welded connections

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Welded connections.

The calculation is intended for the geometrical design and strength control of statically loaded welded connections of machine structures manufactured from carbon steels. The program enables you to design over 50 of the most common types of welded connections stressed by various combinations of load. The calculation deals with the following tasks:

1. Design of connections with butt welds. 2. Design of connections with fillet welds. 3. Design of connections with plug and slot welds. 4. Design of connections with spot (resistance) welds. 5. Strength control of designed connections. 6. The program includes a table with approx. 700 carbon steels suitable for welding according

to the material standards ANSI, EN, JIS, ISO, DIN, BS, NF, UNI, UNE, SIS, CSA, NBN, NP, NS, ON and CSN.

7. The program also includes a dimensional table of steel sections S, ST, W, WT, C, L according to ASTM/AISI/AISC and T, I, U, L sections according to DIN/EN/ISO.

The calculation is based on data, procedures and algorithms from specialized literature and standards AWS, AISC, ANSI, EN, ISO, DIN and others.

List of standards: prEN 1993-1-8, EN 10024, EN 10034, EN 10055, EN 10056, EN 10279, DS 952, DIN 15018, DIN 18800, DIN 1024, DIN 1025, DIN 1026, DIN 1028, DIN 1029, CSN 050120

Note: This calculation is not intended for the design and control of some special welded structures subject to special standards, regulations and provisions (e.g. pressure vessels, pipelines, cranes, ...).

Control, structure and syntax of calculations.

Information on the syntax and control of the calculation can be found in the document "Control, structure and syntax of calculations".

Information on the project.

Information on the purpose, use and control of the paragraph "Information on the project" can be found in the document "Information on the project".

Theory - Fundamentals.

The welded connections are solid, non-detachable connections based on the principle of local melting of connected parts using heat or pressure. The joining of components proper may be achieved technically using two methods:

Fusion welding (arc, flame, plasma, laser, thermite, electroslag, ... welding) The weld is a result of local melting of the material of connected parts, and usually also filler metal, without pressure.

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Pressure welding (resistance, induction, ultrasonic, friction, explosion, ... welding) After melting in, the components join in the contact spot using mechanical pressure or impacts.

An optimum result of the welding process should be a weld with mechanical properties similar as far as possible to the properties of the basic material. According to their function, we can divide welds into:

Force welds - load-bearing welds used to transfer external load Tack welds - welds providing only compactness of the whole (with no or negligible external

load) Caulk welds - welds providing staunchness of connected parts (vessels, pipelines, etc.)

This program is designed for the calculation of statically loaded welded connections of machinery structures manufactured from carbon steels, for working temperatures ranging from -20 to 150C. The program enables you to perform geometrical design and strength checks of force connections with the most common types of fusion welds and connections with spot resistance welds. The calculation does not consider the sudden formation of fragile fractures, change in material properties due to temperature, impact of own tensions or concentration of stress in the weld.

An accurate theoretical solution to force and strength conditions is an extremely complicated problem for welded connections, even for welds with simple shapes. That is why common technical calculations are based on a range of conventions and simplified premises. In view of the strength checks, welded parts are usually considered a single compact part with a dangerous spot (section) in the welded area. On the grounds that there is an even distribution of stress in the active weld section, only theoretical rated stress in the specified section is specified for the respective load, regardless of the technological workmanship of the weld or potential internal tension. For connections with multiple welds, an even load on individual welds is assumed.

The strength checks of the connection are performed by simple comparison of the calculated rated stress with the permissible stress in the weld. Permissible weld stress "SwA" is usually specified from the value of the yield strength of the basic material "Re" based on the required safety.

When selecting the safety coefficient "FS", it is necessary to consider the specific factors of welded connections in addition to the general principles used to specify the safety coefficients. The required safety degree should respect all the facts that were not considered in the calculation of rated stresses (technological workmanship of weld, weld quality, internal tension, weld homogeneity, shape and finish of weld surface, weld reinforcement, ignites and penetrations, etc.). Last but not least, the direction of stress and the anisotropic properties of material in the weld must also be considered. Different weld material properties in the vertical and horizontal direction result in differing values of the safety coefficient depending on the type, workmanship and load type of the welded connection.

From the above mentioned, it is obvious that the most complicated task in strength checks of the welded connection applies to the proper choice of safety coefficient. General procedures for

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setting safety coefficients can be found in the document "Coefficients of safety", while specific recommendations regarding welded connections are given at the end of the chapter. The procedures to specify the rated stress for individual types of welds are detailed in the following paragraphs.

Butt welds.

Butt welds originate in the joint gap of connected parts and are usually used as load-bearing, force welds. In order to achieve perfect workmanship of the welds, it is usually necessary to perform modification of the contact surfaces of the connected parts. The method of welded surface treatment is set by the workmanship of the connection, the thickness of the welded parts, the welding method and the accessibility of the welded spot.

When designing and performing the strength checks of welded connections, the weldment with a butt weld is considered as a solid component with a dangerous spot in the area of the weld. The load-bearing weld section will be the basic characteristic of the connection for the assessment of its load-bearing capacity.

In the calculation of butt welds, the type of welds (method of weld surface treatment) or potential weld root reweldment are not considered. The load-bearing section of the butt weld is then specified only by its thickness "a" and length "L".

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Note: This program is designed for the calculation of connections with uniform, fully penetrated butt welds. The recommended procedures for handling special cases of connections (partly welded welds, intermittent welds, combined welds) can be found at the end of this chapter.

Weld throat thickness:

In order to specify the load-bearing section, the thickness of the thinner of the welded parts is considered as the butt weld throat thickness "a". Reinforcement of the weld surface and root is not considered.

Effective weld length:

In a normal type of weld, so-called "end down-slopes" are formed. They result in weakening of the section at the weld's beginning and end. The effective weld length will then be smaller than the actual length (reduced by a worse-quality weld beginning and end). For more accurate calculations, we therefore recommend controlling the load-bearing capacity of welds only for that part (length) of the weld that has a rated section. The common method of setting the effective length "L" for common weld execution (fig. a) and specially treated welds (fig. b) is described schematically in the picture.

Hint: This program is provided with the function of automatic effective weld length calculation - see the switch on line [2.6].

Strength solution of welds:

When performing strength checks of butt welds, the rated stress in the load-bearing weld section must be specified first. Depending on the respective load, the individual stress components are

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specified in the direction normal to the weld (^) and in the direction parallel to the weld (ll). The calculated rated stresses must not exceed the values for the permissible stress.

When specifying permissible stresses, the anisotropic properties of the material in the area of the weld must be considered. Different properties of the material result in differing values of permissible stress of the weld in the normal and parallel direction.

For connections stressed by combined load, the resulting "equivalent" stress in the weld is specified from the relation:

which for sll= 0 can be adjusted as:

The following table specifies the relations used in the calculation of rated stresses (for respective load and workmanship of the connection):

Load Rated stress [MPa, psi]

Tensile/Press.

Shear

Bend

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Bend

Twist

Tensile

Tensile/Press.

