welcome to the hard hat training series! sample · 2020-07-22 · the snowmobile was born out of...

Copyright Safety Provisions, Inc.

INTRODUCTION ANATOMY SAFE OPERATIONS PPE HAZARDS EMERGENCY RESP. CONCLUSION

Welcome to the Hard Hat Training Series! Today, we will talk about snowmobile safety. Because snowmobiles are relatively easy tooperate, the hazards associated with them are often overlooked or minimized. Today, we will give you the knowledge and tools to be a safer, more mindful operator. We will also teach you techniques that will keep you and those around you safe.

Welcome to the Hard Hat Training Series!

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The snowmobile was born out of necessity. People were living and working in colder climates, and deep snow made moving supplies and personnel impossible. Furthermore, those in isolated areas needed transportation in case of emergencies. As a result, the first known snowmobile was developed in 1908 and was used to haul logs in Maine. It was a bulky, unwieldy machine resembling a steam locomotive, with a half-track on the back and skies on the front.

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The workhorse of yesteryear has evolved into a form of recreation for more than 2 million people in North America. With top speeds coming in over 90 mph and weighing over 600 pounds, snowmobiles are not toys, even if we treat them as such. Take, for example, the following true story.

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Joseph worked at a ski resort on the weekends and holidays to help pay for his college education. He worked the graveyard shift, from 8 p.m. to 8 a.m., running the snowmaker.

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One night, a heavy winter storm blew in around 2 a.m. Knowing the snowmaker wouldn’t be needed for the rest of the night, Joseph climbed on a snowmobile provided for him and his coworkers by the resort and headed down the mountain.SAMPLE



Six hours later, the morning crew came to work and found the snowmobile missing. Several employees went in search of it. A short while later, the employees came upon Joseph, unconscious and covered in snow, next to a tree into which he had crashed.

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Joseph was suffering from a massive head trauma, as he hadn’t been wearing a helmet. Though he was wearing a coat, the temperature had dropped into the single digits overnight, and Joseph was suffering from frostbite and hypothermia. He was life-flighted to the nearest hospital for treatment.

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In the investigation that followed, it was found that Joseph had never been trained on how to operate a snowmobile. In fact, theski resort didn’t have a training program in place for the machines, nor did they have any safe operation standards.

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These inexperienced, untrained employees were permitted to drive snowmobiles in treacherous conditions, including times of limited visibility (such as at night during a heavy snow storm) and in areas that posed collision hazards (such as through the trees).

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Finally, there was the question of why no one had found Joseph until morning. Indeed, no one had even noticed him missing. Although he was wearing a black coat and may have been difficult to locate in the storm, there should have been a communication system in place to ensure that employees were accounted for and working safely.

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Unfortunately, none of these findings helped Joseph. He was already in a coma when he was found, and a few days later, he died.SAMPLE



Joseph’s story is far from an unique. Every year, snowmobile accidents cause an estimated 200 deaths and about 14,000 injuries. Excessive speed, operating while impaired, inexperienced drivers, and poor judgement are the leading causes of snowmobile accidents.

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Today’s training will help you avoid becoming a statistic. We will teach you what actions to take before mounting a snowmobile, including inspecting the machine and what to carry with you in case of an emergency.

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We will discuss how to safely operate a snowmobile, what kinds of skills you should have, and what habits you should establish to keep yourself and those around you safe.

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We’ll also go over the personal protective equipment each operator should wear, including helmets, gloves, and so forth. Then, we will review the hazards associated with snowmobiling so you can watch for and avoid them whenever possible.

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Finally, we will cover emergency response: what to do when the worst happens. You will learn about cold water rescue; avalanche awareness; recognizing and treating hypothermia; and what to do when you are lost or stranded.

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Here are a few standards for snowmobile operations. It should be noted operators must adhere to PPE standards when applicable. Additionally, many states, provinces, municipalities, and companies may have additional standards, as do some industries. We have provided these as a guide, but it’s your responsibility to know all federal, local, and company policies that apply to your jobsite.

CSA Z462 – Protective Clothing & Equipment

OHS Regulation 8.12 – Safety Headgear use with all-terrainvehicles, snowmobiles, motorcycles

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Standard Operating ProceduresEmployers should use these standards and other safe practices to develop site-specific standard operating procedures (SOPs). Most manufacturers will have some safe operating procedures in the owner’s manual; these can be used to develop SOPs, as well. However, once developed, SOPs must comply with federal, state or provincial, territorial, and company regulations.

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Training is vital to safety. And not only training but a conscious application of that training. The days of sitting through a training class only to return to your same old habits are over. The training culture in our country needs to change, and by that we mean both employers and workers alike need to take a more proactive role integrating the principles into their daily routine.

Why Training?

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Initial training and refresher training, as well as any written and practical evaluations, must be documented and filed. At the very least, in the case of an investigation, authorities will want to see proof of proper and consistent training (in the way of training outlines, class lists, training goals, tests, certificates, and so on.) These documents should include the name of the person who taught the class or conducted the evaluation.

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Training is not just a one-and-done occurrence; it is ongoing. In fact, similar to the guidelines set down for when initial training is required, regulators are specific when it comes to refresher training. The extent of training will be determined by the employer, but at the very least, it should include classroom instruction, followed by a written and practical examination that prove continued competency.

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Anatomy & Inspection

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In this section, we will cover the basic anatomy and major components of snowmobiles in general, as well as specific lifting components of the three types of trucks. We will also go over things you should look for while performing a pre-shift inspection.

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InspectionWhile there are a number of different snowmobiles, all with varying uses, they all work in much the same way. The life and safety of your machine can be increased by inspecting your snowmobile according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

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Owner’s ManualThe first step to becoming familiar with your snowmobile is reading the owner’s manual. Manufacturers provide these manuals to serve as a safety handbook and maintenance schedule and checklist. The owner’s manual should be on the machine at all times. It should be legible and in good condition. If it is damaged or missing, you can order a replacement from the manufacturer.

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Warning LabelsManufacturers require certain warning labels and informational decals to be located on the snowmobile. These are not simply for show or a one-time reference, but have everything to do with safe operations. Keep them clean and replace them if they are missing or become illegible or damaged.

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There are many parts that work together to make the snowmobile function, and you should be familiar with all of them. In fact, the more you understand how the snowmobile functions and why, the safer you will be.

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RegistrationSnowmobiles must be registered in the applicable jurisdiction. Decals proving registration must be kept on the machine at all times. Placement requirements may vary per jurisdiction; however, the registration sticker must be present and current.

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ControlsThe controls need to be properly labeled. Do not operate the snowmobile if you are unsure of what a control does or if it is damaged, missing components, or showing signs of failure. The location of individual controls will vary depending on the make and model of snowmobile you are using. Take the time to familiarize yourself with the controls on your specific machine.

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As you do your inspection, pay attention to gauges, dials, warning lights, and alarms. Most snowmobiles will have gauges or warning lights for fuel levels, oil levels, and engine temperatures; they will likely have indicator lights for the headlight beam and brakes, as well.

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If you have a digital readout, cycle through all the different readings to make sure the snowmobile and the computer are bothworking correctly. If there are any warning lights going off, investigate the issue before operating the snowmobile.

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ThrottleTo test the throttle, completely compress and release it several times. It should move freely and spring back to the idle position quickly and fully.

