welding journal | october 2019 · requirements as the use of higher-strength line pipe material has...

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY TO ADVANCE THE SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND APPLICATION OF WELDINGAND ALLIED JOINING AND CUTTING PROCESSES WORLDWIDE, INCLUDING BRAZING, SOLDERING, AND THERMAL SPRAYING

OCTOBER 2019

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40 Manufacturing in Chicagoland Manufacturing jobs have increased in Chicago and throughout the state of Illinois — K. Campbell and K. Pacheco

46 Five Reasons for Weld Failures and How to Prevent Them These tips will help you identify and prevent the potential for weld failure prior to a weld entering service — T. Lattimore

50 Creating Prequalified Welding Procedure Specifications Think of prequalified welding procedure specifications as a recipe for success through improved weld quality and productivity P. Torchio

56 Pipeline Girth Weld Strength Matching Requirements As the use of higher-strength line pipe material has increased, overmatching the strength of the base metal with the weld has become more challenging — W. A. Bruce

62 The Importance of Predictive Maintenance The benefits of investing in predictive measures are outlined — J. Bonnell

OCTOBER 2019 / WELDING JOURNAL 3

CONTENTS

283-s Physical Phenomena in the Weld Zone of Submerged Arc Welding — A Review This comprehensive literature review covers more than 100 years of research from around the world related to submerged arc welding — V. Sengupta et al.

WELDING RESEARCH SUPPLEMENT

October 2019 • Volume 98 • Number 10

FEATURES

40

46

62

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6 Editorial8 AWS at 100

10 Press Time News12 Washington Watchword14 International Update16 News of the Industry22 Business Briefs24 Aluminum Q&A26 Brazing Q&A30 Product & Print Spotlight36 Centennial Stories66 AWS Show Information74 AWS Schedule at a Glance78 AWS Professional Program

92 AWS Exhibit Highlights138 Coming Events140 Certification Schedule142 Welding Workbook143 Society News147 Member Profiles149 Tech Topics154 Section News159 Guide to AWS Services170 Personnel174 Red Hots186 Logos190 Classifieds192 Advertiser Index

OFFICERSPresident Thomas J. LienertConsultant

Vice President Robert W. RothRoMan Manufacturing Inc.

Vice President W. Richard PolaninWRP Associates

Vice President Dennis K. EckPraxair Distribution Inc.

Treasurer Carey ChenCincinnati Incorporated

Interim Executive Director Ray W. ShookAmerican Welding Society

DIRECTORST. Anderson (At Large), ITW Welding North AmericaR. Ashelford (Dist. 13), Rock Valley CollegeJ. R. Bray (Past President), Affiliated Machinery Inc.T. Brosio (Dist. 14), Major Tool & MachineJ. Burgess (Dist. 8), General ElectricD. A. Desrochers (Dist. 1), Old Colony RVTHSD. L. Doench (At Large), Hobart Bros. Co.D. A. Flood (Past President), Tri Tool Inc.K. Fogleman (Dist. 16), ConsultantP. H. Gorman (Dist. 20), RetiredM. Hanson (Dist. 15), Consolidated Precision ProductsL. Heckendorn (Dist. 7)R. L. Holdren (At Large), ARC SpecialtiesT. Holt (Dist. 18), Tech Corr USA ManagementJ Jones (Dist. 17), ConsultantM. Krupnicki (Dist. 6), Mahany Welding Supply Co. Inc.D. Lange (Dist. 12), Northeast Wisconsin Tech. College S. Lindsey (Dist. 21), City of San DiegoS. M. McDaniel (Dist. 19), Big Bend Community CollegeD. K. Miller (At Large), Lincoln ElectricS. Moran (Dist. 3), American Hydro Corp.R. Purvis (Dist. 22), Purvis Welding InspectionS. Raghunathan (At Large), Saudi AramcoH. Record (Dist. 5), Townley Foundry & MachineM. Sherman (Dist. 10), SW&E LLCL. E. Showalter (Dist. 4), Newport News ShipbuildingM. Skiles (Dist. 9), Airgas Inc.W. J. Sperko (At Large), Sperko Engineering ServicesK. Temme (Dist. 2), Matrix NACP. I. Temple (Dist. 11), Welding Consultant

