaey under controlledconditions.

Bers,.em: Varieties JHB-92-2, JHB-93­3, JHB-93-3, BL- 122 and BL-130 werefound resistant to stem rot (Sclerotinia tri­foliorumJunder sick soil conditions.

Lucerne: RLS-88, POONA-l, CO-l andV-2 were resistant to do~~y mildew(Peronospora trifolii) and moderatelyres istant t6 leaf spot (Pseudopezizamedicaginis).

Assessment of losses

Lucerne crop suffers losses dueto downy mildew, rust (Vromycesstriatus) and lear spot diseases'. Therewere significant ..differences in diseaseincidence iiI treated. and untreated plot.The losses in gre..e~ fodder yield were 20and 24

f%in second and third cpt.

Cumulative losses in '4 cuttings of thecrop were 15% against the treated plot.

Management of diseases

Sorghum crop heavily infected byleaf spot diseases particularly anthracnose(Colletotrichum graminicola), zonateleaf spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi)Ji

\

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95 69

\

Evaluation of germplasm materialat AICRP(FC) trials

(K.e. Pandey and S.A. Faruqui)

1.3 Insect pest associated withleguminous" forages and theirmanagement

Effect of VAM application on root-rotdisease of cowpea :,Glomus fasciculatumobtained from BAIF, Urulikanchan wasapplied in pots Oiled with Rhizoctoniabataticola siGl.c soil. Six seeds of cowpeavariety CL-30~ highly susceptible to root­rot "disease were sown in each plot i.e.healthy, sick and VAM inoculated. Therewas 100% mortality of cowpea seedlingsin sick soil compared to healthy soil.VAM inoculation besides reducing thedisease incidence also improved thegeneral health of the plants.

Maize : At Kalyani the incidence of"aphid (Rhopolosiphum maidis) werehigher in GBM-84-2 (ltO/plant), Africantall, GBM-94-1 and APFM-22harbvoured less aphids (10-20/plant).The incidence of shoot-borer and termiteswas higher in African tall (15% dead

Laborato~:rstudies

Isolation and 'identification of stem rot,.of Sesbania egyptica: During s~rvey ofe.R. Farm Sesbania egyptica ~as foundshowing stem rot symptoms. }'he sampleswere collected and isolation and iden­tifieation of pathogen was done in thelaboratory. This sample yielded the fun­gus Sclerotinia trifoliorum similar to thegram' stem rot pathogen.

sooty stripe (Ramulispora sorghi), gray." -. Maximum growth and Sclerotia formationleaf spot (Cercospora sorghi) and under alternate light and dark conditionsHelminthosporium turcicum: Out of 8 was found. Among the six·carbon sour-treatments (viz.. Tl = Dithane M-45 ces viz. glucosevfructose, maltose, '(0.25%), T2 = Onion extract (5%), T3 dextrose, lactose and sucrose," dextrose= Onion, extract (2.5%), T4 = Garllic . favoured the growth and sclerotia forma-extract (5 %"), 1'5'= Garllic extract tion of the fungus followed by maltose.(2.5%),1'6 = Neem oil (1%), 1'7 =:Miter spray and T8 = Control), all thetreatments were superior over con trot­except the water spray which showedthe increase in disease •. incidence. Foliarspray of DM-45 at 15 days interval wassignificantly superior over' all the ~

treatments followed by Neem Oil (1%).Among the botanical i.e. onion andgarllic, though there was a ~e<.\uction indisease incidence in comparison to:control, but it was not significant.Phytotoxicity of Garllic spray was alsoobserved. Hence, these botanical maynot be used as replacement of DithaneM-45 a recommended fungicide.

Studies on multlpllcatlon and sclerotiaformation "of Sclerotinia trifoliorum

.causal agent of stem rot of berseem :

70

hearts) and GBM-84-2 (13% dead hearts)at Bhubaneshwar. At Hyderabad entriesFML-18 and RFM-94 had least damage of,

.. shoot borer (1-S% dead hearts).

Oat : At Kalyani aphids were prominentin the crop. Entries having least infesta­tion (1-S/plant) were JHO- 84-1, JHO­94-2, JHO-94.4, DFO-54, Kent, UPO-'247 and .uPO-212.

Cowpea : At TiJ?tur the aphid infestationwas observed in most 'of the entries. Theentries with aphids found only at planttips are' (L-337, CL:-346 and UPC-942).At Jhansi defoliators damage wa~ less (1­5%).in UPC-941, UPC~942, IFC-9304and,CL-334.

Guar : The defoliators damage was low(1-5%) in IGFRI- 197-1, Bundel Guar-l,GL-S72 and HGS-373.

Evaluation in net house

Cowpea : ~der artificial infestation ofaphids, 30 days after infestation, DFC­9401, HCS-79. and ,UPC-9202 had less,'damage by the aphids while the plants ofHCS- 79, completely dried up and UPC­5287 turned yellow.

Maize ,:' The population of aphids, 30days after infestation was 160/plant in 'APFM-12, 120/Plant in ADFM-8,60/plant in APFM-22 and 40/plant inRFM-94 and African tall.

IGFRI

Luceme : The lucerne weevil damage30 'days after infestation was on the basisof damage varieties, LLC- 7, RL-87 andIGFR,-112 were classified as resistant;'RLS-88, IGF~I-Comp. 93, IGFRI-ILI2and LLC-3 as moderately resistant;Anand-6, Ppona-I, V-2, CO-1, LLC-5,RL-89-2 as moderately susceptible andLLC-3, Anand-6, V~3 as susceptible.

Evaluation of Neem products fortheir insecticidal action in cowpeaand lucerne

Field experiment

Cowpea :Three neem based preparationviz. Neem Seed Kernel Extract (NSKE)@ 2% and 3%, Deoiled Neem Seed Ker­nel Extract (DONKE) @ 2% and 3%,Achook @ 0.33% and 0.50% were testedalongwith earlier recommended insec­ticide endosulfan (0.075%) and untreated.These were applied at 15, 30 and 45 dayscrop. .All the treatments gave superiorcontrol by insect-defoliators damage andharboured less leafhoppers over un­treated control. Among various neemproducts, NSKE (3%) gave highest con­trol of defoliators }lpto 45 days of plantgrowth, but the best results were given by

.endosulfan treatment (32.66 t/ha) fol­lowed by Achook @ 0 .5% (32.00 t/ha).The net gain of green fodder was 21 %over untreated.

Luceme: Three neem based preparationsviz. NSKE and DONKE. at 2% and 3%,Achook at 0.33% and 0,$0% werepV<llualpd alungwith earlier reeom-

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95 ...71

mended insecticide, endosulfan (0.075%)and untreated control. These chemicalswere applied 15 days after 1st cut and 5days after lInd and Illrd cut. The lucerneweevil p~pulation was least(4.17/ft2) inendosulfan treated plots as compared to'17.88/ftin untreated control. Their per­formance of different treatment was asDONKE (2%), DONKE (3%), NSKE(2%), Achook (0.33%), NSKE (3%),Achook (0.33%) Endosulfan (0.075%).Spotted" alfalfa aphid population appearedin January and its population ranged -from0.66 .to 1.66/10 leaves, in endosulfan andhighest in untreated control. Mean jessidpopulation per sweep ranged from 2.56 to8.23. Lowest population (2.56/sweep)was in endosulfan and highest(8.23/sweep) in untreated control.Totalgreen fodder yield in four cuts washighest (24-30 t/ha) in endosulfan treat­ment as compared to 28.69 t/ha in un­treated control.

Laboratory experiment

Aqueous extracts of neem seedkernel and deoiled neem seed kernelwere tested at 2,. 3, 4 and 5%concentration alongwith Achook at 0.2,0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% on cowpea semilooper(Plusia nigrisigna) "and lucerne weevil(Hypera postica). Higher concentration(4 and 5%) of NSKE and DONKE gave95% mortality of semilooper and 0%mortality of lucerne weevil. Achook at0.3, 0.4 and 0.5% gave 95% mortality ofsemilooper and.. 75% mortality oflucerne weevil lower concentrations of

these treatments delayed thematuration period of larvae to 5.5 - 6.9days.

1.4 Insect pests associated withnon-leguminous forages and theirmanagement

(SA. Faruqui and K.e.PandeY)

Insect pest succession ­predator/parasite association

In sorghum crop shootfly,Atherigova soccata was the major pestand the maximum intensity recorded insusceptible germplasm was upto morethan 80% mortality of the seedlings. Thestem borer Chilo zonellus was withinvery low range i.e. less than 5%. Thesorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicoladamage to th~ grain was maximumupto 9.7% in fodder types but was muchhigher. in grain sorghum (27.33%) inaddition to damage by earheadcaterpillar.

The parasites found withshootfly were Tetrastichus sp. andAprostocetus sp.: The stem borers wereparasitized by a number of insects,Apanteles sp., Chelonus sp., Bracon sp.,Telonus sp., and Trigogramma sp,.Apanteles sp., Tetrastichus sp., Orius sp.were recorded on sorghum midge.

Screening ofgermplas111

40 new accessions fromICRISAT and 144 advanced singleplant progenies (F7) of seven inter

72

specific crosses of sorghum werescreened for insect pest damage. In 'another set 16 strains with superior yieldsuitable, for single and multicut systemswere also screened for their reaction toinsect pests. The material 2219A x

., Etawah-2 (3-2-1-4, 20-1-5~1-, 20-1-5- 2,20-1-5-3; 3;2-1-J, 3-2-3-3-1 and6 -1-2-1) showed high degree ofresistance to shootfly (0-5%). In all the12 material of this group has moderateto high, degree of resistance towardsthese insect pests. 2219A x 1-3-1-~,

progenies 4-1~3-2, 4-1-3-4, 7-3-2-5,7-3-2- 1, 7-3-2-2 and 7-3-1-2. showedhigh degree of resistance to shootfly.207':1 x S. lanceolatus progenies nos. 1-'1­3~i-2, 1-7-2-2-1, 4-6-2-1, 4-6-1-1J

4-6-1-2-4 and 2-12- 1-3-2 were highlyresistant. 2219A ,x S" vitga/uJU

I I,

progenies 1-2-4-2, 2-4-2-7-1, 2-4-3-1-2,1-10-2-1-2 .and 1-1-7-1-2 are thepromising tolerant progenies. In theinterspecific cross 2077A x S.lanceolatum progeny 2-12-2-4, 20nA xS. acttriopicum 6-1-1-3, 6-1-1-1-3,6-1-1-1-4,' 2~nA ": IS-13677 progenies,1-1-1-2-1, ,4-4-1-3 showed resistance toinsect pests., IS-29216, 19021, 14519,19130, 1328, 2197, 20013, 2472, 19634,19876; were resistant to shootfly.ICS4-89058, IS-I0712, ICS4-745~were

resistant to sorghum midge.

Insect pest incidence hi sorghumand maize intercropped with cow­pea

,IGFRI

The maize variety Afncan tall, I

sorghum.PC-6 sown as single crop andintercropped with cowpea varietyIGFJ(l..450 I with and without carbofuransoil application. The carbofuran (15 g/5m line)' gave the best results in all thecrops and combinations (Sorghumshootfly 2.46% maize shootfly 3.5%cowpea fleabeetie 2.0p%). In solocowpea crop has flea beetle. (4.46%),semilooper (16.5%) and jessid(9.43/plant) damage as 'against sorghum+ ~owpea, Ilea beetle (2.67%),jessids (5.5/plant) and semilooper(6.43%) was noticed, In sorghum solocrop shootfly damage was 13.5% andm~ize 16.3% and was not significantlydifferent in the treatment intercroppedwith cowpea.

1.6 .vesicular-arbus~ul"~ j.jycor­rhlzal (VAM) fungi and n~lrtlitodeactivities in forage production

(R.K. Jain, N. Hasan and R.B. Bhaskar)

Integrated management of root­knot nematode 'on cowpea

A field triai (Micro plots) with aset of treatments as indicated in the table19 was conducted with an initialnematode populatidh of 10 larvae per gof soil.

All the treatments weresignificantly superior for the dry matteryield except Achook seed dressing whichwas at par with the control. Maximumdry matter of 4.45 t/ha was recorded'

'"

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

III toe treatment where G. fasciculatum

and Achook @ 2 kg/ha soil applicationwas applied at the time of sowing andwas significantly higher than the othertreatments. This was followed by theAchook @ 0.5% w/w seed dressingfollowed by VAM .as seed 'coating.However, this was not significantlyhigher than other treatments and therewas no significant difference among thetreatments. The root-knot index and thefinal nematode population was alsosignificantly low in all the treatments

73

as compared to the untreated control,

where the population increased by about40 per cent over the initial population.Maximum reduction in root-knot indexand nematode population was recorded inthe treatment which received VAM andAchook @ 2 kg/ha soil application.

The data on- VAM colonizationand spore production revealed that therewas no adverse effect of Achook on theVAM reproduction (Table 19).

Table 19. Integrated management ofM.incognita on cowpea

.>

Treat i .Shoot yveight Gall index Final nematode VAM Mycorrhizalments fresh dry population spore coloniza-

--_...._---...._---.. (100 9 soil) pop. tion(t/ha)

T1 11.95 . 3.55 3.5 10530 (102.6) 75 70.T2 11.80 3.45 3.2 9680 (98.3) - -T3 15.54 4.45 2.4 6120 (78.2) 85 80

T4 11.15 3.02 3.0 9860 (99.3) - -

T5 11.75 3.40 3.2 9700 (98.4) 65 50

T6 13.45 • 3.76 2.1 6820 (82.5) 70 66

T7 10.31 2.64 4.0 10990 (104.8) - -CD(5%) -- 0.52 -- -- -- -- --

T1=VAM fungi (G.fasciculatum); T2= Achook @ 2kg/ha;T3=;.Tl +. T2 ;T4=Achook seed

dressing @0.5% W/W;T5=VAM 88 seed coating; T6=T4+T5;T7=ControJ.I' .

(Figures in parenthesis are-square root values)

74

Screening of various breedingIines/germplasm of berseem,lucerne and oat for their sym­biotic association with native VAMfungi _

Glomus fasciculatum is the mostpredominant VAM fungi in the fields.About 60 lines/germplasm of oats werescreened and all showed a symbioticassociation with the native VAM. Therewas no apparent difference 'in their

association. Similarly about 20 bcrseem

Ii~es exhibited a symbiotic associationwith native VAM species. Lucerne lines

exhibited a different symbioticassociation. There was marked differencein the spore production and rootcolonization.

1.10 Nematode-fungi diseasecomplexes and their managementin selected f0t:"dge legumes

( N. Hasan, R.K:Jain and R.B. Bhaskar)

Survey and surveillance

The frequency distrihutionpattern alongwith the mean values oftota I nematode population/gall i~dex androot-rot disease incidence of cowpea and

be.rseem are presented in table 20 and21. In berseem stunt nematode

Tylenchorhynchus vulgaris was found to

be the predominant nematode with bUlhpopulation densities (114-1500/250 g

IGFRI

soil) alongwith population 3 pathogenic

fungi i.e., Rhizoctonia solani; Fusariumsemitactum and Sclerotinia ' trifoliorum.A highly significant and positive

correlation was found between l.vulgaris population densities and root-rot

disease severity of berseem (r = .0.90; P0.05 and 0.01). -

In cowpea, however, root-knotnematodes Meloidogyne incognita andM. javanica were found to be

predominant (200-3000/250 g soil; GI =0.5 - 4.5) alongwith 3 pathogenic fungii.e., R. solani, F. semitactum andPythium aphenidermatum. Regardingcorrelation coefficient and regressionbetween nematode and root-rot diseaseincidence, similar results were observedas in case of bersecm (table 21)

1.11 Predacious nematodes withreference to predator - preyrelationships i.,. forage crops

(M.1. Azmi)

Survey

Samples were collected from the

field of cowpea, sorghum, maize andlucerne.' Predacious nematodes werefound in 60 to 80% cases. Their

populations in relation to plant-parasiticn.emalodes ranged from 2 to 10%.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95 75

Table 20. Gnmped.data on T. vulgarispopulation per 250 ml soil and root-rot diseaseseverity of herseem under field conditions

CI,ass limit Frequency Mean population Mean disease index

0- 130 4 114 0.7131-450 6 400 1.3

451 - 770' 10 650 1.9.771 - 1090 17. 930 ' 2.8

.1091 - 1600 25 1500 3.7

Coefficient of correlation r =0.90

-Table 21. Grouped data on gall index and root-rot dlsease severity of cowpea under field

conditions

I-

Class limit Frequency Mean gall index Mean disease index

" 0-1 2 0.5 0.21.1-2 3 1.6 1.12.1-3 12 2.5 1.63.1-4 14 3.2 2.54.1-5 19 4.5 ~.2

Coefficient of correlation r =0.88

Biologyand behaviour

Predacious nematodes.Iotonchus 'mouhystera and Mylonchulusminor were cultured in 1% ~Igar

medium prepared in (1) tap water. (2) 5%soil extract, (3) 5% soil extract + beef

extract (1%). (4) tap water + small piece'of dung, Medium (5) was best as moremultipfication of these predaciousnematodes occurred in this mediumfollowed by medium (3) but in (5) aftertwenty days nematodes were started

failing due to rotting and excess ofbacterial contaminations.

/

These nematodes were alsoreared in soil supported with FYM @5%. 10%. 15% and 20%' (w/w) and dung

@ 5%. 10%. 15% and 20% (w/w). FYMtreatment @ 15% proved to be best fortheir multiplications.

In both agar and soil cultureexperiments" bacterial feeder. Acrobelessp. and fungal feeder, Aphelenchus

7.b

ave/we nematodes were used as alternate

prey.

General observationsLaboratory: In the case of both preda­cious nematodes 1. monhystera and M.minor eggs are oval" smooth- shilledand laid in single-celled conditions.They reproduced without male in all cul­tures.

Fields: Periodical data were collected on

the nnmber of male, female, female with

eggs, juveniles from the field for con­struction of life table and demographicanalysis of data for deriving theparameters like generation time and rateof population growth in field condition.

Predator - prey relationships

Predation' efflciency r Predation ef­

ficiency of. I. monhysters and M. minorwere assessed on Meloidogyne incognitainfesting cowpea and Pratylenchus zeaeinfesting maize as' ,target nematodes\;prey) by using Acrobeles sp. a ndAphelenchus av~nae as alternate prey.

Direct observation test: Predation ef­

ficiencies of these predacious nematodes,

I. 'monhystera and M. mtnor were sig­nificantly differed in all the four prey

nematode species. Predators attackedmounded and fed all of them but theirfrequencies are more in case of M. incog­nita larvae (93 in case of I. monhystera

IGFRI

and 64 in case of M. minor) followed by I

juveniles of P; zeae and A. avenues'"whereas juveniles of Acrobeles sp. are

least preferable prey .among the four.

Agar inoculum test:'" Four days obser­vations showed that the most preferable'prey is the larvae of M. incognita fol­lowed by P. zeae and A. ,avenae, but thesepredators can be maintained on Acrobelessp.

Soil inoculum test: Within five days ap­

proximately 40 to 90% reduction in thepopulation of M. incognita larvae and 20to 73% reduction in the population of P.zeae were recorded when 5 to 15% eitherof the predators were inoculated.

Pot experiment

Pot experiments were conducted -by usinga mixture of ptedacious nematodes

(mononchs and dorylaims) showed sig­nificant reduction in the population and illeffects of M. incognita <1I1 cowpea (root­knot index, 3.6 to 4.0 in untreated control)and root-lesion nematode.. Pratylenchuszeae . on maize (root-lesion index 3.8 to1.2 against 4.6 in untreated control) at

predator-prey ratios 1:10 and 1:7 respec­tively. A 47 to 53% recovery of cowpea

and 29 to 33% in case of maize were ob­served.

1.12 Population dynamics and aug­mentation of ,beneficial insects andmites in forages

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-9-5

( Sharrnila Roy and S.A. Faruqui):

Population dynamics of beneficialinsects and mites we're studied ingrassland' and silvipasture situations.Eirstl y, the method of sampling andextraction was standardized. Theefficiency of extractor was found 90%for most of such insects.

The beneficial insects belong toth e orders viz. Isoptera, Diptera,Collembola, Thysamura, Coleoptera,Microlepidoptera. The mites belonged toCr yptost igmata , . Mesortigmata,Prtostigmata and Astigmata. The mites,Collemboians and Chironomids wereuniformly distr ibuted and relativelyabundant on both the sites. Theirfrequency and relative abundancechanged every' month. A definite trendof succession was observed on both thesites: At the site I, Collembolans weresucceeded by pipterans and Dipterans

77

were succeeded by Acartnes and Acarines

were succeeded by Dipterans.

At site I Collembola populationwas highest during July - Aug. ( 7 x 101m ) and lowest during Jan. - Feb. (1 x10 1m). The Dipteran population washighest during Aug. - Sept. ( 1.5 x 10lin ) and lowest during Jan. - Feb. (1.0x 10 1m). The mites population washighest during Dec. - Jan;' ( 1.0 x 101m)

and lowest during Aug. - Sept. (1.0 x101m.). At site II, the Collembolanpopulation was highest during Aug. ­Sept. ( 6.6 x 101m) and lowest duringNov. - Dec. ( 0.5 x 10 1m ). TheAcarine population was highest duringSept. - Oct. (9 x 10 1m ) and lowestduring Dec. - Ja'1: ( 1 x 10 1m). TheDipterans were highest during Oct. ­Nov. ( 12 x 101m) and lowest duringAug. - Sept. ( 1-.3 x 10 III! ).

DIVISION OF'PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY<~-

PPB-l: PHYSIOLOGICALSTUDIES IN FORAGE CROP IM­PROVEMENT

1.1 Varietal screening for drought .tolerance in Oats

(R.K. Bhatt and L.P. Misra)

Promising genotypes of Oat viz.

JHO-884, 886, 8R8 and 889 wereassessed for the is drought toleranceunder water stress imposed at differentstages 'of. growth. All the'

i

morphophysiological parameters wererecorded at 50 per cent flowering stage.In general the rate of photosynthesis,stomatal con du ctance , 'chlorophyllaccumulation, dry matter yield and lei!farea index decreased under stress butthe reduction was minimum in JHO 884followed by JHO 8X6. The diffusionresistance for water vapour transfer andspecific leaf weight increased in al~ thegenotypes under water stress condition.The 'maximum reduction in dry matteryiel~ and other physiologicalphenomenon were recorded in JHO 888exhibiting its susceptibility to drought(Table 22). The drought index wasrecorded high in JHO 884 due to high drymatter accumulation under stress (Table23). The 'reduction .in dry matter yield'under stress were about 20 per cent in'JHO 884 and 25 to 30 per cent in othergenotypes compared to non-stress.

However, dry matter yield reduced only 1to 6 per cent in all the genotypes whenirrigation was given at seedling +tillering + jointing stages of growth,whereas the reduction was only 4, 10, 22and 13 per cent in JHO 884, 886, 888and 889 respectively when irrigation wasgiven at seedling + tillering stage. Thedecrease in rate of photosynthesis wasaround 35 per cent in JHO 884 and 886while it was 6S' per cent in JHO 888. Thestomatal conductance, carboxylationefficiency (PN/CI) 'and water useefficiency (PN/TR): were also observedto be higher in JHO 884 and 886 understress situation again supporting thedrought tolerance potential of thesegenotypes (Table 24 & 25). Therefore,the oat genotype ~HO 8X4 was selectedas drought tolerant.