Shear

Bend

Tensile/Press.

Shear

Bend

Twist

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where:

a .... weld throat thickness [mm, in]

Aw ... weld throat area [mm2, in2]

D .... tube diameter [mm, in]

d .... weld angle []

F .... acting force [N, lb]

Fn ... normal force [N, lb]

Fs ... shear force [N, lb]

L .... effective weld length [mm, in]

M .... bending moment [N mm, lb in]

s^ ... normal stress vertical to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

sll ... normal stress parallel to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

T .... torque [N mm, lb in]

t^ ... shear stress vertical to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

tll ... shear stress parallel to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

Zw ... module of weld section [mm3, in3]

Connections with partly welded welds:

Connections with partly welded butt welds are usually handled as fillet welds, with the weld throat (effective) thickness "a".

The other, less appropriate solution method applies to the use of the normal calculation of butt

welds with the weld throat thickness "2a" and adequately increased safety degree.

Connections with combined welds:

Connections with a combined butt and fillet weld are usually handled as butt welds with the weld throat (efficient) thickness "a".

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where for:

Connections with intermittent welds:

This program is not primarily modified to handle connections with intermittent weld. Therefore use the following steps for their calculation:

1) Uncheck the switch on line [2.6] 2) For welds loaded only in one direction (subject to tension or shear), check the

connection for the effective weld length L=L''. 3) For connections stressed by bend, twist or combined load, check the connection

for full weld length L=L', while the required weld safety must be multiplied by the ratio of lengths L'/L''. Recommendation: We do not recommend the use of intermittent welds for connections with butt welds.

Fillet welds.

Fillet welds are located along the wedge-shaped edge of connected parts and their basic cross-section includes an isosceles rectangular triangle. They are usually used for load-bearing, force welds in T-shape connections, cross-butt connections, angle connections and for lap joints. The welded parts do not need shape adjustment. For statically loaded connections, usually a flat weld is used, while a concave weld is more appropriate for dynamically loaded connections, as it has lower notch effects.

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In strength checks of fillet welds, the rectangle lying in the centre plane dividing the weld section into two identical parts is considered the dangerous (load-bearing) weld section. The dimensions of the load-bearing section of a fillet weld are specified by its thickness "a" and length "L".

Note: This program is designed for the calculation of welds with uniform fillet welds. The recommended methods of handling connections with intermittent welds or with combined welds can be found at the end of this chapter.


The fillet weld throat thickness "a" is defined as the height of the biggest isosceles triangle inscribed into a weld section without penetration.

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Recommendation: The fillet weld thickness is chosen depending on the used material and thickness of the welded parts. As the information regarding the recommended weld thickness given in the literature differs significantly, follow the company procedures in choosing the weld thickness. In order to specify the approximate minimum thickness of the fillet weld, the following informative relation can be used for the steel strength Rm370..420 MPa:

with tmin for thickness of the thinner of the connected materials. For steels with higher strength (Rm520 MPa), the weld thickness should be approx. 1 to 2 mm higher.

Effective weld length:

In a normal type of weld, so-called "end down-slopes" are formed. They result in weakening of the section at the weld's beginning and end. The effective weld length will then be smaller than the actual length (reduced by a worse-quality weld beginning and end). For more accurate calculations, we therefore recommend controlling the load-bearing capacity of welds only for that part (length) of the weld that has a rated section. A common method of specifying the effective length "L" depending on the weld workmanship is shown schematically in the picture.

Hint: This program is provided with a function of automatic effective weld length calculation - see the switch on line [3.12] or [4.12].

Recommendation: The length of the fillet weld should range between 5a< L< 70a. For longer welds, it is more practical to use an intermittent weld. For very long welds (150a

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The rated stress specification in the load-bearing section of the fillet weld is an extraordinarily complicated task due to the combined load and more jagged weld. Therefore, a simplified method is used in the calculation for handling fillet welds that reclines the load-bearing weld section into the plane of connection of the parts. Depending on the respective load, the individual stress

components are specified in such reclined section, in the direction normal to the weld (^) and in the direction parallel to the weld (ll). This convention also includes an assumption that all components specified like that will actually have a character of the shear stress. The calculated rated stresses must not exceed the values of permissible material stress in shear.

When specifying permissible stresses, the anisotropic properties of the material in the area of the weld must be considered. Different properties of the material result in differing values of permissible stress of the weld in the normal and parallel direction.

A common method of handling welds with fillet welds is further presented in a typical example of connecting a beam using a double-sided fillet weld.

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Depending on the acting load, we can use the following relations to specify the individual components of stress at point "A" of the weld:

load with normal force Fz:

load with bending moment M:

load with shear force Fx:

load with shear force Fy:

load with torque T:

where:

Aw ... weld throat area [mm2, in2]

Iw ... moment of inertia of the weld [mm4, in4]

Jw ... polar moment of inertia of the weld [mm4, in4]

s^ ... normal stress vertical to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

sll ... normal stress parallel to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

t^ ... shear stress vertical to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

tll ... shear stress parallel to the weld direction [MPa, psi]

For connections stressed by combined load, the resulting "equivalent" stress in the weld is specified from the relation:

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which for sll= 0 can be adjusted as:

The sectional properties for the selected basic shapes of weld groups can be found in the following table. In order to specify the polar moment of inertia of the weld, you can use the following relation:

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where:

a .... weld throat thickness [mm, in]

B .... width of weld group [mm, in]

D .... weld diameter [mm, in]

H .... height of weld group [mm, in]

L .... weld length [mm, in]

s .... flange thickness [mm, in]

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t .... web thickness [mm, in]

Connections with combined welds:

Connections with a combined butt and fillet weld are usually handled as butt welds with the weld throat (efficient) thickness "a".


where for:

Connections with intermittent welds:

This program is not primarily modified to handle connections with intermittent weld. Therefore use the following steps for their calculation:

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1) Uncheck the switch on line [3.12, 4.12] 2) ) For welds loaded only in one direction (subject to tension or shear), check the connection

for the effective weld length L=L''. 3) For connections stressed by bend, twist or combined load, check the connection for full

weld length L=L', while the required weld safety must be multiplied by the ratio of lengths L'/L''.

Plug and slot welds.

Plug and slot welds are usually used for lap joints. They are not suitable for the transfer of high forces and are especially not suitable for dynamically loaded connections. The connection is formed by the weld on walls of circular or oval openings and in the contact surface of the adjoining part. Plugs and slots of small dimensions are usually fully filled with the weld.

These welds are not suitable for the joining of thicker plates and are usually used for thinner plates up to approx. 15 mm thick. In view of the stress, slot welds are more preferable due to the better quality of penetration of the weld root. A better quality of the weld, i.e. better strength characteristic of the joint, can be achieved by sloped walls of openings.