WELDING JOURNAL

Publisher/Editor Mary Ruth JohnsenEditorialSr. Editor Cindy WeihlFeatures Editor Kristin CampbellAssociate Editor Katie PachecoEducation Editor Roline PascalPeer Review Coord. Lea OwenPublisher Emeritus Jeff Weber

Design and ProductionProduction Manager Zaida ChavezAssistant Production Manager Brenda FloresManager of International Periodicals andElectronic Media Carlos Guzman

AdvertisingMedia Sales Executives Jeff Rhodes and Kim DanieleProduction Specialists Megan Lebo and Amy Gosen

SubscriptionsSubscriptions Representative Sonia [email protected]

MARKETING ADVISORY COUNCIL(MAC)D. Doench, Chair, Hobart Brothers Co.A. Sepulveda, Vice Chair, Hypertherm Inc.D. Brown, Astaras Inc.C. Coffey, The Lincoln Electric Co.D. DeCorte, RoMan Mfg. Inc.D. Marquard, IBEDA Superflash CompressedS. Molenda, ESAB Welding & CuttingM. Muenzer, ORS NascoW. Newell Jr., Euroweld Ltd.N. Schmid, Weiler Abrasives GroupS. Smith, Weld-Aid ProductsD. Wilson, Wilson and AssociatesC. Chen, Ex Officio, Cincinnati IncorporatedS. Fyffe, Ex Officio, Astaras Inc.L. Kvidahl, Ex Officio, Ingalls ShipbuildingT. Lienert, Ex Officio, ConsultantS. Moran, Ex Officio, American Hydro Corp.R. Polanin, Ex Officio, WRP AssociatesR. Roth, Ex Officio, RoMan Mfg. Inc.R. W. Shook, Ex Officio, American Welding SocietyY. M. Zhang, Ex Officio, University of Kentucky

On the cover: Chicago’sskyline. (Photo courtesy ofChoose Chicago.)

Welding Journal (ISSN 0043-2296) is published monthlyby the American Welding Society for $120.00 per year in theUnited States and possessions, $160 per year in foreigncountries: $7.50 per single issue for domestic AWS membersand $10.00 per single issue for nonmembers and $14.00 sin-gle issue for international. Not available for resale in eitherprint or electronic form. American Welding Society is locatedat 8669 NW 36 St., # 130, Miami, FL 33166-6672; telephone(305) 443-9353. Periodicals postage paid in Miami, Fla., andadditional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send addresschanges to Welding Journal, 8669 NW 36 St., # 130, Miami, FL33166-6672. Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement#40612608 Canada Returns to be sent to Bleuchip Interna-tional, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2, Canada. AWS Claims Policy: All hardcopy editions are shippedFOB Origin. Publisher reserves the right to investigate andmake a determination on all claims submitted for missingeditions not received by a subscribing member or institution.Any claim request determined to be valid will be fulfilled witha digital copy of the edition. Publisher will NOT send anyhardcopy replacement issues for any reason. Readers of Welding Journal may make copies of articlesfor personal, archival, educational or research purposes, andwhich are not for sale or resale. Permission is granted toquote from articles, provided customary acknowledgment ofauthors and sources is made. Starred (*) items excludedfrom copyright. Copyright © 2019 by American Welding Society in bothprinted and electronic formats. The Society is not responsiblefor any statement made or opinion expressed herein. Dataand information developed by the authors of specific articlesare for informational purposes only and are not intended foruse without independent, substantiating investigation on thepart of potential users.

