welding symbols

July 1978Revised May 1998

of 12

STANDARD WELDING TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND SYMBOLS

Table of ContentsPage

SCOPE .......................................................................................................................................................... 2DEFINITIONS OF WELDING TERMS .......................................................................................................... 2STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS .............................................................................................................. 7IDENTIFICATION OF COVERED ARC-WELDING ELECTRODES AND BARE ARC-WELDING RODS .. 8ESSENTIALS FOR PROPER WELDING PROCEDURES ........................................................................... 9

List of FiguresFig. 1. Common terms applied to a weld. .................................................................................................... 2Fig. 2. Shielded metal-arc welding. ................................................................................................................ 3Fig. 3. Types of joint (top), types of weld (center), variations of groove (bottom). ....................................... 3Fig. 4. Typical welding positions. ................................................................................................................... 4Fig. 5. Standard welding symbols. ................................................................................................................. 7Fig. 6. Typical applications of welding symbols. ............................................................................................ 8Fig. 7. Type-marked welding electrode. ......................................................................................................... 8Fig. 8. Location of color markings for center-grip welding electrodes. .......................................................... 8

List of TablesTable 1. Difficulties in Metal-Arc Welding ................................................................................................... 10Table 2. Trades Names of Electrodes and Comparable ASW-ASTM Classifications ................................ 11

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Valid Through September 2003

SCOPE

This data sheet contains general information on the subject of electric arc-welding as it relates to the designand fabrication of boilers and unfired pressure vessels. Inspectors involved with shop inspection work, pres-sure vessel repairs and the certification of drawings for Code compliance should be familiar with the basicinformation contained herein.

The term ‘‘ASME Code’’ as used in this data sheet means the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.

DEFINITIONS OF WELDING TERMS

The following is an abbreviated glossary of common welding terms. Additional terms are defined in QW-492,Section IX of the ASME Code. For a complete compilation of standard welding and cutting definitions, seeSection 1 of the Welding Handbook published by the American Welding Society (AWS).

Arc blow. Magnetic disturbance of the arc which causes it to waver from its intended path.

Arc length. The distance from the end of the electrode to the point where the arc makes contact with worksurface.

Arc voltage. The voltage across the welding arc.

As-welded. The condition of weld metal, welded joints and weldments after welding prior to any subsequentthermal or mechanical treatment.

Backing. Material (metal, weld metal, asbestos, carbon, granulated flux, etc., excluding gas) backing up thejoint during welding to facilitate obtaining a sound weld at the root. May be strips, rings, welds, etc.

Back-step welding. A welding technique wherein the increments of welding are deposited opposite the direc-tion of progression.

Back weld. A weld (generally short) made to hold parts of a weldment in proper alignment until the final weldsare made. Used for assembly purposes only.

Fig. 1. Common terms applied to a weld.

15-2 Standard Welding Terms, Definitions and Symbols FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets

©2002 Factory Mutual Insurance Company. All rights reserved.


Bare electrode. A filler-metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of a metal wire with no coating otherthan that incidental to the drawing of the wire.

Base metal. The metal to be welded or cut (Fig. 2).

Butt weld. A weld made in the joint between two pieces of metal lying approximately in the same plane(Fig. 3).

Covered electrode. A filler-metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of a metal core wire with a rela-tively thick covering which provides protection for the molten metal from the atmosphere, improves the prop-erties of the weld metal and stabilizes the arc (Fig. 2).

Crater. A depression at the termination of a weld (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Shielded metal-arc welding.

Fig. 3. Types of joint (top), types of weld (center), variations of groove (bottom).

Standard Welding Terms, Definitions and Symbols 15-2FM Global Property Loss Prevention Data Sheets



Depth of Fusion. The depth of fusion of a groove weld is the distance from the surface of the base metalto that point within the joints at which fusion ceases.

Face of weld. The exposed surface of a weld, made by an arc or gas welding process, on the side fromwhich welding was done (Fig. 1).

Fillet weld. A weld of approximately triangular cross section joining two surfaces approximately at right anglesto each other in a lap joint, tee joint or corner joint (Fig.3).

Flat position. The position of welding wherein welding is performed from the upper side of the joint and theface of the weld is approximately horizontal - also called downhand welding (Fig. 4).

