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SCADA SCADA

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SCADA SCADA

Presented by:Presented by:

ANIL KUMAR RAUTANIL KUMAR RAUT

Adm No:33IE/2k Adm No:33IE/2k

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION SCADA: Supervisory SCADA: Supervisory

Control And Data Control And Data Acquisition SystemAcquisition System

A Supervisory SystemA Supervisory System Encompasses all Encompasses all

control ,indicating and control ,indicating and associated telemetry associated telemetry equipments at the equipments at the master station and all master station and all of the complimentary of the complimentary devices in the remote devices in the remote stationsstations

PURPOSEPURPOSE

To Provide the user with the To Provide the user with the capability to exercise control over a capability to exercise control over a specific device and confirm its specific device and confirm its performance in accordance with the performance in accordance with the directed action.directed action.

To process those data for use by To process those data for use by operatoroperator

Operator control of remote devicesOperator control of remote devices

SCADA AND ELECTRIC SCADA AND ELECTRIC UTILITIESUTILITIES

It can be discussed in the following It can be discussed in the following categories:categories:

Functions of SCADAFunctions of SCADAFundamentals of operationFundamentals of operationDesign considerationsDesign considerations

FUNCTIONS OF SCADAFUNCTIONS OF SCADA

DATA ACQUISITIONDATA ACQUISITION INFORMATION DISPLAYINFORMATION DISPLAYSUPERVISORY CONTROLSUPERVISORY CONTROLALARM PROCESSINGALARM PROCESSING INFORMATION STORAGE AND INFORMATION STORAGE AND

REPORTSREPORTSDATA CALCULATIONSDATA CALCULATIONS

DATA ACQUISITIONDATA ACQUISITION

Periodic acquisition of data from RTUsPeriodic acquisition of data from RTUs Data acquired on a polled basisData acquired on a polled basis Two options available on how a RTU Two options available on how a RTU

responds:responds:1.1. Send the actual value of pointsSend the actual value of points2.2. Send only those points where change has Send only those points where change has

occurredoccurred The latter option preferred and referred to The latter option preferred and referred to

as “Reporting By Exception”as “Reporting By Exception” It’s a collective process of several It’s a collective process of several

specialized and highly related sub processesspecialized and highly related sub processes

INFORMATION DISPLAYINFORMATION DISPLAY

This process consists of:This process consists of:

1.1. Retrieving both fixed and real time data from Retrieving both fixed and real time data from databasedatabase

2.2. Combining themCombining them

3.3. Presenting them to the operator in the form Presenting them to the operator in the form of limited graphics CRT color pagesof limited graphics CRT color pages

This section is organized in a hierarchical tree This section is organized in a hierarchical tree structurestructure

Display selection by dedicated function keys Display selection by dedicated function keys provides very rapid access to frequently used provides very rapid access to frequently used displays displays

SUPERVISORY CONTROLSUPERVISORY CONTROL

Process of actuating equipment operation Process of actuating equipment operation at remote locationsat remote locations

This process includes:This process includes:

1.1. Selection of stationSelection of station

2.2. Selection of the device to be controlledSelection of the device to be controlled

3.3. Execution of desired commands such as Execution of desired commands such as TRIP or closeTRIP or close

““Check-before-operate” method is Check-before-operate” method is employed for security of personnel and employed for security of personnel and electric systemelectric system

ALARM PROCESSINGALARM PROCESSING

This process includes:This process includes:1.1. Alerting the operator to Alerting the operator to

unscheduled events unscheduled events 2.2. Informing him the time of Informing him the time of

occurrence, the station location, the occurrence, the station location, the device ID and the nature of eventdevice ID and the nature of event

The most common output of the The most common output of the alarm are CRT alarm lists, hardcopy alarm are CRT alarm lists, hardcopy printouts and audible alarmsprintouts and audible alarms

INFORMATION STORAGE AND INFORMATION STORAGE AND REPORTSREPORTS

Accurate records are necessary to satisfy Accurate records are necessary to satisfy legal and governmental requirements for legal and governmental requirements for accounting, for support and forecasting accounting, for support and forecasting future system operations and for future system operations and for engineering planning purposesengineering planning purposes

Pre-selected data sets are captured at Pre-selected data sets are captured at periodic intervals and saved in rotating periodic intervals and saved in rotating filefile

Periodicity of storage frequently set at Periodicity of storage frequently set at certain time intervals called file time spancertain time intervals called file time span