1.2 Sodicity tolerance in sorghum

(O.P.s. Verma)

In pot c.ulture experiment,twelve genotypes of sorghum viz. HD18,JS 4, JS 30,S9, HD-2-1, JS-6,~D-8,JS- 11,IS-33911, IS 33910, IS-4807and IS 5487 wei c assessed for theirrelative sodicity tolerance under four soilpH levels (7.6, 8.6, 8.9 and 9.2). Angenotypes survived upto highest soil pHlevel. More than SOper cent reduction indry matter yield at pH 8.6 as compared tonormal soil (pH 7.6) was recorded ingenotypes HD-lO, JS-6 and IS-3391O.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Genotypes JS-l1, IS-4807,IS-33911,HD-2-1, IS- 5487 and HD 8were tolerant a~ sodicity !evel of pH ~.9..Genotypes IS-4807 was found to be most

79

tolerant to soil sodicity with less than 50per cent reduction in dry matter yield(44.S%) as compared to control (pH7.6).

Table 22. Variation in dry matter yield (g1m2) in oat genotypes as influenced by irrigation

given at different stages of growth

Genotypes Tl T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

JHO 884 978 1016 1183 1209 1248 1227 1238

~O886 925 978 1082 1146 1112 1163 1206• ot;~

JHO 888 831 844 8864 1037 903 1097 1108

JHO 889 869 940 1080 1182 987 1174 1242

1'1 = Stress, 1'2 = Irrigation at seedling, 1'3 = 1'2 + Irrigation at tillering, T4 = 1'2 + Jointing,

1'5 = 1'2+ Irrigation at flowering initiation, 1'6 = 1'2 + 1'3 +1'4,17=1'2+1'3+1'4+50% l1owering.

Table 23. Drought tolerance index in oat genotypes

Genotypes Tl T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

JHO 884 0.79 0.82 0.96 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00

JHO 886. \

0.7.7 0.8 0.90 0.95 0.92 0.96 1.00

JhlO888 0.75 0.76 0.78 0.94 0.81 0.99 1.00

JHO 889 0.70 0.76 0.87 0.95 0.8 0.94 1.00

Tl = Stress, T2 = Irrigation at seedling, T3 = T2 + Irrigation at tillcring,T4 = T2 + Jointing, T5 = T2+ Irrigation at flowering initiation,

T6 = T2 + T3 +T4, T7=T2+T3+T4+50% flowering .

.

"

80 IGFRl

Table 24. Physiological characters in oat genotypes as influenced by irrigation under fieldconditions

Genotypes. Photosynthesis Stomatal Cond. Int. CO2 Cone.mole/m2/s s/em ppm

Stress Noh-stress Stress Non-stress Stress Non-stress

JHO 884 11.86 18.12 0.41 0.85 187 232

JHO 886 12.46 19.92 0.45 0.83 217 230

JHO 888 5.63 18.61 0.18 0.96 260 217

JHO 889 8.82 19.41 0.31 0.87 214 234

. .Table 25. Physiological parameters in oat genotypes under stress and non-stress field

conditions ,

Genotypes PNffR .PN/lnt CO2Stress Non-stress Stress Non-stress

JH08,84 2.79 2.11 0.~3 0.080

JHO 886 2.8 2.53 0.057 0.087.. -

JHO 888 1.8 2.44 - 0.022 0.086,

"JHO 889 2.57 2.45 0.041 0.083

stress =No irrigation after germination, Non-stress =Irrigation at seedling, tillering,

jointing and 50% flowering stage

1.6 Interaction of light intercep­tion and energy exchange ongrowth and development for forageunder silvipastoral system

(L.P. Misra and R.K. Bhatt)

Mlcro-envlronmental changes inleucaena based silvipastoral system

Leucaena trees had majorinfluence on temperature pattern. The

shading of the canopy and reduction inradiation led to decrease under canopy airtemperature. The under canopytemperature 'was lower than airtemperature of open field during summermonths whereas in winter it was higher.The night soil temperature was higher inleucaena field than in the control and

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

under canopy "air temperature. " Duringthe day variation in soil andair temperature was .due to shadingunder leucaena tree canopies. Therelative humidity was higher underleucaena trees in the night. In generalthe tree-crop system increased relativehumidity as compared to controlfield. This reduction in wind speed underleucaena based silvipastoral system wasobvious mainly due to high density offoliage.

The amount and intensity of

photosynthetically active radiation andglobal radiation infiltered by the leucaenatree canopy reduced to a great extent

81

(fig.7). The relative radiation intensitywas different at different phenologicalph~. The radiatio~ distributionpatterns varied under tree canopies. Theincrease in relative humidity anddecrease in temperature during day timecaused the reduction inevapotranspiration in the system andthrough which· the soil moisture statusincreases under tree canopies.

The net radiation decreased in a

system when compared with open fieldwhereas the latent heat flux and soilheat flux increased. These parametersvaried in different months due to

Fig. 7: PAR & net radiation transmission under Leuceana canopies

'@E.....

==--a:zol:S.

'0.....C\IE.....oE

2000 r--------------------,-------------,

1500

1000 '--~,.,.

500

oL-_..L-_--L..-_----L__---L_---'--=---'-----L---'------'------'-----'

JAN. FEB. MAR. APR. MAY JUNE JULY AUG. SEP. OCT. NOV. DEC.

PAR (Open)

-+- NET Red. (Open)

-t- Under canopy

-B- Under canopy(

82

variation in micro-environment andphenological changes in the trees ..

On the basis of these observationsin leucaena based silvipastoral system itis. recommended that leucaena treesplanting can achieve favorable climaticconditions for under canopy growth.

IGFRI

Negative effects in the system~ay

occur due to high reduction in infilteredradiation when trees are' planted toodense. Therefore, it is very important tomaintain the ideal canopy size and tocontrol the planting space for optimumradiation distribution' in the system.

Table 26. Physiological attributes in grass species under tree canopies. ofL. leucocephelaand in open fieldeondltlon

Grass Canopy PAR CS Int. CO2 PN/CI P;'I/Cond. PNITASpecies moltm2ts stcm ppm mgC02I

gH20

C. ciliaris . -Open-: 1880 1.42 135 0.29 ·104 22.13Tree 600 0.78 225 0.05 54 11.87

P. maximum Open 1880 1.31 155 0.27 79 • 20.84Tree 610 0.68 257 0.04 48 , 11.37

Table 27~ Photosynthetic pigments in grass species under tree canopies of~.kucocephelaand in open field condition , ..

Gras~ Canopy Photosynthetic pigments (mg/g 1.wt)Species· Chi A Chi B ChIA+B Chi A:B

C. ciliaris Open 2.78 2.92 3.70, 3.02Tree 2.92 1.48 4.40 1.97·

,

P. maximum Open 2.68 1.10 3.78 2.43Tree 2.86 1.31 4.07 2.18

Physiological pl},tnomenon of gras­ses under leucaena tree canopies

Two grass' species (Panicummaximum and Cenchrus ciliaris) wereevaluated for their photosynthesis,transpiration and stomatal conductancein open and under Leucaenaleucocephala tree canopies in the

\

silvipastoral system. L. leucocephalatransmitted about is to 30 per cent oftotal PAR. Undercanopy .temperature wasrecord~ lower t:>: the air temperature.Rate of photosynthesis, transpiration,stomatal conductance and leaftemperature of .grass species decreaseds ign ificantly under Leucaena treecanopi~ due to ~~h _degree of shading.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Maximum rate of photosynthesis were40.12 and 37.66 mol/m2/s in C. ciliarisand P. maximum in open field and 9-16mol/m2/s.: under tree d10pies (n.g. 8).Nonsignificant .difference was recordedbetween the two grass species in respectto rate of phdtosynthesis under treecanopies. 'However, vari~tion in the hteof. photoslnthesis in grass species wasobserved at different places under thetree canopies which was d~e to changein PAR intensity. Intercellular C02concentration enhanced two fold in boththe grass species under tree canopiesexhibiting' lower assimilation of C02.Photosynthesis and transpiration ratio(PNffR.) which indicates the water useefficiency' we~e decreased in grassesunder tree canopies as compared to opengrown ,grasses. n;e higher accumulationof chlorophyll -b and specific leaf mass inC: ciliaris under tree 'canopies indicatedfast adaptation than P. maximum [Table26 &-27).

PPB 2: BIOCHEMICAL STUdYIN FORAGE CROP IM;PROVE­MENT .

12.1 Blocbemkal response of.. fOPages to nooding/waterlog~ing

(Sewa Ram)i

Lactic acid decreased in tolerantB. mutica . roots and . increased in B.decumbense roots under flooding.Lactic acid may reduce the cytosolic pHthereby affecting cell metabolism insensitive B. decumbense roots under

83

flooding. Lactate dehydrogenase levelwas found to be correlated with lactateconcentration in. the root. Its activityincreased in sensitive B. decumbenseand B~ brizanth a under flooding.Fu rther, rna la te con ten t decreasedslightly in all the species studied. Thisindicates that inter conversion of malateto other products such as succinate mayoccur under flooding. Catalase activitydecreased slightly in B. mutica rootsunder flooding while it increased 'insensitive B. .decumbense roots andleaves under flooding situation.Peroxides remained unaffected' in B.mutica roots while it increased three fold'in sensitive B. brizantha roots duringwater logging.

2.2 Biochemical mechanism of dis­ease resistance in some forage crops

(Amaresh Chandra)'

To 'study the biochemicalmechanism of disease' resistance!tolerance, five genotypes of cowpea viz.IFC- 8401, IFC-8402, ..IFC-902,IGFRI-4S0 (kohnoor) and Bundel-2(8503) were grown in pot as well as insterilized soil in laboratory. Total phenolwere estimated .from all five genotypesatpreinfectional stage. The concentrationof total phenoi differ with the stage ofplant samples taken for the estimation.Nevertheless two genotypes out of fivemaintained high phenol level at all stages.for infecting the plant, Macrophomina

H4

pliaseolina (Rhizoctonia bataticola) wassubcultured regularly on PDA. The large.scale inoculum was' grown in sterilizedsand containing maize, wheat-cream at25()c for two weeks. The diseaseresistance/tolerance imparting enzymeslike phenylalanine ammonia lyse (PAL)~nd polyphenol oxidase has beenstandardized by taking the uninfectedleaves. Under systemic acquiredresistance, salicylic acid was supplied tothe 'plant through irrigation and the

IGFRI

activities of peroxidase and catalase weremeasured on 2nd, 5th and 7th days. Theincrease in activity of peroxidase wasfound in all treated genotypes incomparison to control except IFC- 902,while catalase declined in all treatedgenotypes. On the basis of inhibiti~n ofthe activity of.' catalase and inturnincrease in the level of HzOz it couldbe postulated that increased HzOz act asan active oxygen species in inducing thesystemic acquired resistance.

Fig. 8: Photosynthesis & transpiration rate in grass species undertrees and open

50 .-----------------------------,------,

CI).....C\lE<,C\loU

oE::J

40

30

20

10

oPN

_ Open (C. ciliarls)

D Open (P. maximum)

\

TR

_ Under canopy

_ Under canopy.

DIVISION OF AGRICULTURAL ENG,INEERINGAND POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY

AE 1.3: Studies on evaluation of til­lage equlpments fur maximizationof grass + legume production

( P.O. Gupta )

The project was continued forthe fifth' year with five treatments. Thetreatments, consisted of i) No tillage(control (Tl», ii) Broadcast of pelletedseed and fertilizer (Tz), iii) placingpe.lletedseed and fertilizer behindtractor drawn cuftivator (T3), iv)Tractor drawn IGFRI pitter discharrow followed by broadcasting ofpelleted seed and fertilizer (T4) and (V)tractor drawn sub- soiler followed byplacement of seed and fertilizer behindtractor drawn cultivator (Ts),

The .m ax im um number of:. ' tussock 12.65 thousands/ ,ha. were

recorded in case of tractor drawn IGFRIpitter disc harrow followed bybroadcasting of pelleted seed andfertilizer (T4) .wherc as minimum 10.~

thousand/ha were noted in broadcast ofpelleted seed and fertilizer (T2).Similarly the maximum Cenchrus andgeneral grass yield level of 4.79 and 1.46t/ha were also recorded in case of T4 and .minimum 3.09 and 1.27 t/ha in case ofT2, respectively. The maximum totalbiomass yield were recorded as 6.25 t/hain case of T 4 and minimum 2,88 t/ha

for no ti llage (control) where noseeding and fertilizing were done.

On the basis of five yearsstudy, tilling by tractor drawn pitterdiscer during establishment year beforeseeding increases moisture conservation,plant vigour and finally yield' ascompared to other treatments. The earlytussocks growth and vigourness causedmore biomass yield in long run.

AE 1.4: Development and testingof IGFRI grass' seed harvester

(Brajesh Singh and M.B.Tamhankar)

Final prototype of improvedIGFRI tractor: front mounted grassseed harvester was fabricated afterincorporating all the successfulmodification/ alteration in the design i.e.provision of (a) angular seed box front(b) a height adjustment mechanism forlowering or lifting of the unit as a whole(c) an enlarged pulley (12") for higherreel to wheel speed ratio (d), six armedreel and (e) M.S. sheet as material forbottom of the seed box.

The effective height of operation(swaft) was 45 em where as effectivewidth of operation was 150 em. Themachine has been found suitable forharvesting of seeds of Cenchrus

86

ciliaris, Cenchrus setigerus andDinanath crops from 50 to 170 em ofcrop height by selecting appropriateheight swaft of 45 em through the helpof (i) lifting or lowering the unit as a

IGFRI

whole and/or (ii) adjusting he igmadjustment link~g'y ' It was. able to

collec~,grass seed$.:~}}f~~ 14 kg/hr. Fieldcapacity of the allar~tl1ne was found 0.34, .ha/hour. ,. -:

Table 28. Chemical composition offeed % (Dj\1basis)

\Ash CP CF EE NFE 'j NDE ADF

r

.'

Feed :Concentrate 14.31 17.25 19.64- 2.52 46.28 '. 53.68 47.13

Pellet .Leucaena 20.89 16.08 20.72 2.29 40.02 58.66 47.93

-Pellet

.

Wheat bhusa 12.00 2.49 39.17 0.36 45.98 84.11 84.63

Wheat bhusa14.37 1.90 39.67 . 0.36 43.70 84.22 84.64

<

i AE 2.1.2: Evaluation of feed pellet­ing machine

,(P.O. Gupta, R.K. Goyal and V.C.,Pachauri) ,

Two types pellets each of 600 kg'were prepared ie. (1) 20% Wheat bhusa+ 80% concentrate' mixture, (2) 40%

I

.wheat <bhusa . + 6Q% leucaena leaf:meal. 'COncentrate mixture was preparedI with 50% crushed barley +' 30%groundnut cake', 18% wheat bran + 1%

I each of' common' salt and.' mineral;mixture. Twelve, calves (1-2 years ofage) were randomly divided into two

'groups of six calves' each (Averagelive weight 101 and 89 kg' respectively)

Group I was offered ,concentratepellets and group II, was offeredleucaena pellet The pellets were fed tomeet CP requirement of individualcalves. The calves were also' offeredwheat, bhusa 'ad. lib. The chemicalcomposition of pellets and bhusa ispresented in table 28.

CP- Crude Protein, CF-CrudeFiber, EE-Ether Extract, NFE- Nitrogenfree extract, NDF- Neutral detergentfiber, ADF- Acid detergent fiber.

,Digestibility coefficients of CP,

EE and NDF were lower in group II. than group I(Table 29 a,b and c). The

~omposite , rat,ion of group I and II

ANNUAI,. REPORT 1994-95

supplied. 5.83 and 1.40 per cent DCPand 39.94, 42.72 per cent TDNrespectively. The .intakes of DM,DCP and TDN were similar in two

I

87

groups. Growth rate (g/h/d) was littlehigher (296) in group II than I (257)though CP digestibility was lower inleucaena pellets.

Tabt~ 29(a). Digestibility coefficients (%) of nutrients

Group DM CP CF EE NFE NDF ADF.\

.1 . 46.35 52;33 37.96 52.90 51.04 ,56.42 57.82II 46.28 11.43 ~:02 17.56 55.66 49.25 65.13

\

,Table29(b). NUllient intake and nutritive value

,Group DM% OM (g) \ .OCP l"ON OCP TON

B.wt. WO.75 (g) (g) (%) (%)

"

,

I 2.76 87.57 162.7 1102 5.83 39.94'11 2.89 88.39 35.33 1235 1.40 " ", 42.72,

DCP-Digestible Crude Protein, TON-Total digestible nutrient",

'. Table 29(c). Growth rateo.

r

. Group' .. Initial Final RateL.wt. p<g) Lwt.(Kg) (glh/d)

r 606.0 678.5..

257II 522.5 606.0 \ 296

- - - .. - --- . --

DIVISION OF RURAL ECONOMICS & BIOMETRICS

REB-2 :BIOMETRICALSTUDIES IN FORAGEPRODUCTION ANDUTILIZATION

2.1 Studies on sampling in foragecrops for evaluating the optimumsample size for yield estimation

(Ashok Kumar and D.P. Handa)

For estimation, forage yield ofCowpea (under technology verificationexperiments) grown under uniformconditions of Jhansi, it was found thatpercent sampled area to be harvestdecreases. with the increase in percenterror as a percent of population mean(Table 30 ) in various size and shapesof plots. In case of sampling units(plots)having 1m x 1m size, sampled areadecreased from 24.5 % to 0.89 % with theincrease' of percent error from 5% to30%. However, at various percent error,this sampled area indicated an increasewith the increase of plot size(ultimatesampling units) ie. at 5% error, thepercent sampt'ed area has shown anincrease from 24.50% to 36.59% withthe increase of plot size from 1m2 to4m2

. On considering time/labourprecision, 172 plots of size 2m2 withshape 2m x 1m each selected withSimple Random Sampling withoutreplacement, covering 31.81% sampled

area is found appropriate for yieldestimation of cowpea grown underuniform conditions.

For predicting percent sampledarea to .be harvest for yield estimationof cowpea with respect to size of sampleplots, a Quadratic Response wasobserved at both 5% an? 10 % samplingerror and are as under:

(i) at 5 % error:

PA =8.4989 + 7.0590 L - 0.3960i 2 + 10.7625 B'

-0.6187 B2 - 0.0021 Lx B

R2 =0.98·

(ii) at 10 % error:

PA = -7.0401 + 5.0997 L ­0.1167 L2 + 6.7116 B

-0.3660 B2 + 0.1489 Lx B

2R =0.99where,

PA =Percent sampled area

L =Length of the plot(samplingunit)

B =Breadth of theplottsamplingunit)

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95 89-

Table 30. Number of sample plots of various sizes and shapes to be harvest for yieldestimation of cowpea grown under technology verification experiments

.

(Based <?n desired variation as a % of population mean)

Plot Size 1m2 2m2 3m2 4m2

Plot Shape 1mx1m zrnxtrn 1mX2m 3mx1m 1mx3m 4mx1m 2mX2m,

5% 265 172 177 130 145 99 118(24.50) (31.81) (32.85) (35.98) (40.24) (36.59) (43.58)

0ES 10% ' 81 S6 59 44 52 34 44I . (7.59> (10.44) (10.90) (12.32) (14.41) (12.60) (16.18) .RE0 15% 38 27 28 21 25 16 21

(3.48) (4.93) (5.15) (5.88) (6.96) (6.02) (7.90)VAR 20% 21 15 16 12 15 9 12I , (2.00) • (2.83) (2.97) (3.39) (4.04) (3.48) (4.60)ATI 25% 14 10 10 8 9 6 80 (1.28) (1.83) (1.92) (2.20) (2.62) (2.26) (2.99)N(%) 30% 10' 7 7 6 .. 7 4 6

(0.89) (1.28) (1.34) (1.54) (1.84) (1.58) (2.10)

Rgure~ in parenthesis are app.sampled area to be harvest for the corresponding size andshape of plots,

2.2 Statistical..studies on rainfallpattern of Bundelkhand

(D.r.~anda)

Rainfall studies

Pattern of occurrence of rainfall atJhansi: Based on the daily rainfallduring the period Ist June to 30th Sep-

tember in each year, each day is classifiedas a wet day if the amount of rainfall isgreater than or equal to 3 mm or a dryday if the amount of rainfall is lessthan 3 rom. This. classification gives thesequences of wet and dry days which canbe regarded as . a two state MarkovChain with wet and dry days as the two

90

states.Some of the important findings onthis aspect are as below :

(i) Study on pattern ofoccurrence of rainfall indicated that afterevery 6.41 days of dry spells there IS anexpectation of 2.50 day of wet spell.

(i i) X2- test indicated that

occurrence of wet- or dry days dependonly on the preceding day weather,irrespective of the weather of

immediately preceding two days weather.

(iii) The expected number ofwet days has been worked out to be 33and dry days to be 89 days. Themaximum number of wet days have beenfound in 1983 to be 45 while mmunumin 1979 to be 20 days only.

Crop weather relationship studies

( D. P. Handa & Ashok Kumar )

Maize (fodder)

-The wcekwise data from 28thweek to 38th Isom 1979 to 1992 werecollected on maximum temperature(Mxt), minimum temperature (Mnt),mean temperature (Mt), av er ag ehumidity (Hdt), rainfall (Rf) and rainydays (Rd) from IGFRI, meteorologystation for the crop growth period.Data on relative humidity have beentransformed into arc -s mc rootproportion as they were Inpercentage. Square root transformation

r

IGFRI

x + 1/2 was used for data on numberof rainy day s. A trend effect was·removed from yielrl whil~ calculatingcorrelation coefficient on yield.Weekwise correlation coefficient of eachweather .variable with yield was workedout. These are given in table 31.

It is found from the above tablethat during. the first three weeks of

August maximum, minimum and meantemperature";· along w ith-> averagehumidity has shown positive effect onthe fodder yield of maize crop.

Models studied

In these models effect of

changes in weather variable on yieldin Wth week as a linear function ofrespective correlation coefficientbetween yield and weather variableswere studied. A trend effect on yield wassignificant, its effect was removed fromyield while calculating correlationcoefficient of yield with weather variablesto be used as weights.

Model I & II: In these models effectof weather variables on yield in differentweeks were expressed as linear functionof respective correlation coefficient of

weather variables and yield.

Y = a + bo Zo + bi ZI + b2 Z2 +c T (Modell)

Y = a + bo Zo + bi ZI + c T(Model 2)

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95 91

Table 31. Correlation coefficients between weather variables and yield

Week No. Mxt Mot Mt Hdt Rf Rd

28 0.1421 0.4569 0.3826 0.1472 -0.2610 -0.2688,

29 0.3265 0.1053 0.2130 0.2143 0.2453 0.100.6,

30 0.1280 0.2699 0.2067 0.5443 0.3446 0.4082

31 0.2077 0.5508 0.3817 0.4970 0.1278 -0.6863

32 0.7612 0.7066 0.7490 0.6125 -0.0177 -0.3125

33 0.6608 0.6189 0.6523 0.7016 0.1845 0.2011

34 0.4712 0.5643 0.5343 0.5274 0.3006 0.2132

35 -0.2310 0.1379 -0.1063 0.3584 -0.2638 0.2254

36 -0.3171 -0.3003 -0.3274 0.5051 0.4178 0.3009

37 -0.3880 0.0350 -0.2664 0.5728 0.3684 0.4316

38 -0.0201 0.2550 -0.5393 0.5172 0.3288 -0.0248,

Model III & IV : These models are sameas Model I & II respectively except that

rxy (w) is obtained using yield adjusted fortrend effect.