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Recommended weld dimensions:

Hole diameter ... d 2s

Slot width ... d 2s

Slot length ... L 2d


Two types of damage appear in plug and slot welds:

1) shear in the weld base surface 2) tear in the weld circumferential surface

During strength checks, both possible types of damage must be assessed. We can specify the resulting rated stress from the relation:

Shear stress in the base surface of the weld:

Shear stress in the circumferential surface of the weld:

The sizes of calculated weld surfaces Aw are specified for both weld types in the table:

Plug welds Slot welds

Base area of weld [mm2, in2]

Circumferential area [mm2, in2]

where:


d .... plug weld diameter, or slot weld width [mm, in]

i ..... number of welds

L .... slot weld length [mm, in]

s .... plate thickness [mm, in]

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Spot (resistance) welds.

Spot resistance welds are usually used to connect thin plates and thin-walled parts. They are especially very useful in lot production. The connections with spot welds are not very appropriate for transferring high forces. In view of the type of stress, we distinguish two basic types of connections with spot welds:

connections with welds stressed in shear (lap joints)

connections with welds stressed in tear (by tension)

In technical practice, not more than 3 parts with maximum total thickness up to approx. 15 mm are allowed to be joined for connections with resistance welds. The thickness ratio for individual parts should not exceed 1:3. The welds should be positioned towards the external force so that they are always only stressed in shear. Spot welds stressed in tension have significantly lower load-bearing capacity, which is why their use is not recommended. Lap welds can be made as single-shear or double-shear. A minimum of 2 and maximum of 5 spot connections should be located in the direction of acting force.

Recommended weld dimensions:

Spot weld diameter ... d 5 s0.5

Pitch between adjacent welds ... t1 (2..3) d

Weld distance from edge of plate ... t2 2d


During strength checks, the following checks are carried out for spot welds:

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1) Check of weld against tear in cylindrical area 2) Check of weld against shear (for lap joints) 3) Check of weld against separation (for welds stressed in tension)

The calculation is based on the assumption of evenly distributed force F on all welds. We can specify the resulting rated stress from the relation:

Shear stress in the cylindrical area of the weld:

Shear stress in the weld throat area:

Normal stress in the weld throat area:

where:

Awa ... area of the spot weld section [mm2, in2]

Awc ... cylindrical area of the weld [mm2, in2]


d .... spot weld diameter [mm, in]

i ..... number of welds

s .... plate thickness [mm, in]

Safety of welded connections, used calculation methods.

An accurate theoretical solution to force and strength conditions is an extremely complicated problem for welded connections, even for welds with simple shapes. That is why common technical calculations are based on a range of conventions and simplified premises. That logically results in certain disagreement between the solution models commonly used in practice. That is why the program is provided with an option to select from three different calculation methods.

Although all three specified methods use almost a similar way of theoretical handling of tension in the examined spot of the weld, they differ in the method of evaluating the total load-bearing

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capacity of the designed connection. That is why each calculation method operates with its own safety rate differing in quality. The choice of an appropriate method will then depend on the user's specific requirements and experience.

The following paragraphs provide a detailed description of individual calculation methods.

1. Basic calculation method.

This method represents a general method of handling welded connections and is based on the most frequent calculation methods for welded connections of machinery equipment mentioned in the literature.

Depending on the respective type, workmanship and load of the welded connection, this method calculates the respective theoretical rated stress in the load-bearing weld section (normal, shear, or equivalent) in the first step. The strength checks of the weld are then performed by simple comparison of the calculated stress to the yield strength of the basic material. With respect to the type of calculated stress, we can describe the conditions of the load-bearing capacity of the weld using the following relations:

The required safety of the weld stress is then the ratio between the value of the yield strength of the basic material and the value of the maximum admissible stress of the specific weld.

This method is disadvantageous due to the rather complicated procedure in specifying the suitable safety rate minimum value. In addition to the common (qualitative) criteria, specific factors of the specific welded connection (type, workmanship and the way of connection load) must be considered when choosing the required safety. The required safety for the yield strength "FSy" is then defined as the product of two safety coefficients FSy = FS1 * FS2.

Safety coefficient FS1:

Depends on the direction of the acting stress and the anisotropic properties of the material in the examined weld spot. Its value should also consider the technological weld parameters. With respect to the type, workmanship and the way of connection load, it is chosen from the range 1 to 2.


It considers qualitative parameters. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, connection importance, production quality, operating conditions and calculation accuracy, it is usually chosen from 1.1 to 2.

Hint 1: You can find the informative values for the choice of safety coefficients FS1 and FS2 in chapter [1.3] of the Help.

Hint 2: This method is suitable for experienced users who are able to perform a sound design of the required safety degree depending on the specific type, workmanship and load of the welded joint.

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2. Method of conversion coefficients.

This method expands the basic calculation method and brings certain simplification to the area of considering the designed joint load-bearing capacity. As in the previous method, the respective theoretical rated stresses in the load-bearing weld section are calculated first. In the next step, the resulting comparative stress is defined based on these rated stresses using the predefined empirically set conversion coefficients. These coefficients consider the anisotropic properties of weld material in the direction of the acting stresses and their size will therefore depend on the type, workmanship and the way of load of the welded joint.

Depending on the acting stress, the resulting comparative stress will be specified for the respective conversion coefficients "a" from the following relations: - in linear state of stress

- in multi-axial stress of butt welds

- in multi-axial stress of fillet welds

The strength checks of the weld are then performed by comparison of the calculated comparative stress to the yield strength of the basic material. Regardless of the type, workmanship or the way of load of the welded joint, we can describe the condition of load-bearing capacity using a single relation:

The required safety against the yields point "FSy" will consider only the qualitative parameters of the welded connection for this method. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, connection importance, production quality, operating conditions and calculation accuracy, it is usually chosen from 1.1 to 2.

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Hint 1: You can find the informative values for the choice of safety coefficient FSy in chapter [1.5] of the Help. The values of the predefined conversion coefficient may be adjusted in paragraph [3.1] on the sheet "Options".

Hint 2: This method is especially suitable for less experienced users. Its use may be advantageous in case of a comparative calculation when several designed solutions with a different type of weld need to be compared.

3. Method of permissible stresses.

The most complicated task in the strength checks of welded connections usually applies to defining the correct value of the permissible weld stress. The logical result is therefore the fact that it is this area of specifying the permissible stresses where the most noticeable differences between various recommended procedures used in technical practice appear.

The previous calculation methods control the load-bearing capacity of the joint by simple comparison of calculated stresses to the yield strength of the basic material. They do not provide for direct handling of the requirement of strength checks for the known values of permissible weld stress prescribed by the standards or company procedures. This method therefore obliges users who want to use this program to design the joint and at the same time comply with the prescribed procedures for the strength checks.

Unlike the previous method, this method uses the comparison of calculated stresses to the value of permissible stress "SwA" defined directly by the user for strength checks. The condition of load bearing capacity of the welded connection may then be described using the relation:

As the required safety level is usually already included in the value of the prescribed permissible stress, the applied safety degree "FS" is used as an auxiliary quantity and only describes a certain degree of "over-dimensioning" of the designed connection. The safety value "FS" will then depend on the procedure applied by the user in order to define the permissible stress, and it is usually FS1.