DATA CALCULATIONSDATA CALCULATIONS

Data calculations done with single variables are:Data calculations done with single variables are:1.1. Determination of averagesDetermination of averages2.2. Maximum or minimum values over given Maximum or minimum values over given

intervalsintervals3.3. Integration with respect to timeIntegration with respect to time Calculations done with multiple variables Calculations done with multiple variables

include sums, differences, products, exponents, include sums, differences, products, exponents, squares, square roots, exponentiation and squares, square roots, exponentiation and othersothers

A practical application of such calculation is A practical application of such calculation is load monitoring of large transformer banksload monitoring of large transformer banks

FUNDAMENTALS OF FUNDAMENTALS OF OPERATIONOPERATION

POLLING SCHEMESPOLLING SCHEMESDATA INPUTSDATA INPUTSCONTROL OUTPUTSCONTROL OUTPUTSDATABASEDATABASEMAN MACHINE INTERFACEMAN MACHINE INTERFACE

POLLING SCHEMESPOLLING SCHEMES In communications In communications

engineering this method is engineering this method is known as “time division known as “time division multiple access (TDMA)”multiple access (TDMA)”

Master station controls and Master station controls and the RTUs respond to only the RTUs respond to only polling requests.polling requests.

Following points are discussed Following points are discussed through the diagram given:through the diagram given:

1.1. Multiple 2 or 4 wire Multiple 2 or 4 wire telephone grade circuitstelephone grade circuits

2.2. Polling command requests, Polling command requests, and RTU responses are time and RTU responses are time multiplexedmultiplexed

3.3. Automatic generation Automatic generation control (AGC)control (AGC)

DATABASEDATABASE

The newer database updates the real time part of The newer database updates the real time part of the user programs which retrieves data from the the user programs which retrieves data from the database and save computed results back into database and save computed results back into the databasethe database

They are not fixed in size but can easily be They are not fixed in size but can easily be expanded provided the physical memory is expanded provided the physical memory is availableavailable

Information contained in SCADA database may be Information contained in SCADA database may be categorized into:categorized into:

1.1. Real timeReal time2.2. ParametricParametric3.3. CalculatedCalculated4.4. ApplicationApplication

MAN MACHINE INTERFACEMAN MACHINE INTERFACE

One of the greatest challenges in SCADA is One of the greatest challenges in SCADA is to provide efficient and user-friendly man to provide efficient and user-friendly man machine interfacemachine interface

It consists of the hardware as well as the It consists of the hardware as well as the program function which makes it all workprogram function which makes it all work

Example of such a man machine Example of such a man machine interface : now in SCADA systems the interface : now in SCADA systems the simple audible alarm has been supplanted simple audible alarm has been supplanted with a voice synthesizer which actually with a voice synthesizer which actually verbalizes alarm messages verbalizes alarm messages

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSDESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

Under this subject we have the Under this subject we have the following topics to be covered:following topics to be covered:

1.1. RELIABILITY / AVAILABILITYRELIABILITY / AVAILABILITY

2.2. CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENTCONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

3.3. RTU LOCAL TEST FEATURESRTU LOCAL TEST FEATURES

RELIABILITY / AVAILABILITYRELIABILITY / AVAILABILITY

Availability is defined as:Availability is defined as:%Availability=uptime/(uptime + downtime)*100%Availability=uptime/(uptime + downtime)*100 An acceptable availability figure for master An acceptable availability figure for master

station is 99.8 or 99.9 percentstation is 99.8 or 99.9 percent Such level of availability can be achieved by :Such level of availability can be achieved by :1.1. Good diagnosticsGood diagnostics2.2. High content of easily replaceable elementsHigh content of easily replaceable elements3.3. Adequate spare partsAdequate spare parts4.4. Good maintenance trainingGood maintenance training

CONFIGURATION MANAGEMENTCONFIGURATION MANAGEMENT

This includes changing CRT pictures , and This includes changing CRT pictures , and building and modifying report formatsbuilding and modifying report formats

A prerequisite to efficient configuration is A prerequisite to efficient configuration is a well-structured databasea well-structured database

For example a typical point attributes For example a typical point attributes include measurement number, station ID, include measurement number, station ID, name limits, engineering conversion name limits, engineering conversion constants, area of responsibility, alarm constants, area of responsibility, alarm priority and many more.priority and many more.

APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS

Industrial controlIndustrial controlOil & gas transmission,production Oil & gas transmission,production

and distributionand distributionWaste water utilitiesWaste water utilitiesElectric utility for remote control of Electric utility for remote control of

substationssubstationsPower distribution automationPower distribution automation

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION System reliability, programming features and System reliability, programming features and

ease of use by the operator are important ease of use by the operator are important issues that must be taken into account.issues that must be taken into account.

To conclude all the previously discussed To conclude all the previously discussed concepts about SCADA are the real life concepts about SCADA are the real life SCADA system representation SCADA system representation

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