WELDING JOURNAL / OCTOBER 20194

AWS Promotes Diversity

AWS values diversity, advocates equitable andinclusive practices, and engages its members andstakeholders in establishing a culture in thewelding community that welcomes, learns from,and celebrates differences among people. AWSrecognizes that a commitment to diversity, equity,and inclusion is essential to achieving excellencefor the Association, its members, and employees.

DEPARTMENTS

October 2019.qxp_Layout 1 9/11/19 4:23 PM Page 4

We know you’ve got a lot on your plate.Whether you are in welding management,sales, or engineering, you’re got tons ofthings to accomplish and not enough hoursin the day to do it. So, why add more to yourschedule by traveling to the giant FABTECHexhibition (fabtechexpo.com), to be held November 11–14 in Chicago, Ill.? Well, one reason is that this year’sFABTECH is expected to be the biggest everheld, and it is already established as thelargest metal fabricating show in the UnitedStates. The latest technology in welding,metalworking, metal forming, and coatingequipment will occupy 820,000 net sq ft atChicago’s McCormick Place. As testament toits power to transform your business, thisimmense array of equipment and innovationis expected to attract some 48,000 visitors,including people who know what all thistechnology in one place can do to boost pro-ductivity and lay the groundwork for futuresuccess. Welding products alone will occupynearly a quarter million sq ft, which will bemore than ever before. While the show offers up-front, hands-ondemonstrations of equipment, that’s not all.There are more opportunities for gainingvaluable know-how than anywhere else. FABTECH will offer more than 175 educa-tion sessions, including 110 new sessions.The American Welding Society (AWS) willpresent a comprehensive lineup of weldingeducation, led by top professionals, with pro-grams focusing on best practices and newcommercial developments in welding andthermal spray. These educational offeringswill include in-depth conferences, seminars,the RWMA Resistance Welding Schoolcourse, a Professional Program of technicalpresentations, Society events, and muchmore. Also, keep in mind, those who attendAWS education programs are awarded oneprofessional development hour for each hourof attendance. The broad offering of educa-tion sessions off the show floor can trans-form your business or career. Targeted tech-nical, operational, economic, and manage-ment sessions will give you the answers youneed to increase both productivity and prof-its. You can also network with your peers,learn from industry experts, and explore thenewest technologies in the industry. Speaking of education, you can’t do betterthan to turn to AWS Codes and Standards,reference books, and other publications that

will be featured in the AWS Bookstore atbooth B27008. We offer hundreds of stan-dards and other documents in the AWS li-brary; come explore the entire catalog. Andbe sure to check out our new resource andnews online hub, Welding Digest (weldingdi-gest.com), and inquire more about it duringyour visit to the AWS booth at B25008. Numerous special events will also be of-fered at this year’s FABTECH. In honor ofVeterans’ Day, the keynote speaker on Mon-day, November 11, will be Chad Hennings,who experienced 45 successful Air Forcecombat missions, and was also one of themost decorated college football players inNCAA history. He will explain his philosophythat excellence is not a destination, but anidentity. In addition, on that Monday and Tuesday,November 12, don’t miss the AWS WeldingCompetition at booth B17116. Also set totake place on Tuesday will be the keynote byFrank Abagnale, renowned international cy-bersecurity and fraud-prevention expert.The best-selling author will instruct atten-dees on how to protect themselves and theirbusinesses from fraud. Wednesday, November 13, will feature a“Women of FABTECH” networking breakfastcelebrating the importance of women in themanufacturing sector. The keynote that daywill be a presentation by Grant Imahara, for-mer host on Discovery Channel’s Myth-Busters and an animatronics engineering ex-pert. A leadership exchange on the same daywill examine the impact of disruptive tech-nology and the future of manufacturing. Thursday, November 14, will include talkswith an expert panel on building a workforcefor the 21st century. In short, we have lots to show you atFABTECH 2019, and we don’t want you tomiss out on any of it. You can build yourknowledge base and apply it directly to thebusiness you serve. Now is the time to register for free admis-sion, obtain hotel information, and get allthe other details of the event. Just go tofabtechexpo.com, where everything is organ-ized and easily accessible. As director of expositions for AWS, I lookforward to meeting you at FABTECH thisyear. It’s the best exhibition for welding andmetalworking. In other words, it’s know-howcentral, and it’s being held in the great city ofChicago. See you there!