Hint 1: Some values of permissible stresses that are specified in professional literature are derived for a different methodology of comparative stresses calculation. That is why this method enables variable behaviour of the calculation. Set the basic parameters for the calculation of comparative stresses in paragraph [3.10] on the sheet "Options".

Hint 2: Use this method if you need to check the load-bearing capacity of the welded connection for known (rated) permissible connection stress.

Process of calculation.

A typical calculation / connection design includes the following steps:

1. Set the required calculation units (SI / Imperial). [1.1] 2. Choose the proper calculation method and set the required safety level [1.2]. 3. Choose the material for the connected parts [1.9].

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4. Select the chapter with the respective type of welded connection. 5. On the first line of the chapter [X.1] select the required workmanship (shape) of the

connection. 6. In paragraph [X.2] set the dimensions of the connected parts. 7. Check the respective check boxes in the paragraph "Loading of the connection" to select

the appropriate load combination. Specify the size of the selected loads. 8. Check the calculated safety of the designed connection in the paragraph "Strength checks

of the connection". 9. Save the workbook with the satisfactory solution with a new name.

Basic parameters of the calculation, connection material. [1]

Use this paragraph to set the control parameters for the calculation (calculation method and calculation units) and choose the appropriate material for the connected parts.

1.1 Calculation units.

In the selection list, choose the desired calculation unit system. All values will be recalculated immediately after switching to other units.

1.2 Used calculation method.

An accurate theoretical solution to force and strength conditions is an extremely complicated problem for welded connections, even for welds with simple shapes. That is why common technical calculations are based on a range of conventions and simplified premises. That logically results in certain disagreement between the solution models commonly used in practice. That is why the program is provided with an option to select from three different calculation methods.

Although all three specified methods use almost a similar way of theoretical handling of tension in the examined spot of the weld, they differ in the method of evaluating the total load-bearing capacity of the designed connection. That is why each calculation method operates with its own safety rate differing in quality. The choice of an appropriate method will then depend on the user's specific requirements and experience.

Select the appropriate calculation method using the appropriate switch. Define the required connection safety for the selected method.

Hint 1: You can find a description of individual calculation methods and recommended safety values in the respective notes or in the theoretical part of the Help.

Hint 2: General procedures of determination of safety coefficients can be found in the document "Coefficients of safety".

1.3 Basic calculation method.

This method represents a general method of handling welded connections and is based on the most frequent calculation methods for welded connections of machinery equipment mentioned in the literature.

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Depending on the respective type, workmanship and load of the welded connection, this method calculates the respective theoretical rated stress in the load-bearing weld section (normal, shear, or equivalent) in the first step. The strength checks of the weld are then performed by simple comparison of the calculated stress to the yield strength of the basic material. The required safety of the weld stress is then the ratio between the value of the yield strength of the basic material and the value of the maximum admissible stress of the specific weld.

This method is disadvantageous due to the rather complicated procedure in specifying the suitable safety rate minimum value. In addition to the common (qualitative) criteria, specific factors of the specific welded connection (type, workmanship and the way of connection load) must be considered when choosing the required safety. The required safety for the yield strength "FSy" is then defined as the product of two safety coefficients FSy = FS1 * FS2.


Depends on the direction of the acting stress and the anisotropic properties of the material in the examined weld spot. Its value should also consider the technological weld parameters.

Information values for the choice of safety coefficient FS1:

Butt welds

- subject to compression 1

- subject to tension / bending 1 ... 1.2

- subject to shear 1.4 ... 1.5

* higher values - one-sided welded welds, unworked welds, manual arc or flame welding * lower values - double-sided welded welds, worked welds and welds with rewelded root, automatic welding in CO2 or under welding flux, electroslag welding

Fillet welds

- end welds 1.2 ... 1.5

- side welds 1.3 ... 1.6

* higher values - flat welds, unfinished welds, welds without penetration, thicker welds, manual welding * lower values - concave welds, penetrated welds, lower-thickness welds, automatic welding in CO2 or under welding flux

Plug and slot welds

- subject to shear 1.5 ... 2

* higher values - welds with vertical walls, manual arc welding * lower values - welds with sloped walls, welding in CO2 or under welding flux

Spot resistance welds

- subject to shear 1.5

- subject to tear 2


It considers qualitative parameters. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, connection importance, production quality, operating conditions and calculation accuracy, it is usually chosen from 1.1 to 2.

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Information values for the choice of safety coefficient FS2:

1.1 ... 1.3

- very accurate input information - perfect knowledge of material characteristics - high quality and exact observance of production technology - high-quality welds without internal tensions - welding is performed only by very experienced, certified welders - weld quality guaranteed by a detailed output control (radioscopy, magnetic tests, ultrasonic, ..) - insignificant connections without serious impacts in case of damage

1.3 ... 1.6

- less accurate calculation without experimental verification - lower accuracy in production technology - standard-quality welds - welding performed by qualified welders - welds with a standard output control - less important connections

1.6 ... 2.0

- reduced accuracy of calculations - approximate specification of material characteristics - inaccurate knowledge of actual action of external load - welds with increased risk of existence of internal tensions - welds with unguaranteed quality - very important connections with danger to life or high material losses in case of damage

Note: For connections operating in a corrosive environment or at high temperatures, higher values for safety coefficient FS2 are also used.

Hint 1: A detailed description of the calculation for rated stresses for various types of welded connections can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.

Hint 2: This method is suitable for experienced users who are able to perform a sound design of the required safety degree depending on the specific type, workmanship and load of the welded joint.

1.5 Method of conversion coefficients.

This method expands the basic calculation method and brings certain simplification to the area of considering the designed joint load-bearing capacity. As in the previous method, the respective theoretical rated stresses in the load-bearing weld section are calculated first. In the next step, the resulting comparative stress is defined based on these rated stresses using the predefined empirically set conversion coefficients. These coefficients consider the anisotropic properties of weld material in the direction of the acting stresses and their size will therefore depend on the type, workmanship and the way of load of the welded joint.

The strength checks of the weld are then performed by comparison of the calculated comparative stress to the yield strength of the basic material. The required safety against the yields point "FSy" will consider only the qualitative parameters of the welded connection for this method. With respect to the accuracy and value of input information, connection importance, production quality, operating conditions and calculation accuracy, it is usually chosen from 1.1 to 2.

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Information values for the choice of safety coefficient FSy:

1.1 ... 1.3

- very accurate input information - perfect knowledge of material characteristics - high quality and exact observance of production technology - high-quality welds without internal tensions - welding is performed only by very experienced, certified welders - weld quality guaranteed by a detailed output control (radioscopy, magnetic tests, ultrasonic, ..) - insignificant connections without serious impacts in case of damage

1.3 ... 1.6

- less accurate calculation without experimental verification - lower accuracy in production technology - standard-quality welds - welding performed by qualified welders - welds with a standard output control - less important connections

1.6 ... 2.0

- reduced accuracy of calculations - approximate specification of material characteristics - inaccurate knowledge of actual action of external load - welds with increased risk of existence of internal tensions - welds with unguaranteed quality - very important connections with danger to life or high material losses in case of damage

Note: For connections operating in a corrosive environment or at high temperatures, higher values for safety coefficient FSy are also used.