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BrakesWhen you compress the brake lever, it should feel firm and you shouldn’t be able to push it all the way in. Hold the lever in the compressed position and measure the space between it and the handlebar. If the number is outside specifications, have the brakes serviced.

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Kill SwitchThe emergency stop switch or kill switch is usually mounted near the throttle. This works independently of the ignition switch and will immediately stop the engine when pressed. Test the kill switch and make sure it works properly.

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LightsSnowmobiles are equipped with a headlight and a brake light. All lights should be clean so they provide maximum illumination. The headlight and taillight must be illuminated whenever the engine is running. Never operate a snowmobile without properly working lights.

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The snowmobile’s headlight should switch easily from high to low beam. Much like a car, snowmobile headlights need to be adjusted for optimal position in both high and low beam. Do so according to the manufacturer’s specifications. If the headlight doesn’t illuminate or is otherwise faulty, do not operate the machine until it is fixed.

Take Note!There should be an average operating load on the snowmobile when you are

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Steering SystemThe steering system of a snowmobile is made up of the handlebars, the steering column, tie rods, spindles, shocks, skis, and ski runners. All of these components must be checked and maintained regularly. However, the handlebars, shocks, skis, and ski runners are the most accessible for operators, and these are what we’ll discuss today.

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HandlebarsThe handlebars can and should be adjusted to fit each rider. This makes riding more comfortable and steering easier. Your owner’s manual will have directions for doing this on your specific machine.

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Shocks can be located at the front or rear of a snowmobile. Front shock springs affect the ski pressure and reaction of the machine on rough terrain; rear springs affect the load-bearing capabilities of the snowmobile. Both types of shocks should be adjusted for the needs and preferences of the operator.

Take Note!While shocks can be adjusted by an operator, if you or coworkers don’t feel

qualified to do so, take the snowmobile to an authorized dealer.

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Skis When you move the handlebars from side to side, the skis should move freely and turn completely in either direction. Skis must be aligned on a regular basis. If they are out of alignment, it can compromise the efficiency of the snowmobile and make steering difficult.

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To do this, sit on the snowmobile’s seat and turn the handlebars until they’re straight. Next, measure the distance from the bar end on each side to a fixed position on the chassis, like the corner of the tunnel. Adjust the skis according to the manufacturer’s directions.

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Ski runners, the metal rods bolted underneath the skis, can wear out quickly, especially if you are using the snowmobile frequently. Check them daily. If you find they are more than halfway worn through, replace them.

Ski Runners

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Drive SystemThe drive system of a snowmobile is complicated. The moving parts, connectors, chains and other moving parts will eventually wear out and need replacing. For this reason, you should inspect the drive belt, drive chain, idler wheels, and track.

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The drive belt connects the clutches and is the weakest part of the drive system. As such, it does wear out and can break if it isn’t inspected and replaced frequently.

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Drive ChainThe drive chain links the primary and drive clutches to the track. It is located under the hood and covered by a guard. The chain delivers power from the top gear to the bottom gear. The chain and sprockets are bathed in oil to keep them running smoothly.

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If a seal has gone bad, it may allow the chaincaseoil to leak. If the oil level seems low, remove the chaincase cover and inspect the chain and sprockets for damage. Refill the oil as needed and see if you can locate the leak and fix it.

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The chaincase oil should be changed at least once a year. When you check it, the oil should be slippery in appearance, and relatively clean and clear. If this is not the case, change the oil according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

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Check the drive chain tension and adjust according to manufacturer’s instructions and specifications. Generally, the drive chainshould have about ¼ inch of free play. Squeeze the brake lever and rotate the secondary clutch to make sure the chain runs smoothly. The chain does wear out and break, and will need to be replaced if it shows signs of stress or damage.

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Idler (Bogie) WheelsSmall but important, idler wheels (also called bogie wheels) allow the track to rotate and turn smoothly. Worn or damaged bogie wheels can damage the track and cause other issues. Inspect them for wear and tear, and make sure they are securely in place.

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TrackThe track and suspension system on your snowmobile is essential to keeping you safe. Inspect both regularly, according to themanufacturer’s recommendations. Your track shouldn’t have any rips, tears, or holes in it. The studs should all be present and firmly attached to the track. If the track is worn or damaged, have a dealer replace it.

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TensionTrack tension can affect the snowmobile’s overall performance. If it is too loose, the track may slap against the under side of the machine, causing extra wear on the connective mechanisms. If the track is overly loose, the idler wheels could climb over the track lugs and causing it to lock up, which could be dangerous if you happen to be riding it at the time.

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How often you check track tension will depend on the make and model of your machine. Tension is measured as the distance between the slider shoe and the inside bottom track. If it measures outside of the manufacturer’s specifications, adjust it as recommended. Remember to adjust both sides of the track to ensure even wear and safe operation.

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Check your track alignment when you check track tension. If the track isn’t aligned properly, it can cause excessive wear to the idler wheels, drive lugs, and the track itself. To test alignment, place the snowmobile on a lift. Start it and accelerate slowly. If the track is centered, it will have the same distance from each edge of the track to the guides and slides. If the track is out of alignment, adjust it according to the manufacturer’s specifications.

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BatteryThe battery in your snowmobile should be maintained and kept fully charged. Connections should be clean and tight, and posts should be in good working order. Corrosion, fraying, or other wear and tear require attention before you operate the machine. These repairs are usually handled by a dealer.

Take Note!Battery posts, terminals, and related accessories contain

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Oil & Other FluidsCheck proper fluid levels each day. If your snowmobile needs more coolant, oil, or transmission fluid, add it. Don’t get in the habit of getting by on the minimum, as this can be hard on the machine. Never check fluids when the engine is warm. Turn off the snowmobile and allow it plenty of time to cool.

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Fuel and oil hoses need to be inspected for cracks and deterioration. Make sure their connections are tight and check for signs of leaking. Replace hoses as needed.

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GasolineYour snowmobile should always have fresh gasoline. There are numerous gases and octane ratings; however, using higher-quality gas will allow your machine to run better and longer. That being said, follow the manufacturer’s specifications exactly. Failing to do so can not only void the machine’s warranty, it can shorten the life of the engine.

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Proper FuelingBecause gas expands as it warms up, you must never completely fill the gas tank on a snowmobile. Only fill to its rated capacity. This is especially true if fueling takes place at a cold temperature and the snowmobile is then moved to a warmer area.

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Always refuel in a well-ventilated area with the engine turned off. It should go without saying, but never smoke when you are putting gas in a snowmobile, and don’t store the snowmobile or gas near open flames. Because the gas tank is situated under the seat, always replace the tank cap before ride.




ReflectorsReflectors are located on the front, sides, and back of the snowmobile. They are essential for avoiding collisions in poor light. Replace any that are damaged, missing, or no longer reflect brightly.

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WindshieldThe windshield can protect you against winds and blowing snow or debris from snowmobiles in front of you. If your snowmobile has a windshield, it should be free of snow, ice, and debris. If it is cracked or scratched to the point that it interferes with your view, replace it.

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SeatThe seat should also be inspected. While it may seem unimportant, it is designed to keep you safe. This is true on many levels, especially relating to ergonomics and the health of your back muscles and spine. Besides this, it also covers and protects the snowmobile’s gas tank. If the seat is damaged in any way, take the time to fix or replace it.