Model V : This is obtained by includ­ing quadratic terms of weather variablesin model I, as such the model becomes

Y = a + bo Zo + bi ZI + in Zz +boo Zoo + bn Zll + bzz Zzz _+c T .

Model VI: This is obtained by includ­ing quadratic terms of weather variablein.model II, as such model becomes:

Y = a + bo Zo + bi ZI + boo Zoo+bll Zri + cT

Model VII & VIII: Same as model Vand VI respectively except that correla­tion coefficient are obtained using ad-justed yield. -

The coefficient of determination(Rz)obtained from the above eight

models are given in table 32.

92 ICFR!

Table 32. Coefflclent of determination (R2) under different models-

ModelsWeather variables

I' II III IV V VI VII VIII

Maximum temp. 0.84 0.84 0.80 0.77 Q.90..0.90 0.86 0.81

Minimum temp. 0.81 0.81 0.64 0.58 0.95 0.86 0.89 0.61Mean temp. 0.83 0.83 0.66 0.65 0.88 0.88 0.68 0.65Mean R. H. 0.74 0.68 0.77 0.54 0.89' 0.86 0.88 0.81Rainfall 0.60 0.58 . 0.28 0:26 0.81 0.60 0.48 0.35Rainy days 0.60 0.54 0.31 0.34 0.75 0.64 0.62 0.61

RH : Relative humidity

Model No. V is best in comparison toother models, which is an extension ofmodel I, by including . the quadratic termsin the model. It indicated that we can usethis model to study the effect of weather

"-on yield.

The effect' on yield per unitchange in weather variables in Wth

week . can be worked out bydifferentiating the equation of model Vwith. respect to "tw. . The equationsworked out on different weather variablesare given below:

Maximum temperature.

y =-4028.5326 + 26.6162 Zo - 92723 ZI- 4.5540 Z2 - 0.4204 Zoo + 0.2618 Zn +0.0064 Z22": 5.2678 T

2(R =0.90)

Minimum temperature

y =-353.5606 - 2.1859 Zo + 59.8974 ZI - .. .52.9148 Z~ - 0.1392 ZOO - 0.1846 Zi i +0.0885 ZZ2 + 5.1260 T

2(R =0.95)

Mean temperature

y =-146.1763 +.5.~178 Zo -12.5689 ZI +4.4745 Z2 - 0.1630 zoo +0.3587 Zll0.0051 Z22 +6.9090 T

-(R2 =0;88)

Average humidity

y =- 2393.9785 -17.2202 Zo + 66.9638Zl - 26.4053 Z2 + 0.1333 Zoo - 0.4316Zll + 0.0094 Z22 + 2.8640 T "

. 2(R = 0.89)

R~inrall

y = 193.9135,- 0.3922 Zo -1.2111 ZI +. .

7.0886Z 00 + 0.0019 Zoo + 0.0030 Zll -0.0264 Z22 + 11.7626 T

. (R2 =0.81)

Rainy days. "

y = - 47.0146 + 47.5220 Zo.+ 277.9143Zl - 408.8917 Z2 - 20.6932 Zoo - 85.9198Zll + 213.6635 Z22 +8.8896 T

(R2 =0.75)"

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

The actual effect of each weathervariable on yield is in progress.

where, .

L U. L n

Zo = w=1 X W , Zl = w =1 rxy(w) X w, Z2 =

Ln

2'w =1 r xy(yv) X w

93

....n L n

Z J:. 1 X2 Z 1 2 X200 = w= w, 11 = w= r xy(w) w,

L n2 2 2

Z22 = w=1 r x yew) X w

Xw =value of the weather variable underdv i th •stu Y10 W w P P v

DIVISION OF EXTENSION AND TRAINING

Ext-! : ADOPTION AND DIF­FUSION OF FORAGE INNOVA­TIONS AND FEED BACK IN­FORMATION

1.5 Role of women in agriculturespecially forage crops under in­tegrated development of LakaraKarari watershed

JManju Suman)

The women farmers spendabout 1-6 hours on differentoperations under crop cultivation and 1-3hrs. in chaffing the fodder, cleaningthe cattle shed, feeding and milking.The landless women farmers work onwages on crop operations like _weedingand harvesting. Customarily womenfarmers are over burdened with thefamily work and lack of other resources

like non availability of feed furthuraccentuates the problem.

Participatory rural appraisal (PRA)programme

(Maharaj Singh and R.N. Dwivedi)

The PRA ex ercises wereconducted in Awas and Barkhua (KaliPahadi) villages in Shivpuri district ofMP and village Baral in Jhansi district

of UP. The villagers and NARPtrainees from different Agricultural

- Universities participated in all theexercises and the feed back was

\ .obtained and ranked on crops grown indifferent seasons as per some commonuses of plants and choice of farmers,used as common feed of animals,common animal diseases and mode oftreatment by farmers and order ofpreference of timber, fuel wood, topfeed,fruit and shed trees.

TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY

Various extension approacheswere followed for popularization offodder production technology developedby the Institute for the benefits offarmers, extension workers, dairymenand other users. The following are the listof training programmes conducted.

1. Training programmesThe training programmes

organized during the year are given intable 33.

2. Demonstrations

During kharif, 14 demonstrationson jow ar + cowpea and 13demonstrations on maize +cowpea werelaid out at farmers field. During winter,68 demonstrations were conducted onimproved fodder production technologyrelating to berseem and oats at farmers

field in the villages around Jhansi,.Datia, Shivpuri and Tikamgarh districts.Besides, 5 front line demonstrations on

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Table 33. Training programmes organized

95

~.No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.,

9.

10.

11.

Title of training andsponsored agency

XI NARP training on Agroforestry,Forage production and Animalnutrition sponsored by ICAR

XII NARP training on Agroforestry,Forage production and Animalnutrition sponsored by ICAR

MOA training on fodder productionsponsored by Directorate of Extn.Min. of Agric. Coop, New De'lhi

Indo-UK PRA training to Institutestaff and farmers sponsored by Indo­UK Project

One day training to Betul (MP)farmers on forage productionsponsored by MP Govt.

Training to foreign scientistsUni college North Wales. BangorUK, sponsored by Indo-UK project

XIII NARP training on AgroforestryForage production and Animal nutritionsponsored by ICAR

Military officers training on forageproduction sponsored by RVC Centreand school, Meerut Cantt

XIV NARP training on Agroforestry,forage production and Animal nutritionsponsored by ICAR

Training to AH officers from Tamilnaduon forage production sponsored by T.N.Govt.

Military officers training on Forageproduction sponsored by RVC Centre andschool, Meerut Cantt

Duration

April 4 - May 3, 94

June 4- July 7, 94

Oct. 15 - 22, 94

Oct. 5 - 12, 94

Nov. 30. 94

Dec. 2 - 3, 94

I

Dec. 10, 94 - Jan 7, 95

Dec. 26 - 27, 94

Feb. 1 - March 1, 95

Feb. 17 - 18,95

March 13 - 14,95

No. of Parti­cipants

23

34

17

30

24

2

19

10

18

10

10

96

mustard and linseed crops were also co~­

ducted..

iDemonstrations on silvipasture,

agroforestry, hortipasture systems onfarmers field as well as at F.D. Blockwere also conducted. The total numberof demonstrations on these perennialsystems was 25.

3. Oahra-Pachwara hill development:Gahra hill covers about 83.75 ha and

pachwara hill 158.0 ha. These earlierrevegetated hills were protected and main­tained. The fodder from these grasses and 'legumes was allowed to be harvested bythe local' farmers.

4. Tejpura hill devt;lopment: Tejpurahill covers 30.19 ha on which C.

ciliaris, Chrysopogon fulvus and Sehimanurvosum aiong with Stylosantheshamata were planted by Soil Conserva­tion . Department with our technical

guidance.-~T-he grasses and legumes wereallowed to be cut and carried by the

farmers.

5. Protection through vegetative, cover: In Tejpura Watershed, 9 check.

dams, 14 earthen bundhies and half kmlong water harvesting bundhies wereprotected by . planting grasses, kans andkhas in collaboration with Soil Conserva-. '

tion Department of U.P. Similarly, bothside of'Kharya Nala near Uldan,paragrass planted earlier on the lower sideand hybrid napier, Cenchrus ciliaris and

IGFRI:

Dichanthium annulatum on upper sIdehave well established, Besides, silvlt,m;­tures were also established in' some areaalong with Nala in wuicn plantation ofsubabool, Aonla was done by plantinggrasses like Cenclvus clliaris, Dichan­thium annulatum and legumes likeStylosanthes hamata between the tree sa­plings.

6. Establishment of grass nursery:One plot of each of the thirteen gras­ses/varieties which was planted earlier a!Uldan by rooted slips/seeds by DeputyDirector Soil Cons.ervation . (watershed)Deptt. U.P. through planting materialsand technical guidance provided by theInstitute.

7. Demonstrations on hybrid napierand guinea grass: Twenty fielddemonstrations on hypridnapier No. 6and guinea grass were. conducted andare being maintained at' Patha, Rajpura,Uldan, India, Magarwara, Pachwara,Gahra and Ghurat viIlages of BangraBlock. Besides, few demonstrations 011hybrid napier and Setaria. grasses werelaid out near Delhi.

8. Farmers Mela/Day: Three KisanMelas were organized on 8.4.94, 20.9.94and 7.3.95. In each Kisan Mela more

, I

than 700 farmers participated and weretaken round to 10 selected spots at Re­search Farm. Buzz session was also ar­rang_ed in which farmers, extension I

ANNUAL REPORT E)94-95

workers and scientist interacted with

each other.

97

12. Exhibition stall: The stalls depict­

ing the IGFRI latest .technology wereerected at the following occasions.

15.. RadiolTV talks: About 25 radio/Tvtalks were d.elivered from Chhatarpur,Jhansi, Lucknow and Delhi stations.

13. Visitors: Eighty two groups

consisting of 1250 farme~.s, extensionworkers, development people, studentsand press reporters from different placesof the country as well as abroad visitedthe Institute. They were taken round thefarm and explained different on goingprogrammes and exposed to the technol­ogy developed by the Institute.

14. Transfer of technology through let­ters and pamphlets:. 836 quarriesreceived from the farmers, extensionworkers, state officers and NGOs were

suitably advised by providing extensionliterature and information.

9. Mahila Diwas: Mahila Diwas wasorganized at village Chopra on 25.9.94 inwhich more than 300 women participated.

10. Kisan Goshti: Th e Kisan Goshtiwas organized on 21.2.95 at Sakrar vil­lage in which more than 300 farmers andpress reporters participated.

The division has participated In

the following Kisan Gosthis:

(i) Organized by NRCAF atNRCAF, Jhansi 23.9.94

(ii) Organized by IFFCO atPirona 22.9.94

11. Workshop organized: A

Regional Workshop on Su~tainable

Agricultural Resources Conservationand Integrated Developemnt of Bun­delkhand sponsored by State Land UseBoard Lucknow (U.P.).was organizedfrom Jan. 10-11, 1995 at IGFRI, Jhansi.

(i)on 23.9.94.

(i i)Pradarshani

26.3.95.

NRCAF, Kisan Diwas held

Bundelkhand Vikasheld from 19.2.95 to

FARMING SYSTEM RESEARCH PROJECT

PRODUcrION, UTILIZAT~ONANI) SUSTAINABILITY OFFOOD-FORAGE FARMING SYS­TEMS FOR RAINFED AREAS

Arable food-forage production sys­tems for small farmers with vary­ing resource levels under trrlgatedconditions

(K'C, Sharma)

The treatment consisted of threecropping . systems . viz; groundnut - .wheat + mustard and maize (cob)berseem with two resource levels viz;fanner's input levels and improved inputlevels. I

Durinz rabi season 4 cuts ofberseem were obtained and yield was71.7 ana 61.1 t/ba of green fodder, 9.25and :-1.95 tina of dry m~tt~r and 1757 and1510 kg/ha of crude protein underImproved and farmers resource levelsrespectively. In case of wheat improvedlevels showed their superiority for boththe cropping systems and gave highestgrain and straw yields. The yield. was4.25 and 5.39 t/ba, when preceded bygroundnut and 3.84 and 5.32 t/ha afterokra respectively as compared tofarmer's resource level (2.91 and 3.87t/ha after greundnut on 3.13 and 4.18 .t/ha after. okra).

~o"!.putation of wheat yieldequivalents (t/ha) .on the basis ofprevalent prices indicated that berseem

was the most remunerative "and gave,significantly higher wheat yieldequivalent (4.89 t/ha) over wheatwhen preceded by groundnut (3.71 t/ba)and okra (358 t/ha).

During kharif season yieldwas 1.94 and . 1.43 tfha of groundnut,1.48 and 0.86 t/ba of urd bean and 75.3and 535 "thousands/ha of maize'cobs under improved and farmer'slevels, respectively. Thus, improvedlevels gave higher :yield, to the tuneof 26.3 per cent of dry pod of groundnut,41.9 per cent in case of urd bean and29.0 per cent maize (cob) over farmers,levels.

Computation of groundnut yieldequivalent (t/ha) revealed that. amongkharifcrops maize (cob) was found mostremunerative and gave' significantlyhigher groundnut yield equivalent (358t/ha) as compared to urd bean (2.21t/ha) and groundnut (1.68 tlha). Whilein case of resource levels, significantlyh,igher groundnut yield equivalent (2.97t/ha) was obtained with· improvedresource levels' over farmers' level (2.01t/ha).

Thus, among cropping systems,maize (cob) - berseem system wasfound most remunerative and improvedinput levels 'showed superiority inproduction potential of all tlie crops.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Arable food-forage production sys­tems for medium farmers with dif­ferent fertility schedules underilTiga ted conditions

(K'C, Sharma)

The treatments consisted of threecropping systems viz; groundnut-wheat + mustard, maize (cob) - berseemand soybean - wheat + mustardwith fertility schedules/plant. protectionmeasures viz; 100% recommendedfertilizer schedules throughorganic/natural resources, 100% throughinorganic sources and 50% each throughorganic and inorganic sources. FYM andneem cake as organic natural sources .and chemical fertilizers as inorganicsource of nutrient carries were used.

In rabi 4 cuts of berseem wereobtained during crop season andmaximum green fodder and dry matteryields were obtained under 50% eachthrough organic and inorganic sources(60.5 and 7.29 t/ha) followed by iOO%organic sources (60.0 and 7.21 t/ha) and'100% inorganic sources (56.7 and 6.85t/ha), In case of wheat, maximumgrain yield was obtained under 100%inorganic sources, when preceded bysoybean '(3.93 t/ha) and groundnut (3.88t/ha) followed by 50% each throughorganic and inorganic sources (3.84 and3.75 t/ha) and 100% organic sources(2.53 and 2.51 Ilha). However, .wheat stJ:3W yields were maximum under

99

50% each through organic and inorganicsources, 4.90 and 4.67 t/ha under 100%inorganic sources and 3.82 and 3.39t/ha under 100%· organic sources whenpreceded by soybean and groundnut,respectively.

Computation of wheat yieldequivalent (t/ha) showed that berseemwas most remunerative and gavesignificantly higher yield equivalents(4.35 t/ha) over wheat + mustard, whenpreceded by soybean (3.48 t/ha) andgroundnut (3-43 t/ha], Wheat yieldequivalents under 100% inorganicsources (4.05 t/ha) and 50% eachthrough organic and inorganic sources(4.04 tlha) were at. par but significantlyhigher over 100% organic resources(3.17 t/ha).

Khari] resu lts of the secondseason revealed tbat maximum dry podyield of groundmit was obtained under100% inorganic sources (2.08 t/ha)followed by 50% each throughorganic and inorganic . sources (2.06t/ha) and minimum under 100%organic source .(1.86 t/ha), The sametrend )Vas followed by maize alsoyielding 78.5, 775 and 61.0 thousandcobs/ha, respectively. .However, in caseof soybean, highest yield was recorded'under 50% each though organic andinorganic sources (201 t/ha) followed by100% organic sources (1.98 t/ha)and minimum was under 100%inorganic sources (1.60 t/ha).

100

Computation . of groundnut yieldequivalents (t/ha) showed that maizewas found most remunerative crop andgave significantly higher yield equivalent(4.02 t/ha) over groundnut (2.00 t/ha)and soybean (1.68 t/ha). In case offertility schedules, groundnut yieldequivalent under 50% each 'throughorganic and inorganic sources (2.75t/ha) and 100% inorganic sources (2.62t/ha) were at par but significantlyhigher over 100% organic sources (2.34t/ha).

Thus, maize (cob) - berseemsystem found was most remunerative

amongst cropping systems and yieldpotentials under 100% inorganic

sources and 50% each through organic.and inorganic sources were at par.

Production, utilization and sus­tainability of food- fodder-fuelfanning system under Irr'lgatedlarge holding situation

(S.D. Gupta)

Treatments compr i se dcombinations ot cropping systems(Groundnut-wheat, Maize (G) + Cowpea(F) - Berseem, Sorghum (F) + Cowpea(F) - Berseem), trees association (Farmboundary (Pole), Pole (Fodder + Hedge)and without trees) in main plots,l'cr t il izers sched u Ies (75 % 0 frecommended dose, 100% of the

IGFRI

recommended dose) and weed

management practices at two level i.e.local farmers practices, recommendedweed management practices, in sub plotswere evaluated in split plot design.

Tree association had no

significant influence on weed intensity,dry weight and yield of forage, straw,grain, crude protein, pods and nodulenumber in legume crop.

Recommended weed manage­ment practice in wheat crop causedreduction in weed intensity by 95 percent and recorded higher grain andstraw yields by 14 and 14.3 per centover local farmers practice of weedmanagement respectively. (Local farmers

practice of weed management weedintensity by 21.6/012

, grain and strawyields of wheat 2.7 and 5.7 t/harespectively).

Use of 100 per centrecommended fertilizer dose in wheat

\ .and berseem crops grown in croppingsystems, gave an additional productionof wheat grain, straw and. berseem forage(OM) yields by 0.27,0.56 and 0.56 q/ha

respectively over its lower dose offertilizer 75% recommended fertilizerdose, wheat grain 2.76, straw 5.79 anddry forage yield of berseem 5.99 t/ha),

In kharif season, maximum weed \intensity (211.4/01 2

) and its dry weight. (1.32 t/ha) were recorded in groundnut

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

crop and was closely followed bysorghum + cowpea (weed intensityUH.2/m2 and dry weight 1.02 t/ha)recorded at 4. weeks crop growth and.imposition of weeding treatment at 6weeks crop s stage in groundnutrecorded minimum weed intensity(251m2

) and dry weight of weed(C1.18 t/ha) as compared to sorghum +cowpea (weed intensity 481m2 and dryweight 0.44 t/ha) at crop harvest.

Recommended weedmanagement practices for kharifcrops caused reduction in weed intensityby 36.9 and 19 per cent and its dryweight by 57.6 and 14.7 per cent overlocal farmers practices of weedmanagement recorded at 4 weeks andcrop harvest stage respectively (localfarmers practice of weedmanagement-weed intensity 228.9/m2 and421m

2 (at.4 weeks and crop harvest.stage), weed: dry weight 1.65 t/ha and0.34 t/ha at 4 weeks and crop' harvestrespectively).

Among the cropping systems,sorghut;n + cowpea (2:2) producedmaximum dry' forage yield (5.33 t/ha)and closely followed by maize +cowpea (5.0 t/ha dry forage).

Use of 100 per centrecommended fertilizer dose did notaffect weed intensity and its dry weightbut gave an additional production offorage, crude protein, maize grain and

101

groundnut pod yields by 33, 39, 90 and130 kg/ha respectively over the lowerdose of fertilizer (75% recommendedfertilizer dose, dry forage 3740, CP.413, maize grain 1370 and groundnutpods yields 1560 kg/ha).

Among the leguminous crop,the maximum nodule number(104/plant) was recorded ingroundnut. However, cowpea in maize +cowpea system showed 22.7 per centlrigher number of nodules as compared tocowpea in sorghum + cowpea system.

Recommended weedmanagement practices and applicationof 100% recommended fertilizer doseincreased nodule number in leguminouscrop by 19.8 and 10.3 per cent overlocal practice of weed management and75% recommended fertilizer doserespectively.

Silvipastoral system of production

(P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy)

In the experiment established inJuly 1993, in 2.0 ha area (0.2 ha forsmall farmer situation, 0.6 . ha formedium farmer situation and 1.2 ha forlarge farmer situation), during this year(July 1995) gap filling of all the majortree species viz., Dalhergia sissoo (8 1),Azadirachta indica (8 2), Acacia nilotica(S 3), Leucaena leucocephala (S 4) andZizyphus sp. (S 5) was completed. The

102

tree establishment in general was 70 - 90

per cent.

The average growth attained by

these trees (December 94), both old(planted iIi July 93) and n~w (planted inJuly 94), . is depicted in Fig.9 (height :growth) and Fig. 10 (Collar diametergrowth). Peak growth in old plants wasexhibited by Leucaena leucocephala insmall and large farmer situation. In themedium farmer situation peak diamet~r

growth was exhibited by Azadirachtaindica closely followed by Dalbergiasissoo. However, peak height wasexhibited by Dalbergia sissoo.

Average dry matter forageproduction from different farmersituations is depicted in Fig. 11. Peakproduction was recorded in small farmersituation due to vigorous growth ofpasture grasses yiz., guinea grass andTSH. It was followed by the mediumfarmer situation where the major

proportion was contributed by natural'

pastures..

In the large farmer situation, theweed' yield was lower as compared toprevious -year and yield from pasturegrasses viz., .Cenchrus ciliaris andDichanthium annulatum increased ascompared to previous year. The legumeproductivity (Stylosanthes hamata) was

highest in large' farmer situation followed

by medium and small farmer situation.The weed productivity was also highest

ICFRI

in large farmer situation followed by

small farmer and medium farmersituations. The forage availabilitythrough tree component was significantly

higher in large farmer situation becauseof better growth of major trees' and alsothe' Leucaena leucocephala hedges.Besides, farm boundary plantation ofLeucaena leucocephala, around half, ofthe large farmer area, has contributedtowards leaf fodder. It was followed bysmall and medium farmer situations.

The above ground to below-ground ratio on dry matter basis was

found to be 4.30 in TSH, 3.23 in guineagrass, 2.20 in marvel grass, 1.76 inbuffel grass, 0.83 in subabul sowingand 0.52 in stylo.

Alley farming on large farm hold­ings under rainfed conditions

(R.C. Singh and Sudhir Kumar)

In this project 2 pajred rows ofLeucaena seedlings were planted to raisethe hedges in 9 treatment combinations(3 crop mixtures x 3 fertilizer doses)during second week of July 1994.

Tree survival was not affecteddue to crop mixture. Am06g fertilizerdoses Fl (60 kg N + 30 kg P20s!ha) wasfound better for seedling survival.

The overall survival of Leucaenaseedlings was poor (30.7%).