Hint 1: The values of the predefined conversion coefficient may be adjusted in paragraph [3.1] on the sheet "Options".

Hint 2: This method is especially suitable for less experienced users. Its use may be advantageous in case of a comparative calculation when several designed solutions with a different type of weld need to be compared.

1.7 Method of permissible stresses.

The most complicated task in the strength checks of welded connections usually applies to defining the correct value of the permissible weld stress. The logical result is therefore the fact that it is this area of specifying the permissible stresses where the most noticeable differences between various recommended procedures used in technical practice appear.

The previous calculation methods control the load-bearing capacity of the joint by simple comparison of calculated stresses to the yield strength of the basic material. They do not provide for direct handling of the requirement of strength checks for the known values of permissible weld stress prescribed by the standards or company procedures. This method therefore obliges users who want to use this program to design the joint and at the same time comply with the prescribed procedures for the strength checks.

Unlike the previous method, this method uses the comparison of calculated stresses to the value of permissible stress "SwA" defined directly by the user for strength checks. As the required safety level is usually already included in the value of the prescribed permissible stress, the applied safety

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degree "FS" is used as an auxiliary quantity and only describes a certain degree of "over-dimensioning" of the designed connection. The safety value "FS" will then depend on the procedure applied by the user in order to define the permissible stress, and it is usually FS1.

Hint 1: Some values of permissible stresses that are specified in professional literature are derived for a different methodology of comparative stresses calculation. That is why this method enables variable behaviour of the calculation. Set the basic parameters for the calculation of comparative stresses in paragraph [3.10] on the sheet "Options".

Hint 2: Use this method if you need to check the load-bearing capacity of the welded connection for known (rated) permissible connection stress.

1.9 Material of the connected parts.

This paragraph is used for the selection of suitable material for the connected parts.

The list on line [1.10] is used for selection of the required material standard. Choose the material for the connected parts proper from the list [1.11]. The first five rows of the list is reserved for materials defined by the user. Information and settings of proper materials can be found in the document "Workbook (calculation) modifications". Other rows of the list include a selection of materials for the actually specified standard [1.10].

Note: In case the checkbox to the right of the selection list is enabled, the necessary parameters for the chosen material are determined automatically. Otherwise, fill in the material characteristics manually.

1.10 Material standard.

Select the required national standard from the list to determine the joint material.

Recommendation: Most European countries are currently substituting or have already substituted the local material standards (DIN, BS, UNI, UNE, ...) with corresponding equivalents of standards EN. Therefore we recommend using only the appropriate European norms EN.

Butt welds. [2]

This paragraph is intended for the geometrical design and strength checks of connections with butt welds.

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Butt welds originate in the joint gap of connected parts and are usually used as load-bearing, force welds. In order to achieve perfect workmanship of the welds, it is usually necessary to perform modification of the contact surfaces of the connected parts. The method of welded surface treatment is set by the workmanship of the connection, the thickness of the welded parts, the welding method and the accessibility of the welded spot.

Warning: This program is designed for the calculation of connections with uniform, fully penetrated butt welds. The recommended procedures for handling special cases of connections (partly penetrated welds, intermittent welds, combined welds) can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.

Designing procedure for the connection:

1. On line [2.1] choose the required connection type. 2. In paragraph [2.2] set all required connection dimensions. 3. On line [2.6] select whether the connection is to be controlled only for the effective weld

length. 4. Check the appropriate check boxes in paragraph [2.7] to set the respective load

combination. Specify the values of selected loads. 5. If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used, set the permissible stress value on

line [2.15]. 6. Check the calculated safety of the designed connection on line [2.17]. 7. If you want to optimize the connection dimensions or the designed connection does not

comply with the strength checks, use the "min" buttons in paragraph [2.2] to find the suitable connection dimensions.

8. If you want to establish the maximum admissible load for the respective connection, use the "max" button in paragraph [2.7].

Hint: Detailed information on the butt weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.

2.1 Connection type.

Check the switch with the respective image to select the required connection type.

2.2 Dimensions of the connection.

Use this paragraph to set all required connection dimensions.

Hint: After any of the "min" buttons located to the right of the input fields are pressed, the program will find the minimum suitable value of the respective dimension for the respective load, selected material and required connection safety.

2.6 Effective weld length.

In a normal type of weld, so-called "end down-slopes" are formed. They result in weakening of the section at the weld's beginning and end. The effective weld length will then be smaller than the actual length (reduced by a worse-quality weld beginning and end). For more accurate calculations, we therefore recommend controlling the load-bearing capacity of welds only for that part (length) of the weld that has a rated section.

Check this switch in order to consider only the effective weld length during the strength checks of the connection. The program will set the effective length automatically from the specified

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dimensions. If the check box is unchecked, the load-bearing capacity of the weld will be calculated directly for the dimensions of the connection set in paragraph [2.2].

Recommendation: The calculations using the effective length for the weld control err to the side of safety. Therefore, the switch should preferably be on constantly. Exceptions include cases when the weld is provided with special treatment (see the figure) or if it is impossible to use the automatic calculation for the effective length setting (e.g. for intermittent welds).

Note: This parameter is insignificant for connections with circumferential welds.

2.7 Loading of the connection.

Check the appropriate check boxes to the left of this paragraph to set the respective weld load combination. Specify the size for the selected loads.

Note: For some types of connection [2.1], the program enables the calculation using only one type of loading.

Hint: If you want to establish the maximum permissible load for the respective connection, use the "max" button located to the right of the respective input field.

2.13 Strength checks of the connection.

If "Basic calculation method" or "Method of conversion coefficients" (see [1.3] or [1.5]) is used, the strength checks of the connection are performed by comparison of the calculated theoretical stress in the weld [2.16] to the yield strength of the selected material of the connection [2.14]. If the connection is to conform, the resulting safety against yield point [2.17] must be higher than the safety required ([1.4] or [1.6]).

If "Method of permissible stresses" (see [1.7]) is used for calculation, the strength checks of the connection will be performed by comparison of the calculated theoretical stress [2.16] to the permissible stress [2.15]. If the connection is to conform, the resulting safety rate [2.17] must be higher than the safety required [1.8].

Hint 1: You can find the minimum safety values in the respective notes for paragraph [1.2] or in the theoretical part of the Help.

Hint 2: If the designed connection does not conform to the strength checks, you can use the respective "min" button in paragraph [2.2] to find the suitable connection dimension.

2.15 Permissible stress.

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If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used for the calculation, set the value for the permissible stress of the connection material on this line. This value is then used for defining the safety rate [2.17] of the designed connection.

Note: For the remaining two calculation methods (see [1.3], [1.5]), this line is only informative and the value of the permissible stress is set automatically based on the required safety and the yield strength of the selected material.

Fillet welds loaded in the connection plane (Lap joints). [3]


This part of the calculation is used for the geometrical design and strength checks of fillet weld connections loaded in the connection plane. Typical examples of such connections include lap joints and double-sided connections of short rigid beams.

