wellbore leakage potential in co2 storage or eor presentations/4th mtg/19.pdf · wellbore leakage...
TRANSCRIPT
Wellbore Leakage Potential in CO2 Storage or EOR
Fourth Wellbore Integrity Network MeetingParis, France
March 19, 2008
Theresa WatsonT.L. Watson & Associates [email protected]
Dr. Stefan BachuEnergy Resources Conservation Board
Introduction• Wellbore Leakage• Shallow Leakage • Tool Development• Deep Leakage• Case Studies• Risk Analysis
Wellbore Leakage• Wellbore leakage is separated
into two distinct areas of the wellbore
• Shallow leakage generally due to poor cementing practices
• Deep leakage generally due to stimulation or perforating
• Only deep leakage is generally associated with CO2
• CO2 leakage in the shallow areas are due to secondary events
Example of Cement and Casing Quality in a Well in the Haynes Field, Alberta
Shallow Leakage• Surface Casing Vent Flow• Gas Migration• Casing Failure
Factor with Significant Impact on Shallow Well Leakage
• Well Type (Open Hole or Cased Hole) • Regulatory Change • Spud Date (Historical Impacts)• Geographic Area• Wellbore Deviation• Cement Top• Cased Hole Abandonment Method
Tool Development• Data gathering
– ERCB well data• Depths, sizes, location, type, dates, H2 S/CO2 levels, SCVF/GM, CF, etc.
– Alberta Environment• Groundwater depth• Water well location
• Database creation– All data for Alberta dumped into SQL database– Data manipulated to calculate various fields such as; required cement
top, proximity to water wells, well density, exposure to H2 S • User interface
– Choose a smaller subset (Spawned Database) to work with– Set the values to be assigned to various factors
• Output Analysis– Small database created in Access to allow for easy analysis or special
manipulation of the data.
Factors Used in Shallow AnalysisShallow leakage factors.
Factor Criterion MeetsCriterionValue
DefaultValue
Spud Date 1965-1990 3 1
Abandonment Date <1995 5 1
Surface Casing Size ≥244.5 mm 1.5 1
Well Type Cased 8 1
Geographic Location Special Test Area 3 1
Well Total Depth >2500 m 1.5 1
Well Deviation 1.2-1.8 1.5 1
Cement to Surface No 5 1
Cement to Surface Unknown 4 1
Additional Plug No 2 1
Additional Plug Unknown 1.5 1
Deep Leakage• To adjacent zones• To groundwater• To atmosphere
Deep Leakage
Deep Leakage Factors• Stimulation• Perforated intervals• Abandonment mode• Cement type
Photograph courtesy of Halliburton Energy Services
Potential to create pathways in wellbore cement during perforating, acidizing or fracturing.
High pressure fracturing may also affect zonal isolation near the wellbore within the reservoir itself.
Multiple perforated intervals may increase the potential for cement sheath damage as well as provide leak pathways within the wellbore for zone to zone communication.
Stimulation and Perforating
Cement plug set across perforations.
Cement squeeze with retainer to perforations.
Bridge plug capped with 8 meters of cement.
Zonal Abandonment
Zonal Abandonment Failure
Cement Type
Data and photograph courtesy Barbara Kutchko, DOE
Deep leakage factors.
Factor Criterion Meets Criterion Value
Default Value
Fracture count =1 1.5 1
Fracture count >1 2 1
Acid count=1 1.1 1
Acid count=2 1.2 1
Acid count>2 1.5 1
Perforations count>1 2 1
Abandonment type Bridge Plug 3 1
Abandonment type Not abandoned
2 1
Cement types and values.
Cement Type Assigned Value Description
1:1 POZ MIX 1 Cement and fly ash
1:1:# POZ3 Cement, fly ash and various quantities
of bentonite
BLACKGOLD 1 Unknown
CAP (NEAT)1 Cap pumped on top of foam cement,
not applicable.
CLASS X NEAT 1 Various neat cements
FILL ECP1 Cement to fill annular packer, not
applicable
FOAMED 1 Cement foamed with nitrogen
G + # PC SALT1 Cement with various percent salt
additive
G + # PC SAND1 Cement with various percent silica
sand additive
GPSL/GPCEM/THX 3 Gypsum and gel additives
LIGHT WEIGHT 3 Assumed gel additive to reduce density
SELF STRESS3 No cement, hole allowed to slough in
on casing
SLAG1 Blast furnace slag, reduces cement
porosity
SLOTTED LINER 3 No cement
SLURRY 6D 1 Unknown
TAPERED CASING 3 No cement
TH CEM/CEM FNDU1 Thermal cement, usually sand or silica
additive
UNCEM CSG/LINER 3 No cement
Deep Leakage Factors
Scores
Deep leak potential.