WJ

EDITORIAL

Matthew RubinAWS Director, Expositions

“The latest tech-nology in welding,metalworking,metal forming, and coating equip-ment will occupy820,000 net sq ftat Chicago’sMcCormick Place.”

FABTECH 2019 — An Investment in Know-How

Editorial Oct 19.qxp_Layout 1 9/11/19 9:38 AM Page 6

In the late 1990s, the volunteerand staff leadership of the Ameri-can Welding Society (AWS) decid-ed that, as part of its mission,AWS should start a magazine ded-icated to “materials inspectionand testing personnel” and deliverit as a service to AWS certified in-dividuals. Therefore, from its firstissue, Inspection Trends has beendelivered free of charge to every-one holding Certified Welding In-spector (CWI), Senior CertifiedWelding Inspector (SCWI), andCertified Welding Educator cre-dentials. AWS delivered the inau-gural issue in Summer 1998 —

Fig. 1. Then-President Shirley Bollinger introduced the mag-azine in a column titled “Perspective,” but it also included anote from Terri Over, the first editor to oversee productionof the publication. The tradition of an “editor’s note” continued until the May2018 issue, when volunteers began writing editorials on top-ics of interest to CWIs. That brought things back full circle tothose early “perspectives,” which were also volunteer written. That first issue covered fluorescent penetrant inspection,verification inspection during construction, the then-newSCWI program, mobile training units, and centralized certi-fication. It offered a format today’s readers would easily rec-ognize and which the publication still follows — a mix of ar-ticles covering visual inspection as well as other nondestruc-tive examination (NDE) processes. However, some elementsof that first magazine, such as a crossword puzzle, have longsince gone by the wayside. That first issue included a department that still remains asone of the magazine’s most-read segments, The Answer Is.Charles Patrick and Kenneth Erickson were the first set of ex-perts. Erickson continued doing so for 20 years, ending hiscontributions with the January 2018 issue. For many years,Clifford “Kip” Mankenberg paired with Erickson for the col-umn. When Mankenberg decided his regular work duties pre-cluded him from participating, Albert J. Moore began offeringhis expertise. Moore now handles the column alone. Moore has become Inspection Trends’s most prolific con-

tributor, authoring numerous fea-ture articles. His four-part serieson Welding Procedure Specifica-tions from 2010 and 2011 remainthe most requested articles fromthe magazine.

Over the years, InspectionTrends has covered a wide varietyof topics, from other NDEprocesses such as ultrasonic, radi-ographic, magnetic particle, anddye penetrant inspection to visualinspection tools and tricks toNDE education. It’s also dealtwith issues such as inspectors’ re-sponsibilities and ethics.

In 2016, Inspection Trends cele-brated the 40th anniversary of theAWS Certified Welding Inspectorprogram and included interviewswith many of the original CWIswho were still maintaining theircertification at that time — Fig. 2.As noted by John Gayler in his arti-cle in that issue, “Establishing acentral certification program forwelding personnel had been dis-cussed at the highest levels of AWSas far back as 1951. One drivingforce for development of the CWIprogram was industry’s concern forthe quantity and quality of weldersavailable to support the growth insteel construction in the 1970s.”

Since February 2017 (Fig. 3),Richard D. Campbell and J. P.

Christein have informed readers about the great communica-tion tools of welding symbols and how to better understandand use those tools. They began with groove weld symbols,and in the eleventh article in the series (August 2019), theydiscussed common errors and misuses of welding symbols. If you’re unfamiliar with Inspection Trends, you can readthe current and past issues on the AWS website ataws.org/publications/page/inspection-trends.