Warning: This program is designed for the calculation of welds with uniform fillet welds. The recommended methods of handling connections with intermittent welds or with combined welds can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.


1. 1. On line [3.1] choose the required connection type (form of weld group). 2. In paragraph [3.2] set all required connection dimensions. 3. In paragraph [3.11] set the respective parameters for the connection and calculation. 4. Check the appropriate check boxes in paragraph [3.15] to set the respective load

combination. Specify the values of selected loads. 5. If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used, set the permissible stress value on



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Hint: Detailed information on the fillet weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.

3.1 Form of weld group.

Use a switch with the respective picture to choose the required type of connection (form of weld group).

Note: The switches marked with a blue weld in the picture (connections no. 17, 18 and 36) are used for the calculation of connections without closer details regarding the form of weld group. For a connection with a form of weld group that is not axial symmetric (connection no. 18) we recommend performing the check of stress in the respective weld area (the most distant from the centre of gravity) gradually in all four quadrants.



Hint 1: You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld dimensions in the theoretical part of the Help.

Hint 2: After any of the "min" buttons located to the right of the input fields are pressed, the program will find the minimum suitable value of the respective dimension for the respective load, selected material and required connection safety.

3.3 Weld throat thickness.

The fillet weld throat thickness is defined as the height of the biggest isosceles triangle inscribed into a weld section without penetration.

Hint: The minimum fillet weld thickness is usually chosen depending on the used material and the thickness of the welded parts. You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld thickness in the theoretical part of the Help.

3.8 Standard profiles.

This paragraph is used to enable the setting (automatic completion) of the respective dimensions of the connection [3.2] for connections with welded on beams with standardized profiles.

When choosing the profile, proceed as follows:

1. Choose the required profile type (standard) from the drop-down menu [3.9].

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2. Choose the respective profile dimension from list [3.10]. 3. Press the "

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Single-shear connection:

Double-shear connection:



Note: For some forms of weld groups [3.1], the program enables the calculation using only one type of loading.



If "Basic calculation method" or "Method of conversion coefficients" (see [1.3] or [1.5]) is used, the strength checks of the connection are performed by comparison of the maximum calculated theoretical stresses [3.27 - 3.30] to the yield strength of the selected material of the connection [3.25]. If the connection is to conform, the resulting safety against yield point [3.31] must be higher than the safety required ([1.4] or [1.6]).

If "Method of permissible stresses" (see [1.7]) is used for calculation, the strength checks of the connection will be performed by comparison of the maximum calculated theoretical stresses [3.27 - 3.30] to the permissible stress [3.26]. If the connection is to conform, the resulting safety rate [3.31] must be higher than the safety required [1.8].


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Fillet welds loaded in the plane perpendicular to the connection plane (T-joints). [4]


This part of the calculation is used for the geometrical design and strength checks of fillet weld connections loaded in the plane perpendicular to the connection plane. A typical example of such connections is the connection of beams to the base plate (T-connection).

Warning: This program is designed for the calculation of welds with uniform fillet welds. The recommended methods of handling connections with intermittent welds or with combined welds can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.


1. 1. On line [4.1] choose the required connection type (form of weld group). 2. In paragraph [4.2] set all required connection dimensions. 3. In paragraph [4.11] set the respective parameters for the connection and calculation. 4. Check the appropriate check boxes in paragraph [4.14] to set the respective load

combination. Specify the values of selected loads.

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5. If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used, set the permissible stress value on line [4.26].

6. Check the calculated safety of the designed connection on line [4.29]. 7. If you want to optimize the connection dimensions or the designed connection does not



Hint: Detailed information on the fillet weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.

4.1 Form of weld group.

Use a switch with the respective picture to choose the required type of connection (form of weld group).

Note: The switches marked with a blue weld in the picture (connections no. 25 and 26) are used for the calculation of connections without closer details regarding the form of weld group.





4.3 Weld throat thickness.

The fillet weld throat thickness is defined as the height of the biggest isosceles triangle inscribed into a weld section without penetration.

Hint: The minimum fillet weld thickness is usually chosen depending on the used material and the thickness of the welded parts. You can find the recommended procedures to choose the appropriate weld thickness in the theoretical part of the Help.

4.8 Standard profiles.

This paragraph is used to enable the setting (automatic completion) of the respective dimensions of the connection [4.2] for connections with welded on beams with standardized profiles.

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When choosing the profile, proceed as follows:

1. Choose the required profile type (standard) from the drop-down menu [4.9]. 2. Choose the respective profile dimension from list [4.10]. 3. Press the "

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As is obvious from the picture, the stress in the upper weld acts in the direction of the tear of the beam and has the character of tensile stress. The stress in the lower weld will then have the character of compression stress. In the welds symmetrical along the neutral axis, the value of both stresses will be the same; in the asymmetrical welds, the values of compression stress may be higher. In view of the load-bearing capacity of the welded connection, however, the tensile stress is usually more important for beams connected in that way.

In normal calculation, the program assesses the maximum calculated stress regardless of its direction during the strength checks. By checking this switch, you will suppress the check of compression (negative) stresses. During the strength checks, the program will assess only the tensile (positive) stress.

Note: This parameter is insignificant for welds symmetrical along the neutral axis.





If "Basic calculation method" or "Method of conversion coefficients" (see [1.3] or [1.5]) is used, the strength checks of the connection are performed by comparison of the maximum calculated theoretical stresses [4.27, 4.28] to the yield strength of the selected material of the connection [4.25]. If the connection is to conform, the resulting safety against yield point [4.29] must be higher than the safety required ([1.4] or [1.6]).

If "Method of permissible stresses" (see [1.7]) is used for calculation, the strength checks of the connection will be performed by comparison of the maximum calculated theoretical stresses [4.27, 4.28] to the permissible stress [4.26]. If the connection is to conform, the resulting safety rate [4.29] must be higher than the safety required [1.8].


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Plug and slot welds. [5]

This paragraph is intended for the geometrical design and strength checks of connections with plug and slot welds.

Plug and slot welds are usually used for lap joints. They are not suitable for the transfer of high forces and are especially not suitable for dynamically loaded connections. The connection is formed by the weld on walls of circular or oval openings and in the contact surface of the adjoining part. Plugs and slots of small dimensions are usually fully filled with the weld.

These welds are not suitable for the joining of thicker plates and are usually used for thinner plates up to approx. 15 mm thick. In view of the stress, slot welds are more preferable due to the better quality of penetration of the weld root. A better quality of the weld, i.e. better strength characteristic of the joint, can be achieved by sloped walls of openings.


1. On line [5.1] choose the required connection type. 2. In paragraph [5.2] set all required connection dimensions. 3. Set the appropriate value for the connection loading on line [5.8]. 4. If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used, set the permissible stress value on



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7. If you want to establish the maximum admissible load for the respective connection, use the "max" button on line [5.8].

Hint: Detailed information on the plug weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.


Choose the required type of connection from the drop-down menu.






Set the appropriate value for the connection loading on line [5.8].

Hint: If you want to establish the maximum permissible load for the respective connection, use the "max" button located to the right of the input field.