Flux. A fusible material or gas used to dissolve and/or prevent the formation of oxides, nitrides or otherundesirable inclusions formed in welding.

Gas metal-arc welding (GMAW). An arc welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating withan electric arc between a filler metal (consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from a gas,a gas mixture (which may contain an inert gas) or a mixture of a gas and a flux. (Sometimes known as MIGwelding.) Flux cored arc welding (FCAW), with or without additional shielding from an externally suppliedgas or gas mixture, is considered as a variation of the GMAW process. This is a gas metal-arc welding pro-cess which produces coalescence of metals by heating them with an arc between a continuous filler metal

Fig. 4. Typical welding positions.




(consumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is provided by a flux contained within the tubular elec-trode. Additional shielding may or may not be obtained from an externally supplied gas or gas mixture.

Gas tungsten-arc welding (GTAW). An arc welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heatingwith an arc between a single tungsten (nonconsumable) electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained froma gas or gas mixture. Pressure may or may not be used and filler metal may or may not be used. (Some-times known as TIG welding.)

Gas pocket. A weld cavity caused by entrapped gas.

Groove weld. A weld made in the groove between two members to be joined (Fig. 3).

Heat-affected zone. That portion of the base metal which has not been melted, but whose mechanicalproperties or microstructures have been altered by the heat of welding or cutting.

High carbon steel. Steel containing 0.45% carbon or more.

Horizontal position. Fillet weld. The position of welding wherein welding is performed on the upper side ofan approximately horizontal surface and against an approximately vertical surface (Fig. 4).

Groove weld. The position of welding wherein the axis of the weld lies in an approximately horizontal planeand the face of the weld lies in an approximately vertical position (Fig. 4).

Lap joint. A joint between two overlapping members (Fig. 3).

Leg of a fillet weld. The distance from the root of the joint to the toe of the fillet weld (Fig. 1).

Low carbon steel. Steel containing 0.30% or less carbon. Also mild steel.

Melting rate. The weight or length of electrode melted in a unit of time.

Open-circuit voltage. The voltage between the terminals of a power source when no current is flowing inthe circuit.

Overhead position. The position of welding wherein welding is performed from the underside of the joint (Fig.4).Overlap. Protrusion of weld metal beyond the bond at the toe of the weld.

Pass. A single longitudinal progression of a welding operation along a joint or weld deposit. The result of apass is a weld bead.

Peening. Mechanical working of metal by means of hammer blows or shot impingement.

Penetration. The distance the fusion zone extends below the surface of the part or parts being welded (Fig. 2).

Porosity. Gas pockets or voids in metal.

Position of welding. See Flat, Horizontal, Overhead, and Vertical positions.

Post heating. The application of heat to a weld or weldment subsequent to a welding or cutting operation.

Preheating. The application of heat to the base metal immediately before a welding or cutting operation.

Puddle. The portion of a weld that is molten at the place the heat is supplied.

Radiography. The use of radiant energy in the form of X-rays or gamma rays for the nondestructive exami-nation of metals.

Reversed polarity. The arrangement of arc welding leads wherein the work is the negative pole and the elec-trode is the positive pole in the arc circuit.

Root of weld. The points, as shown in cross section, at which the bottom of the weld intersects the basemetal surfaces (Fig. 1).

Root opening. The separation between the members to be joined, at the root of the joint.

Shielded metal-arc welding (SMAW). An arc-welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heatingwith an electric arc between a covered metal electrode and the work. Shielding is obtained from decompo-sition of the electode covering. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the electrode (Fig. 2).




Submerged arc welding (SAW). An arc-welding process wherein coalescence is produced by heating withan arc or arcs between a bare metal electrode or electrodes and the work. The welding is shielded by a blan-ket of granular, fusible material on the work. Pressure is not used and filler metal is obtained from the elec-trode and sometimes from a supplementary welding rod.

Size of weld. (See D. S. 15-4, Fig. 28) Groove weld. The joint penetration (depth of chamfering plus the rootpenetration when specified).

Fillet weld. For equal leg fillet welds, the leg length of the largest isosceles right triangle which can be inscribedwithin the fillet-weld cross section. For unequal leg fillet welds, the leg lengths of the largest right trianglewhich can be inscribed within the fillet-weld cross section.

Slag inclusion. Nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld metal and base metal.