WJ

AWS AT 100

In celebration of the AmericanWelding Society’s 100th anniversary,here are some historical highlights ofthe Society and industry. In this issue, we feature Inspection Trends magazine.

Learn about health and safety in the November Welding Journal.

Fig. 1 — The inauguralissue of InspectionTrends.

Fig. 2 — The February2016 issue celebratedthe 40th anniversary ofthe AWS CWI program.

Fig. 3 — Welding sym-bols have been afocus of the maga-zine since February2017.

AWS at 100 October 2019.qxp_Layout 1 9/11/19 3:58 PM Page 8

CWI.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/10/19 3:43 PM Page 169

Weld failures can result from weld defects, such as cracking orinclusions, but there are a number of other issues in thewelding operation that can also contribute to the problem.Whatever the cause, there is the potential for these failures to be cat-astrophic should they occur in a load-bearing application. The goal,of course, is to identify and prevent the potential for failure prior toa weld entering service to avoid property damage or personal injury. While safety is the top reason for preventing weld failures, it isimportant to consider the lost productivity and increased costs asso-ciated with reworking poor-quality welds — Fig. 1. It can take a con-siderable amount of time to complete this task, particularly forlonger welds or multipass welds on thicker sections. Understanding common reasons for weld failures and how to pre-vent them can help welding operators maintain high levels of qualityand efficiency.


Establishing aquality system forwelding operationsis key to preventingweld failures

BY TY LATTIMORE

Five Reasons forWeld Failures andHow to Prevent Them

Fig. 1 — Whilesafety is the top

reason forpreventing weld

failures, it isimportant to

consider the lostproductivity andincreased costsassociated withreworking poor-

quality welds.

Lattimore Feature October 2019.qxp_Layout 1 9/11/19 11:24 AM Page 46

Reason 1: Poor part orweld design

Insufficient weld size — because ofdesign errors or incorrect interpreta-tion of the part design — can lead toweld failures. This is due to the inabili-ty of an undersized weld to supportthe intended load in a static structure.A weld that is too small or too shortfor the application can fail from ten-sion, compression, bending, or tor-sional loads. If a weld is made to bein an application where a cyclical loadis going to be applied, it will be benefi-

cial to consider a filler metal optionwith increased impact toughness andductility. In a highly restrained joint, meet-ing required weld sizes is critical —otherwise cracking can potentially oc-cur. Where a highly restrained joint isunavoidable, welds that have a properdepth-to-width ratio can help to re-duce the chances of weld cracking.Proper welding parameters can help toensure that an adequate weld profile isbeing produced and reduce the risk ofweld cracking in a restrained joint. Factor of safety (FoS) is an impor-tant variable to consider during thedesign phase, as it establishes themaximum intended and allowablestress for the joint and ensures thecomponent being produced can with-stand loads greater than intended.If welds are failing, it is possible theintended maximum load is not proper-ly communicated or the design’sfactor of safety is too low; the engineermust consider foreseeable misuse ofproducts. It is commonly desired to make aweld with a matching filler metalstrength, but that can change depend-ing on the application and base mate-rial being welded. For certain criticalapplications, it may be valuable to de-sign the weldment with an overmatchin filler metal strength. Other applica-tions are best served with a strengthundermatch to improve fatigue life orweldability. Along with strength,chemistry is a valuable aspect toconsider during weld design to gain

proper fusion and the desired weldproperties.