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Running BoardsRunning boards are where your feet sit while you’re riding. They should be kept clear of water, ice, and debris that could pose a slip hazard. It is essential that you are able to keep good traction on the running boards, as they will help keep you seated securely when stopping, taking turns, and traversing slopes.

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Cargo Area

Take Note!Snowmobiles have weight limits. If you are carrying cargo, take its weight

into consideration when calculating the weight of the load, especially if you’ll be travelling over ice.

Many newer snowmobiles have storage compartments behind the seat. Make sure the storage container is securely fastened so it doesn’t slide or fall off. Contents of the container should be packed so they don’t shift and throw off the balance of the snowmobile.

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Rear Snow FlapThe rear snow flap stops snow and objects from being thrown up and hitting snowmobiles behind you. It should be in good working order, with no cracks or tears.

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Maintenance & RepairSnowmobiles must be kept in good working order. While you or a coworker may be able to trouble-shoot or even fix some mechanical issues, it is usually best to allow an authorized technician to do any major repairs.




Safe Operations

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The more you know about operating your snowmobile safely, the better prepared you will be to prevent accidents. Like any vehicle, what separates a casual snowmobile driver from an experienced operator is an understanding of and adherence to safe operating principles.

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First, we will discuss some general safe practices that your employer can put in place to further safeguard workers. Then, we will focus on those principles, which can be broken down into two main categories:

• Safe Riding Skills

• Safe Riding Strategies

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Communications & TrackingIn addition to other emergency equipment, each snowmobile should be equipped with communication devices. Communication is key when using snowmobiles because there are so many potential hazards. Radios and cell phones are acceptable, but a satellite phone will be the most reliable in the back country or isolated worksites.

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Employers should have an established communication schedule for checking in with snowmobile operators and ensuring they are safe. The time between check-ins should reflect the severity of the weather and other working conditions. Employees should follow their check-in schedule with exactness. Inform the person in charge if you need to vary from the schedule to avoid undue alarm.

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Employees should alert their supervisor of their planned route for the day, with an estimated time of arrival or return. Thisinformation should be outlined on a map and kept in a central location so the employer can track all employees. If the operator is leaving one destination for another, not making a round-trip, they must communicate this information to both locations.

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Anyone involved in communication with or tracking of workers should be familiar with the company’s EAP so they know what to do if a snowmobile operator misses check-in or doesn’t arrive or return on schedule.

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Marking Safe TrailsSafe trails and ice crossings should be clearly marked every 10-20 meters with pickets painted bright orange. High winds can cover tracks with snow, and these pickets may be the only indicators an operator has of where the trail is. Routes should also be mapped on GPS. If you find your route isn’t clearly marked, contact a supervisor right away.

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Hand SignalsThere are standardized hand signals recognized by Canada, the U.S., and international organizations. These ensure that operators can communicate with each other. Take note that some of these signals require you to remove your left hand from the handlebar and the brake lever. This being the case, do not use the hand signals if it is unsafe to do so.

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Safe-Riding Skills

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Over the next several slides, we will go over skills that can keep you safe on your snowmobile. These include riding positions; operating in reverse; safely stopping; towing with the snowmobile; and transporting the snowmobile.

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Riding PositionsOn a snowmobile, the operator makes up a significant percentage of the total weight of the machine. Using your weight and position can greatly increase the maneuverability of your machine. There are four basic riding positions that operators can use, and each is suited to different situations. No matter what riding position you use, always keep your feet on the machine. The riding positions are as follows:• Sitting• Kneeling• Posting• Standing

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SittingYou are probably familiar with this position. It is the most common and the most comfortable. Sitting is the only position you should use if you’re carrying a passenger. It is good for longer trips because it uses the least amount of energy and offers the most stability.

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It also positions you behind the windshield, which can keep you warmer. If you use the sitting position, you may prop your feet up in front of your body to allow for comfort without losing control.

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KneelingBecause your head is higher when in the kneeling position, it is good to use when you are operating around moving machines, in restricted areas, or near a road crossing. Kneeling is also helpful when you are traversing a hill or going up a snowbank diagonally.

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Keep the foot that is uphill on the running board; the downhill knee should be positioned in the middle of the seat. This allows you to quickly transfer weight from side to side, as needed. Kneeling does take some practice, so novice riders should try it out on a flat, safe area before venturing into rougher terrain.

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PostingPosting is a semi-standing position. The knees are bent and the feet are situated directly beneath or slightly behind the operator’s body. This is the most tiring position, and should be used for short amounts of time. There are a few advantages to using this position.

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First, it allows your legs to act as extra shock absorbers if you are riding on rough terrain. It also positions your head higher so you have a good view of the terrain ahead. Lastly, posting transfers weight to the rear of the snowmobile, giving the machine more traction when climbing steep hills.

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StandingStanding, of course, is when the operator stands on the running boards, with their body almost completely horizontal. This position allows for the best line of sight for rough terrain and road crossings. It also allows you to shift your weight quickly in any direction.

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Operating in ReverseYour snowmobile will likely have a reverse function, which will allow you to back up, rather than having to turn the snowmobile around by hand. You should only shift into reverse when the engine is idling, and certainly not when you are moving forward.

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Use minimal speed when you are in reverse. Backing up too quickly can catch the rear snow flap in the track and damage both elements. Don’t use reverse as a way to get a snowmobile unstuck; it will only dig the skis deeper into the snow.

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StoppingExcessive speed is a leading cause for snowmobile accidents. Safely stopping a snowmobile isn’t just a matter of applying the brakes. Several factors must be taken into consideration. The first is braking distance. This is the distance the snowmobile travels after you pull the break lever.

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Your snowmobile’s braking distance depends on two factors: speed and drag. Obviously, the faster you travel, the longer your stopping distance will be. Drag is how much friction there is between the snowmobile’s track and the surface it travels over, whether it be snow, ice, or something in between.

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For example, deep, powdering snow will create more drag on the machine and bring you to a stop quicker than shallow, packed snow. Furthermore, ice would have even less drag and your braking distance would be much farther than either powder or packed snow.

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Stopping DistanceStopping distance is the time it takes for you to react to a hazard and activate the brake added to the snowmobile’s braking distance. Your exact stopping distance will vary depending on your reaction time and trail conditions.

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For example, if you see an obstacle 500 feet in front of you while traveling 30 mph on a snowmobile, you won’t react and apply the brakes until you’ve continued to travel about 150 feet (reaction distance). The average breaking distance for a snowmobile goingthat speed is 50 feet. That means the total stopping distance is about 200 feet, giving you plenty of time to avoid the obstacle.SAMPLE



However, if you’re traveling at 60 mph under the same conditions, your reaction distance will be about 250 feet and your brakingdistance will be over 300 feet. That means it will take more than 500 feet to stop and you’ll end up hitting the obstacle.

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TowingAs you can imagine, towing anything with your snowmobile will affect the handling and stopping capabilities of the machine. There are two important things to remember when towing: first, only the snowmobile operator should ride, even if the machine is built to accommodate a passenger; second, you must decrease your speed to allow for a greater stopping distance.

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Secure loads in the sleigh, sled, toboggan, or komatik so they don’t shift during transport. Also, the load should be narrower than the snowmobile to avoid snagging and other hazards.

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If you are towing another snowmobile (or if another snowmobile is towing you), don’t attach the tow strap or rope to the loops at the end of the skis. This will throw off the alignment and make the snowmobile harder to tow. Instead, use a rigid tow bar or the lower A-arms.