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95 1()~

Fig. 9: Height growth of major trees in silvipastoral systems of production

350 ;...H.;e:::'lg~h:..:.l...:(....c=m:..:.) ~~ ......,

300

250

200

150

S 5S {S I S2 S3

Tree Species

_ ,sF-o I.\\\\l SF-N CJ YF-O ~ YF-N CJ lP-O CJ lP-N

Fig. 10: Growth In collar diameter of malor trees In silvipastoralsystem of production

5 ;:.C::Ol::la::r~D.::la:.:m::e~te=-r~(::cm~) --,

3

2

S5S {S2S I S 3

Tree Species

• •_ SF-O I.\\\\l, SF-N 0 YF-O ~ YF-N, EJ lP-O CJ lP-N

1"lg. 11: Dry forage production from different components ofsllvlpastoral systems In three:farmer situations

10 'DM Forage Yield (l/ba)

7.923.6

6

2

oSmall Farmer Medium Farmer

Farmer Situation

Large Farmer

_ Tree Leaf

~ Weed,

h\\\\l Pasture Grass

[mJ Total

CJ Paature Legume

104

Effect of farm boundary planta­tion on prod uctivity of erop andvice versa under Irrjgated and

~ rainfed farming system(M.P, Rai)

Establishment of hedge and itsproduction

Seedlings of Leucaenaleucocephala as hedge were planted inJuly 1994 at 50 em spacing among thepole trees, Hedge plants which haveobtained the 60 ern height were clipped inalternate months.

Thus the production of foragefrom the hedge was 0.08 t dry/row kmafter 8 months of its growth.

Growth performance of pole trees,(Dalbergia sissoo)

Survival

The survival of trees underirrigated conditions and rainfedconditions was 98% and 84.3%respectively after 20 month of theirestablishment.· Since the survival of treesduring hot summer was decreased toR7.6% under irrigated conditions (no

-irrigatlon during summer) and 56.3%under rainfed condition, gap filling was.done in the following monsoon to makeuniform tree line.

IGFRI

Height and eoll~rdiameter

The trees attained 196 em heightand 2.7 em collar diameter underirrigated farming system' and 103.4 emheight and 1.33 em collar diameter undefrain fed conditions. The hedge plantshave no effect on the growth of trees.

Effect of trees and hedge with treeson the crop production

Field 'crops were harvested at adistance of 1 m and 2 m [rom theboundary plantation. The data on cropproduction revealed that during theinitial stage of establishment of trees.and hedge plants no significant effectwas found on the crop production (Table34).

DEVELOPMENT OF FEED-ING STRATEGIES OF DIF-FERENT TYPES 'OF LIVE­STOCK IN RELATION TOAVAILABLE FEED RESOUR-CES UNDER DIFFERENTFARMING SYSTEM

(V.S.Upadhyay, A.P. Singh, C, Radotra,S.B. Maity and A.K. Mishra) .

I

(i) Large farmerFeeding strategy 101" cow and buf­faloes

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

pp. TIme of Feeding

1. Cow & April,1994Buffalo -do-

2. Cow & May', 1994r. Buffalo

3."; ;.Cow&'Buffalo June, 1994

, 4. Cow&. July toBuffalo Oct., 19£14 .

,.5.- Cow & Nov. to Dec.

Buffalo 1994

6 '"ow & Jan., 19951"(4ffalo

7. Cow & Feb. to March,Buffalo 1995

105

eeds and Fodder Offered

Berseem 30 kg + Sorghum stover 5 kg.Berseem 30 kg + Sorghum stover 12 kg.

Urea impregnated sorghum stover-; ad lib

Wheat bhusa ad lib

Cowpea hay + Grass hay +Green .grass + Tree pruning ad lib

Cowpea 20 kg + sorghum stover 20 kg.Cowpea 30 kg + sorghum stover 30 kg.

Berseem 30 kg + sorghum stover silagead lib

Berseem 30 kg + Maize silage 15 kg.Berseem 30 kg + Maize silage -25 kg.

~rops

* All cows and buffaloes fed cone. mix. as per requirement with the above feeding system.

Table 34. Production of crops as affected by fann boundary plantation

Crop production tJha (green)Pole trees Pole trees + Hedge

at 1 m at 2 m Control at 1 m at 2 m Controldistance distance distance

,

Sorghum + 29.8 30.4 30.5 29.5 . 30.4 30.5cowpea

Berseem + 10.2 10.4 10.4 10.1 10.4 10.4cutting

. Berseem il + 12.4 12.4 12.3 12.2 12.4 12.4cutting

Berseem III + 11.0 10.8 11.0 11.0 10.8 11.0cutting

106

Comparison of sorghum stoversilage and sorghum stover in .termsof animal production

\Cows under large farming

situation were divided into two groupsas per their parity. All the cows were

I .

fed green berseem @ 30 kg per head.Cows in group 1 were fed sorghumstover ad lib and group 2 were fed

. sorghum stover ad lib ~s basal roughage. /

Total OMI in group 1 and 2 was10.65 and 9.53. kg res~ectively. OMdigestibility was 63.76 !and 5~.13% ingroup 1 and 2, respectively. All othernutrient digestibilities' were hi8.her ingroup 1 OCP intake (g/Rg W .75) was82.27 and 67.65 in group 1 and 2respectiveIy.

Average daily yield was 7.84and 6.65 lit. respectively, in group 1and 2. There were no significantdifference in SNF, total solid and milkprotein per cent but those wererelatively higher in group 2.

'rhus, sorghum stover silagewas found better than sorghum stoverin terms of milk production and nutrientutilization when fed with green berseemin cows ...

Grazing preference and live weightgain .

(B.K. Misri & Sudesh Rhadootra)

Four crossbred calves (followerof cows) were introduced in followingpastures:

IGFRI

a. C. ciliaris + S. hamata (broadcasting).

b. Alternate strips of Arachis hagenbeck­ii, Cenchrus hybrid, Stylosanthes seabraand Cynodon spp.

c. Dichanthium annulatum, Chrysopoganfulvus, Cenchrus :ciliaris, Stylosantheshamata, Macroptelium atropurpureumand Cajanus cajan (Broadcasting).

Calves were allowed to graze in3rd and 1st pasture alternatively onemonth each from, Aug. 1994 to Feb.,1995. Biomass from Znd pasture wasconserved as hay for lean period feedings.

The calves devoted more timeto grasses than legumes during Aug. toOct., 1994 but from Nov. 1994 to Jan.1995, consumption of legumes wasmaximum.

The maximum live weight gainwas recorded .in second fortnight of Oct.1994. The second peak in live weightgain was seen in ,the second fortnight of.Jan. 1995. Calves gained more liveweight in third pasture in comparison toother systems. Average growth rate was211 g/day during the period.

Effect of berseem supplementa­tion on maize silage based diet forthe nutrient utilization in cattle

Crossbred cattle and Murrahbuffaloes were taken to study thecomparative nutrient utilization and milkproduction efficiency. The animalswere fed 30 kg berseem, maize

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

silage ad lib a~d one. kg cone. mix. each .for let down of milk.

Average DMI was 3.25 and 2.78kg per 100 kg body weight. DMI g/kg

0,75 . -W . for cattle and buffalo was 136.30and 130.08, respectively.

Average daily milk yield andFCM yield in cattle and buffalo were8.01 and 9.44; 7.12 and 11.09 lit.,.respectively. The average Fat, totalsolid and SNF% for cattle and buffalowere 5.2, 14.35, 9.15; 7.7, 16.92 and9.22, respectively.

(ii) I\Jedium farmer

'Feeding strategies for goats

To, study the effect of wheatbran supplementation in the diet,eigh t Sirohi goats were equallydistributed in two groups and kept underthe following feeding systems:

a) Natura) grazing for 45 days.

b) Wheat bhusa and gram bhusa mixeddiet (1:1) for 45 days.

c) Berseem hay, pigeonpea hay andwheat bhusa mixed diet (1:1:1) for 70days.

d) COwpea hay (0.5 kg/goat) and grasshay ad lib for 94 days.

107

e) Green Leucaena (1.0 kg/goat) andgrass hay ad lib for 25 days.

f) Green Bcrscem (1.0 kg/goat) andgrass hay ad lib for 86 days.

Under the above system offeeding one group of goats was fed100 gm wheat bran each as supplementdaily.

Wheat bran supplementationincreased dry matter intake in all abovefeeding systems. When goats were keptunder leguminous hay/green feeding,there DM intake was comparativelyhigher (81.27 vs. 71.67 in c, 78.95 vs.63.93 in d, 74.31 vs. 63.78 in e, and76.08 vs. 70.32. g/W 0.75 in f.).

Digestibility of DM, CP, DM,CF, EE, NFE, NDF and ADF was alsohigher in bran in supplemented group.DCP (3.14 vs. 2.04 in b, 8.45 vs. 7.64in c and 5.61 vs. 4.74 per cent in d) andTON (58.20 vs.. 54.81 in b, 65.30 vs.59.85 in c and 63.66 vs. 58.15 per centin d) was also more in bran supplementedgroup.

Feeding strategy for cows and buf­faloes

Available feeds and fodder were fed tocows and buffaloes under medium farmingsituation from time to time as per follow­ing schedule:

108 IGFRI

Spp Time Feeding System

1. Cow April, 1994 Berseem 20 kg + Sorghum stover ad libBuffalo April, 1994 Berseem :30 kg + sor~um stover ad lib

2. Cow & May-June, 1994 Sorghum stover ad lib + ConcentrateBuffalo

3. Cow & July-Aug., 1994 Wheat bhusa ad lib + ConcentrateBuffalo

4. Cow & Sep.-Oct., 1994 , Maize 25 kg + Cowpea 15 kg + ConcentratesBuffalo

5. Cow & Nov.-Dec., 1994 . Maize + Sorghum silage 20 kg + ConcentratesBuffalo. .

6. Cow Jan-March, 1995 Berseem 20 kg + Sorghum silage ad lib\ Buffalo Jan-March, 1995 Berseem 30 kg + Sorghum silage ad lib

* Concentrate were fed as per requirement

(iii) Small farmer

Feeding strategies for goats

Effect of wheat bran supplementa­tion on efficiency of nutrlentutilization in goats maintained onroughage' based feeding system \

Local goats of Bundelkhandwere 'm;lintained on' roughage basedfeeding systems throughout the yea~.

Goats were ramtomly diviqep into 2. ,

groups of 4 e~Jh t\vailabfe [pJJghagewas. fed ad lip to all the animals as soleration along with mineral mixture and

common ~alt as per requirement:

Animals of group 1 weresupplemented with 100 g wheat brandaily whereas in group 2 no supplementwas provide.d. The goats weremaintained on the foIlowing feedingschedule as per the availability of feedresources:

1. Grazing 6 hrs. + dry grass ad lib for 66days.

2. Dry grass + berseem hay ad lib for 90days.

3. Dry grass ad iib+ cowpea il~y <ij? 5.RPg/h for. 61 days.

4. Dry grass ad lib .+ green leucaena @ 1kg/h for 26 days.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

5. ,Dry grass ad lib + green berseem @ 1

kWh for 93 days.

Supplementation of wheat brarincreased the dry matter intake aninutrient utilization.

Comparative feeding value of her­seem .bay prepared by different

.methads

. '. Berseem hay prepared b~

lthaffed .' and unchaffed methods wenfe~ along with grass hay in the ratio 012: 1 to',Barbari kids for 55 days. Hayprepared by either methods were same interms of. its feeding value. '

Nutritiona'l evaluation errsn andguinea grass grown under agro-sil­vi~astoral system

Guinea grass and TSH were'harvested daily as per need and fed trlocal goats as sole roughage for ~

period of 29 days. OM intake as %live weight and g/kg W 0.75 werecomparable in both the. groups whilethe digestible OM intake (322 vs. 29L"gld), OCP, (6.~6 vs.. 6.40), TON (61.46vs. 55.08), digestibility of differentnutrients except EE and various rumenparameters were higher in TSH fedgroup ,than Guinea, grass fed group.The results showed that nutritive valuesof both the grasses were optimum tomeet the maintenance requirement ofthegoats, " Further, TSH can' provide

109

better rumen environments in therumen ecosystem of goats as comparedto Guinea grass which leads tobetter utilization of different nutrients., ,

Feeding strategies for cows. "

1\v.9 'cows and their followers ~.:.:'~...-,

(2) were": maintained on the following'feeding '~ystem throughout the year as

p~vailabHity of f~edresources.

1 Sorghum stover ad lib + berseem 20kg alfd COIlC. 1 kg/head/d in April, 1994.

2. Sorghum stover silage ad lib and'cone. as per requirement during May- I

June, 1994.

3, Wheat straw ad lib find cone. as perneed during July-August, 1994.

4. Maize stover ad lib and conc. as perneed during Sep.-Oct., 1994.

5 Grass ad lib and cone. as per require­ment from Nov-Dec., 1994.

6. Sorghum stover silage and berseem 20kg/head from Jan-March, 1995.

Effect of feed in urea impreg­nated sorghum stover haylage anddry sorghum stover supplementedwith urea on cattle and buffalo

,I

Four cows (3 milch and 1 dry)and three milch buffaloes were fedwith 0.6% urea impregnated sorghum

110

stover haylage and four cows (3 milchand one dry) and two milch bUffalo~s

were fed on dry sorghum stover aftersupplementing with 1% urea at t~e timeof feeding. Concentrate mixture wasfed as per requirement. Feeding trialcontinued for a period of 23 days. Drymatter content of sorghum stoverhaylage was. 54.33 per cent. The qualityof haylage was good having Fliegindex 77%, pH 4.62, lactic acid 1.62%,acetic acid 0.89%, alcohol 0.20%,NH3-N 0.336%, acidity 17.4 meq/lOOg DM, Lactic acid of total acid 64.5%.Dry matter intake as per unit metabolicbody size . (g/kg W. 0.75) in both cattle.(83 vs. 78) ~nd buffaloes (104.36 vs.104.20) was comparable in both thegroups. Similarly, there were nodifferences in the digestibility of DM,DM and CPo Observations showedthat there was not much difference inthe feeding values hetween urea treatedhaylage and urea supplemented stover.

EVALUTATION OF FORAGEFARMING SYSTEMS AT

/

IGFRI

FARMERS FIELD

(P.S. Tomer, S.T. Ahmad, ~N. Dwivedi,Maharaj Singh, M.B. Tamhankar andR.V. Singh)

Three categories of farmers(large, medium and smalI) replicated attwo sites ( Sakrar and Awas ) werecontinued for study. Crop calender wasprepared. The improved technologieswhich were introduced in the previousyears continued this year also andfallow lands were put under forageproduction. The wasteland areas wereutilized by putting saplings of timber,fodder and fruit trees and grasses undersilvipasture and hortipasture systems.

The crops (wheat, gram, pea,barley, masoor, mustard, vegetableslike tomato, brinjal and chillies) yieldwas also continued to increase. Theoverall fodder availability in terms ofgrass and hay with the farmers wasfound at the increased level ascompared to previous years.

COORDINATED AND ADHOC EXTERNAL RESEARCH PROJECTS

AICRP ON FORAGE CROPS(Coordinating Unit,IGFRI,Jhansi)

Varietal development

On the basis of testing undermultilocational basis Iotlowingvarieties of different crops have shownpromise for their further testing andsubsequent identification' and release(Table 35):

On the.basis of performance, fewvarieties of some important foddercrops have been released. In case ofsorghum, Hara sona (855F) has beenreleased as multi- cut material for theentire country. Bundel Guar-2 (IGFRI-2395-2) of guar has been released forentire guar growing area. Lucerne,Anand-3 has been released forHimachal Pradesh and is also suitable forGujarat .state. Shaftal . var. SH-46 wasreleased .for Punjab which is alsosuitable for .sub-tropical areas ofHimachal Pradesh. A multi-cut .sorghumvariety Punjab Sudex Chari-1 (LX­250) has also been released for Punjabstate which is suitable for entire northIndia. In addition to these varieties,sorghum var.S-308 (Single-cut) andcowpea upe.- 8705 are underconsideration for release.

. .Productlon technology

Intercropping of forage legumes in themain traditional crops of the region: cow­pea with paired row uf sorghum at

Rahuri (Maharashtru) and cowpea withnormal spaced finger millet at Dapoliwere found advantageous yielding 41and 60 per cent increased yields overthe respective pure cropping of sorghum.

In tarai region of ~ttar Pradesh(Pantnagar), green cobs of maize-cumfodder helped in realizing much higherincome (Rs. 15,700/- per ha ) thanmaize fodder cropping (Rs. 3,600/-perha),

At Rahuri, application of 75% recom­mended level of NPK fertilizer alongwith 10 t FYM to both kharif and rabi

crops to a cropping sequence of sorghum- berseem - pearl millet helped inrealizing higher monetary return of Rs,

41,600/- as against full recommended(100%) level of fertilization of Rs.35,100/-.

Rice - berseem is the most productive croprotation in alkali soils at Faizabad (U.P.)with monetary return of Rs. 31,670/- perha. At Hissar ( Haryana), bajra - gram ismost remunerative system with

monetary return of Rs. 37,980/- per ha.Sorghum - Berseem is most productivecropping system producing 1068 q/ha ofgreen forage. Application of 75% recom­mended level of NPf\: and an applicationof lOt FYMlha to each of the cropswere found much productive (17% in­creased yield) than full (100%) recom­mended level of NPK,.

11-? IGFRI

Table 35: V~rieties showing promise for further testing identiflcatlon and release

---------------------j-------------------_.:_----------------------------------------------------------------------------Crop Variety Suitable area for cultivation

I.Cultivated fodder-

Cowpea CL-334 & UPC-9202 North Eastern,IFC - 9304 Central

Guar GI - 546 Entire growing tractRice bean· BC-3 All India

BC-18 All IndiaSorghum S - 308 All India

•Maize GBM-84-1,GBM-84-2 AlI.fndia

APFM-8 & APEM-12Bajra (S!ngle-cut) . DRSB - 2 & FMH - 3 All India(Multi-cut) Giant bajra,FM-l & All India

RFB -12 \

Teosinte , TL-42 All IndiaN'Ipier bajra APBN -1 Centralhybrid RBN-88-13-1 All IndiaGuinea grass (annual) PGG-lO1 & PGG-489 All IndiaAmaranthus " LC- 2 All IndiaMetha Cf-173-1 NorthBerseem HFB-473 P2 South. & Hills

IRB-92-2 & BL-102 All IndiaLucerne (annual)! Porna - I Entire growing tract \Lucerne (perennial) RL-88 & RL-89-2 Entire growing tractShaftal SR - 69 North-East & Hilis

SR - 121 North-WestOats (multicut) IRO -893 North-East

OL.529 Central je tJ0rt~ ~pn~

IRQ - 891 fIillsIRb -886 SouthOL - 529 All India

- ....

II. RaDl~e Im\sses and Iqrnmes (perennial)

Anjan grass --­Marvel grassBlue panicClitoria

IGFRI - 3133IGFRI - 1951CAZRI - 347Cf-23-1

Entire growing tractdododo

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

The forage yield ot maize increasedsignificantly (37%) when 'grown afterberseem crop as compared to after maize

'under non fertilized condition. However,.with 'full recommended level of fertilizerapplication, the yield' advantage fromthe former rotation was 24 per cent.

Forage yield of pearl millet significant­ly . increased with the' application of nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixers. The yield ad­vantages were, 22-2~ per cent withAzospirillum and 11-14 per cent withAzotobacter.

In acid soils CiH 5.0 ) of HimachalPradesh (Palampur), the increased yieldsin guinea grass were observed to the ex­tent of 66 per cent with the application ofVAM and 26 per cent with Azotobacter.At Jabalpur, application of Azotobacterto guinea grass also increased yield by22 per cent over control. Application ofculture by mixing with seeds was foundmore effective than soil application.

Application of Azotobacter toforage oats increasedyield by 8-20%.in almost all agro -' climatic environ­ments. .Application of Azotobacteralong with 40 ,kg/ha of N gave yieldalmost equal to 80 kg N/ha withoutinoculation.'Application of P @120 kg PzOs/ha toShaftal increased forage yield by 87 percent over control.

Application of P & K increased forageyield of lucerne and its perenniality. Theyield increase was to the extent of 33 per

113

cent with an application of P @'150 kgPzOs/ha and 21 per cent with an ap­plication ofK,. @60 kg KzO/ha.

In .' sub-tropical environment of HimachalPradesh Shaftal is found to be a bettercrop than berseem as it gave more than50 per c~nt increased yield over berseem.·Shaftal is also an equally or better cropthan berseem in north-east, tarai regionand foot hills of Himalayas.

Application of Atrazine @ 0.80 kg a.i./hafollowed by two hand wecdings at 20 and35 DAS was very effective in controllingweeds and realizing higher yield of dryforage by 122 per cent ov.er control.

AICRP ON FORAGE CROPS ";JHANSI CENTRE

AICRp·1 : Cl'OP nutrition studies

( C.R. Rawat and C.R. Hazra )

1.1 Effect of biofertilizer on forage.yield of oat (JHO 822)

Oat variety JBO 822 wastested with bacterial inoculant ( withand. without Azotobacter) in combinationwith four levels of nitrogen (0,' 40, 60 and80 kg N/ha) . .Azotobacter inoculationsignificantly increased the green and dryforage yield to the tune of 14 and 12 per

. cent, respectively over control (withoutbiofertilizer). The crop 'showed an

..increasing trend in forage yield upto60· kg/Nlha . The highest green and dry

forage yields were recorded to the tuneof 41.2 and 14:4 t/ha respectively.

1.2 Response of lucerne varieties.under varying levels of phosphorus

An experiment comprising 4.varieties of lucerne viz. RLS-88" .RLS-87, -LH-84 and LLC-3 andfour levels of phosphorus (0, 40, 80and 120 kg P20s!ha ) was conducted.The varie.ta l. response was found'significant in case of green fodder yieldonly. Cultivar RLS-88, yieldedsignificantly higher green' fodder (87%)than LLC-3. The higliest green and drymatter yield was realized to the tune of56.1 and 10.5.t/ha, respectively, withRLS-88.

1.3, Response 'ofphosphorus topromlslng varieties of shaftal

Two promising varieties of.shaftal viz. SH 69 and SH 72 weretested against berseem 'Wardan' ascheck for their yield potential in relationto phosphate (0, 40, 80 and 120 kgP20s/ha) application. The varietaldifferences were found' nonsignificant,' while, P levels were foundsignificant. '\ The highest green and 'drymatter yield was recorded to the tune of642.9" and 77.7q!ha, respectively withthe application of 80' kg P20s!ha .

1.4 Comparative, performance ofmaize with other rabi fodder crops

IGFRI

Forage crops like oats,berseem and maize were grown.However maize crop was raised fordifferent purposes viz, fodder, grain andfodder. alongwith cobs. The treatmentdifferences were found significant. Thehighest gross monetary return wasobtained to the tune of Rs. 31,000/hawith maize grown, for dual purpose i.e.cobs and fodder both.

