western empire at 395 ad
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Western Empire at 395 AD. Roman Empire 476. Eastern Empire - Constantinople. Western Empire - Rome. Roman Empire 565 AD. Ends of the Earth. Romans. Barbarians. Vikings. Saracens. 0. 400. 800. 1200. 1600. 2000. Five Epochs of Mission History. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
1
Western Empire at 395 AD
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Roman Empire 476
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Western Empire - Rome
Eastern Empire -
Constantinople
Roman Empire 565 AD
4
Five Epochs of Mission History
Romans Barbarians Vikings SaracensEnds of
the Earth
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000
5
History of Missions: Part 2Dark Ages – A.D. 500 – 1517
This stage of development brought the Church in general through its lowest level in history where darkness, ignorance, superstition and mysticism ruled the day.
Medieval Missionary Expansion (A.D. 500-1200)
Nestorian expansion to the eastNestorius, deposed bishop of Alexandria, held a weaker view of the two natures of Christ than RCC; also against rising Mariolatry and “Mother of God”Spread east to India, where they became known as Mar Thoma church (apostle Thomas?)Entered China by 635 AD but lasted only a few hundred years in China – imperial decree prohibiting monasteries, which was targeted at Buddhists, closed them as well
Christianization of Europe
Celtic tradition (Easter and penance) ruled the islands until destroyed by Viking and Saxon raids when Romans abandoned Britannia in 410
Roman tradition leaders were appointed by Pope
Columba (521-597) evangelized mainland and set up monasteries
Ireland
Scotland
England
Columban (543-615) and 12-man team set up
Celtic monasteries
Boniface, Apostle to the Germans (672-755) commissioned by Rome to evangelize and organize churches
Boniface felled the sacred oak dedicated to Thor then built a chapel with its wood!
With the defeat of the Vikings by Alfred the Great in 878 missionaries began to head to Scandinavia to evangelize. 250 years later it was considered “Christian”
Christian Empire of Charlemagne (742-814)
SaxonyAfter 30 years War Saxons finally conquered and forcibly Christianized
Papal States
Beginnings of
the Holy Roman Empire
Charlemagne conqueres Lombardy
Charlemagne crowned
Emperor in 800 by Pope
“Christianizing” of Europe
Eastern EuropeThe Byzantine Christianity was not evangelistic, but two brothers Cyril and Methodius (827-869) were sent to Moravia (Czech Rep)Reduced vernacular language to writing and translated BibleWestern church persecuted use of vernacular language, so fled to Bulgaria – became foundation for John HusWhen the King of Bulgaria, Boris, was converted, it opened the door for Slavic evangelism, esp. Russia and Poland
By 1200 all of Europe was “Christianized” thanks to conversions of kings and heroic missionary efforts
However, this is Nominal Christianity, not biblical Christianity
Holy Roman Empire Otto the Great 962-973
Holy Roman Empire of Otto the Great
(962-973)
In spite of losses to Islam Christianity continued to gain ground. Tribes in East and North were baptized
Papal states
The rulers of the Bulgars, Slavs, Moravians, Bohemians, Poles, Magyars and Verangians were won with mass baptisms of their people.
Confrontation with Islam
Medina
641Egypt
643
644682 Islam reached the Atlantic
Damascus
Attack Constantinople repeatedly from 674 to fall in 1453
Baghdad 638
677-701
650
Toledo711
Saragossa712
Tours 732
It would take 700 years to eject them from Spain!
CrusadesFrench and German nobles respond to challenge
1095 – Byzantine Emperor Alexis I appeals to West for military support against Turks
1078 – Turks take Jerusalem and stop Christian pilgrims1099 – Crusaders siege city
and massacre Muslim and Jewish inhabitants
Division of Easter and
Western Church
1199 4th Crusade: French nobles install pro-western (Latin) emperor in ConstantinopleIn 1204 ravage city to secure Latin control -- but weakened for later fall to Muslims
1095 – Pope Urban II calls for crusade to free Holy Lands from Muslim control
Clarmont
There would be a total of 8 Crusades until 1270, then Constantinople fell in 1453
Constantinople
Mongolian attack on Islam 12-15th Cent
Empire of
Genghis
Khan
1167-1227
Empire
from China
to
Middle
East
Crusade Kingdom
1259-60
1260-1300 1219-23
1219-23
1243
Mongolia and Marco Polo
Marco Polo’s Journeys 1271-1295
Khubilai Khan asked for teachers of science and religion
Polo’s book Book of Experiences was popular motivating many to go.