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As we mentioned, stopping will take extra time when towing. The operator of the machine being towed should remain on their machine to operate the brakes. Tow slowly and stop gradually. If the machine being towed doesn’t have working brakes, even more care must be taken to ensure it doesn’t run into the back of the towing machine.SAMPLE



Your owner’s manual may have specific instructions on how to safely disable the snowmobile to be towed. Generally, you will remove the drive belt, make sure the track is free to rotate, and ensure the brakes are working. If the track doesn’t rotate, you may need to leave the snowmobile and come back for it, as it won’t tow easily.

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TransportingSnowmobiles can be transported by trailer or in the back of a pickup truck. In either case, it is best to use loading ramps with cleats or brackets and straps that attach to the truck or trailer so they don’t come off while you are loading the machine.

If you’re in a pinch, a stable snow bank can be used instead of loading ramps.

Back the truck or trailer into the drift and simply drive the snowmobile up.

Did You Know?

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Load the snowmobile with the skis pointed forward and winch it onto the trailer or truck, if possible; driving the snowmobile up the ramps can lead to an accident. If it is necessary to ride the machine up the ramps, do so slowly and carefully.

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If you are transporting only one machine, it should be centered on the trailer or in the truck bed. Secure the snowmobile with straps, harnesses, or chains so it doesn’t slide, shift, or come free. If you are using a truck or open trailer, remove the snowmobile’s windshield so it doesn’t get ripped off or become damaged.

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The machine’s oil reservoir and gas tank case should be tightened and the fuel line shut off to avoid spills. Any additional cargo should be secured so it doesn’t shift and damage the snowmobile. Finally, cover the machine to protect it while it is en route.

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Safe-Riding Strategies

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Safe riding strategies or habits are imperative to your safety on a snowmobile. Knowing how to watch for hazardous weather and dangerous terrain; operating with maximum visibility; knowing how to retrieve a stranded snowmobile; and using the buddy system are all strategies we will be discussing for the rest of this section.

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Weather & TerrainWeather and terrain can pose a number of hazards for snowmobile operators. Winter weather can be unpredictable at best, and terrain changes can occur quickly, as well. Over the next several slides, we will discuss some strategies to operate safely with these dynamic hazards, including the following:• Preparing for extreme weather• Operating in severe weather• Operating in barren conditions• Operating in mountains

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Preparing for Extreme WeatherBefore you set out, check the current weather conditions and forecasts. Make note of any weather warnings and alerts and plan your route and time of arrival accordingly. If the weather looks like it may get worse, or if there is a risk of avalanche, postpone your trip.

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Snowmobiles can travel at speeds as high as 90 mph. This speed, combined with weather conditions, can lead to frostbite or hypothermia. We will go over how to dress appropriately a little later. For now, just know to always keep yourself dry and warm.

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Severe WeatherFog, heavy snow, and whiteout conditions are all severe weather hazards you may encounter while riding your snowmobile. If you are operating in these conditions, set your headlight on low beam and slow down. Stay alert to hazards that may come into view suddenly, giving you little reaction time.

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Again, routes should be clearly marked every 10-20 meters, but it is easy to get confused or turned around in severe weather. Check your GPS device often to confirm you are still on your planned route. If you aren’t sure of your location, stop until you can determine where you are.

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Whiteout is when the horizon is so obscured by fog or snow that you cannot see any landmarks or other points of reference by which to navigate. If at all possible, do not ride in whiteout conditions. If you are working in an area where a whiteout may occur, you must be trained and prepared to handle it.

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Barren ConditionsSimilarly, in flat, barren areas that don’t have very many landmarks, operators should have maps, waypoints, and GPS devices. Remember, although these tools will help when weather conditions are poor, do not rely on them routinely. It is best to avoid operating in severe weather, rather than go out in bad weather and hope for the best.

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MountainsMountainous areas are prone to avalanches. If a project is planned in the mountains, your employer would be wise to hire an avalanche expert to help train operators in the associated risks. We will discuss avalanche safety later in our training. Again, be aware of your surroundings and the changing conditions around you.

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Visibility & LightThe best strategy for safely operating in situations of low visibility and light is to avoid them altogether, of course. However, that can’t always happen. If you must ride at night, double-check your headlight and clear it of any snow or ice.

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Slow down. Don’t outrun your light. That is, go slowly enough that you can stop within the distance that is illuminated by your headlight. Avoid riding in unfamiliar areas at night, and don’t wear sunglasses or tinted goggles after dark.

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While the lack of light can be dangerous, so can the overabundance of light. If you don’t properly protect your eyes from UV radiation, you may develop snow blindness. We have listed some other situations when light may be a safety hazard in this graphic. Take a few moments to review them.

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Ensuring you are visible to other snowmobiles, machinery, and workers is essential. The reflectors on your snowmobile will help with this, but you may also need to wear a reflective vest over your other gear. Radio communications and hand signals can help in these situations, but never drive in front of machinery unless you have made eye contact with the operator and you both know what actions each is taking.

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If extra visibility is needed, snowmobiles can be equipped with a brightly-colored antenna flag known as a whip. This can be mounted on the back of the snowmobile, and may have a light on the end if you need to ride in the dark.SAMPLE



Retrieving a SnowmobileIf a snowmobile gets bogged down or breaks down, retrieving it can pose a number of risks to your safety. To safely retrieve your machine, you’ll need to turn it off first. It should go without saying, but never dig a snowmobile out while it is still running.

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If the snowmobile stopped while you were travelling up a hill, point the nose downhill so it doesn’t slide backward, which could damage the track or possibly injure you or another operator. Pack down the snow in front of the machine to create a makeshift riding trail.

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Finally, dig the snowmobile out of snow with your shovel. If you don’t have one, you may use a snowshoe or ski in a pinch. Do not attempt to lift the machine out; this can cause back injuries.

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Getting a snowmobile out of slush usually requires removing slush from the track, moving the machine until it gets stuck again, and then repeating the process. Do not get so wet and tired that you put yourself at risk for frostbite or hypothermia; you can always retrieve the snowmobile later.

If the snowmobile is stuck in slush and you cannot retrieve it until the next day, follow these steps:

• The track must be elevated enough to prevent it from freezing solidly into the slush. To do this, cut trees to build a crib under the track.

• Use a lever to elevate the snowmobile in order to get the crib under the track.

• Once the crib is placed under the track, pack down a path in front of the snowmobile with snowshoes so the path freezes overnight.

• The next day, carefully use an axe to chop the ice away from the skis if they are frozen in. SAMPLE



Buddy SystemEmployers may utilize the “buddy system” to help ensure your safety, especially if you’ll be travelling relatively long distances on your snowmobile. Simply put, they will assign each operator a partner. During operations, buddies watch out for each other and give assistance as needed. Having a buddy can mean the difference between life and death, as you will learn later.

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PassengersMost snowmobiles are designed to carry one rider. If this is the case with your machine, do not carry a passenger. This is both uncomfortable and unsafe. It throws off the snowmobile’s stability and can lead to an accident or damage the machine.

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If you are carrying a passenger, you must take greater care on rougher terrain. They may bounce around or even fall off if you don’t slow down. Never attempt difficult terrain with a passenger; they will have a hard time holding on and could fall off and become injured.