,AICRP·2: Agroforestry

(C.R. Rawat and C.R. Hazra)

2.1 Alley cropping studies underrainfed condition

This experiment was conductedunder dryland situation during kharif insplit plot design comprising. two shrubsviz. Leucaena /eucocepha/a and Sesbaniasesban as hedge rows with two cerealcrops (sorghum as fodder andsorghum as grain) combined with threelevels of nitrogen (0, 30 and 60 kg/ha),

,The treatment differences werefound significant. Among alleys,Sesbania was found most remunerative(Rs.10,000/-gross· monetary retum/ha)followed by leucaena. Sorghum raisedfor grain realized highest grossmonetary return to the tune of Rs.11,440!ha. The application of 60 kgN/ha was found most suitable. It gaveRs. 11,780/- per . ha gross monetaryreturn. The interaction was notsignificant.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

DRYLAND AGRICULTURE RE­~EARCH PROJECT

'1 Comparative performance ofindigenous and proposed tech­nologies .in d~tterent croppingsystems under dryland conditions

(K.P. Niranjan and A. Singh)

Three cropping systems.involving (i) sorghum (CSH-5) +pigeonpea (Bajra) + Urd (T9), (ii) Urd +til (f12). and (iii) fallow - lentil (K-75)with and without improved resourcelevels wer~ evaluated.' In local practicesowing .of untreated/uninoculated seedwas done' by broadcast method usinglocally available non descript varieties.15 kg N + 2 ton FYM!ha was applied atthe time' of sowing. Only one manual

i weeding was done. But in improvedpractices, .' crop.'; were sown' in lineswith improved seed materialsrecommended for Bundelkband region.Before sowing, the seed was properlytreated with Bavistin, The pigeonpeaand urd seed were inoculated with therespective Rhizobium culture.Recommended fertilizer dose was appliedat the time of sowing. Pre-plantingapplication "of Fluchloraline @ 0.75kg ai./ha was made for weed control.

-Improved package Of practicesincreased "grain and straw yields of allcrops in the system as compared to10~1 practices. So °ghum (grain) yield

115

could not 0 be taken due to earlywithdrawal of monsoon resulting in cropfailure.

Sorghum + pigeonpea + urd withimproved package of practices yielded135 kg/ha of pigeonpea and 245 kg/ha ofurd as compared to local practiceyielding 110 kg/ha of pigeonpea and 150kg/ha urd respectively. Intercroppingsystem of urd + til yielded 165 kg/ha ofurd and 27 kg/ha of til under improvedpractices as compared to 120 kg/ha ofurd and 20 kg/ha of til under localpractice. Lentil' could' not be sown dueto lack of moisture resulting fromprolonged drought spells during kharifseason.

Maximum gross return of Rs.8578/- was obtained in sorghum +pigeonpea + urd cropping system withimproved resource levels, Minimumgross return of Rs. 2952/"" was observedin urd + til cropping 'system witho~timproved resource levels.

CESSFUND PROJECf

Sesbania alley based fodder-foodcropping system under upland andlowland soil conditions

(N.P. Shukla and A. Rekib). "

1. Upland agroforestry system: sor­ghum - gram cultivation in Ses­baniasesban alley

116

Sorghum was intercropped. in

Sesbania alleys. The alley width were

4, 6 and 8, m including one treatment of

no alley. Three irrigation treatments(rainfed, irrigationat Tc-Ta values ofOOC and ~2°C) were maintained. Twocuts 'from -Sesbania and· one cut from

sorghum were taken.

An increasing trend in green

forage yield at Increased irrigation

levels was observed in both the cropcomponents, with, the . result that 20.0,23.3 and 25,6 t/ha yield of Sorghum and

14.0, 15.7 and 17.2 tfha.yield of Sesbaniawere obtained at rainfed, OoC and _2°CTc- Ta values. IIi case of different alleywidth Sorghum yield of 20.1,'22.4 and23.2 t/ha + Sesbani! yields of 19.2,14.4 and 13.1 t/ha were obtained at 4, 6and 8m respectively..,-The pure Sorghumyielded 26.1 t/ha. The total forage yield

of Sorghum + Sesbania in rainy season

was 39.3, 3'6.& and 36.3 t/ha in

respective treatments which were quitehigher than the yield of pure Sorghum(26:1 t/ha),

Gram - effect of alley width : Alleywidth of Sesbania significantly in-

. f1uenced the grain, bhusa yield and

number of grain per plant of'gram(variety Radhe ). Significantly higher

yield (1.85 t grain, 2.63 t bhusa/ha)

was obtained in case of no alIey. Th~

closer alley distance of 4 m producedlowest yield of 1.23'· t grain and 1.83 tbhusaltm, 'Increasing, alley width -from

IGFRI

4 m to 6 m significantly increased the

grain (1-40. t/ha) and bhusa (2.24 t/ha)yields. Further increase in width from 6to 8 m was at par. In case of grain (1.78t/ha) yield but significantly higher inbhusa (2.73 t/ha) yield. Plant popula­tion per unit area, grain, weight per plantand plant height were not influenced sig­nificantly due to Sesbania alleys.

. Effect of moisture regimes: Increasing

levels of soil moisture gradually in­creased the grain, yield significantly.

Highest yield of 1.78 t/ha was obtained

with 2 irrigations (at branching and podformation stages). The bhusa yield wasnot influenced statistically due to ir­rigation treatments. The number ofgrain per plant and' plant height were

significantly higher at 2 irrigations (134.4grain/plant and 72.2 cm height).

Sesbania sesbau. '

From July 93 to June 1994 sixcuts 'were taken. Highest yield of gree~

fodder (85.03 t/ha), dry' matter (22.74t/ha) and CP (4.64 t/ha) was-obtained incase of 4 m apart alleys followed by 6m apart alleys (67.84 t green fodder,13.71 t OM and 2.73 t CP /ha were

, .-observed at 8 m apart alleys.

Total forage yield. \ .

The total forage (Sesbania +Sorghum) yield of 113.5.t green fodderand 28.3 t DM/ha (from July 93 to June94) was' obtained at 4 m apart alleys

ANNUAL REPQRT 1994-95

follo",~d by 6 m apart 'alleys (102.6t .green and25.6t DM,tha). -In case ofno alley, green and dry fodder yieldsfrom' Sorghum alone were 39.5 and 7.66t/ha. '. The major contribution in totalforage yield was from Sesbania. .The

reduction in -Sesbania population atwide 'alleys' decreased the total forageyield, Increasing moisture regimes alsoaffected total forage production.

2. ~iTect ofSesbania alleys on. productivity of berseem-maizesequence under ditferent levelsof sulphur and phosphorus

This was the in'itial seasonof experiment. Sesbania seedlingswere transplanted at 4 m apart alleys.Berseem : was sown in between alleysin rabi followed by maize in kharif. Thetreatments consisted of 4 levels of

I .

sulphur (0, 20, 40 and 60 kgP20siha)~ Daily cutting of green fodderas per the requirement of anjmal trialwas done. In- all,. 4. cuttings weretaken.

Effect of sulphur Levels : Increasinglevels of sulphur increased the. greenfodder and dry matter yield of Berseem.The highest green forage (68.8 t/ha)was obtained at 60 kg S/ha, which wassignificant over 40 kg S/ha (64.9 t/ha),The per cent increase in green forageyield at 20, 40 and 60 kg S!ha over control.was in order of 3.8, 6.5 and 1~.9% respec­tively. The dry matter yield was at par in'

117

60 kg Slha (8.85 t/hajnnd 40 'kg S/ha(8.65 t/ha), Likewise the: differences be­tween 40 and 20 kg S;ha (8.26 t/ha) and20 and 0 S kg/ha (7.'88 t/ha) were alsoat par. The per cent increase in dry matteryield <:wer control. was in order of 4.8, 9;8and 11% at 20, 40 and 60 kg S/ba.

•Effect of phosphate levels : The greenforage and dry matter increased sig­nificantly with increased level of phos-

. phate from 40 kg PzOs/ha (63.8 t greenand 8.55 . t DM/ha) to 90 kg/ha, 'Furtherincrease in the level of phosphate from80 to 120 kg pzOs!hadid not influence' theyield significantly. '

Maize yield: 'During kharif, maize crop. was. raised" in Sesbania alley with 4

1

levels .of nitrogen (0, 40; 80 and. 120kg/ha) and 3 moisture regimes (rainfed,. 0 ~ .

Tc-Ta. value of °C and -2 C).The. grainyield of maize .progressively increasedwith increasing levels of N upto 120 kgNzha. The yield at 0, 40, 80 and 120kg/N/ba were 1.60, 2.46, 2.91 and 3.24t/ha grain and 8.3, 10.0, 9.9 and 8:3t/ha stover respectively. The increase ingrain yield was also' obta'ined due to th~levels of moisture fegimes: The yieldat rainfed, OOC"and-2oC .Tc-Ta were2.32, 2.56 and' 2.?9 t/ha grain and 8.8,9.4 and 9.2 t/ha stover. .

<,

Sesbania yleld : The alley crop of Ses­bania planted at 4m distance . provided

only two cuts in rainy season. The Ses­

bania green forage. yield of 27.4, 28.9~

118

28.2 and 2:6.7 t/ha recorded at nitrogenlevels of 0, 40, 80' and 120 kg N!haprovided. to companion crop of maize.Similarly at different irrigation levels theyields were 26.8, 27.6 and 28.5 t/ha atrainfed, -Tc-Ta value of O°c. and _20erespectively.

3. Low land conditions: Effect ofplanting width and lopping onproductivity of Sesbania sesban»Brachiaria mutica grown underwaterlogged condition

The trial was repeated for secondseason. Sesbania alleys were planted atridges (30 em x 30 em) on both the sidesat three alleys width (4, 6 and 8 m) andfor three purposes (fodder, greenmanure and fuel) alongwith one absolutecontrol treatment.

One cut from para grass andSesbania were ta~en. The greenforage yieldof 20.4 t/lfa was obtainedin case of pure para grass while the yield

under 4, 6 and 8 m apart Sesbaniaalleys were 17:0, 18.5 and 19.6 t/hafrom' para grass and 3.3,.2.7 and 2.7 t/hafrom. Sesbania respectively. Due todifferent lopping management treatmentsthe yield of para grass varied as 12.5t/ha in case of fuel production to 22.3t/ha in case of Sesbania. Lopping wasincorporated to para grass field as

green manure. In ~se of Sesbania usedas fodder, the yield of 20.9 t para grass +2.7 t/ha Sesbaniawas obtained.

IGFRI

IGFRI-NDDB COLLABORATIVERESEARCH PROJECT

1. Studies on compaction, storageand transport of crop residue andgrasses

• (P .D. Gupta, R.K. Goyal andV.C.Pachauri)

The equilibrium moisture content0' .

(EMC) at 50 e temperature for 31,46,63and 75 percent relative-humidities were3.88, 6.03, 6.98 and 11.54 of grass and3.43, 4.73, 9.72 and 10.62 of wheat strawrespectively. Therefore the grasses andwheat straw should not be dried below3.88% moi~ture for storage these at 50°e temperature.

Grass bale .sample of 12 monthsstorage period were analyzed.' Crude

. protein % was higher in case of grassbale' sample covered with polythene ascompared. to without polythene, In caseof wheat straw bale sample, treatment

with moisture content 20%, molasses10% and urea 2% showed higher ep%for both treatment with' and withoutpolythene cover ( Table 36).

Grass ~ale samples of 12 and24 months .storage period wereanalyzed for aflatoxin analysis. Balescan be' stored with or withoutpolythene as. aflatoxin, wheat strawbale sample for 3 and 6 monthsstorage period .also showed no aflatoxm

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

affect for both with and without

polythene cover.'

Eight grass bale samples ofdifferent moisture content, molassesand urea combination under 12 monthsstorage study" were analyzed,. forin vitro: dry matter digestibility(IVDMD). No significant differencein IVDMD was observed in case.of withor without polythene cover. However,the treatment with 10% moisturecontent, mola-sses 0% and urea 2%showed higher value (62.8% withpolythene, 62.3% without polythenecover) among the treatments. .

Similarly, six samples of wheatstraw bales were also analyzed forIVDMDr % .This also showed that

, treatment with moisture content 30%,molasses 10% and urea 2% have highervalue of IVDMD % (62.5% withpolythene cover and 61.6% withoutpolythene cover). .

The technicat specifications forfabrication: of mobile type densifyingmachine were prepared.

D.S.T.PROJECT

FLOOD HAZARD IN THE RAPTI-

•BURRI RAPTI REGION: PROBLEM,

ADJUSTMENT AND MANAGEMENT

(Jai Prakash Singh)

The 8,576 km2 Rapti-Burhi RaptiRegion is located in between 26°57'15"N to 27°12'50" N latitude and 18°40'0"E to 83°23'45" E longitude. Major

119

rivers of the region are the Rapti and thp:

Burhi ' Rapti which is an old courseof the river Rapti. Administrativelythe region comprises 30 blocks of 10tehsils in fiv; districts of eastern V.P.viz. Baharaich , Gonda, Basti,Sidhartnagar and Maharajganj. Thegeneral sl~pe of the region is from NWto SE.

The base map showing villageboundary and. 'the drainage mapincluding local depressions andwaterlogged area were prepared for thestudy of drainage m~rphology; floodhydrology, flood prone' zoning andmanagement for socio-economicdevelopment of the flood plain dwellers.

The flood prone area is 57% ofthe total geographical area of theregion: Maximum area affected by asingle peak, flood is 50% and theaverage flood affected area is 30% ofthe total area. The extent of damageto the kharif cropped area was 44%during the heavy -and 29% during thenormal floods (Fig. 12),

Floods occur, as early as in thefirst week of July. 'and as late as in thethird week of September. The normalflood period varies from ,15th Augustto 15th September showing about 71.5%of the total flood frequency of theregion. About 19% of the flood,frequency is recorded before 10th Julyand only 9~5% 'after 15th September(l"ig. 13).

120 IGFRI

Table 36. "WI~eat straw bale sample of different moisture content, molasses' and ureacombinatfon'under 3 months storage for crude protein' analyses ., -s ,

SI.No. $ample detajls

withpolythenecover

1. 20% MG, 10% molasses &0% 'urea 4.642.. 20% MG, 1'0% molasses & 2% urea 6.783. 30% Me, 10% molasses & b% urea 4.504.'30% MG,'10% molasses & 2% urea 5.71,.. '.-' . - .,

GP (%)

withoutpolytnene

cover

4.508.214.717.50,

'"

The region normally faces one totwo 'severe floods, three to four normal,. ....floods and two to three Jaw floods per

decade. But after 1965, this trendhas been changing ..due to several. .'human activities and their impacts onlandscape. .More particularly after1,975 the .. .intensity and frequency offloods, have'.' been rapidly 'changing.

(Fig. 14)

. .NCP/IGFRI ' TO STlJ,DY THE EF-

FECr OF DIFFERENT GRAZING

,PRACTICES, ON SO~L, ,ECOLOGICALCIIAN(;ES OF VEGETATION AN:D

LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ASWEf,.LA~ THE ECONOMICS OF THE

ECOSYSTEM

(B.K. Trivedi)

Improved pasture was allowedfor grazing through four grazing system,

i.e., rotational grazing, deferred

rotational ' grazing, continuous grazingand no grazing (cut and carry) from Sept.94. Before introducing grazing, forageproduction wa~ recorded.

The minimum average totaldry' forage (2.11 t/ha) was recordedfrom continuous grazing ,paddocks'whereas rotational paddocks producedmaximum avera~e dry forage Le. 2.79t/ha.. . Deferred . 'rotational paddocksyie~ded 0.2458 t/ha more forage thanc.~t and carry paddocks (2.17 t/ha);Grass component o.C the pasturecontributed , over.80 per cent of totalforage yield (Table 37).

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Fig. 12: flood prone area (selected characteristics)

121

60

50~ .....

I'

40~····I

30

20 .

10

o

....................~ .

INDIA U.P EASTERN U.P. STUDY Area

_ Flood Prone Area (%)_ Max. Flood Area (%) EITI_ Kharlf Croped Area 1m"mul Max. Crop Damage * 0

(11'0 _of *)

Avg. Flood Area (%)

Avg. Crop Damage

(% of *)'

Fig. 13: Time of flood occurance ( river Rapti )

LATE FLOOD

30th Aug.

31st July

NORMAL

FLOOD _

FLOOD

1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1 1 1 19 9 9 9 9 9 9;9 9 9 9 9 999 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9991 2 223 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 999124 6 248 • 6 7 8 J 4 5 758 1'38 0 1 246 70 1 2 3,4

i22 IGFRI

" Table 37. Average herbage production (t/ha.

Grazing Systems Forage Yield (t/ha) Total Yield (%)., Green Dry Grass Non-grass

Rotational 10.15 2.79 79.6 20.4

Deferred 19.78 2.41 85.7 14.3RotationaContinuous 9.59 ~.19 82.5 17.5 .

.. .Cut & Carry 8.25 2.17 86.2 13.8

I

I9'.44 I

\Average I 2.37 -

-

r::Jq. 14: Flood frequency ( river Raptl.4l. Burhi Rapti )

16 ..,,------~-----------+-------,

_ Rapti A

- Buhri Rapti A

II Rapti B

_ Buhri Rapti B

A. Number of floOd years/decade

B. Number of flood frequencies/decade

8--1/ ..· ·,. · · ·=

6

4

2

o 1-1925-3535-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85 85-94

14

12 _- ..

10

REGIONAL RESEARCH STATIONAVIKANAGAR (RAJASTHAN)

The Western Regional 1.'.esearclStation (IGFRI) farm has peculiaren.vironmental limitations such as poorsoil fertility and productivity, scare anderratic rains, sandy soil having low waterholding 'capa~ity and higher infiltrationrate, higher soil erosion, high temperatureduring summer, low relative humidity,high wind velocity, high evaporation rateand lack of irrigation facilities. Researchat this centre is of vital importance tocater to the nee.ds of. semi- arid regionsof Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryanshaving similar nature of climate,

WRRS-1 : EVALUATION OFFORAGE CROPS AND RANGELEGUMES FOR HIGHER FOD­DER PRODUCTION

1.1 Varletal evaluation of bajra

(Fateh Singh)

Out of 11 entries, APFR-1produced highest green fodder yield(29.5 t/ha) followed by FMH-1 (27.4t/ha) and DRSB-1 (26.7 t/ha). Thisvariety also produced highest drymatter (6.93 t/ha) followed by FMH-1(6.1i2 flhR) and pRSB;1 (6.29 t/ha).

1.~ Varfetal evaluation trial on guar

(Fateh Singh)

Out of 12 entries, Bundel Guar-1produced highest green fodder (24.4 t/ha)followed by HGS-373 (16.5 t/ha) andGL-571 (14.0 t/ha). The highest drymatter yield was also produced byBundel Guar-1 (4.75 t/ha) followed by~L-571 (2.81 t/ha) and HGS-350 (2.46t/ha)

WRRS-2: STUDY ON AGROSILVIPASTORALSYSTEM

2.1 Effect of different spacing onthe yield of grasses under Acacianilotica

(Fateh Singh)

Both the grasses (Cenchrusciliaris and Panicum antidotale) underAcacia -nilotica gave poor yield duringseventh year and needs newestablishment.

2.2- To study the effect of trees onthe yield of grasses and vice versa

(Fateh omgn)

Out I,of four tree species(Alianthes exelsa, Acacia nilotica,Prosopis cineraria 'and Albizia lebbek),maximum number of trees' of A. exelsaand A. nilotica died due to attack of

I -, C1white ants and extreme summer.

124

Maximum height and collar diameterwere recorded in A. lehbeck. Duringseventh- year <;>f trial, the yield of grasswas poor and needs new establishment.

WRRS-3 : THE ·ECONOMICS OFRANGE GRASSES ANDLEG UMES SEED PRODUCTION

(Mallaya

IGFRI

The total cost of seedproduction of. Cenchrus setigerus,Dolichos and guar in one ha was Rs.2185.00, Rs. 2952,.00 and Rs. 2396.00respectively. The input output ratioswere 1:1.72, 1:1.73, 1:1.08 and 1:1.20 forC.setigerus seed, C. setigerus grass,Dolichos and guar respectively.However, the production of Dolichoswas badly affected due to fros

\

REGIONAL RESEARCH STATIONDHARWAD (KARNATAKA)

The regional Station atDharwad, Karnataka is situated in adry and to a lesser extent, sub-humidtropical climate with monsoon typeof rainfall distribution under thenorthern transitional zone' of the state.This centre aimed on. the improvementand management of SehimaDicanthium grass along with work oilcultivated forages and forage productionsystems 'suited to the varying agroecological situations of peninsularIndia. Besides" centre has alsoconcentrated on breeder seed

production of Stylosanthes species,Cenchrus ciliaris and Medicago sativa.

During the year a total rainfallof 1339.2 mm was recorded betweenApril to October at Tegur. Themaximum temperature was 37° C duringsummer while minimum of 12° C wasrecorded during winter. The soils varyfrom red gravelly to medium black.

SRS-l : COLLECTION, INTRO­DUCTION AND EVALUATIONOF RANGELAND SPECIES

1.6 Genecology of range grassesDichanthium (limit/alum, Dichan­thium caricosum and Sehima 'ner­vosum

(P,K. Jayan and D.H. Sukanya)

Genecological variabilities in thedominant range grasses of Sehima ­Dichanthium grass cover continued this

year .Three population each inDiannulatum, D. caricosum andSinervosum have been identified, inaddition to which 'one population eachin the above grass species was isolatedand brought to provenance trial.

Among the four populationevaluated in Diannulatum, growth habitvaried from erect, bunch to erect andloose to semi-erect types. Threepopulation were early flowering typeswhile one population was lateflowering type (during September).Plant

\

height, num~er of tillers per plant,internodal length and leaf/ stem ratioranged from 88.7 - 102.5 em, 36.5 - 87.0',8..8 - 14.1 .cm and 0.56 - 1.04respectively. .Herbage yield (green) perplant was recorded maximum inpopulation IV (230 g/plant) while thesame was lowest, for population- II (85.5g/plant),

Dicaricosum; a co-dominantspecies of Sehima-Dichanthium grasscover is well represented in thetransitional zone of North Karnatakaand the populations ~ere found toflower late in the season.Plant height,number of tillers per plant, internodallength and leaf stem ratio ranged from79.5 - 185.0 em, 88.5 - 158.5, 9.6 - 17.7em and 0.52 - 0.73, respectively.Herbage yield ,(green) per plant wasrecorded maximum for population II

126

(82.5 g/plant) while same was lowest in

population I (36.0 g/plant)

S.nervosum found in well-drained soils is poorly represented inthe grasslands spread in the transitionalzone of Karnataka. Plants wereadversely affected by blight disease,Among the four population segregatedin the species population II, III and IV'are earl y flowering variants while

population I is erect, bunch, tall (103.0ern) leafy type having high tilleringability (133 tiller/plant). Herbage yieldper plant recorded maximum inpopulation II (325. g/plant) and lowestfor population IV (202.5.glplan.t).

s'RS-2: STUDIES ON AGRONOMICASPECTS OF PERENNIALCEREALS - LEGUMES, INTER­CROPPING SYSTEMS AND AGRO­SILVIPASTORAL SYSTEMS

(M.S. Raut and P.K. Jayan)

2.1 Studies on intercropping ofnapier bajra hybrid and guineagrass with lucerne and oat - cowpeaat different planting patterns

The experiment comprised of20 treatments consisring thecombinations of four planting patternsof Napier Bajra hybrid CV. IGFRI-3and Guinea grass CV. Hamil viz.normal planting at 1.00 m row . to rowdistance, skipping land 2 alternaterows and' paired planting at 0.50 :

JGFRI

1.50 : 0.50 m and [our intercropping

treatments viz. napier bajra hybrid +lucerne, napier bajra hybrid + oat ­cowpea, guinea grass + lucerne andguinea grass . + oat-cowpea. alongwithsole intercrop components,

Among the sole crops, napierbajra hybrid CV.IGFRI- 3 (34.8 t/ha)yielded better than. other sale crops;guinea grass, lucerne and oat.