In 1368 the Mongols were overthrown by the Ming dynasty and China became closed to foreigners
Spread of the Black DeathFleeing Mongol onslaught they transport plagues with great caravans
ConstantinopleEarly 1347
Late 1347
Early 1348
Late 1348
Late 1349
1350
Est. 50% of pop. killed by
plague!
The Muslim Offensive in Europe 1453-1683
Fall of Constantinople 1453
1505-26
1459
1463
1529-
16831571
1458
1669
1565Defeated
1478
Roman Catholic MissionsThe efforts to convert by intimidation and coercion failedFrancis of Assisi (1182-1226) made 3 attempts to reach the Muslims but none successfulRaymond Lull (1235-1315), a wealthy nobleman, encouraged a confrontational approach; opened a training center for Franciscan monks; made 3 trips to N. Africa only to be imprisoned or banished and finally stoned to death by Muslims.Catholic missions arose out of explorations of Catholic countries to Asia, Africa and New World—Priests followed the conquistadors with coercive tactics of the Inquisition
More Catholic Missions
Francis Xavier (1506-1552) Jesuit, most famous in Malay and Japan. Converts in Japan said to number over 500,000 until 1614, when politics changed:All foreigners forced to leave and converts were to recant or dieFor 230 years Japan was a hermit nation, sealed off from rest of world
Spanish colonization of Philippines brought 2 million converts!French colonization of French Indochina (Viet Nam) met with huge successIn Africa every effort met with failure! Only modern Catholic missions here have been successful
Availability of the BibleOnly Bibles were Latin, as vernacular languages were prohibitedSeldom ever a complete Bible (large, 2-3 volumes, expensive, rare).Most of the population was illiterateBible truths, stories communicated by:
Book illuminationsDramasStained glassSculpturesMosaicsFrescos and PaintingsIcons
In France, The Acts of the Apostles, included 494 speaking parts, 61,908 lines of rhymed verse and 40 days to perform!Books were done on parchment or on vellum (made from skins of young sheep) and lettered, gilded and illuminated by hand. A whole Bible could take 400 animals and years of work by a score of scribes and artists. A Bible could cost as much as a new church building!
Pre-Reformation Evangelicals
Host of persecuted Christian groups operated independently of RCCMost records of these Evangelicals have been lost, destroyed, repressed or misrepresentedOnly “heresy” was their commitment to worship and evangelize according to the ScripturesPaulicians (700-1000) saw the RCC as apostate, opposed the magical view of sacraments, etcOthers were Peter Waldo (Waldenses), Bohemian Brethren, Albigenses, John Wycliffe (Lollards), John Hus (Hussites), Taborites, Brethren of the Common Life, etc. Millions were killed for refusing to bow to Rome!
Pre Reformation Groups 12-15th Century
Jon Huss, executed in 1415, taught Bible in Bohemian language, and allegiance to the Bible forgiveness, not paying for indulgenances. Followers were beheaded for repeating his teachings and he was burned at the stake
Lollards were followers of John Wycliffe, Oxford professor, translated Bible into English and taught as the only valid authorityAlbigenses, associate with Bogomils, dualists, ascetics, Oneness theology, Jesus was a ghost
Paulicians or Bogomils were dualists, high regard for Bible, no validity to sacraments, no veneration to Mary, baptism for adults
Waldensenians rejected authority of priests, anyone could teach the Bible, it alone was necessary for salvation, rejected purgatory, relics and icons. Went underground when condemned. Persecuted from 13-16th cent