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Spot (resistance) welds. [6]

This paragraph is intended for the geometrical design and strength checks of connections with spot welds.

Spot resistance welds are usually used to connect thin plates and thin-walled parts. They are especially very useful in lot production. The connections with spot welds are not very appropriate for transferring high forces. In view of the type of stress, we distinguish two basic types of connections with spot welds:

connections with welds stressed in shear (lap joints)

connections with welds stressed in tear (by tension)

In technical practice, not more than 3 parts with maximum total thickness up to approx. 15 mm are allowed to be joined for connections with resistance welds. The thickness ratio for individual parts should not exceed 1:3. The welds should be positioned towards the external force so that they are always only stressed in shear. Spot welds stressed in tension have significantly lower load-bearing capacity, which is why their use is not recommended. Lap welds can be made as single-shear or double-shear. A minimum of 2 and maximum of 5 spot connections should be located in the direction of acting force.


1. On line [6.1] choose the required connection type. 2. In paragraph [6.2] set all required connection dimensions. 3. Set the appropriate value for the connection loading on line [6.7]. 4. If "Method of permissible stresses" (see. [1.7]) is used, set the permissible stress value on



7. If you want to establish the maximum admissible load for the respective connection, use the "max" button on line [6.7].

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Hint: Detailed information on the spot weld calculation can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.


Check the switch with the respective image to select the required connection type.






Set the appropriate value for the connection loading on line [6.7].

Hint: If you want to establish the maximum permissible load for the respective connection, use the "max" button located to the right of the input field.









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Setting calculations, change the language.

Information on setting of calculation parameters and setting of the language can be found in the document "Setting calculations, change the language".

Supplements - This calculation:

3.0 User setting of calculation parameters.

Depending on the applied calculation method (see the main calculation [1.2]) you can use this part to set some parameters affecting the calculation of the welded connections proper. In paragraph [3.1] you can set the required value of the coefficients used for "Method of conversion coefficients". Paragraph [3.10] is used to set the basic calculation parameters for "Method of permissible stresses".

Hint: Detailed information on the used calculation methods can be found in the theoretical part of the Help.

3.2 Setting the weld anisotropic coefficients.

Use this paragraph to set the values of conversion coefficients used by the program in the calculation of comparative stresses for "Method of conversion coefficients".

Recommended values of conversion coefficients:

Weld type, way of load Coefficient

Butt welds subject to compression 1.00

Butt welds subject to tension - manual arc or flame welding - contact resistance welding - manual welding, connections after slotting with rewelded root - automatic welding under welding flux or in CO2 , double-sided welded connections - electroslag welding

0.85 ... 1.00 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.00

Butt welds subject to shear 0.70

End fillet welds - manual welding, weld without penetration - manual arc welding, electrodes with higher strength (min. 20% more) - automatic welding under welding flux or in CO2 , weld thickness > 8mm, penetration depth 0.2a - automatic welding under welding flux, single-layer welds less than 8mm thick, penetration depth 0.4a

0.75 ... 1.00 0.75 0.85 0.90 1.00

Side fillet welds - manual welding, weld without penetration - manual arc welding, electrodes with higher strength (min. 20% more)

0.65 ... 0.90 0.65 0.75 0.80

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- automatic welding under welding flux or in CO2 , weld thickness > 8mm, penetration depth 0.2a - automatic welding under welding flux, single-layer welds less than 8mm thick, penetration depth 0.4a

0.90

Plug and slot welds - manual arc welding, welds with vertical walls - welding under welding flux or in CO2 , welds with sloped walls

0.50 ... 0.65 0.50 0.65

Spot resistance welds subject to shear 0.65

Spot resistance welds subject to tension 0.50

3.11 Method of comparative stress calculation for butt welds.

Use the appropriate switch to select the required relation that will be further used in the calculation of comparative stress.

For butt-welded connections, technical calculations most frequently use the second relation,

which is also applied by the program in "Basic calculation method". If this relation is used, the permissible tensile stress of the basic material is usually used to define the permissible stress in the weld section.

The first relation

is used to define the rated stresses in a butt weld section less frequently. This method is used e.g. in DIN 18800, or for a simplified calculation method according to prEN 1993-1-8. Generally, we can say that if used, the value of the permissible stress should be derived based on the permissible stress of the material in shear.

3.12 Method of comparative stress calculation for fillet welds.

Use the appropriate switch to select the required relation that will be further used in the calculation of comparative stress.

For fillet-welded connections, the technical calculations almost solely use the first relation,

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which is also applied by the program in "Basic calculation method". When this relation is used, the permissible stress in shear of the basic material is usually used to define the permissible stress in the weld section.

With respect to the established calculation convention (for the sake of the calculation, the load-bearing weld section is reclined into the plane of connecting the parts), the literature mentions the second relation for fillet welds only very rarely.

If you still use it, the value of the permissible stress should be derived based on the permissible tension stress of the material.

3.13 Calculation with distribution of shear stress.

In some technical calculations, the theory of shear stress distribution is used for strength checks of fillet welds subject to shear force in the plane of connection of parts. According to this theory, the shear stresses in the loaded section are transferred only by the welds parallel to the stress direction. When checking this switch, the program will use the reduced load-bearing section of the weld group in calculation of shear stresses.

Recommendation: This switch should not be used for cases when the total length of the welds perpendicular to the stress direction is significantly greater than the total length of the welds parallel to the weld direction. For such welded connections, the calculation will produce misleading results if the switch is on.

Note: This switch has no meaning for connections with welds located in only one direction.

Workbook modifications (calculation).

General information on how to modify and extend calculation workbooks is mentioned in the document "Workbook (calculation) modifications".

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Control, structure and syntax.

This chapter provides information on the basic structure of a calculation (workbook and sheets). It explains how to control the calculation, how to enter input values, where and how to get help immediately, how to get a correct solution and what to avoid during the calculation. Some rules for work with the calculation workbooks and calculated data can be found at the end.

All the calculations are produced as workbooks in MS Excel. One calculation = one workbook. It is, therefore, good (however, not necessary) to have basic knowledge of MS Excel (or a similar table calculator) and how to work with this program. Knowledge of MS Excel enables you to more easily understand the method of control, entry of input data and a number of other standard operations such as saving, printing documents, formatting or sharing them with others.

Structure of the calculation workbook.

Most calculation workbooks consist of the following sheets:

Calculation - The most important sheet of each workbook. It contains algorithms, input fields of the calculation and the results of the solution. Everything is arranged in a logical structure in the direction of flow of the solution of the task. If it is used commonly, it should be the only sheet with which you will work.

Materials- if some material data is necessary for the solved task, this sheet with tables of materials is available in the workbook.

Tables - Data for calculation can be found in this sheet. Tables of values, lists of parameters, coefficients, etc.

Options - Options for the language and other parameters, if they are necessary for setting the behavior of the calculation to meet your specific (company) conditions.

DXF (DXF) - Parameters and definitions for the output of the drawing into a .DXF file or 2D CAD systems.