Planting of napier bajra hybrid andguinea grass at row to row spacing' o~

1.00 m and intercropping of two rows oflucerne or oat resulted in maximumproduction of 49.3 t/ha green foragewhich .was significantly higher thanother planting patterns. Skipping twoalternate rows of napier bajra hybrid

and guinea produced the lowest forageyields of main . crops as well as total

intercropping . yield 28.9 t/ha. Theplanting of perennial forages in skippedone or two alternate roy.,s improved thetotal intercropping yield to 26-34percent compared to 11-14 percent atnormal p lanting at 1.00 m rowdistance and paired planting at 0.50 :1.50 : 0.50 m. The intercropping ofnapier bajra hybrid CV, IGFRI-3/and OatCV. 0L-125 (48.6 t/ha) yielded betterthan other intercrop combinations.

2.2 Evaluation of agro-sllvipas­toral systems

Fifteen treatments consistingthe combinations of three fodder treetreatments (wi thou t to dder tree,Hardwikia binata and Leaucena

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

leucocephala) and five grass - legumemixtures {Trispecific napier' hybridScscabra, . Brachiaria decumbens +S:~cabra, perennial Pennisetumpediceliatum + S.scabra, Cenchrus

: ciliaris + S.scabra alone were laid out.

The establishment of foddertrees and grass + stylosanthes wassatisfactory. The grasses were harvestedtwo times upto June '95. Trispecificnapier hybrid (13.8 t/ha) andBrachiaria decumbens (12.7 t/ha) were atpar and produced significantly moreforage compared to C.ciliaris andPennisetum pedicellatum .

2.3 Studies on the effect of phos­phorus. and potassium fertilization'and cutting management on theseed production of lucerne .

. The treatments comprised 01the combinations of, three dates of

leaving the crop for seed production and(en d t of December, January andFebruary), two levels of phosphorus (40and 80 .kg. PzOs/ha).

The seed yield of Lucerne wasnot affected significantly due todifferent dates of leaving it for seedprduction, 22~.3 ~g/ha of seed wasproduced when the crop was left forseed -by the end of January after

harvesting twice for green forage (5.37't/ha).. T~e crop fertilized with 80 kgP20s!ha produced maximum seed yield(223.6 kg/ha) which was 14.7 percent

127

higner compared to fertilization @ 40

kg. P20s/ha Fertilization with 120kg/K20/ha. significantly increased seedyield (238.5 kg/ha) compared to 0 and 40

kg K20/ha, however, variation in seedyield due to 80· and 120 kg K20/hafertilization was not significant. Anapplication of .80 kg PzOs and 120 kgKzO per ha was found optimum for thehigher seed production of lucerne (255.0kg/ha).

SRS-~ PRODUCTIVITY ANDPERSISTENCY OF TROPICALGRASS/LEGUME ASSOCIA­TIONS

(P.K. Jayan and M..S. Raut)/

The study on grass/legumecompatibility in grasses viz. Sehimanervosum, Heteropogon. contortus andDichanthium annulatum under differentlevels of nitrogen (0, 20 40 and 60 kgn/ha) and introduction of four legumes

viz. Stylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthess~abra, Macroptelium atropurpureum andCentrosema pubescens was conducted.Application 'of nitrogen fertilizersimproved potential yield of grasses butsame was low when compared to totalyield obtained from grass/legume

mixtures such as grass + siratro, grass +S.scabra and grass + centro. Forageyield from grass + siratro was highest. I '10 D. annu atum (40.2 t/ha) H.contortus (32.1 t/ha) and S. nervosum(31.3 t/ha).

128

SRS-b : VARIETAL EVALUA­TION OF CULTIVATEDFORAGE CROPS UNDER ON­STATION AND CO-QRDINATEDTRIALS

(D.H. Sukanya and P.K. Jayan)

Varietal evaluation of fodder bajra

The checks giant bajra andCO-8 were superior for green fodderyield. Entries DRSB-l, DRSB-2 andFMH- 3 "were superior to CO-8 and atpar with the check Giant bajra (740t/ha).

Evaluation of hybrid napier entries

Among twelve entries, CN-8,CN-7 and IGFRI-7 were superior (180t/ha./year) on the basis or green fodderyield in two years.

Varietal evaluation of multicut oat

In initial varietal trial, the varietyJHO 94-2 was at par with the checkKent (26.7 t/ha.), while varieties o'S-242(31.3 t/haj.), OS'-245 (28.3 t/ha.), and OL­806 (2?Otlha.) were st .;erior to Kentfor green fodder yield. In advancedtrial the varieties, OS- 240 (35 t/ha.),0:'>-237 "(31.7 tlha.), 0'S-202 (30.6 t/ha.)were found superior.

SRS-7: GENETIC IMPROVE­ME~TOF FODDE"RBAlM ANDBAlRA X NAPIER HYBRID~

IGFRI

FOR QUALITY AND PRODUC­TIVITY

(D.H. Sukanya and P.K. Jayan)

Evaluation of FI generation of fod­der bajra

Six superior fodder bajracultivars including two sweet _bajrawere crossed with Giant bajra and largeFt populations were raised. Truehybrids were identified.

Evaluation of napier germplasm

Fifty six Napier germplasmlines evaluated, had significantvariability. Green fodder yieldrecorded high, heritability (0.91)indicating possibi lity of geneticimprovement. Green fodder yieldrecorded "significantly positiveassociation with plant height and stemdiameter.

Evaluation of bajrl1 x napier hybrids

True hybrids in each cross wereidentified through perenniality in threehundred and eighty crosses.Substantialvariation was observed among crosses fordifferent fodder and fodder relatedtraits. The plant height, number oftillers, leaf length, leaf width, stem girthand yield of single plant ranged from35-296 em, 4- 263, 22~105 em, 0.9-4.1

,

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

cm, 1.1-.~.4 em and 0.2-1.6 kgrespectively.

Days to flowering, durationand intensity of floweringdifferentiated the hybrids into threegroups, viz., profusely flowering types,moderately flowering types and shyflowering types.

Material developed .

DR-SBrl and DRSB-2 were.enteredjn . advance varietal trials ofAICRP. Among them DRSB-2 hasperformed extremely well at all Indialevel. 'Two more entries DRSB-3 andDRSB-4 .were entered into IVf initialvarietal trials.

SEED PRODUCfION

Seed production fromStylosanthes pastures was around 10.9M.T and seed yield recorded Vtas tothe tune of 1.17 and 1.75 M.T/ha forSihamata cv. verano and S.scabra cv.sicarespectively

129

EXTENSION ACTIVITIES

The field day and an exhibitionwere organized at the experimentalfarm, Tegur in association with V.A.S.,Dharwad, State Animal HusbandryDept.c State Soil Conservation Dept.and World Neighbours (NGO) on1"3.9.1994. Write up on package ofpractices and 'planting materials/seeds ofgrasses/legumes were distributed tofarmers. The station activities and.research findings were displayed in thefarmer's day organized by U.A.S.,Dharwad during October, 1994. Officersfrom soil conservation Department and abatch of 35 senior teachers visited thestation and <were taken round the Tegurfarm. Large quantity of (rootedslips/seeds) Hybrid napier, Guineagrass, Signal grass, Nandi grass weresupplied to farmers. and DANIDAproject for watershed developmentprogramme. A . video film covering theactivities of the. station was prepared.A write 'up in . regional language ongrasslands and fodder resources and theirimprovement was sent to Director ofExtension to incorporate the same in theirbulletin.

PUBLICATIONSI. Papers published in Jour­nals/Magazines/Books

Arya, R:L., Niranjan, K.P. and Singh, A.,1995: Production potential andsustainability of food-fodder croppingsystems under dryland conditions. In:Abstract Proceeding of Nationalsymposium on Agriculture andEnvironment pp. 46-48.

Arya, R.L., Singh, A.,.·Singh,R.P. andBanwari Lal, 1995. Productionpotential of grasses under differentialwater stagnation environment forsustainable agriculture production.Paper presented in national symposiumon Agriculture in relation toenvironment held at JARI, New Delhifrom January 16-18.

Arya, R.L.,. Singh, A., Yadava, R.B.,Singh, O.P., Singh, G. and BanwariLal, 1994. production potential ofgrasses with fertilizer management inwaterlogged .conditions. In:Agroforestry for degraded Lands. (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vol.1I pp. 600-603, Oxford &IBH Pub. New Delhi.

Arya, R.L., Singh, R.P., Singh, A.,Yadava; R.B., Singh, S.P., Gangwar,M.K. and Banwari Lal, 1995.-Development of fodder resources forsodic soils. In: Abstract Paperpresented in 2~d Agricultural ScienceCongress pp. 64-65.

Arya, R.L. and Niranjan, K.P., 1994.Effect of organic and inorganic sources:of nitrogen in intercropping systems.Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. & Dev..9(1):17-22.

..rya, R.L. and Niranjan, K.P., 1995.Productivity of Sorghum (Sorghumbicolor) as 'affected by legumeintercropping under different fertilitysystems. Indian J. Agric. Sci.. 65(3):11-13.

Arya, R.L. and Singh, A, 1995. Strategiesfor raising, food- fodder output.Intensive Agriculture. XXXII (1-2):27-30.

Ashok Kumar and D.P. Handa.Sampledfor yield estimation in stylo. In:Agroforestry for degraded lands.(Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy, Oxford & I.BH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd.,New Delhi

Azmi, M.l. 1993. Control ofTylenchorphynchus i-rnaili, azmi &ahmad in Siris nursery.with carbofuran.J. Appl. Zool. Res. 4: 15Y.

Azmi, M.I. 1994. Ecology of grasslandand pasture. nematode. AdvancesAgric. Res. 1 : 86-95.

Behari, P., P.S. Pathak and T.A. Khan.. Micro-environmental analysis of

silvipastoralisystems. In: Agroforestryfor degraded Lands (Eds) PanjabSingh, P. S. Pathak and M.M. Roy.Vol.1I pp. 747-752,Oxford & IBH Pub.Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

A NNUAL REPORT 1994-95/

Bhatt, R.K.? L.P. Misra and P.S. Pathak1994. Transpiration and stomatalconductance of grass species underLeucaena .based silvipastoral system.Range Mgmt, & Agroforestry .15(1):87-92. . .

Bhatt, R.K.·, L.P. Misra and P.S.Pathak.1994. Forage yield and relatedplant processes in .Cenchrus andPanicum under silvipastoral system.In: Agroforestry for Degraded lands(Eds.) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak andM.M. Roy, Vol. II, pp'732- 738,C>xford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Bhatt;R.~. and L.P. Misra.1994.Productivity and adaptation of grassesunder silvipastoral system in semi-aridregion. In: Agroforestry for Degradedlands (Eds.) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathakand M.M. Roy Vol. II, pp 727-731,Oxford &. IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.

Dwivedi, G.K., 1995. Effect of foliageapplied plant nutrients on seedproduction of kanjungula grass (Setariasphacelata). Indian J. ~gron. 40 (1):166-168.

Dwivedi, G.K., P.S. Tome! and O.P. Dixit,1995. Studies on foliage appliednutrients on quality seed yield of siratrounder 'rainfed conditions. In:Agriculture and environment- Issues insustainable Agriculture and RuralDevelopment, prJ8-9.

Dwivedi, G.K.,. P.S. Tomer and S.N.Singh, 1994. Effects of trellisingmaterial on seed production o( siratroin relation to phosphorus levels under

131

rainfed condition. In: Agroforestrysystem for' degraded Lands. (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vol. II pp 636-640, Oxford &

IBH.Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. .Faruqui, S.A. 'and K.C. Pandey, 1995.

Alfa-Alfa aphid (Theriaphis trifolii F.maculata) incidence and control in soleand intercropped lucerne. Indian J.Aphid (In press).

Gupta, M. G. and 'Sanjeev Gupta, 1994Biotechnology challenges and promisesin agriculture. Indian Farmer (inpress). .

Gupta, P.D., Goyal, R.K. andChatopadhyay, P.S. Compaction andstorage of grasses through 'high densitybaler. In: Agroforestry for degradedLands (Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathakand M.M. Roy. Vol.1I pp 653-657,Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.

Gupta, S.K. and P.S. Pathak. Productivityof Faidherbia albida (Del) A. Chev. insilvipastoral system on alfisols incentral India. In:' Agroforestry fordegraded Lands (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol.1Ipp.720-726, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.Pvt. Ltd., New ~elhi.

Gupta, S.R., Sanjeev Gupta and U. P..Singh, 1994. Rangeland GeneticResource Management in India. In:Agroforestry for degraded Lands (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. VaLlI pp.543-550, Oxford & IBHPub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi

132

Gupta S ..R. and J.N. Gupta, 1995.Ecologi.cal Diversity and tillerdynamics- in Dichanthium annulaturr(Forsk)· Stapf. In: Abstracts Nationa.Symposium of Agriculture andEnvironment. pp.I-4 , IGFRI, Jhansi.

Gupta Sanjeev, and M. G. 'Gupta, 1994.Plant regeneration through shoot budorganogenesis in Trifoliumalexandrinum. In: AbstractsInternational Conference on P.T.T.C.pp.169 Florance, Italy.

Handa, D.· P., P.R. Sreenath and S.K.Rajpali.1994. Efficiency of Latinsquare design for experimentation withstylo.Range Management &

Agroforestry,I~(2): 161 - 167.Handa,D.P.,19.94.An Statistical Approach

to Agroforestry. In: Agroforestry fordegraded Lands (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol I, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Hasan, N.. and R.~. Jain, 1995. Bioticinteractions between nematodes andothe~ soil inhabiting micro-organismsinff u en cing forage crops. In:Phytonematology-Aspects andProspects (Ed.) P.C. Trivedi,Agrobotanical Publishers, Jaipur (Inpress).

Hazra, C.R., 1993. Tree based rainfedforage production and its influence onsoil fertility for Bundelkhand region.Indian J. Soil Conservation, 21(3): 1-7.

Hazen, C.R., 1994. Forages from rainfedagroforestry in. Bundelkhand region ofIndia and its influence on soil fertility.In: Agroforestry for degraded Lands

\

IGFRI

(Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak andM.M. Roy. VoU pp 140-147, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd.. New Delhi.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Management of,degraded soils through forages froproductivity and improvement of soils.In: Proc. 81 Indian Sci. Cong., LateAbst. Part IV, Agril. Sci., pp' 184.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Research strategies forproduction of herbages and forageseeds at the National level. In:

. Compendium of Lead Papers onNational Seminar on Forage SeedProduction technology. KLD Board,Palaka, pp 10-17.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Response ofbiofertilisers in. forage and foddercrops. Fert. News, 39(4): 43-53.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Revitalization ofdegraded land resources throughsilvipastoral system for herbageproduction. 1n:.Silvipastoral SystemsIn India (Eds.) Pathak, P.S. and P.Singh, pp 81-86, Oxford & IBH Pub.Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Soil and waterconservation aspects of agroforestry onnatural resource regeneration and plantproduction. "J. Soil Wat. Conserv.India. 38(1 & 2): 69-89.

Hazra, C.R., ~994. Soil and water. conservation for natural resource

regeneration" in Agroforestry. RangeMgmL & Agroforestry 15(2): 229-239.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Sustainable nutrientmanagement in ~i1vipastoral system.In: Agroforestry Traditions andInn<nfations (Eds) Pratap Narain, K.S.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Dauhwal and R.K. Singh, pp 46-53CSWCRTf, Dehradun.

Hazra, C.R., 19~5. Ecological andEnvironmental rehabilitatiqn ofdegraded lands and barren hillocks forsustainable agricultural development onwatershed' basis. In: Impact of ModernAgriculture on Environment, (Eds.)S.K. Arora, R.K. Behl and P. Tauro,Soc. Sustainable Agric. and Nat. Res.Mgmt., Hissar,Vol2 pp 97-109.

Hazra, C.R" 1995. Fertilizer use on aridand semi - arid pastures and grasslandsOf India, In: Souvenir & Abst. Nat.symp. Agric. Environ., New Delhi, pp150.

Hazra, C.R., .1995. Impact of Tejpu,awatershed's results in regeneration ofBundelkhand region of Uttar

"Pradesh.In: Souvenir- & Abst. Nat.Symp. Agric. Environ. New Delhi, pp125.

Hazra, C.R., 1995. Revegetati.on ofcomI?on property land at Jhansi - Acase study.!n: 2nd Agril, Sci. Cong.,A1?st.'Vol., pp 5.

Hazra, C.R., 1995. Silvipasture ondegraded lands - A sustainable land usefor resource conservation and plantproduction. In: Abst. Vol. InternationalConf. Sustainable Land Use for Agril.& Environment, Hissar, pp 106.

Hazra, C.R. and C.R. Rawat, 1995. Zaidmein jowar chare ki kheti ki naietaknik. Kbad Patrika, March, 1995.

Hazra, C.R. and Singh, D.P., 1994. Soiland water conservation and silvipasturefor wasteland improvement at Gahrawa

133

watershed. Ra nge Mgmt. scAgroforestry 15(J): 35-42

Hazra, C.R. and 'Tripathi, S.B., 1994.Effect of nitrogen fertilization to Anjangrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) with andwithout pasture legumes in silvipasture,Forage Res., 20 (4).

Hazra, C.R. and Tripathi, S.B., 1994.Effect of sulphur, fertilization to someselected forage crops for yield andquality. In: Extended summaries, Nat.Sem. Dev. Soil Sci., New Delhi, pp354-355.

Jain, R.K. and N. Hasan, 1994. Effect ofVAM fungi and phosphorus interactionon the yield of Stylosanthes hamata andCenchrus ciliaris. In: AgroforestrySystems for Degraded Lands. (Eds.)Panjab Singh" P.S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vol. II pp 613-617, Oxford &

IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.ain, R.K. and N. Hasan, 1995. Effective

utilization of endomycorrhiza alongwith a neem product for integratedmanagement of root-knot nematode oncowpea. In: Proc. of Nat. Symp. onNema·tode Management withEcofr iendl y approaches andbiocomponents, IARI, New. Delhi, pp61.. ,

Jain, R.K. and N. Hasan, 1995. Nematodepests of forage crops and theirmanagement.. Current status and futureprospects. In: Phytonematology ­Aspects and Prospects (Ed.) P.C.Trivedi. Agrobotanical Publishers,Jaipur, India (In press).

134

Jain, R .K. and N, Hasan, 1995. Nematodeproblems in forage crops. In:Nematode Pest Management- Anappraisal of ecofriendly approaches(Eds.) Gopal Swarup, D.R. Dasguptaand J.S. Gill, Nematological Society ofIndia, New Delhi pp 217-227. .

Karnani, L.K., Singh, D.N. and Upadhyay,V.S.1995. Nutritional evaluation ofpromising varieties of field bean(Lab lab purpureus) 'J. Range Mgmt.Agroforestry (In press).

Khan, T.A, P.S. Pathak and S.K Gupta.Modeling Acacia .tor t i l is basedsilvipastoral system using systemsanalysis methodologies. Range Mgmtand Agroforestry 15(2) : 203-210.

Khan, T.A and P.S. Pathak. Biomassprediction in Leucaena leucocephala.Indian Forester 120 (6) : 533-537.

Khan', T.A and P.S. Pathak. Modelingsilvipastoral systems - a tool fordecision makers. In: SilvipastoralSystems in India, (Eds) Pathak, P.S.and P. Singh, Oxford & IEH Pub. Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Khan, T.A and P.S. Pathak. Spreadsheet

based prediction model for silvipastoralsystem -, a management tool forplanners. In: Agroforestry for degradedLands (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathakand M.M. Roy. Vol. II. pp 791-797,Oxford & IEH Pub. O~. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.

Manju Suman and P.S. Tomer, 1994.Mahila Krishi' Mazdoor: Vikas sekoson door. Gramin Vikas Samiksha :57-63.

IGFRI

Menhi Lal and N.P. Shukla, 1994.Efficacy of lalshakti on graminaceousand leguminous forage crops. Indian J.Agron.39(1):93-96.

Misbra, AK. and Singh, K 1995. Effectof watering frequency on feed intake

and utilization in goats. In: Abstract

Proc. (Part III) Indian ScienceCongress, Calcutta, pp. 32-33.

Misri, Bimal and V.K. Kachroo, 1993.Aberrant leaves' in a subalpine redclover pasture. Range Mgmt. andAgroforestry 14 (2) : 157-158.

Misri, Bimal, 1994. Evaluation of someExotics collections of Medicago sativaon a Karewa in Kashmir. hi:Agroforestry for degraded Lands (Eds)Panjab Singh, P..S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vol.1I pp. 557·:563, Oxford &

IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.Mojumdar, A.B. and A. Rekib .1994.

Evaluation of Stylosanthes species foi

its nutrient composition at differentstages of maturity. In: Agroforestrysystem for idegra ded lands (Eds.)Panjab Singh .P. S. Pathak and M.M.

Roy VoLII pp564-567, Oxford &IEH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Naugraiya, M.N. and P.S. Pathak. Seedproduction of Atylosia scarabaeoides asaffected by fertilizers. Range Mgmtand Agroforestry 15(2) : 151-156.

Niranjan, K,P., Arya, R.L., Yadava, R.B.and Gangwar, KS., 1.994. Studies oncomparativeperformance of differentley farming' systems under rainfedconditions. Range Management &Agroforestry.16(1)

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Niranjan, K.P., Arya, R.L. and Yadava,R.B., 1994. Performance of differentley farming. systems on cropproductivity and soil fertility. Indian J.Agron.40(2):302-304

Niranjan, K.P., Arya, R.L. and Yadava,R.B.,· 1994. Production potential of

degraded lands through ley farming

systems; In: Agroforestry for degraded

Lands. (Eds) Panjab Singh, .P. S.

Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol.Ipp.174-177, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.Ltd., New·Delhi.

Niranjan, K.P. and Arya, R.L. andGangwar, K.S., 1994. Studies onsorghum based intercropping systems.

Indian J. Dryland Agric. Res. & Dev.9(1):49-52.

Pahwa, M.R., 1994. Potential of Nitrogen

Fixtures in trees species and range

grasses for ameliorating productivity.In: Agroforestry for. degraded Lands(Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak andM.M. Roy. Vol.1I pp 739-745, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Pahwa, M.R. and Patra, A.K., 1994.Influence of biological nitrogen

fixation of forage yield and soil fertilityunder pasture legume-grass mixtures,In: Abstracts National Seminar on

developments in Soil Science; pp.144-125.

Pandey, K.C. and S.A. Faruqui, 1995.Seedling resistance in Medicagospecies to spotted Alfa-Alfa aphid,

Therioaphis trifolii F. maculata. Indian

J. Aphid (In press)

1 "c::

Pandey, .K'C, and V.J. Shivankar, h~4.

Pests of fodder trees and theirmanagement. In:' Forest Entomology(Eds.) L.K. Jha and P.K. Sensarma,Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi.

pp 149- 164.Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy.

