welcome to the 4 th marking period unit v – ch 32, electrostatics – ch 33, electric fields and...
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Welcome to the 4th Marking Period
• Unit V– Ch 32, Electrostatics– Ch 33, Electric Fields and Potential– Ch 34, Electric Current– Ch 35, Electric Circuits– Ch 36, Magnetism– Ch 37, Electromagnetic Induction
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ElectrostaticsChapter 32
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Charge
• Protons and electrons each have a fundamental property called electric charge.
• A proton charge is perfectly equal to an electron, but opposite sign.
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Charge
• Atoms normally have the same number of electrons as protons.
• This means that the atom is electrically neutral – from outside, the atom appears neither positive nor negative.
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Charge
• You already know this stuff!– Like charges repel.– Opposite charges attract.– Electrical charge is conserved.– Objects can be charged by friction (given a
“net charge”); like when you are walking across the carpet, or sliding out of your car seat. When this happens, charge is moved, but still not created or destroyed.
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Charging by Friction
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Benjamin Franklin
• Discovered the principle of conservation of charge.
• Created the labels + and –• Used a cloud to create
sparks on the ground – the famous kite experiment.
• Just turned 300 years old.
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Charles Coulomb
• French researcher who studied friction and electricity.
• Developed a law to explain the force between two charges.
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Coulomb’s Law
• If the amount of charge at point q1 doubles, the force doubles.
• If the amount of charge at point q2 doubles, the force doubles.
• If the distance between the charges doubles, the force becomes one quarter of what it was.
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Conduction / Insulation
• Some materials allow electrical charge to move freely from one place to another.These materials are called conductors.
• Other materials resist the movement of electrical charge through the material.These materials are called insulators.
• Some materials have a behavior between that of a conductor and an insulator.These materials are called semiconductors.
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Charge Movement
• If an excess of charge is placed on the surface of a conductor, the charges spread out to get away from one another.
• If an excess of charge is placed on the surface of an insulator, the charges cannot move away from one another.
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3 Ways to Charge an Object
1) Friction
2) Conduction – if an object has an excess of charge, it can transfer that charge to other objects through contact.
3) Induction – if an object has an excess of charge, it can cause charge separation in other objects due to proximity, without contact.
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Induction
• Induction is how electrical storms and lightning strikes happen. We will discuss this more next class, and in the homework.
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Polarization
• The charges in an atom can be separated because of outside forces.
• This induced charge separation in an atom is called polarization of the atom.
• Polarizing the atoms in an object does not involve charging the object. It just means that the charges pull apart slightly.
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Polarization
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Electroscope
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Homework
• Read ch 32.
• P505 #1-25, due by Friday, 4/7.