Dictionary - Table of language equivalents, translation dictionaries. Data1,Data2... - Tables for plotting diagrams, tables of solutions.

If it is necessary for the algorithm and solution of the task, some sheets may be omitted in the workbook or, on the contrary, other sheets may be present with auxiliary inputs, auxiliary algorithms, etc.

Start of calculation.

The calculation can be started in several ways. The description can be found in the chapter "Installation, HW and SW requirements, starting". After starting, a "Calculation" sheet is displayed in MS Excel. This sheet contains everything for the immediate solution of the problem.

Warning: If you save a workbook with a calculation with another active sheet, the state of the last saving is displayed at startup.

Description of the "Calculation" sheet.

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The "Calculation" sheet is the most important sheet of the workbook. It contains formulas, input and output cells and usually includes the algorithm of the calculation as well.

Sheet division.

The sheet is divided horizontally into two differently sized parts. The upper, narrower part is a header, which contains the name of the calculation and the basic control and information elements. The header is anchored and always visible, even if you roll the lower part of the sheet upwards. On the illustration below, the extent of the header is marked with the number [1].

The lower part of the sheet is divided into three chapters, while the division is based on the natural procedure of the solution of the majority of technical tasks.

Chapter of input parameters (green) - This chapter is designed for specification of the task. Working conditions, loading, material options and other marginal conditions can be entered here. In this chapter, you can control the calculation itself.

Chapter of results (yellow)- Each more complex and complicated calculation has a number of solutions that may be more or less useful. Sometimes it is necessary to make the price more favorable, other times the weight, sometimes the method of production or other parameters. All these parameters, allowing you to make a qualified decision, can be found in this chapter.

Chapter of supplements (orange) - Includes a number of auxiliary calculations or solutions of partial problems that must often be carried out when finding input parameters and evaluating results.

Individual chapters consist of numbered paragraphs and rows. Each paragraph associates parameters that are connected logically or parameters of similar character (for example: power, dimension, strength, etc.) so that the structure of the task is well arranged and logical.

Note: If the chapter includes only 2 to 3 paragraphs, the title of the chapter is omitted and the meaning of the paragraphs (relative to the respective chapter) is marked in its color (light green, light yellow, light red) to simplify the appearance.

Control elements.

Control elements are explained in the following illustration.

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A. Header - The first row of the header shows (from left): The button for starting the "Integrated environment", the button for displaying "Help" and the name of the calculation. The right part of the row in some calculations includes the buttons that initiate the solution implemented in VBA language.

B. Header - The second row of the header is the state row. It displays the calculation state. If a result is outside of the recommended values, a list of problematic rows is displayed here.

C. Project - Help on the "Project" is given in a separate chapter. D. Chapter - The row specifying the chapter. Pressing the "[+]/[ - ]"button in this row

displays/hides all the rows in all the paragraphs of the given chapter. E. Paragraph - The row specifying the paragraph. Enabling/disabling the check box

displays/hides all the rows of the respective paragraph. F. Comment - Comments can be displayed by positioning the cursor onto the cell marked by a

small red triangle in the upper right corner. The comment contains important information on the respective row (instructions, recommended values).

G. Selection list - Clicking on the selection list rolls it up and the desired value or option can be set by selecting the respective row.

H. Input cell - Numerical values are entered into cells with a white background. The values are entered with the keyboard.

I. Automatic filling - If the check box is located next to the input cell, enabling it causes the input cell to be automatically filled with the recommended value. Enabling the check box also causes a change in color of the input cell to light blue. The recommended value is usually located next to the input cell, in a green cell.

J. Name of the sheet - The lower edge contains the names of the sheets included in the workbook. Clicking on the respective folder toggles between the sheets.

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Meaning of the color of cells.

White cells - input fields (with preset ranges of input values) Green cells - recommended values, recommended ranges of values Blue cells (standard background) - output values, results Grey digit in the cell - the change of color means that the value has no meaning for the

calculation at this moment. Red digit in the cell - the change of color from black means that the recommended value

was exceeded. However, this does not mean that the solution is automatically insufficient. It is only a warning that it is necessary to consider all relationships, the causes leading to excess of the recommended values and the possible consequences.

Red cell -A red background on the cell indicates a critical excess of the recommended values; this might cause a breakdown, make the assembly impossible or create a critical reduction in the service life or safety.

Entering values.

Enter the numerical values from the keyboard into the respective white field and confirm them using the "ENTER" key. A majority of input fields are provided with preset ranges of valid values. If you try to enter a value outside the permitted range, a warning message is displayed. In such case, repeat the entry of a correct value. Ranges and recommended values can be found in the on-line help - in the commentary next to the row number.

Warning: Never copy another cell into the input cell (Command Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V). This might cause the preset values of input cells to be deleted (formatting, conditioned format, range verification). If you need to copy a value into the input cell, copy the content (value) of the cell only. Command: Editing->Paste new->Paste values.

Types of calculations.

In view of the control, two basic types of calculations are distinguished.

Automatic calculation.

These are the calculations, in which the algorithm of the solved task is written directly into the "Calculation" sheet using the formulas and functions of MS Excel. The calculation then behaves as a common table in MS Excel. After a change in any input value, the complete result displays immediately. (Example: Calculation of gearing, belt or chain transmissions, etc.).

Note: Automatic calculations usually do not include auxiliary functions (algorithms) that optimize or help entry of some input parameters to give the calculation as natural a structure as possible. However, these functions will be initiated using a button located inside the respective paragraph.

Calculation on request.

It is a type of calculation where it is necessary to perform a series of iterations and the algorithm of the task is written in VBA language. Enter and set all the input parameters in the calculation. Results are then displayed/refreshed after running through the calculation, which can be initiated by clicking on the button. The button is located on the upper anchored edge of the "Calculation" sheet so that it is easily available anytime. (Example: Calculation of beams, shafts and profiles)

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Note: The calculation on request is also usually solved using MS Excel formulas and functions. Therefore, certain parts (paragraphs) of the calculation reflect the changes in the entered values. However, the solution to the task MUST/b> always be started to recalculate it completely.

From the aspect of the bearing of the calculation, it is distinguished:

Design calculation.

Design calculations are the calculations that provide a design of some part(s) of particular dimensions based on the input parameters.

Examples of a design calculation:

Spur gear - Input: transmitted power, speed, loading specifications, safety, etc.; Result: dimensions of the gearing...

Calculation of a spring - Input: forces, working lengths, loading specifications, safety, etc.; Result: wire diameter, spring dimensions, etc.

Check calculation.

Check calculations are the calculations where the calculation finds deformations and the levels of safety of a particular loaded part.

Examples of a check calculation:

Beam - Input: Loading, distance of supports, profile of the beam, etc.; Result: Deflection, stress, safety, etc.

Shaft - Input: Loading, distance of supports, profile of the beam, etc.; Result: Deflection, stress, safety, etc.

Note: Even with the design calculation, it is certainly possible to check the existing parts and, on the contrary, design a part with the correct dimensions using the check calculation. However, it is necessary to perform several iterations or use

welded connections

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