Spatter. In arc and gas welding, the metal particles expelled during welding and which do not form a part ofthe weld.

Straight polarity. The arrangement of arc welding leads wherein the work is the positive pole and the electrodeis the negative pole of the arc circuit.

Stress relief, heat treatment. The uniform heating of a structure or a portion thereof to a sufficient tempera-ture below the critical range to relieve the major portion of the residual stresses followed by uniform cooling.

String bead. A type of weld bead made without appreciable transverse oscillation.

Stringer bead. Same as root pass, that is, the initial bead.

Thoriated tungsten. Tungsten containing a small percentage of thorium. The electronic emission quality ofthe electrode is improved.

Throat of a fillet weld. (See D. S. 15-4, Fig. 28) Theoretical: The distance from the beginning of the root ofthe joint perpendicular to the hypotenuse of the largest right triangle that can be inscribed within the fillet weldcross section. Actual: The shortest distance from the root of a fillet weld to its face.

Toe of weld. The junction between the face of the weld and the base metal (Fig. 1).

Tungsten electrode. A nonfiller-metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting of a tungsten wire.

Ultimate tensile strength. The maximum tensile stress which will cause a material to break (usually expressedin pounds per square inch).

Underbead crack. A crack in the heat-affected zone not extending to the surface of the base metal.

Undercut. A groove melted into the base metal adjacent to the toe of the weld and left unfilled by weld metal.

Uphill welding. A pipe welding term indicating that the welds are made from the bottom of the pipe to thetop of the pipe. The pipe is not rotated.

Vertical position. The position of welding wherein the axis of the weld is approximately vertical (Fig. 4).

Weaving. A technique of depositing weld metal in which the electrode is oscillated.

Weld. A localized coalescence of metal wherein coalescence is produced by heating to suitable tempera-tures, with or without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of filler metal. The filler metalhas a melting point approximately the same as the base metals.

Weld metal. That portion of a weld which has been melted during welding (Fig. 2).

Welding procedure. The detailed methods and practices including joint welding procedures involved in theproduction of a weldment.

Welding rod. Filler metal, in wire or rod form, used in gas welding and brazing processes, and those arc-welding processes wherein the electrode does not furnish the filler metal.

Weldment. An assembly whose constituent parts are joined by welding, or parts which contain weld depositedcladding or weld deposited hard surfacing.

Whipping. A term applied to an inward and upward movement of the electrode which is employed in verticalwelding to avoid undercut.




STANDARD WELDING SYMBOLS

AWS welding symbols are the shorthand of welding. They enable the designer and draftsman to convey com-plete instructions for welding to the welder on blueprints and drawings. Use of the symbols has the follow-ing advantages:

1. Control of specific design instructions to the shop regarding weld sizes and plate edge preparation, elimi-nating the tendency for overwelding or underwelding (resulting in either increased production costs or unsafefabrication) because of lack of definite information.

2. Elimination of unnecessary detail on drawings when such detail is for the sole purpose of indicating weldsizes and specifications. Welding notes are kept to a minimum.

3. Establishment of a common understanding of design intent and requirements between engineers, shoppersonnel, customer’s representatives and Code inspection authorities.

AWS welding symbols are a national standard and are, in fact, used worldwide. All inspectors involved inshop inspection work and/or checking of pressure vessel designs should be familiar with their use and inter-pretation. Fig. 5 shows most of the basic weld symbols and their location significance. Fig. 6 shows typi-cal applications. For additional information on this subject, refer to Standard Welding Symbols and Rules forTheir Use, published by the American Welding Society (AWS A2. 1-76).

Fig. 5. Standard welding symbols.




IDENTIFICATION OF COVERED ARC-WELDING ELECTRODES AND BARE ARC-WELDING RODS

Covered arc-welding electrodes are marked for identification by either of two methods:

1. By imprinting the AWS-ASTM classification number on the coating (Fig. 7). Electrodes identified in thismanner are commonly referred to as ‘‘type-marked.’’

2. By color coding in accordance with the Standard for Identification of Covered Arc-Welding Electrodes pub-lished by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (Fig. 8). Since this method of identification hasbeen mostly phased out in favor of type marking, no further mention will be made of it here.

Fig. 6. Typical applications of welding symbols.

Fig. 7. Type-marked welding electrode.