Agroforestry sys.tems on degrade lands

- an introduction. In: AgroforestrySystems for Sustainable Land Use

(Eds) Singh, P., P.S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. pp. 1-3, Oxford & IBH Pub. CoPvt. Ltd., New Dclh i.

t'anjab Singh and A.B. Mojumdar .1994.Prospects for agriculture in neweconomic environment. 1. Agric.

Situation of India. XLVIII (7),:534-538.

Panjab Singh and M.M. Roy, 1994.

Present and prospective uses of

multipurpose -tree species in smallfarms of semi-arid India. Range Mgmtand Agroforestry, 15: 175-185.

Panjab Singh and M.M. Roy, 1994. Topfeed resources for silvipastoral systemsin Bundelkhand region of UttarPradesh. Van Anusandhan, 11: 1-7.

Panwar, O.P.S.; 1995. Crop seedinter-actions in forages. ,In: Abstract

National symposium on Agric. and

environment. Issues in sustainableagril. & ruraldevelooment, IGFRI,Jhansi. .

Parihar, S.S., 1994. Allclopathic MPTSand their Prospects in AgroforestrySystems on India. In: Agroforestry for

degraded Lands. (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. -Pathak 'and M.M. Roy. Vol.l

1':>0

pp.371-378, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Parihar, S.S. and' Vino~l Shankar, 1994Harmful" effects of Exotic Weeds onRange Vegetation and Grazing Animalsin India. In: Agroforestry for degradedLands (Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathal­and M.M. Ro~. Vol.II.pp 568-572Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.

Pathak: P.S. and M.M.Roy, 1994Agroforestry options on degraded landof Asia-Pacific region. Range Mgmt,and Agroforestry, 15: 241-255.

Pathak, P.S. and M.M. Roy. 1994.Silvipastoral technology extension at

IGFRI" Jhansi. In:AgroforestryExtension (Eds.) Sensharma and Jha(In press).

Pathak, P.S. and M.M. Roy.1994.Agroforestry options on degraded lands

i '. .of Asia Pacific region. Range Mgmtand Agroforestry 15 (2) : 241-255.

Dathak, P.S. and V.K. Gupta. 1994.Evaluation of some new selections ofLe u caena Ieu cocepha la on drydegraded ,lands. In: AgroforestrySystems for Sustainable Land Usc(Eds) Singh, P., P.S. Pathak and·M.M.Roy.' pp.302-307, Oxford & IBH Pub.Co.' Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Pa tr a , A.K., 1995. Potassium forimproving soil productivity underforage crops. Fertilizer News. 40(2) :27-29,31 & 33.

Patra, A.K~, Pahwa, M.R. and Yadava,R.B., 1994. Nutrient cycling. an~ soilimprovement through agroforestry. In:

!GFRI

Agroforestry for degraded Lands (E<Js)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. YoU, pp 526-530.

Patra, A.K. and Banerjee, N.K., 1994.Nitrate nitrogen in rice- planted and

, ,...

unplanted submerged soils.Agrochimica , 3~(4): .249-253.

Patra, A.K. and· Pahwa, M.R., 1995.Investigation on decomposition andnutrient release patterns of leaves ofsome tropical trees/shrubs species. In:Abstract National Symposium onAgriculture in Relation to Environment,pp 153-154.

Patra, A.K. and Pahwa, M.R., 1995. Soilfertility status under different foragecrops. In:' Abstract National

symposium on Agriculture in Relationto Environment, pp 65-66.

Patra, A.K. and R.L. Arya, 1995. Rabichara phaslon ka nai shashya takniqui(Hindi). Khad Pairika, 36(9):35-39.

Patra, A.K. and Rego, T.J., 1994.Measurement of nitrate movement insoils with bromide as a tracer.In:Extended summary, National Seminaron Developments in Soil Science pp

124-125.Patra, A.K. and Rego, T.J., 1994.

Mod ified procedure for Bromideestimation with ion-selective electrodefor predicting nitrate movement.Current Science. 67(7) : 545-546.

Rai,P. and Pahwa, M.R., 1994. Effect oforganic and inorganic N, Azospirilluminoculation and legume intercroppingon the productivity of C. sctigerus.Forage Res. (In press).

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Rama Murthy V. and Vinod Shankar,. 1994. Response of Perennial Dinanath(Pennisetum pediccllatum) Trin. tcNitrogen and Harvest Dates. In:Agroforestry for degraded Lands (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and' M.M.Roy." VoLU 590-594, Oxford & IBHPub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Rawat, C.R. and Hazra, C.R., 1994.Herbage productivity and soil fertilityfrom subabool (Leucaena leucocephala)based intercropping in drylandcondition. In: Agroforestry fordegraded Lands (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol. I pp148- J53, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

Rekib, A. and 'Shukia, N.P., 1994.Evaluation of Seshania seshan asprotein supplement to low-graderoughage (barley bhusa) for growingcalves. indian J. Animal Sciences,65(1): us- 116.

kekib, A. Maity, S.B. and Shukla, N.P.,1994. Utilization of Brachiaria inuticaand Sesbania sesban as' animal feedwhen grown in the waterlogged area.In: Agroforestry for degraded Lands.(Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak andM.M. Roy. Vo1.lI pp.767-772, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Roy, M. M., 1994. Tree management inagroforestry systems for optimizingproductivity. In: Agroforestry fordegraded Lands (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S., Pathak. and M.M. Roy. Vol.l.pp422-427, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. PvtLtd., New Delhi.

137

Roy, M.M. and P.S. Pathak. Agroforestryfor ecodevelopmcnt of ravines in India,In: Agroforestry approach forecodevelopment (Ed.) N.C. Jain (Inpress).

Roy; M.M. and P.S. Pathak. Agroforestryinterventions for livestock producers.Range Mgmt and Agroforestry 15 (2) :217- 227.

Roy, S. 1994. Designing AgroforestrySystems for Effective Insect PestManagement. In: AgroforestrySystems for Degrade Lands (Eds.)Panjab Sing, P.S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Oxford and IBH PublicationsCo., New Delhi, Vol. I, pp 514- 519,Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.

Sewa Ram, Aruna Sharma and U.K.Sengupta 1994. Photosynthesis andcarbon import' in developing leaves ofgroundnut (A~achis hypoqaea L.)Photosynthetica.: 30(1), 53-58.

Shah, N.K. 1994. Insect pests of grassesand their management for sustainableforage production. In: AgroforestrySystems for Degraded Lands,(Eds)~anjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vo1. II , pp 637-684, Oxford &IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Shah, N.K. 1995. A note on theprevalence, succession and population~ui1t up of' rangeland grasshoppersunder Jhansi ,condit.ions, - RangeManagement and Agroforestry, 16(2).

138

Shah, N.K. 1995. Population structure ofgrasshoppers in an established'Cenchrus pasture. Range Managementand Agroforestry, 16(1).

Sharma; S.K. 1994. Alternative land usesfor Bu ndel khan d region. In:Alternative Land Use Systems. CentralSoil and Water Conservation Research& Training Institute, Dehradun. (Inpress).

Shukla, G.:I:'., Hazra, C.R., Singh, K. andArya, o.x., 199':;. genotypeEnvironment interaction in Buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris L.). In: AbstractsNat. Symp. Agric. & Environ. NIB,New Delhi, pp: 10-1t.

Shukla, G,.P. and Hazra, C.R., 1994.Evaluation of perennial forage speciesand their varieties for use in

, .silvipastoral system. In: Agroforesayfor degraded Lands (Eds) PanjabSingh, P. S. Pathak and M.M. Roy.Vol. II pp 693-699; Oxford & IBHPub . Co, Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Shukla, N .P. and Menhi Lal, 1994.Response of oat (Avena sativa) tonitrogen in relation to moistureconservation techniques underrestricted irrigations. Indian 1. Agron.30(2): 229- 232.

Shukla N:P. and Menhi Lal, 1994.Productivity and quality of rangelegumes in gravelly soil under differentlevels of Jalshakti. In: Agroforestry fordegraded Lands. (Eds) Panjab Singh, P. 'S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol.1Ipp.608-612, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

IGFRI

Shukla N.P. and Mcnhi Lal, 1994.Production of forage grasses in relationto nitrogen nutrition on wetlandecosystem. In: Agroforestry fordegraded Lands. (Ells) .Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol.1I pp604-607, Oxford & lBH Pub. Co. Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

Shukla N.P. and Menhi Lal, 1994.Productivity of forage species in .

. relation to moisture conditions andfertility levels.In Proc. National Symp.on Agric. in relation to envir~nment pp.155.

Singh, A., R.D. Singh and R.P. Singh,1995. Organic and inorganic sourcesof fertilizers for sustained productivityin rice-wheat sequence on acid soils ofSikkim In: Abstracts 2nd Agric. Sci.Cong. pp. 65-66.

Singh, A., R.P. Singh and R.C. Arya,r ,

1995. Suitable MPTS, grasses and theirbiomass production on problem soils ofIndia. In: Abstracts Agroforestry forhigher crop and biomass production,pp.42-44.

Singh, A., Turkhed, B.B., Singh, R.K. andSingh, K.D;, 1995. Response ofnitrogen on yield, quality and nutrient

.. uptake in wheat + linseed intercroppingunder rainfed conditions. In: AbstractsNat. Symp. on Agric. and Environment,pp.94. '

Singh, A. and' Arya, R.L., 1995.Agrl-Sf lvipastoral systems forincreasing productivity of degradedlands of Bundelkhand region of India.In: Proceeding of International

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

conference on .Sustai.nable Agricultureand Environment pp. 20-21.

Singh, A.K., Lodhi, G.N.; Misra, A.~. and_ Upadhyay, V.S. 1994. Nutritive value

of Anjan tree (Hardwickia hamata)leaves for goats. Indian J. Anim. Nutr.(In press).

Singh, A.P. and Rekib, A. 1994.Conservation and fortification offorages grown in degraded rainfed area.In: Agroforestry systems for degradedl~ds. (Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathakand M.M. Roy. Vol.1I pp 648-652,Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., NewDelhi.

Singh, D.N. 1994. Bundel Sem-1 Apromising lablab bean variety forfodder. Indian Fmg. 44(2):8-10.

Singh, D. N. Radio-sensitivity in hyacinthbean having long term post irradiationaging of seeds: J. 60p Improvement.

(in press). °Singh, J.P. and Bimal Misri, 1994.

Traditional MPTS Heritage of India.In: Agroforestry for degraded Lands.(Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak andM.M. Roy. VoU pp 225-232, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Singh, J.P. and Vinod Shankar, 1994.Preferences of Cattle grazing on aGrass-legume Cafeteria includingforage shrubs and trees In:Agroforestry for degraded Lands. (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.­Roy. voi.u pp. 658-665, Oxford &IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

139

Singh, K. and C.R. oHazra, 1994. Riskefficiency of Tree/Shrub based mixedfarming under dryland condition. In:Agroforestry [or degraded Lands. (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vol.I,Oxford & IBH Pub. Co.Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Singh, R.C. and P.S. Pathak, 1994. Effectof management practices on crop

, production under agroforestry systems.In: Agroforestry for degraded Lands(Eds.) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak andM.M. Roy. Vol. I pp.531-537, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Singh , R.P., oP.K. Jayan and R.A.Singh. 1995. Effect of location, date ofseedling, phosphorus and potash onyield of Stylosanthes hamata. In: FifthInternational Rangeland Congress (Inpress).

Singh, R.P. and °R.K.Tyagi, 1995.Agricultural Development of theBundelkhand Region. Status,Constraints -and Strategies. In:Proceedings Resource conservation andIntegrated Development ofBundelkhand,IGFRI, Jhansi, pp 1-12.

Singh U.P .and Sanjev Gupta, 1995.Strategies for developing improvedvarieties of fodder guar. Indian Fmg.(in press ).

Sinsinw.ar, B.S. and Sharma, K.C., .1994.Forage legume based cropping systemfor sustained crop productivity inmarginal lands. In: Agroforestry fordegraded Lands. (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol.I pp

140

178-1Xl, Oxford & lBH Pub. Co. Pvt

Ltd., New pelhi.Sudhir Kumar and R.C. Singh, 1994.

Shushk, .Ardh Shushk Kshetron MainKrishi Vaniki Hetu Aham PhalVirksha-Ber. Kheti. . -

Tripathi, S:B. 1994. Response of oatsgrown as pure and mixed with sweet .clover to nitrogen appli cation ofvarious soil fertility, Forage' Res..20(4).

Tripathi, S.B. and Hazra, C.R., 1994.Soil N test crop response studies forfodder oats grown as pure and mixedwith sweet .clover. In: Proc. Diamond,Jubilee, ISSS New Delhi, pp 354- 355.

Tripathi, S.B. and Hazra, C.R., 1994.Nutrierit management for winterforages and soil fertility in Albizialebbeck based croppings. In:Agroforestry for degraded Lands. (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vol.· I, pp 494-498, Oxford &

IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.Tripathi, S.B. and Hazra, C.R.,_ 1994.

Response of oats' to nitrogenapplication in relation to precedinglegume crops. Forage Res., 20 (2 & 3): 177-181

Tripathi, S.B. and Hazra, C.R., 1994. SoilN test response studies for fodder oatsgrown as pure and mixed with sweetclover. In: Extended Summaries, NatSem. Dev. Soil Sci., 1555, New Delhi,pp 354-355.

Tripath i,' S.B. and Hazra, C.R. 1994.Nutrient management for winter"orages and soil fertility in Albizir

IGFRI

lebbeck based croppings. In.Agroforestry for degraded Lands.(Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak andM.M. Roy. VoU pp 494-498, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvl. Ltd., New Delhi.

Tripalhi, S.B. and Tripalhi, R.K., 1994.Direct and residual effect of sulphurlevels and sources on yields of foddercrops and soil fertility, Forage Res. 20(2 & 3): 168-173.

fripathi S. N. 1994. Genetic potentiality of• I

wild germplasm of pigeonpea. In:Proceedings International Symposiumon pulse research pp.134-135, NewDelhi.

Tripathi S. N. 1994. Meiotic.studies in. colchicine induced tetraploides ofannual Medicago species. In:Proceedings V All India Conference onCytology and Genetics. pp.46-47,Kurukhhetra University.

Tripathi S. N. 1994. :Chromosomal survey.in some wild species of Pennisetums.In: Agroforestry for degraded lands.(Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak andM.M. Roy. Vo1.II, pp 551-556, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co: Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

.Tripathi S. N. 1995. Cytogenetics- its role

in the evolution of alfalfa. In AbstractsInternational Conference on Science.VoU pp. 24-25.·

Trivedi, B.K. and J.N. Gupta, 1994.Impact of ·Certain Managementpractices on the Vigour of RangeGrasses. In: Agroforestry for degradedLands. (Ed,S) Panjab Singh, P. S.Pathak and M.M. Roy. Vol.lI, pp

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-9~

625-631" Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt.

Ltd., New DeIhLiyagi, R.K., 1994. Forage supply-demand

analysis for Rajasthan State. In:

Contours of Arid Ecology, Vol. 2,Asian environmental Council, Jaipur,Rajasthan (In press).

Tyagi, R.K., 1994. Temporal changes inthe land use pattern of the BundelkhandRegion of Uttar Pradesh. In: Abstract

International Seminar on Disasters,Environment and Development, pp.

43-44.'f yagi, R.K. and Vinod Shankar, 1994.

Inventory and Assessment of degradedlands in a' semi-arid district Lalitpurwith focus on AgroforestryDevelopment. In: Agroforestry fordegraded Lands. (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. VoU pp20-27, Oxford s: IBH Pub. Co. Pvt.

Ltd., New Delhi.Upadhyay, V.S. 1994. Factors 'affecting

feeding valiie of tropical grasses. In:.

Proc. National Seminar onBioconversion of Crop Residues, pp108-116.

Upadhyay, V.S. 1994. Forage ResourceDevelopment for Increased AnimalProductivity. In: T'ech no log ygeneration. towards increased animal

productivity and economic viability.,pp 177-191.

Upadhyay, V.S. 1994'.· Production and",utilization of green fodder, bushes and

trees for livestock. In: RecentAdvances in Livestock ProductionTechnology. (Eds) B.R·. Mangurkar and

141

A.L. Joshi, BAlF Urlikanchan. pp

883-85.Upadhyay, V.S. 1995. Fodder trees as

rich' nutrient source for an imal

production. In: Abstract IntI. Workshopon Nitrogen Fixing Trees for Fodder,BAIF, Urlikanchan. pp 7.

Upadhyaya, V.S. and P.S. Pathak .1994.Silvipastoral system evaluation for

, secondary production in Central India.

In: Agroforestry Systems for degraded­lands. (Eds). Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak.

and M.M. Roy. Vol. II, pp 780-787,

Oxford & IBHPub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New

Delhi.lerma, G.P., O.P.S. Panwar and P.~.

Tomer, 1995. Soil and waterconservations. In: ProceedingsResource conservation and integrateddevelopment of Bundelkhand. pp90-105. '

Verma, N.C. and A. Rekib. 1994.

Evaluation. of grassland productionsystems by small ruminants. In:

Agroforestry systems for degraded

lands. (Eds) Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathakand M.M. Roy. Vol. II, :lp 666, Oxford& IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Verma, O.P.S. -1994. Salt tolerance ofPearl millet (Pennisetum glaucus)genotypes at germination and seedlingstage./, Currerit Agric. 18(1.2); 91-93.

I~'

iadav,I.P.S., S.K Rajpali, R.K. Sharma

and P. Rai.1994.Cost analysis of

production management in Cenchrus

setigerus Grassland. In: Agroforestry

for degraded Lands (Eds) PanjabSingh, P. S. Pathak and M.M. Roy.

142 .

Vol:rJI: 820-826, Oxford & IBH Pub.Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

Yadav,I.P.S., Sharma, R.K. & S.K.Rajpali.1995.Chane ki kheti BahutDhan Deti Hai. Kheti,Jan.:l0-l1.

Yadava, R.B., Pahwa, M;R. and Srivas,N.C., 1994. Effect of pasture

management systems on soil fertility

status and nutrient loss. In:

Agroforestry for degraded Lands. (Eds)Panjab Singh, P. S. Pathak and M.M.Roy. Vol.lI, pp 632-635, Oxford &

IBH Pub. Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.Yadava , R.B. and Prakash, Om, 1994.

Potential of some multipurpose tree.species (MPTS). under saline and sadie

conditions. In: Agroforestr.y for

degraded Lands. (Eds) Panjab Singh, P.S. Pathak and M.M. Roy. VoU pp

233-240, Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Pvt.Ltd., New Delhi.

Yadava, R.B. and Sr ivas, N.C., 1994.Effect of soil sodicity and P levels ongrowth and chemical composition oflucerne; In: Extended summaries,

National seminar on developments in

Soil Science, pp 632-633.

II.Papers . Presented at/Seminars/Symposia/Workshops/etc.

Arya, R.L. and Niranjan, K.P:, 1994.Studies .on associative cropping offorage and 'grain legumes with sorghumunder different manurial schedules.Paper presented at International

Symposium on Pulses Research held at

New Delhi from' April 2-6.

IGFRI

Bhatt, R.K., 1995. Photosynthesis,transpiration and stomatal conductanceof grass species in open and under treecanopies of Leucaena and Acacia.

. Paper presented at National Seminar ofPlant Physiology, held at Imphal,Manipur March 27-29.

Bhatt, R.K., P.S. Pathak and L.P. Misra,1995. Micro-environmental changes in

Leucaena based silvipastoral system.Paper presented at NationalSymposium on AgricultureEnvironmental Issues in SustainableAgriculture and Rural Development.Organized by National Institute ofEcology at IGFR1, Jhansi, from March.

6-8.

Gupta, J.N. and J.P. Singh, 1995. Wil~

Pea Nut.: Exploitation Potential.

Contributed to the National Symposium ~. '

on Agriculture and Environment heldfrom March,6-8.

Hazra, C.R., 1994... Albizia tree based. crop production systems in

Bundelkhand Region of India.Presented at International Workshop onAlbizia and Paraserianthes sp. held. at

Davao city, Indonesia from Nov.

13-19.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Forages from rainfed

agroforestry in Bundelkhand Region ofIndia and its influence on soil fertility.Presented at the InternationalConference . on SustainableDevelopment of Degraded Landsthrough Agroforestry in Asia &.Pacific

held at New Delhi from November25-30.

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Hazra, CR., 1994. Research strategies forproduction of herbages and forage seedat National level. Lead paper presentedat the National Seminar on forage seedproduction technology held atPalakkad from Oct. 24-26.

Hazra, C.R., 1994. Silvipasture ondegraded lands - A sustainable land usefor resource conservation and plantproduction. Lead Paper presented atthe International Conference onSustainable Agriculture andEnvironment held at Hissar from Jan.11-13 .

Hazra, C.R.,1994. Soil sulphur status andcrops responses to sulphur in theBundelkhand Region. Lead 'Paperpresented at the TSI-FAI Workshop onImportance of 'Sulphur in balancedfertilizer use at Lucknow from May20-21.

Hazra, CR., 1994. Use of Subabool asagroforestry component for wastelanddevelopment. Presented at the NationalWorkshop on Agroforestry forSustainable Development held at IIFM,Bhopal from June 22-25.

Hazra, C.R., ~995. Fertilizer use on aridand semi-arid pastures of India.Presented at the National Symposiumon Agriculture in Relation toEnvironment held at IARI, New Delhifrom 15-17 Jan.

Hazra, C.R.,·1995. Fertilizer use on aridand semi-arid pastures. .Presented at82nd Indian Science Congress held atCalcutta from Jan.3-8.

143

Hazra, CR., 1995. Impact of Tejpurawatershed's results in regeneration ofUttar Pradesh. Presented at theNational Symposium on Agriculture in

. Relation to Environment held at IARI,•

New Delhi from Jan 15-17.Hazra, C.R., 1995. Revegetation of

common property lands at Jhansi- Acase. study. Presented at 2ndAgricultural Science Congress held atAPAU, Hyderabad from Jan. 19-21.

Hazra, C.R. and D.P. Singh, 1994. Village. .resource regeneration throughwatershed development - A case studyon changing ,land use at Jhansi.Presented at 3rd Internationalsymposium on Integrated Land UseManagement for Tro~ical Agricultureheld at Indonesia from Sept. 5-16.

Hazra, C.R. and S.B. Tripathi, 1994.Effect of sulphur fertilization to someselected forage crops for yield andquality. Presented at the National

. Seminar on· Developments in SoilScience held. at IARI, New Delhi fromNov. 28- Dec. 1.

Misra, L.P. and R.K. Bhatt, 1995.Assessment of oat genotypes fordrought tolerance; Paper presented atNational Seminar of Plant Physiology,held at Imphal, Manipur, March 27-29.

Misri, ~. and R.K. Jain, 1994. Strategiesfor increasing biomass from degradedlands. Paper ·presented in Proc. Wateruse efficiency and biomass productionat NBRI, Lucknow, Sept. 26-27.

144

Misri, Bimal, 1995. Range and ForestGrazing in the Himalaya. Contributedto the first Meeting of Sub-RegionalPasture and Fodder Working Group onPasture and Fodder for th ecool-semi-arid Regions of Asia, held atKathmandu, Nepal from 26 Fer-March 2.

Pathak, P.S. 1994. Agroforestry for forageand fuelwood production. Paperpresented at the National works~op onMultipurpose tree species fOrAgroforestry in India, BAIF, Pune.