Reason 2: Inadequatewelding procedure

Neglecting to follow the properwelding procedure or writing an inade-quate procedure is another contribut-ing factor to weld failure. Rememberto properly utilize preheat and controlinterpass temperature. Properly writ-ten procedures with adequate preheatand interpass temperature slow therate of cooling in the base material andthe weld deposit. This ultimately helpsreduce the risk of hydrogen crackingwhen welding carbon and low-alloysteels or similar materials. When creating a welding procedure,start by referring to the filler metalproduct data sheet for welding param-eter recommendations. Each fillermetal has slightly different character-istics, and parameters are not one sizefits all — Fig. 2. Proper parameterranges on the welding procedure helpprovide consistently sound welds. Italso may be valuable to conduct someadditional testing such as cut and etch,bends, pulls, or breaks to ensure soundweld quality. The welding code that isbeing used will provide a standard tovalidate proper weld quality. Always make sure the correct weld-ing polarity is being used in accor-dance with the welding procedure andfiller metal specifications. Shieldinggas is another major influence that di-


Fig. 2 — Using the correct weld parameters is key to gaining consistent weld quality,including proper joint penetration and correct weld size.


rectly affects weld quality and generalcharacteristics of a weld deposit. High-er argon content in a shielding gasmixture increases strength but lowersductility, whereas higher amounts ofcarbon dioxide lower strength and in-crease ductility. Always check that theshielding gas being used is within therange recommended by the filler metalmanufacturer.

Reason 3: Stress risers

Stress risers are caused by poorweld design and inadequate weldingprocedures or technique. They also ap-pear in the form of weld defects or dis-continuities that cause stress on theweld and can lead to failures by way ofbreaking, tearing, or cracking. There are several types of stress ris-ers and options for preventing them. 1. Porosity occurs when gas be-comes trapped in the weld during so-lidification. Porosity typically resultsfrom the environment/atmosphere orimproper shielding when weldingsteel. Shielding gas can also becometrapped and cause porosity. Preventthis issue with proper part prep andremoval of moisture from the weldarea. Also ensure optimal shielding gascoverage (e.g., flow rate, angles, gascup, and a leak-free system), and ade-quate preheat. 2. Hot cracking typically appears inthe longitudinal direction of the weldat high temperatures (usually morethan 1000°F) and almost immediatelyafter cooling. It can take the form ofsegregation cracking, which is causedby elements with low melting pointsbeing rejected to the center of the weldwhen it solidifies. To prevent hotcracking, carefully match the fillermetal and base material properties,ensure the proper joint design for theapplication, and follow all welding pro-cedures. Preheat and interpass tem-perature control are also important. 3. Cold cracking commonly occursat temperatures below 600°F and maynot be noticeable until hours or daysafter the weld solidifies. It is often re-ferred to as hydrogen-induced or heat-affected zone (HAZ) cracking. Usinglow-hydrogen filler metals and pre-heating the base material are good de-fenses against this defect. 4. Undercut typically results fromexcessive voltage and incorrect travelangle. Underfill is typically caused bytravel speeds that are too fast for a giv-

en deposition rate. Reducing travelspeed to allow for adequate fill, reduc-ing voltage, and using proper travel an-gles can remedy the issue. Increasingwire diameter can also help to achievedesired travel speeds while allowing forproper deposition and fill rates. 5. Inclusions are caused by foreignmaterials in the weld. Burrs on thebase material or slag from a shieldedmetal arc welding (SMAW) electrodeor a flux-cored arc welding (FCAW)wire can contribute to inclusion. Pre-vent them by properly cleaning thebase material and using a drag tech-nique to keep slag out of the weldpool.

Reason 4: Poor weldingtechnique

Poor welding technique can be at-tributed to a lack of training, newerwelding operators with lower skill sets,or more experienced welders whomay have acquired bad habits — Fig.3. Whichever the case, incorrect tech-niques can affect weld quality and maylead to failures. Using the proper work and travelangles are important means to preventissues like undercut or an improperlysized weld. These angles will differ ac-cording to the filler metal being used.Work angle refers to how the weldinggun or electrode is positioned in rela-tion to the vertical member of the