Fig. 8. Location of color markings for center-grip welding electrodes.




The following list gives examples of covered arc-welding electrodes approved for use in the fabrication of boil-ers and pressure vessels under the ASME Code. See Appendix A1 of the applicable section of the ASMECode, Section II, Part C, on Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals for details of the methods ofclassification.

1. Mild Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes, SFA-5.1

2. Corrosion-resisting Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Steel Welding Electrodes, SFA-5.4

3. Low-Alloy Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes, SFA-5.5

4. Copper and Copper-Alloy Electrodes, SFA-5.7

5. Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Welding Electrodes, SFA-5.11

Cut-length, bare, arc-welding rods are marked for identification by one of the following methods:

1. By imprinting the AWS-ASTM classification number on the surface of the bare rod.

2. By indenting the AWS-ASTM classification number on the surface of the bare rod.

3. By attaching to the bare rod a label bearing the AWS-ASTM classification number.

Regardless of the method used, at least one legible marking should be located within the space 2 1⁄2 in.(64 mm) from one end of each rod. The prefix letter E in the classification number is customarily omitted.

Electrode filler metal wound on spools is identified by the AWS-ASTM classification number marked on at leastone flange of the spool.

ESSENTIALS FOR PROPER WELDING PROCEDURES

Quality of Weld. Besides the steady frying and cracking sound that a correct arc produces, the shape ofthe molten pool and the movement of the metal at the rear of the pool serve as a guide in checking weld qual-ity. In a correctly made deposit, the ripples produced on the bead will be uniform and the bead will be smooth,with no overlap or undercut.

Correct Arc Length. If the arc is too long, the metal melts off the electrode in large globules which wobblefrom side to side as the arc wavers, giving a wide, spattered and irregular bead, with poor fusion between origi-nal metal and deposited metal. If the arc is too short, there is not enough heat to melt the base metal prop-erly and the electrode quite often sticks to the work, giving a high, uneven bead, having irregular rippleswith poor fusion and slag and gas holes.

Correct Current. If current on machines is too high or too low, a poor weld is certain to result. If too high,the electrode melts too fast and the molten pool is large and irregular. If too low, there is not enough heatto melt the base metal and the molten pool will be too small, will pile up, look irregular.

Correct Travel Speed. When the speed is too fast, the pool does not last long enough, impurities and gasare locked in. The bead is narrow and ripples pointed. When speed is too slow, the metal piles up, the beadis high and wide, with a rather straight ripple.

Correct Electrode Size. The correct choice of electrode size involves consideration of a variety of factors,such as the type, position, and preparation of the joint, the ability of the electrode to carry high current val-ues without injury to the weld metal or loss of deposition efficiency, the mass of work metal and its abilityto maintain its original properties after welding, the characteristics of the assembly with reference to effectsof strains set up by heat application, the practicability of heat treatment before and/or after welding, the spe-cific requirements as to weld quality andthe cost of achieving the desired results.

Correct Electrode Angle. The electrode angle is of particular importance in fillet welding and deep groove weld-ing. Generally speaking, when making a fillet weld, the electrode should be held so that it bisects the anglebetween the plates (Fig. 9) and is perpendicular to the line of weld (Fig. 10). When undercut occurs in thevertical member, lower the angle of the arc and direct the arc toward the vertical member.




Table 1. Difficulties in Metal-Arc Welding

Difficulty Possible Causes Possible CorrectionsIncompletePenetration

1. Joint design faulty 1. Check root opening, root face dimension,included angle

2. Welding speed too rapid 2. Slow down welding speed3. Insufficient welding current 3. Increase welding current4. Too large an electrode size 4. Decrease electrode size

PoorAppearance

1. Current either too high or too low 1. Adjust current values2. Improper use of electrode 2. Check welding procedure3. Faulty electrode 3. Dry electrode to remove moisture; change

electrodeUndercutting 1. Current too high 1. Use lower current

2. Arc length too long 2. Shorten arc length3. Improper manipulation of the electrode 3. Change angle of holding electrode so that arc

force will be used to fill undercut4. Welding speed too rapid 4. Slow down the welding speed

ExcessiveSpatter

1. Current too high 1. Use lower current2. Arc length too long 2. Shorten the arc length3. Excessive arc blow 3. See remedies for ‘‘arc blow’’4. Faulty electrode 4. Replace electrode