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Impaired DrivingNever operate a snowmobile when you are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. Alcohol plays a part in more than 70% of fatal snowmobile accidents. Your safety depends on your ability to make sound judgements and react quickly.

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PPE

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Wearing proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) can greatly improve your safety in the face of hazards. While it is your employer’s responsibility to provide PPE, it is your responsibility to wear it responsibly. If donned incorrectly, it can increase your chances of suffering and make rescue efforts more complicated. In this section, we will discuss different types of PPE that protect you specifically in cold climates and explain how to use them to minimize harm.

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LayersFabric and layers are utilized differently in a cool climate than in a warmer one. Although it is not absolutely essential to wear layers in this order, it will be both more effective and more comfortable than any other method. Wear comfortable, warm clothing that isn’t too tight. Tight clothing can restrict blood circulation, which increases the possibility of frostbite and hypothermia.

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The layer closest to your skin is where fabrics that wick away moisture should go. This will prevent sweat from sitting on your skin and cooling you down. Next is a light-insulating layer such as light fleece or thin wool, followed by the heavy-insulating layer such as heavier fleece or thicker wool. Lastly, windproof and waterproof material should serve as the outermost layer.

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Build a base layer of clothing to reduce waterflow past the skin. The water flow is what cools the body quickest. Keep this layer skin-tight and quick-dry. Some examples of good material for this layer include polypropylene, polyester, and lycra.

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An insulating layer is meant to retain the warmth your body requires. It typically has a hood, is well-fitting, and made of a quick-dry material. The insulating layer can be made of various layers of clothing; however, keep it light to provide optimal movement. Fleece or wool are good materials for an insulating layer.

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The outer layer is what is truly wind and water-proof. Keep it light and quick-drying, as well. It should allow moisture to wick out and evaporate. This is also the layer where you would wear a reflective jacket when appropriate.

Outer Layer

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If you will be working on or travelling across ice, you will need a floater suit. These are buoyant and will keep you afloat while not absorbing water if you break through the ice. At the very least, wear a snowmobile suit that has some buoyancy to it, along with a personal floatation device (PFD).

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HelmetsNot only do helmets provide impact protection and support for your eye protection, they can help retain body heat. Furthermore, wearing a helmet while operating a snowmobile is required by law in most jurisdictions.

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Helmets are made of fiberglass or plastic, both of which can deteriorate and become brittle with age. Inspect your helmet for any signs of cracking, discoloring, or aging. Do not wear a helmet that has any of these conditions. Don’t paint your helmet; chemicals in the paint can compromise the protective shell. Helmets should be replaced every five years for best protection.

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The most obvious use for a helmet is protecting your head when you are thrown off the snowmobile. However, it can also protect you from low-hanging branches that can cause serious injury. Always secure the helmet with the buckle.

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Helmets come in a number of styles, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Your employer will choose helmets according to the weather anticipated and the job at hand. Most helmets now come with face shields, which cover your face and protect against frostbite. If your helmet doesn’t have a face shield, you will need to use goggles.

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GogglesGoggles should be worn to protect your eyes from wind and flying debris. They should be shatterproof and well-ventilated to prevent fogging. Check your goggles before each ride; if they have any cracks or if they are too scratched to see through easily, they should be replaced.

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SunglassesAs we discussed earlier, a good pair of sunglasses can help protect your eyes from UV rays and sharpen your vision in different kinds of light. Plastic frames are better than metal, which can transfer cold from outside air into your helmet. Wrap-around sunglasses are more likely to fog than other styles, so it is best to stay away from them.

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BalaclavasBalaclavas cover your head, nose, and mouth. They offer extra insulation for your ears and your neck, where cold air might get in under your helmet. These are especially helpful since you should never wear a scarf when operating a snowmobile; they can easily get caught in moving parts and cause serious injury.

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GlovesGloves should be comfortable and allow you to use your fingers and thumb. If you will be required to do precise work, you may wear a thin, inner glove to protect your hands if you need to remove your outer gloves.

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SocksYou may not realize it, but socks have a profound effect on your level of comfort and your body’s internal temperature. As part of your base layer, socks should wick moisture away and allow it to evaporate on the surface. If your feet might get wet in the course of the ride, it is a good idea to pack an extra pair so your feet stay warm and dry.

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BootsBoots should be waterproof and have a thick felt liner. Take extra liners if your feet might get wet. Do not use old, worn-out liners; they won’t provide enough warmth or protection. Replace old or damaged liners right away.

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Avalanche AirbagsAvalanche airbags are a relatively new technology, but they are considered to be a must-have piece of equipment. If you are caught in an avalanche, you activate the airbag by pulling a handle on the strap of your pack.

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Once deployed, the airbag keeps you at or near the top of the avalanche. While wearing an avalanche airbag doesn’t guarantee you’ll survive an avalanche, it can greatly improve your chances.

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Locator Beacons (Transceivers)When properly used, avalanche beacons can be the fastest way to locate someone buried by an avalanche. Always carry a beacon if you are working in or travelling through an avalanche-prone area. Switch it to “transmit” before setting out. When someone is looking for an avalanche victim, they set their beacon to “receive.”

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Hazards

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Safety should always be your first concern. This is especially true if any out-of-the-ordinary conditions occur. Planning for hazards in advance and following safety protocols can protect you and others during operations, while failing to do so can lead to accidents. Many of the hazards we will discuss going forward have resulted in injury and even death, and should be taken seriously.

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CollisionSnowmobile collisions with a stationary object are the number-one cause of death for snowmobile operators. Trees, rocks, other snowmobiles, and machinery can all be hazardous to your safety when you are operating a snowmobile. Remember, there are no seat belts on a snowmobile; striking another object can be deadly.

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Stopping a snowmobile isn’t like stopping a car or even a motorcycle. Calculate a safe speed based on your stopping distance. Again, the stopping distance of your particular machine will depend greatly on your own reaction time, so remain aware of your surroundings at all times. There are some average reaction and braking distances you can use to calculate a safe stopping distance, some of which are listed here.

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Cold StressCold working conditions coupled with the wind chill from travelling on a snowmobile can put you at risk for cold-related illnesses, including frostbite and hypothermia. Frostbite is when your skin and underlying tissues freeze. Some common symptoms are listed here. We will discuss recognizing and treating hypothermia later.

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Planning for the weather and wearing layers are the best ways to avoid frostbite. The fingers and toes are especially susceptible to frostbite, as are the ears, nose, chin, and cheeks. Listed here are ways to protect these vulnerable areas from frostbite.

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Becoming Stranded There are a number of mishaps that could strand you when you’re operating a snowmobile. Severe weather could make it impossible to continue on or avalanches can block your route. The most common reasons are running out of gas or oil, or experiencing some other mechanical breakdown.

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Getting LostIf your GPS tracker isn’t working properly, or if severe weather creeps up on you, it is easy to get lost. Always check your GPS device before leaving; make sure it is functioning and the batteries are fresh. Additionally, check the weather forecast so you can plan appropriately. We will discuss what to do if you get lost or stranded later in the training.

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AvalanchePoor planning, inexperienced riders, or not following SOPs can increase the risk of being caught in an avalanche. Always know the terrain you are traveling through and know the risk of avalanche before you set out.