Path~k, P.S. 1995. Technology forsilvipastoral system of production inIndia, Paper presented at the Nationalworkshop on Grassland management inIn d ia : New opportunities andchallenges, IIFM, Bhopal.

Rawat, C.R. and C.R. Hazra, 1994.Herbage pro uctivity and soil fertilityfrom subabool (Leucaena leucocephala)based intercr~pping.s under drylandcondition. Presented at theInternational Conference on SustainableDevelopment of Degraded Landsthrough Agroforestry in Asia & Pacificheld at New Delhi from November25-30.

Sewa Ram, 1995. Role of Sucroseh ydra lys ing enzymes in f lood ingtolerance in B. mutica and B. brizantha.Paper presented in Symposium on therole of Biotechnology in Agriculture,Physiological and Biochemical basis ofCrop Yield, held at University ofRajasthan, Jaipur, from March 23-25.

Shankar, Vinod, 1995. Grazing EcologyContributed to the National Seminar Oil

Ecology: Current Problems and futurePerspectives held ~rom March 10-12.

Shankar, Vinod, J.P. Singh and AnjaliKak, 1995. Conservation ofBiodiversity in Tropical Rangeland ofIndia. Contributed to the NationalSymposium on Agriculture lindEnvironment held from March 6-8.

Shankar, Vi nod and J.P. Singh, 1995.Bundelkhand Ki vanoshadhiyan.Contributed to All India Seminar oilAyurvedic Medicinal Plants, organizedby Baidyanath Avurveda Bhawan heldat Jhansi from 25<,) March.

Shankar, Vinod all' K.P. Singh,. 1995Biodiversity of Himalayan Rangelandand its conservation. contributed to thFirst Meeting of Sub-Regional Pasturand Fodder Working Group on Pasturand Fodder for the Cool- Semi-ark,Regions of Asia held at Kathmandu,Nepal from 26 Fe0 to March 2.

Sharma, S.K., 1994. I .. rIormance of someMPTS 'Under silvij.astoral system inBundelkhand region. Paper presentedat the Conference on Sustainabledevelopment of.degraded lands throughagroforestry in Asia and the pacific,New Delhi from November 25-30.

Sharma, S.K., R.P. Singh and SandeepSaran. Employment GenerationPotential of Jujube BuddingProgramme. Paper presented on 2ndAgricultural Science Congress held at

, APAU, Rajendranagar Hyderabad fromJan. 19-21 .

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Shukla, G.P., Hazra, C.R., Singh, K. and

O.N. Arya , 1995. Genotypeenvironment interaction in buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris L.) .. Presented atNational Symposium on Agricultureand environment: Issues in sustainableagriculture and rural development heldat IGFRI, Jhansi from March 6-8.

Shukla, G.P., Hazra, C.R., Singh K. andO.N. .Arya, 1994. Response of rice

bean strains for forage productivity inmu lti locationa l environments..

Presented at 82nd Indian ScienceCongress .held at Calcutta from Jan.3-8.:

Shukla, G.P. and C.R. Hazra, 1994.Evaluation of perennial forage speciesand their varieties for use in dryland

agroforestry. Presented at the

International Conference on SustainableDevelopment of Degraded Landsthrough Agroforestry in Asia & Pacific

held at New Delhi from November 25­30.

Shukla, N.P.,. 1995. Forage productionunder wetland Ecosystem. Paperpresented at National symposium on

Agriculture and Environment Issues insustainab.le Agriculture and Rural

Development, held at IG FRI, JhansiMarch 6-8.

Sh.ukla N·.P. 'and Mcnhi Lal, 1995.

Utilization of wetlands for forageproduction vis-a-vis environmentalimprovement, Paper presented at 2ndAgricultural Science Congress .Symposium on National water Policy,Vector biology and Integrated on farm

145

and off-farm employment, APAU,

Hyderabad from January 12-21.Singh, A., R.P.· Awusthi, R.D. Singh and

Arya, R.L., 1994. Effect of organicfertilizers in maize + gingerintercropping system. Paper presentedin Nat. Symp. on Integrated InputMgmt. for efficient crop productionheld at TNAU; Coimbatore from Feb.

22-25.

Singh, J,P., Bimal Misri and VinodShankar, . 1995. Traditional

management of forage and grazingresources of India. Contributed to theNational Symposium. on Agricultureand Environment held at Jhansi fromMarch 6-8.

Singh, J.P. and Vinod Shankar, 1994.

Traditional forage resources of India :Exploitation Potential. Contributed to

. Fourth International Congress of

Ethnobiology held at Lucknow from

November 10.-12.Singh, K. and C.R. Hazra, 1994. Risk

efficiency of tree/shrub based farmingunder dryland condition. Presented at·the International Conference on

Sustainable Development of DegradedLands through Agroforestry in Asia &Pacific held at Ncw Delhi from

November 25-39".Tripathi, S.B. and C.R. Hazra, 1994.

Nutrient management for winter

forages and soil Iertility in Albizialebbeck based croppin~s. Presented atthe International Conference onSustainable Development of DegradedLands through Agroforestry in Asia &

146

Pacific held at New Delhi from'!

November 25- 3{):Tripathi, S.B.and C.R. Hazra, 1994'. Soil

N test response studies for fodder oatgrown as. pure and mixed with sweetclover. Presented at the NationalSeminar on Developments in SoilScience held at JARI, New Delhi fromNov. 28- Dec. 1.

Trivedi, B.K.,1995. Managementstrategies of Seh ima-HeteropogonGrasslands for. Sustainable ForageProduction. Contrib uted , to theNational symposium on Agricultureand Environment- held at Jhansi fromMar:ch 6-8.

IGFRI

Vandana and .R.K. Bhatt, 1955.- Photosynthesis, transpiration and

stomatal conductance in Sesbaniaspecies under differ,cnt conditions..Paper presented at National symposiumon Agriculture and Environment ..Issues in Sustainable Agriculture andRural Develeprneat. brgalt~ byNational1Bstitute of Ecology at tGJIR..f,

. Jhaasi from Mardi tl-8 .Vandana"ftd R.K. BhCltt, 1995. EffeOt~

light stress and, dry matter yield lindassociatedphysiological characters inSesbania specks, Paper pr~ented atNational Seminar of Plant Physiologyheld at Imphal, Manipur, March 27-29 .

VISITS ABROAD

The following Scientists visited abroad during the year

Name

Dr. Panjab Singh .

Director,IGFRI,Jhansi

Dr. P.S. PathakPrincipal Scientist

Sh. U.S. Mishra~c; ist

Dr. B .x. BhadoriaSr. Scientist

Sh. TA. KhanScientist

Dr R. P. SinghDirector

Dr Vinod ShankarPrincipal Scienist

Dr B. K. MisriSr. Scientist

Period

07.05.94 to 04.06.94

23.01.95' to 28.01.95

15.03.95 to 15.09.95

15.03.95 to 15.09.95'

15.03.95 to 15.09.95

26.02.95 to 2.3. 95

-do-

-do-

,

Place Visited

U.K.

Indonesia

U.K.

U.K.

U.K.

Kathmandu

-do-

-do-

DISTINGUISHED VISITORS

Dr. V. L ChopraDirector General lCAR & Secretary(DARE)Krishi Bhawan, New Delhi

Dr. N.D. Abdul HameedAgriculture Economist, .World Bank Cooperative ProgrammeFAO, Rome, Italy

Dr. T.B. SchiereBlOCON ProjectICAR/WagemingenAgricultural University:The Netherlands'

Dr. I.P.S. YadavVice Chancellor,CS Azad University of Agriculture &

TechnologyKanpur, Uttar Pradesh .

Dr. R.C. Choudhary. \

ConsultantWorld Bank (Livestock)and former Joint Secretary, Ministry ofAgriculture, Deptt. of AH&D, GOINew Delhi

Dr. Cees De Haan,Livestock Advisor,World Bank, 18-8 H Street N.W.Washington DC 20433 USA

Dr. Ravendra SinghGM (Agric. Services)lGFC, New Delhi

Mr. V.S. BhatnagarFAO/World Bank MissionC-30, C-Sheme, RD. RoadJaipur - 302 001

Mr. R.V. MishraFertilizer Marketing ConsultantFAO/World Bank MissionC-311, DDA Flats, SaketNew Delhi - 17

Mr. Tom FarringtonResearch Asstt.,ODI Research College, London

Dr. Pat MandersProgramme Manager,CSIR, FORESTEIC,Post Box 395,Pretoria, South Africa

Ms. Ruth BeukmanDivision Of Forest Science & TechnologyGovt. Of South Africa

Dr. C.B. Sash tryPrincipal Programme Officer(Coordinator),IORC,New Delhi

Sh. G. Bala Krishnan, lAS/

Secretary, Animal Husbandary & Dairy-ing,Ministry OfAgricullure,Govt. Of India.New Delhi

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Mr. Mickel WillsonHolland

NIGERIAN DELEGATES(A team of 6 Directors)

Albert Kettner64, Wagcningen,The Netheriands

Prof. RJ. HaggarTechnical Coordinator'IGER, U.K.

Dr. Pcter GEE001, London

Ms. Alison SaxbyObi, London

Dr. W.R. EasonHead, Agro SilvipastureDivision, 001, London

Dr. M.D. HaywardHead, Plant ImprovementDivision, 001, London

Dr. R. NashHead, Plant Animal RelationshipDivision 001, London

Dr. T. ThomasHead Of Division or Relevant Subject

ODJ, London

Dr. A. PottingerHead, Agro Silvipasture

ODJ, London

Dr. M. Suchy •Head, Extension & TrainingODJ, London

Dr. P. BezkorowajayHead, Extension & Training

om, London

Or. J.M. SuttieSenior.OfficerGrassland & Pasture Crops,AGPC,FAO,Rome

149

ANNEXURE·l

LIST OF STAFF

Director

Dr. Panjab Singh (upto 22.8.94)

Dr. R.P. Singh, (w.e.f.23.8.94)

I. SCIENTIFIC

Division of Plant Improvement

SiR. Gupta, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Economic Botany) & Head of Division

S.N. Zadoc, Ph:D., Principal Scientist (Genetics & Cytogenetics)

C.B. Singh, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding)

R.N. Choubey, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding)

S.N. Tripathi, Ph.D., S~. Scientist (Genetics & Cytogenetics)Devendra Singh, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding)a.p. Dixit, M.Sc.(PGR), Sr. Scientist(Plant Breeding)

M.G. Gupta, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Genetics & Cytogenetics)

V.P. Singh, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Economic Botany)

B.S. Chaudhary, M.Sc., Scientist (Plant Breeding)

K..S. Kohli, Ph.D., Scientist (Plant Breeding)

D. N. Singh, Ph. D., Scientist (Plant Breeding)

D.R. Malaviya, Ph.D., Scientist (Plant Breeding)

V. S. Mishra, M.Sc., Scientist (Plant Breeding)Ajoy Kumar Roy, Ph.D., Scientist (Genetics & Cytogenetics)Sanjeev Gupta, M.Sc., Scientist (Plant Breeding)Sanjay Gupta, M.Sc., Scientist (w.e.f. 30.07.94)

Division of Agronomy

N.P. Shukla, Pli.D., Sf. Scientist (Agronomy) & Head of Division (w.e.f. 05-09-94)

S.N. Tripathi, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)

Bhoori Singh, Ph:D., Sr. Scientist (Agronomy) (up to 31-01-95)

BanwariLal, M.Sc. Scientist (Agronomy) (on study leave)

Atar Singh, Ph.D., Scientist (Agronomy)K.P. Niranjan, M.Sc., Scientist (Agronomy)S.D. Gupta, M.Sc., SCientist (Agr~:momy)

ANNUAL REPORT] 994-95

R.L. Arya, Ph.D., Scientist (Agronomy)KiC, Sharma, M.Sc., Scientist (Agronomy)Rajeev Kumar Agarwal, M.Sc., Scientist (Agronomy) (on study leave)

P.K. Pathak, M. Tech, Scientist (w.e.f. 11.08.94)

J.8. Singh, Ph.D., Scientist '(Ag. Meteorology) (w.e.f. 02.08.94)

Division of Grassland Management

Vinod Shankar, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Economic Botany) & Head of Division8.K. Misri, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Economic Botany)B.K. Trivedi, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Economic Botany)J.N. Gupta, Ph.D., Sr_Scientist (Economic Botany)

S.S. Parihar, Ph.D, Sf. Scientist (Economic Botany)

Jai Prakash Singh, Ph.D., Scientist (Economic Botany,

V. Rama Murthy, Ph.D., Scientist (Agronomy)(up to 27.9.94)

J.P. Singh, Ph.D., Scientist (Geography)

Dipankar Saha, M.Sc., .Scientist (Economic Botany)

S.K. Soam; Ph.D; Scientist (Economic Botany) (w.e.f. 22-01-95)

Ms. Anjali Kak, M.Sc., Scientist (Economic Botany) (w.e.f. 20.W.94)Shiv Nath Ram, M.Sc., Scientist (Agronomy) (w.e.f, 29.10.94)

Division ofAgro-Sllvlpnsture

P.S. Pathak, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Economic Botany) & Head of Division

R.C. Singh, Ph . D., Sf. Scientist (Agronomy)

M.M·. Roy, M.Sc., Sf. Scientist (Economic Botany)

S.K. Sharma, Ph:D., Scientist (Horticulture)

S.K. Gupta, M.Sc., Scientist (Economic Botany)

T.A. Khan, M.Sc., Scientist (Statistics)Sudhir Kumar, Ph.D., Scientist (Horticulture) (w.e.f. 11.07.94) .

Sunil Kumar, Ph. D., Scientist (Horticulture) (w.e.f. 10.8.94)

Gulhad Mohammad, M.Sc., Scientist (Economic Botany)(w.e.f. 12.09.94)

]5]

152

Division of Soil Science

IGFRI

R.K. Tyagi, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Geography) & Head of Division' ( w.c.I, 13-1-95 )AP. Singh, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agrl. Chcm.)& Head of Division (upto 12-1-95)M.R .. Pahwa, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Microbiology)

S.B. Tripathi, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Soil Science)

O.P.S. Panwar, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Soil Science)

Raj Bahadur Yadava, Ph.D., Scientist (Soil Science)

Pradeep Behari, M.Sc., Scientist (Physics)

AX. Patra, Ph.D., Scientist (Soil Science)

Division of Plant Animal Relationship

V.S. Upadhyay, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (LPM) & Head of Division

AP. Singh, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agricultural Chemistry)V.c. Pachauri, Ph.D., 'Principal Scientist (Animal Nutrition)

R.S. Upadhyay, P~.D., Sr. Scientist (Animal Nutrition)

N.C. Verma, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (LPM)

AB. Majumdar, Ph.D.,. Sr. Scientist (Bio-Chemistry)

K.S. Ramachandra, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (~imal Nutrition)

B.K. Bhadoria, Ph.D; Sr. Scientist (Organic Chemistry)

L.K. Kamani, M.Sc., Scientist (Agricultural Chemistry)Smt. .Suruchi Suresh Madav, M.Sc., Scientist (Organic Chemistry)N.P. Singh, M.Sc., Scientist (LPM)

S.B. Maity, M.Sc., Scientist (LPM)

S. Radotra, M.Sc., Scientist (LPM)

AK. Mishra, Ph.D., Scientist (LPM)

B. Srinivas, Ph.D., Scientist (Animal Nutrition)

K.K. Singh, Ph.D. Scientist (Animal Nutrition) .

N.A Shakil, M.Phil., Scientist (Organic Chemistry)

M.M. Dass, M. V. Sc. Scientist (Animal Nutrition)(w.e.f. 03.08.94)P.N. Dwivedi, M.Sc., Scientist(Animal Nutrition) (w.e.f. 01.08.94)A.K. Samanta, M.Sc., Scientist (Animal Nutrition )(w.e.f.14.09.94) ,. . ,

ANNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Division of Seed Technology

Menhi L11, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agronomy) & Head of Div. w.c.r.·7.5.94

,S.N. Singh, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Plant Pathology)

O. P. S. Verma, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Plant Physiology) w.e.f. 8.11.94

S.M. Misra, M.Sc.,Sr. Scientist (Soil Science)

G.K. Dwivedi, M.Sc., Scientist (Agronomy)

K.P. Singh, Ph.D., Scientist (Genetics)

Divlsion of Plant Physiology and Bio-chemistry

L.P. Mishra, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology) & Head of Division

N.C. Sinha, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Plant Physiology) (up to 20-04-94)

R.K. Bhatt, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Plant Physiology)

Sewa Ram, Ph.D., Scientist (Bio-Chemistry)

Amresh Chandra, Ph.D., Scientist (Bio-Chemistry) .A.K ,~,.Iqna, M. Sc.,Scientist (Plant Physiology) (up to 23.05.94)

Division of Plant Protection

S.T. Ahmad, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology) & Head of Division

R.K. Jain,Ph.b:, Sr. Scientist (Nematology) -

K.C. Pandey, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Entomology)

S.A. Faruqui, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Entomology)

M.1. Azmi, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Nematology)

N. Hasan, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Nematology)

R.B. Bhaskar, M.Sc.; Scientist (Plant Pathology)

N.K. Shah, M.Sc., Scientist (Entomology)

Sharmila Roy, M.Sc., Scientist (Entomology) .

Pradeep Saxena, Ph.D., Scientist (Plant Pathology) (w.e.f. 14.07.94)

DivisionotAgricultural Engineering

P.D. Gupta, Ph.D., Principal Scientist-(FMP) & Head of Division

R.B. Varshney, B.Tech., Sr.Scientist (Soil Water Engineering)

P.S. Chattopadhyay, M.Tcch., Scientist (FMP\

153

154

Brijcsh Singh, MvTcch., Scientist (FMP)M.L. Gaur, B.Tech., Scientist (SWE)

R. K. Goyal, M.Tech., Scientist (Ag. Strucl. & Proc. Engg.)

Division of Rural Economics and Blometrlcs

D.P. Handa, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Statistics) & Head of Division

Ram Ashrey Singh, M.A., Scientist (Economics)Ashok Kumar, M.Sc.,.Sdentist (Statistics) .Sandcep Saran, Ph.D., Scientist (Economics)

Division of Extension and Training

P.S. Tomar, Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Agronomy) & Head of Divi

R.N. Dwivedi, M.Sc.; Sf. Scientist (Agronomy)

Maharaj Singh, Ph.D., Scientist (Extension)

Manju Suman, Ph. D., Scientist (Extension)

M.B. Tamhankar, B.Tech., Scientist (FMP)R.Y. Singh, M.Sc., Scientist (Extension)Mahavir Singh, M.Sc., Scientist (Extension)

FOI"a~e Project (Coordlnuting Unit)

C.R. Hazra, Ph.D., Project Coordinator (Forage Crops)

G.P. Shukla, Ph.I?:, Principal Investigator (Plant Breeding)

C.R. Rawat, Ph.D., Principal Investigator (Agronomy)

Khubi Singh, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Statistics)

Regional- Station, A vikanagar (Rajasthan)

Mallaya, ·Ph.D., Sr.Scientist (Economics) & IIC Station"Fateh Singh, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Agronomy) ( on study leave)

t\NNUAL REPORT 1994-95

Regional Station, Dharwar (Karnataku)

P.K. Jayan, Ph.D., Sr. Scientist (Economic Botany) & IIC StationC.R. Ramesh,Ph.D., Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology)M.S. Raut, M.Sc., Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)

V. Rama Murthy, P?D., Scientist (Agronomy)(w.e.f. 28.9.94)

D.H. Sukanya, ~.Sc.,.Scientist (Plant Breeding)

II. TECHNICAL

A.K. Srivastava, Technical Officer (T-7)

R.K. Verma, Veterinary Officer (T-7)

M.S. Sharma, Farm Manager (T-6)Dodamani Amallappa,Instrumentation (T-6)

N.C..Srinivas, Technical Officer (T-6) .G. R. Deshmukh, Technical Officer (T-6 Workshop & Eng. )

M.M. Rastogi, Technical Officer (T-5)

C.B. Mishra, Technical Officer (T-5)

S.K. Rajpali, Technical Officer (T-5)

R,B. Mathur, Technical Officer (T-5)

D.K. Bhutani, Technical Officer (T-5)

Ravindra Pal Singh,Technical Officer (T-5)

Shree Ram Sikanya, Technical Officer (T-5)CiP, Gupta.. Technical Officer (T-5)

Mahi Pal Singh, Farm. Superintendent (T-5)

H.N. Sharma, Technical Officer (T-5)

B.L. Barodia, Technical 0 fficer (T-5)

Pramod Kumar Dwivedi,Technical Officer (T-5)

Ram 'Singh.Technical Officer (T-5)

Gyasi LaI,Technical Officer (T-5)

Kanhai Singh,Technical Officer (T-5)G.P. Nigam,Technical Officer (T.lS)

O.N.Arya;Technical Officer (T-S)P.K. Karpe,Technical Officer (T-S)

Anil Kumar Srivastava (T-4)

Surendra Kumar (T-4) /

"

1,$5

156

Sunil Gupta, (1-4)N. Vishwanathan (T-4)s.c. Richharya (T-4)

Indra Pal Singh (T-4)Rajendra Singh Parihar (T-4)Nar Singh (T-4)Raj Kumar Sharma (T-4)Sandhya Bhargava (T-4)R.P. Yadava (T-4)

III. ADMINISTRATIVE

Sanjay Kant, Senior Administrative Officer

AV. Joseph, Sr. Fin. and Account Officer (w.e.f. 14-02-95)H.C. Saxena, Administrative OfficerGauri. Shankar, Asstt. Administrative OfficerL.S. Sharma, Asstt. Administrative OfficerO.P. Dubey, P.A to DirectorVeer Singh, Superintendent (up t~ 29-04-94)

S.N. Dubey, SuperintendentG.D. Dubey, Superintendent

Mrs. S.L. Hukmani, Superintendent,Mrs..N. Arora, Superintendent

AN. Nimje, SuperintendentN.L. Sinoriya, Superintendent (w.e.f. 29-10-94)P.B. Nair, Senior StenographerE. Narayan, Senior Stenographer

IV. AUXIUARY

V.K. Litoria, MedicalOfficer

IGFRI

Inaugural function of International Conference on Sustainable Developmentof Degraded Lands through Agroforestry in Asia and the Pacific

• -- r"'l -)0 .. r I., ~.. ''' • . - •

A view of Post-Conference Workshop on Silvipastoral Systems

WQrkshop-cum-Training on Fodder Production

A view of Klsan Me/a

Inaugural function of leAR XI Inter Regional Sports Meet

Farewell ceremony of Dr Panjab Singh, Director

APPENDIX -II

Statement showing headwise ex~endure during 1994-95

(Rs. in lakhs)

Head NODPlan Plan. Totali, Pay and allowances . 260.90 0.07 267.972. T.A. 4.00 1.00. 5.003, Recurring contingencies 18.10 75.20 93.304. Non-recurring contingencies

'Works - 45.81 45.81Euuinments 17.40 17.40Vehicles . - 2.36 36.00Others - 18.16 18:16. Total· 283.00 160.00 443.00,

Kini Offs et ' Lokpa th Bhavan ' 365. Civil Lines.Jhansi Ph. 20, .J4OO66