weld joint. Travel angle describes howthe filler metal is positioned in rela-tion to the weld pool and direction oftravel. As mentioned previously, use adrag technique when welding with aSMAW electrode or FCAW wire due tothe slag system. For solid wires or met-al-cored wires that do not produceslag, a forehand or push technique istypically recommended. The contact-tip-to-work-distance(CTWD) is another factor welding op-erators need to be mindful of to pre-vent poor weld quality and potentialfailures. CTWD increases or decreasesamperage in a constant voltage (CV)process and changes voltage in a con-stant current (CC) process. A CTWDthat is too long can cause an amperagedrop, incomplete penetration, and/orloss of shielding gas. When the CTWDis too tight, porosity or worm trackscan present themselves when usingFCAW wires. CTWD varies accordingto the filler metal being used. For ex-ample, E70T-1/E71T-1 gas-shieldedFCAW wires usually have a CTWD be-tween 1/2 and 1 in., depending on thewire diameter (the bigger the diame-ter, the greater the CTWD). An E71T-8self-shielded FCAW wire may requireup to 1-1⁄2-in. CTWD. The correct travel speed is also im-portant, as it can dramatically changeweld size and bead appearance. Travel-ing too fast creates a thin, undersized,and ropey weld that may lack strength;traveling too slow can lead to incom-


Fig. 3 — Training is key to preventing weld failures for both new and more experi-enced welding operators.


plete penetration and a larger, flatterweld.

Reason 5: Incorrectinspection or testing

Not all welding applications requireweld testing or welding to code; how-ever, when these are necessary, weld-ing codes provide a reliable and provensystem to qualify welding proceduresand guide welders to produce accept-able weld quality. Always use code-approved testingstandards for new procedure develop-ment, focusing on the correct numberand type of testing for mechanical andchemical properties and/or nonde-structive examination. The materialbeing welded and how strict or criticalthe application is factors into howstringent testing should be. The codewill specify acceptance criteria for pro-duction-made welds using either pene-trant testing (PT), magnetic particletesting (MP), radiographic testing(RT), and/or ultrasonic testing (UT). Follow code-approved inspectioncriteria to ensure welds meet the ap-propriate size and shape, and do notexceed the allowable discontinuity lim-it requirements. Codes dictate an al-lowable range of discontinuities in aweld — such as porosity — beforethey are considered a defect that mustbe reworked. Welding inspection — visually, at aminimum — should be performed reg-ularly in all applications, even if theydo not have to adhere to welding codes.Be consistent and critical of weld quali-ty and make the inspection process apriority to avoid weld failures.

Putting It All Together

Establishing and enforcing a qualitysystem for welding operations, as wellas implementing training, is key topreventing weld failures for both newand more experienced welding opera-tors. It never hurts to pursue refreshercourses in welding basics or to practicetechniques to help establish goodhabits and gain positive results. Doingso can benefit the entire welding oper-ation, in terms of improved quality,productivity, and cost savings.


WJ

TY LATTIMORE ([email protected]) is a welding engineer,Hobart Brothers LLC, Troy, Ohio.

FABTECH booth #B32079


FABTECH.qxp_FP_TEMP 9/10/19 3:36 PM Page 141

MenuSearchTable of ContentFeaturesManufacturing in ChicagolandFive Reasons for Weld Failures and How to Prevent ThemCreating Prequalified Welding Procedure SpecificationsPipeline Girth Weld Strenght Matching RequirementsThe Importance of Predictive Maintenance

Welding Research SupplementsPhysical Phenomena in the Weld Zone of Submerged Arc Welding - A Review

DepartmentsEditorialAWS at 100Press Time NewsWashington WatchwordInternational UpdateNews of the IndustryBusiness BriefsAluminum Q&ABrazing Q&AProduct & Print SpotlightCentennial StoriesFABTECHAWS Show InformationAWS Schedule at a GlanceAWS Professional ProgramAWS Exhibit Highlights

Coming EventsCertification ScheduleWelding WorkbookSociety NewsMember ProfilesTech TopicsSection NewsGuide to AWS ServicesPersonnelRed HotsLogosClassifiedsAdvertiser Index

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