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Hidden HazardsThere are a number of hazards that may be hidden under the snow. When you’re riding, watch for rocks, logs, tree stumps, or machinery that winds may have uncovered. If you happen to run into some grass, brush, or shrubs, make sure there isn’t any built up in your track or engine compartment, especially around the exhaust system. Shrubs and bare ground should be avoided.

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Be aware of fence posts, telephone poles, and any equipment that may have become buried by snow. Also watch for depressions or dips in the landscape, as they can be hiding streams or holes. Follow routes that have been marked safe.

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IceIce must be measured before work can begin. Only take your snowmobile on ice that has been measured and deemed safe. While that may mean taking a longer route to a worksite, it is better than falling through ice that cannot hold your weight. Ice needs to be at least 7 inches (18 centimeters) thick to support a snowmobile and its rider.

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Ice is never 100% safe to ride on. It can change rapidly, affecting its ability to bear loads. Air temperature, wind speed, precipitation, solar radiation, water depth, water currents, and ice movement can all make it unsafe to ride on. If you are going to be working on or travelling across ice on a regular basis, you should receive specialized training before doing so. SAMPLE



The following investigated accident profiles are real. In some cases, two or three similar accidents have been combined for the purpose of illustrating key safety principles. They will show just how quickly things can go wrong if equipment and PPE are used incorrectly. Add to that a few safety procedures that were ignored, and injuries or fatalities were the result. SAMPLE



Case Study #1: Employee #1 was driving a snowmobile up a hill. He tried to turn sharply to avoid a tree stump when the snowmobile rolled. The machine landed on top of Employee #1. When he missed his scheduled check in, his supervisor sent someone to check on him. They found Employee #1 unconscious beneath his snowmobile. What went wrong?

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Employee #1 seems to have been moving too fast for the terrain he was riding on. He didn’t allow himself enough stopping time to avoid a collision with the tree stump and had to turn too sharply instead. Additionally, Employee #1 hadn’t kept himself aware of possible hidden hazards.

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While his employer should be commended for responding to the missed check in according to their ERP, they didn’t have a riding partner with Employee #1. If they had been utilizing the buddy system, the buddy could have called for help right away. Instead, Employee #1 was stuck under his machine for over an hour with three broken ribs and mild frostbite.

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Case Study #2: Employees #1 and 2, two experienced ski-patrol employees, were riding double on a passenger snowmobile up a ski-run. Employees #1 and #2 struck something in the snow, launching the snowmobile into the air. Both employees were thrown from the snowmobile. Employee #1 sustained severe bruising, and Employee #2 fractured his back. Both employees were hospitalized.What went wrong?

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An investigation found that earlier in the day, the trail had been groomed. The groomer had covered some trail markers in the process. He meant to go back and set more, but forgot to do so in the course of his day. Employees #1 and #2 thought they knew the safe route, but were far enough off that they hit a boulder with their snowmobile.

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Case Study #3: Employee #1 was hurrying back to base after travelling on his snowmobile most of the day. As he neared base, there were a number of road crossings. At the final crossing, Employee #1’s snowmobile broad-sided a logging truck. He was killed instantly. What went wrong?

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Understandably, Employee #1 was tired and eager to get home at the end of the day. Witnesses to the accident told authoritiesthat Employee #1 gave a quick glance to check for traffic before attempting to cross the road; however, he didn’t slow, nor did he stand up to gain a better view of oncoming traffic. If he had done these things, Employee #1 may still be alive.

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Always make sure you have the optimal visibility when you are operating a snowmobile. Kneeling, standing, and even posting can give you a clearer view of hazards. Additionally, never become complacent on a snowmobile; always be aware of your surroundings.

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Emergency Response

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Even when you follow all SOPs and best practices, accidents do happen. In this section, we will address how to respond to emergency situations. We will discuss emergency items you should carry with you and emergency action plans (EAPs). We will then teach you how to prepare for, recognize, and survive the following situations:• Cold water immersion• Hypothermia• Becoming lost and stranded• Avalanche

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Emergency EquipmentSnowmobiles are usually used to travel short distances between jobsites. When deciding what kind of extra equipment to bring along, take your circumstances into consideration and plan wisely. At the very least, you should have tools and spare parts, a compass and map, a first aid kit, and a survival kit. We will discuss these more later on in the training.

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ToolsYou should carry a basic tool kit with you, either in the cargo space or in a backpack. Most snowmobiles come with a stock toolkit, which may include a spark plug wrench, screwdrivers, wrenches, and a tow strap or rope. What is in the kit will vary depending on the type of snowmobile you are using. Always be familiar with the tools that will be on your machine.

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You may wish to carry extra items that could help if your snowmobile breaks down or encounters difficulties. Some helpful tools are listed here. Remember, more isn’t always better; balance safety with common sense.

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Spare PartsAs we’ve discussed, some parts of the snowmobile may break suddenly. For this reason, carrying some spare parts is wise. A spare drive belt, a set of spark plugs (pre-gapped), a spare fuel hose, and an emergency starter rope are essential. You may carry extra oil, if you wish, but never store it in the cargo area to avoid messy spills.

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First Aid KitEvery snowmobile should have a basic first aid kit in case of emergencies. A list of items is illustrated here. You or your employer may wish to add more items to your first aid kit, such as splints or chemical warming packets. What we have listed here is the minimum.

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Survival GearSnowmobile operators and passengers must also carry a survival kit, which should be kept on their person. This should include a sturdy knife, a fire starter kit (including water-proof matches), a whistle, a compass, a floating rope, and a set of ice rescue picks.

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Additionally, extra clothing, a flashlight, an emergency blanket, light sticks, and extra food such as energy bars or candy bars should be included. Again, more is not necessarily better, and your employer should weigh the hazards associated with the job against the load weight of the snowmobile and common sense.

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We should note here that ice picks and fire-starting kits should be kept on your person, not just in the cargo area or in a backpack. If you fall through ice, these tools are the keys to your survival.

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Maps, Compasses, GPSYou should have a topographical map of the area you’ll be traveling, as well as GPS coordinates for your destination. Having maps, compasses, and GPS on hand won’t do you any good if you don’t know how to use them. You should be trained on how to use these instruments before you operate a snowmobile.

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Emergency Action PlanYour employer should have an emergency response plan (EAP). It should address what to do in case of breakdowns, overdue snowmobiles, whiteouts, stranding, and getting lost. It should also outline procedures for actions to take if you or someone you are with breaks through ice or in case of an avalanche.

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Breaking Through Ice

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Possibly the most dangerous situation you can find yourself in during the winder months is in cold water. If your snowmobile breaks through the ice, you will need to stay calm and act quickly. The next several slides will cover what happens when you aresubmerged in ice water, and what to do in order to survive.

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Despite the best preparation, accidents can happen and you may end up falling into the water. When you land in cold water, your body will, unless interrupted, likely go through these four phases:• Cold Shock• Incapacitation• Hypothermia• Circumrescue Collapse

Four Phases of Immersion

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Once your body becomes immersed in cold water, you will experience cold shock. During cold shock, you won’t be able to breathe properly and will experience what is referred to as “gasp reflex,” which is the involuntary gasp your body takes when your head becomes submerged in cold water.

Cold Shock

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It is imperative that you try to control your breathing during this minute of shock. Do not panic. Doing so will cause you to hyperventilate, choke on water, and possibly drown right away. Focus on keeping your head above water and taking slow, deep breaths.