Deep Leak Potential (DLP) Score
Low <2
Medium 2-6
High 6-10
Extreme >10
Shallow leak potential.
Shallow Leak Potential (SLP) Score
Low <50
Medium 50-200
High 200-400
Extreme >400
DLS= v(fracture count) X v(acid count) X v(perforated interval count) X v(aban type) X v(cement type)
SLP = v(spud date) X v(aban date) X v( SC size) X v(well type) X v(location) Xv( TD) X v(dev) X v(cement top) X v(additional plugs)
Case Studies
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Zama Field
Pembina Field
Edmonton
Calgary
ALBERTA
Field data and results summary.
Pembina Zama
Number of cased wells 9860 607
Number of wells drilled and abandoned 1050 106
% of wells with cement data 40% 64%
% of wells with high DLP cement score 28% 20%
% of wells fractured 75% 2%
% of wells acidized 47% 80%
% of wells abandoned 12% 13%
% of wells with multiple completions 11% 55%
% of wells with extreme DLP 14% 28%
% of wells with extreme SLP 7% 18%
% of wells with extreme SLP and DLP 1.6% 4.3%
Zama Deep Leakage Potential
0
20
40
6080
100
120
140
0 5 10 15 20 25 30+
DLP Score
Num
ber o
f Wel
ls w
ith D
LP
Scor
e
ExtremeHighMediumLow
3
u4
u1
u
u
u4
3
43
3 u
14
4 u
4
4
34 u
bu4
uu314
3 1413
u443
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415
5334u
444
4
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4 uu1
443
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3" " 4 3" 34b31b453
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3"u453455
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5
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343133
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45u453u4553
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3 u4*b 44* "54uG3"5
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441 51511515553 54bG55 1"54u55b
5145 33*55ŠŠ5
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5
Zama Shallow Leakage Potential
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
100200300400500600700800900
1000+SLP Score
Num
ber o
f Wel
ls w
ith S
LP
Scor
e
ExtremeHighLowMedium
3
u4
u1
u
u
u4
3
43
3 u
14
4 u
4
4
34 u
bu4
uu314
3 1413
u443
u
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5
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1
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33
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b454
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5 3 *
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Pembina Deep Leakage Potential
0200400600800
10001200140016001800
0 5 10 15 20 25 30+
DLP Score
Num
ber o
f Wel
ls w
ith D
LP
Scor
e
ExtremeHighMediumLow
Pembina Shallow Leakage Potential
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
100200
300
400500
600
700800
9001000
+
SLP Score
Num
ber o
f Wel
ls w
ith S
LP
Scor
e
ExtremeHighLowMedium
Potential Risk• Groundwater exposure• Proximity to groundwater well• Proximity to other oil and gas wells• Toxic gas release • Encroaching population
Increase in Water Wells Associated with Population Increase
An increase in the number of water wells increases the likelihood that gas, due to migration through shallow zones, can accumulate in buildings.
Deep Leakage to Surface and Groundwater in Central Alberta
Increasing Wellbores
It is estimated that there will be 959,000 wells in the province by 2056 compared to 343,000 in 2006.
Wellbore Strike by Farming Equipment
Toxic Gas Release• The program calculates which wells
penetrate horizons that contain H2 S.• This information can be used in
conjunction with the potential for leakage to determine the risk to a population in the event of a leak from the well.
Urban Encroachment
City
Well 2
Well 1
2006 City Boundary
Estimated 2056 City Boundary
2 people per km2
8 people per km2 100 people
per km2
Population growth by expanding urban centres
Population Growth
Population is expected to increase from 3,000,000 to almost 6,000,00 people by 2056This growth will take place in the large urban centres such as Calgary, Edmonton, Red Deer etc.
Wellbore Strike during Development
Conclusions• The development of this tool provides the ability
to evaluate large numbers of wells on a first pass look.
• Will enable operators/regulators to zoom in on wells or areas with high potential for leakage.
• Can be used to determine risk, not only due to CO2 but also other toxic gas releases.
• More work needs to be done to verify the factors that contribute to deep well leakage.