Arc Blow 1. Magnetic field, created when using d-c,causes the arc to wander

1. Use a-c machine2. Counteract blow with angle of electrode3. Rearrange or split ground clamp4. Replace magnetic work bench5. Use brass or copper back-up bar

Pinholes 1. Foreign matter in joint 1. Remove rust, scale and other foreign matterfrom edges

Slag in Weld 1. Joint design: sharp V-shaped recess 1. Proper preparation of groove before eachbead is deposited. Avoid contours that aredifficult to penetrate with arc

2. High viscosity of molten metal, rapid chilling,too low a weld temperature

2. Use preheat and obtain higher heat input perunit

Porous Welds 1. Welding speed too rapid 1. Slow down welding speed2. Current too low 2. Increase current values3. High sulphur or other impurities 3. Use low-hydrogen electrodes4. Faulty electrodes 4. Dry electrodes to remove moisture; replace

electrodesCracked Welds 1. Faulty electrode 1. Use low-hydrogen electrodes

2. Rigidity of joint, stressed weld 2. Redesign joint; use preheat and postheat;weave

3. Shape of bead 3. Use slower travel or faster freezing electrodeto give a more convex bead

4. Craters 4. Back step to fill craters5. Fast cooling rate 5. Preheat and/or postheat

Distortion andWarping

1. Improper design of weld 1. Redesign to allow for expansion andcontraction forces

2. Overheating 2. Use lower current and more efficient chill bars3. Welding speed too slow 3. Increase the speed of the arc4. Improper welding sequence 4. Improve welding sequence5. Faulty clamping 5. Clamp properly to chill bar

Brittle Welds 1. Incorrect electrode 1. Use low-hydrogen or austenitic electrode2. Incorrect heat treatment 2. Use proper preheat and postheat cycles3. Air-hardening deposit 3. Use austenitic electrodes4. Base metal pick-up 4. Shallow penetration by directing arc on weld

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No.

716-

IP

Wiz

-18

E-7

028

LH-7

28E

asya

rc70

28D

H-1

70LH

-380

0S

peed

ex28

E-7

018-

A1

LH-7

18-M

OA

tom

-Arc

7018

-MO

Duc

tilen

d70

MO

Ato

m-A

rc70

18-M

O17

0-LA

-MO

Rac

o70

18-A

171

8

E-8

018-

C2

LH-8

18-N

2A

tom

-Arc

8018

-NA

tom

-Arc

8018

-N18

0-LE

Rac

o80

18-C

2

E-8

018-

C3

LH-8

18-N

3E

asya

rc80

18A

tom

-Arc

8018

Duc

tilen

d80

P&

H10

8R

aco

8018

-C3

SW

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Wiz

-818

E-8

018-

B2

LH-8

18-C

MA

tom

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8018

-CM

Ato

m-A

rc80

18-C

M80

18C

2R

aco

8018

-B2

E-9

018-

GLH

-918

-ME

asya

rc90

18-M

Ato

m-A

rc90

18Je

twel

dLH

-90

Spe

edex

HT

S-9

0R

aco

9018

E-9

018-

B3

LH-9

18-C

MA

tom

-Arc

9018

-CM

Ato

m-A

rc90

18-C

M19

0-LE

Rac

o90

18-B

3

E-1

0018

-D2

LH-1

018

Ato

m-A

rc10

018-

MM

Ato

m-A

rc10

018-

MM

Rac

o10

018-

D2

E-1

0018

-GLH

-101

8-M

Eas

yarc

1001

8-M

Ato

m-A

rc10

018-

NM

112

1001

8S

peed

exH

TS

-100

Rac

o10

018

SW

-101

8W

iz-1

018

E-1

1018

-GLH

-111

8E

asya

rc11

018-

MA

tom

-Arc

TD

uctil

end

110

Ato

m-A

rcT

107

Jetw

eld

LH-1

1011

018

Rac

o11

018

SW

-111

811

18W

iz-1

118

E-1

2018

-GLH

-121

8A

tom

-Arc

1201

8NM

VA

tom

-Arc

1201

8NM

V11

712

018

Rac

o12

018

E-5

02LH

-502

502-

15A

tom

-Arc

502

FM

ELP

CA

pr19

78




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