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Over the next 10 to 30 minutes, your body will develop cold incapacitation. Your body will try to preserve heat by restricting flow to your extremities. Your hands and feet will become numb, followed by your arms and legs.

Cold Incapacitation

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You will be unable to grasp anything with your hands and your extremities will be completely incapacitated, which will make it impossible for you to remain upright in the water. This is referred to as “swim failure.” Many victims drown in this stage.

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Your body loses heat in the water 25 times faster in the water than on land. After you’ve been in the water about 30 minutes, your body’s core temperature will drop to the point where hypothermia will set in. Your shivering will get worse, and you will begin to lose the ability to think clearly and make good judgement calls. However, you will likely stay conscious for about an hour.

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Circumrescue CollapseOnce you are rescued, you are not out of danger. As your body warms, the cold blood from your extremities finds its way back to your organs and may cause a post-rescue collapse, shock, and even death. This is known as cirumrescue collapse.

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You must get out of the water as quickly as you can after you recover from cold water shock. With only 10 minutes before your hands and feet begin to go numb and become useless, this time is critical to your survival.

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Remove your helmet before your hands become numb, then move to the edge of the ice where it last supported you. Extend your arms onto the ice and get as much of your body onto the ice as you can.

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Next, kick your feet to the surface so they are floating behind you and you are horizontal on the water’s surface. Keep your face low and kick hard to heave your body out of the water and onto the ice. If you have your rescue picks, you can jab them into theice and pull yourself out with a hand-over-hand motion. Keep your weight spread out over the ice so it doesn’t break again.

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After you are out of the water, roll or slide to stronger ice, then crawl. Don’t stand up until you reach ice you know is strong enough to hold your weight. If the ice isn’t strong enough to hold your weight even while you’re trying to get out of the water, you may break your way to shore.

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Unfortunately, if you haven’t gotten yourself out of the water within 15 minutes, it is unlikely you’ll be able to do so. However, there is still a chance to survive. Since you won’t lose consciousness for about an hour, take the following steps.

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If at all possible, do not swim. Swimming increases the cold water passing over your body and cools you down quicker. Keep your head above water, but otherwise preserve your energy.

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Extend your arms and as much of your body as possible out onto the ice. Next, lay your head on your arms and keep still. This allows your clothing to freeze to the ice. This will keep your head out of the water without requiring precious energy and keep you from sliding back into the water when you lose consciousness. If your company follows a check-in schedule, you will have a good chance of being rescued.

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If you are able to rescue yourself, focus on getting dry and slowly re-warming your body. Call for help if you have a radio or phone that works. Change into dry clothes if you have any. If you don’t, you can remove water from your clothing by rolling in powdery snow, which absorbs water. If there isn’t any powdery snow, remove your clothes one item at a time and wring each piece out, then put it back on.

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Finding shelter is your next priority. If there isn’t shelter nearby, build a fire right away. Again, you should have your fire-starting equipment in your clothing. If you were able to get your survival kit from the snowmobile, use the items in it. Concentrate on warming your head and trunk (chest and stomach).

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Rescuing Someone ElseIf you are with someone who falls through the ice, do not panic. Their safety depends on your ability to remain calm and remember your training. Your first instinct will be to run and help the person out of the water. Do not do this. You may break through the ice and end up fighting for your life, as well.

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Instead, call for help on the radio, cell, or sat phone. Tell the responders your location. Next, instruct the person in the water on how to get out, using the steps you’ve just learned.

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If you have a rope, tie a loop on the end and toss it to the victim. They can then put their arms or body through the loop and you can pull them out. If no rope is available, you can extend a stick, branch, jacket, or anything they can grab. SAMPLE



Anyone pulled from cold water should be treated for hypothermia and shock. Keep them horizontal when pulling them out of the water and when transporting. Do not let them walk, if at all possible. Watch them closely for circumrescue collapse.

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Hypothermia

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Hypothermia occurs when your body temperature drops in quicker than it can heat itself. If ignored, your body’s vital organs will be damaged, causing your respiratory and circulatory systems to fail, followed soon after by death.

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Shivering is the first noticeable symptom of hypothermia, as it is your body’s natural reaction to feeling cold; it is the body’s way of trying to generate heat. Shivering will be followed quickly by numbness; slow, shallow breathing; clumsiness or lack of coordination; cold skin; an altered mental state, including impaired judgement, drowsiness, and confusion; and loss of consciousness.

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Gently move the victim to a warm place, but not too quickly; this can cause an irregular heartbeat. Remove any wet clothing and dry them off. Warm the person slowly by wrapping them in blankets or putting dry clothing on. Always warm the core (that is, the trunk or abdomen) first, not the extremities. Warming hands and feet first can cause shock and circumrescue collapse.

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You can give them warm drinks if they are conscious, but nothing alcoholic or caffeinated. Don’t rub or massage the victim; this can jar the heart and cause cardiac arrest. Also, never immerse someone with hypothermia in hot water; not only can this damage their skin, it can make them go into shock. Monitor the victim’s vital signs. If they stop breathing or no longer have a pulse, perform CPR.

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Becoming Lost & Stranded

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Getting lost can be easy during severe weather. Usually, you can backtrack to an area that’s familiar and reorient yourself. However, if that doesn’t work or if weather conditions prevent it, stay with your snowmobile. This makes you easier to find and you will still have access to the emergency supplies on the machine.

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Make a shelter from items that are available to you, including trees, shrubs, and any items in your emergency kit. Even the snowmobile itself can serve as a wind break. Use your fire-starting kit to get a fire going. Stay as dry as you can and don’t over-exert yourself.

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If you can, radio for help and alert rescuers to your GPS coordinates. Even if you can’t call for help, rescue will likely arrive shortly after a missed check-in, depending on your employer’s EAP.

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Avalanche Safety

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If you are riding in the mountains, there is a risk of being caught in an avalanche. An avalanche is one of the most dangerous situations a snowmobile operator can face. Avalanches kill over 150 people around the world each year, with thousands more being buried, partly buried, or otherwise injured. This section will briefly go discuss how to prepare for and react to an avalanche.

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An avalanche can occur on any given slope if the conditions are right. That being said, there are a number of factors at play that affect the likelihood of an avalanche, including weather, temperature, slope, wind direction, and snowpack conditions.

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We will not go into all of these here. For the purposes of today’s training, we will cover red flags to watch for; hazardous terrain; and what to do in the event of an avalanche (both for yourself and others).

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Red FlagsAs we just mentioned, the number of factors that go into the making of an avalanche are numerous; however, there are several red flags that can clue you in about whether you are at in increased risk. These include recent avalanches; cracking, blocking, and whoomping; significant snowfall; strong winds; and warming weather.

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If there have been avalanches reported in the area, or if you see an area where an avalanche has already taken place, you need to take extra care. Sometimes, recent avalanches are easy to spot; they will have piles of snow, ice, and trees. If you can’t see any surface signs of recent avalanche activity, watch for signs of unstable snow.

Recent Avalanches

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When you check for evidence of recent avalanches, scan the entire visible landscape around you. If you see signs of an avalanche, note where it began and the trajectory it took down the mountain. You can tell how recent the avalanche was by checking the freshness of the debris.

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Cracking, Blocking, WhoompingAlways be on the lookout for cracks in the snow on a slope. Cracking and blocking are good indicators of unstable snow. If you see extensive cracks or what are calling “shooting cracks,” then the snow is extremely unstable. Move away quickly and notify a supervisor.

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“Whoomping” is the sound of a weak layer inside the snow pack collapsing. This usually happens when weight is applied to the unstable snow. It may be hard to hear over the sound of your machine, so pay special attention to other avalanche indicators.

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Significant SnowfallSignificant snowfall, especially in the 24 hours proceeding your departure, can increase the risk of avalanche. New snow hasn’t had time to settle and bond to the existing snow pack, and is therefore inherently unstable. Also, any significant rain after the snowfall will add to the weight and instability of the new snow.

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Strong WindsWind-blown snow can create what are called wind slabs, when the snow becomes compacted and bonds together in strong winds. If the wind is blowing or has been blowing at a high velocity, chances are that unstable wind slabs are present. They are most likely to form during or right after significant snowfall.

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Wind slabs usually form on the sheltered side of terrains such as ridges, peaks, or passes. However, they can also occur when the wind blows across a slope. Whatever the cause, wind slabs are usually found at higher elevations.

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Warming TemperaturesWarmer temperatures mean melting snow and ice, and higher avalanche risks. Rising temperatures, especially if they rise quickly, cause partial melting within the snowpack. This, in turn, allows the snow resting on top of the melted layer to move and slide freely.

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Even if the temperature stays below freezing, direct sunlight can cause rapid warming of snow. This is especially true on the southerly and westerly slopes.

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Hazardous TerrainGullies, creek beds, and steep valleys are all areas that are prone to avalanche. The safest route to take around this terrain is along ridge tops, in heavily-treed areas, and along flat areas such as valley floors.

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Avalanches can occur on any slope that is steeper than 30 degrees and as steep as 50 degrees. If the terrain above a shallow slope is steep, it is considered “attached terrain.” Because it is adjacent to more hazardous terrain (the steeper slope), an avalanche may still occur on this shallow slope if it is triggered on the higher, steeper slope.

Slopes

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Even if you aren’t travelling in a group, you should have your buddy with you. Slopes should be approached one machine at a time. A buddy or the rest of the group should watch your progress from a safe distance. Once you have made is safely clear of the slope, the next person can proceed.

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Finally, if a buddy or a member of your group gets stuck or bogged down while traversing the slope, do not go up the slope to help them. Adding your machine’s weight to the snow pack could trigger an avalanche.

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Terrain TrapsAnything that worsens the consequences of being caught in an avalanche is called a terrain trap. These include trees, rocks, and cliffs. A gully would also be considered a terrain trap, since in increases the chances of being buried deeply in the snow.

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Self RescueOf course, the best way to survive an avalanche is to avoid one altogether. That being said, that isn’t always possible; even if you travel safely, accidents can and do happen. Over the next several slides, we will teach you some basic survival techniques you can use if you’re caught in an avalanche.

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First, though it may sound strange, you should yell. This calls attention to your predicament and allows anyone in the area to locate you. Try to stay on your snowmobile. Keep it pointed toward your destination and try to ride the avalanche out. If you are wearing a pack, keep it on. It will offer some protection, and you will likely need the supplies inside it.

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Inflate your airbag right away, if you’re wearing one. If you cannot make it out of the path of the avalanche, you will likely be knocked off the snowmobile. If that happens, push away from the machine so you aren’t injured by it.

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Fight hard to stay on top of the sliding snow. Use a swimming motion with your arms and try to get to the side of the avalanche flow, where the snow is moving slower. If you can’t get to the side of the avalanche, grab any bushes or trees to try to slow your momentum. This can keep you high on the slope, making you easier to find.

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Failing this, curl into a ball. Keep your arms and legs tucked in to protect yourself against debris. Keep your hands in front of your face so your airway doesn’t become obstructed. As the avalanche begins to slow, you can begin to “swim” and fight your way to the top again.

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When the snow stops moving, extend your chest as far as you can and use your arms to make some breathing room for yourself. Try to dig out, if you can. If you hear rescuers yelling for you, you can yell back.

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Although it is easier said than done, it is essential that you remain calm. Panicking will make you forget the actions we just discussed. Additionally, once you are buried, panic will cause your breathing rate to increase and you will use oxygen faster. SAMPLE



Rescuing Someone ElseIf you are with someone who gets caught in an avalanche, it is essential that you do not take your eyes off them for even a moment. You must track where they are because you are their best hope of survival.

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There won’t be time for you to go for help. Even though you should call for help immediately, you cannot wait for help to arrive. Generally, a person who is buried in an avalanche only has about 15 minutes of air.

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About 65% of operators who are buried in an avalanche survive if their buddy is able to perform a rescue. On the other hand, when a riding partner leaves the scene to get help, the buried operator dies about 80% of the time. Stay calm, call for help, and begin searching for your riding partner.

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BeaconsYou should have a beacon transceiver in your equipment. Switch it to “search” or “receive” mode and begin locating the buried operator.

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Make your way up to the top of the avalanche field. Walk across it, from one side to the other, watching for a beacon signal. If you get to the other side of the field without getting a signal, move down the slope 40 meters and walk back across the field. Continue with this zig-zag pattern until you get a signal.

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Follow the signal carefully. When you get within 10 meters, slow down so you can get a better read. Place a marker in the snow. Get down on your knees and put the beacon on the snow’s surface so you can get the most accurate reading possible.

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When you are within 5 meters of the beacon signal, put a marker in the snow to mark your approach trajectory. Next, mark the signal by placing markers behind, in front of, and to each side of the beacon. Place a probe in the middle of these markers and slowly work your way out from it to pinpoint the person’s location.

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Once you’ve located the person with a probe, leave it in the snow to mark their location. Take a large step down the slope. If the person is buried deep, you may take two. Now, start digging as quickly as you can. Remember, time is of the essence. Dig toward the probe and throw the snow far away from the hole.

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When you reach your buried riding partner, slow down. You don’t want to hurt them with the shovel. Expose their face right away and clear their airways. Administer CPR as needed. Move them to a safe place, treat them for hypothermia, and administer first aid as required. You may make a follow-up call to notify responders of your situation.

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As in all emergencies, you must be able to stay calm and keep your wits about you. Conserve your resources and get help as quickly as possible.

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Conclusion

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You now have the knowledge and tools to be a safer, more mindful operator. You are familiar with the basic anatomy of a snowmobile and how to inspect it before riding. You also know how to operate safely in a number of different situations.SAMPLE



You also know how to recognize possible hazards around you. Finally, we have taught you how to prepare for and respond to some of the most common emergency situations you’ll encounter while operating a snowmobile.

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Safety is everyone’s responsibility. Follow all safe work practices and safety regulations applicable to your workplace. When in doubt, take the time to stop and consult your employer, the standards, the safety program, and equipment manufacturers. Good luck and stay safe! SAMPLE



Safety Provisions, Inc. | (360) 930-9247 | [email protected] | hardhattraining.com

All rights reserved. The Hard Hat Training Series is a registered trademark of Safety Provisions, Inc.

No parts of this training may be reproduced in any form, electronically or mechanically. Purchasers are allowed to print out the materials for classroom use (i.e. student manuals, exam, answer keys, etc.). Purchasers do have permission to modify the training program for specific training needs. The presentation or any portion of it, however, may not be resold, posted online, lent out, used to create another course, or the like.

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