western europe during the high middle ages · mongol vs. china/middle east conquest of china by...
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1
Western Europe During the
High Middle Ages
1000 CE to 1450 CE
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2
Statebuilding
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3
Europe, 1000-1250 C.E.
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England
Viking invasions force
consolidation of Angles,
Saxons and other
Germanic peoples
King Alfred (r. 871-899)
Built navy to challenge
Vikings
Fortified cities against
attack4
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Germany
King Otto of Saxony (r.
936-973) defeats
Magyars, 955
Proclaimed emperor by
Pope in 962
Establishment of Holy
Roman Empire
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6
France
Post Carolingian France
Local authorities ruled
France endures heavy
Viking settlement
Situation encouraged
decentralized rule
Formation of first
dynasty in 987 C.E.;
Hugh Capet
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Statebuilding
Regional Monarches
Holy Roman Empire
Otto I of Saxony establish
kingdom in north Germany
Pope John XII names him
Holy Roman Empire, 962
CE
Regional monarchies develop
in England and France
Hugh Capet founds dynasty
in France in 987
William, Duke of Normandy
invades England in 1066 7
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Statebuilding
Nation and Regional States
Regional states
Italian peninsula is
fragmented
Papacy land
city-states
Iberian peninsula is
fragmented
Muslim controlled land
– 8th to 11th century
Christian controlled
land by 13th century
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Statebuilding vs. Religion:
Investiture Contest
Investiture Contest
Pope Gregory VII
(1073-1085) vs.
Emperor Henry IV
Pope attempts to end
practice of lay
investiture
Excommunicates
Henry(1056-1106 CE)
because he disobyed9
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Statebuilding
Expansion of Europe
Atlantic & Baltic Sea
Colonization
Scandinavians explore
North Atlantic Ocean
Iceland, Greenland,
Canada
Kings of Denmark
nominally convert to
Christianity, Sweden and
Finland follow
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Statebuilding and Culture
The Crusades
Causes
Military-religious orders
Ex. Templars
vows of opposition to Islam,
paganism
Reconquest of Iberia and
Sicily from Muslims
Pope Urban II calls for
liberation of Jerusalem from
Muslim control, 1095
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The Crusades
Salvation promised for
casualties
Rapid, enthusiastic response
Effects
1st Crusade: captures
Jerusalem
Five crusades by mid-13th
century, none successful
4th Crusade destroys
Constantinople, 1202-1204
provide direct contact with
Muslim ideologies, trade
Aristotle, “Arabic”
numerals, paper
production 12
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13
The Crusades
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Economics
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Economy
Growth of the Agriculture
Increasing development
of farming lands
Minimized threat of
invading nomads
Improved agricultural
techniques
Crop rotation
New crops, esp. beans
Horseshoes, horse
collars (horses faster
than oxen)15
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Economics:
Revival of Towns and Trade
Urbanization follows
increase in food supply
Specialization of labor
Textile production
impacted the most
Mediterranean Trade
Italy well-positioned for
sea trade
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17
Western European Society
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Society
The Three Estates
The Three Estates
Those who pray: clergy
Those who fight: knights
Those who work: peasants
Merchants, artisans,
lawyers, doctors
Guilds
Creates social
support network
Oversimplification of
complex social reality 18
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Society
Urban Women
New economic
opportunities for
women
Dominated needle
trade, textiles
Admitted to most guilds
Some guilds for women
only
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Western European Culture
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Culture
Popular Religion
The Seven Sacraments
gain ritual popularity
Eucharist
Devotion to Saints
Heavenly intercession,
pilgrimages, veneration
of relics
The Virgin Mary
Rebellion against perceived
materialism of Roman
Catholic Church
Religious zealots form 21
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Culture
Origin of Higher Learning
Increasing wealth makes
education possible
Curriculum the „classics‟
Academic guilds formed in
12th century
Aristotle provides big
influence
St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-
1274), major proponent of
Scholasticism
Synthesis of Christianity
and Aristotle 22
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Nomadic Empires: Asia
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HE Interaction – Central Asia
Rainfall too little to support large-scale agriculture
Pastoralismemerges
Migratory patterns to follow pastureland
Small-scale farming, rudimentary artisanry 24
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Nomadic People:
Turks and Mongols
Origination
Turks -Western/Northern
Steppes
Mongols - Eastern Steppes
Society and Culture
Nobles and commoners
Charismatic individuals
=nobility
Meritocracy
Shaman/Pagan worship
Appeal to Silk Road
religions
Statebuilding
Large
confederations
under a khan
Authority extended
through tribal
elders
Constant contact
with settled
communites
strong cavalries25
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Nomads vs. Settled
Communities
Nomads engage in long-
distance travel
Caravan routes
Both peaceful and
hostile relations evolved
Germanic vs.
Romans
Vikings vs. Franks
Turks vs. Abbasid
Xiongnu vs. Chinese
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The Turks
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Seljuk Empire - 1092
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Seljuk Turks
Persian and Turkish
descent
Lived on border of
Abbasid Empire
Convert to Islam
Leader is called
„sultan‟
Will eventually migrate
to Turkey
Constant conflict with
Byzantines29
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Turks vs. Islam
Turks in Abbasid armies
Eventually came to dominate Abbasid caliphs
1055 Seljuk leader named Sultan assumes power, caliphs remain figureheads
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Turks vs. Byzantine Empire
Battle of Manzikert -
Seljuks defeat
Byzantine army, take
emperor captive
Large-scale invasion of
Turkey
Welcomed converts to
Islam
Ottoman Turks conquer
Constantinople 1453 15th century French painting on the
Battle of Manzikert
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Ghaznavid Turks vs. India
Mahmud
Clan from Ghazni,
Afghanistan, invades
northern India
dominated by 13th
century
Welcomes
conversions to Islam
Persecution of
Buddhists, Hindus 32
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33
Turkish Empires 1210 C.E
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Statebuilding:
Tamerlane‟s Empire
Tamerlane
United Turkish
nomads in Khanate
of Chaghatai
Major military
campaigns
Built capital in
Samarkand
Decline: power
struggle among heirs 34
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Tamerlane's empire 1405 C.E.
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Tamerlane‟s Heirs
Poor organization of governing structure
Power struggles divide empire into four
Yet heavily influenced several empires:
Mughal
Safavid
Ottoman
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The Mongol Empire
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Statebuilding: Ghengis Khan
Brought all Mongol tribes into one confederation
Broke up tribal organization
Formed military units from men of different tribes/clans
Promoted officials on basis of merit and loyalty
Established non-nomadic capital at Karakorum
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Statebuilding: Mongol Military
Mongol population only
1 million
Army 100-125,000
Strong calvary,
psychological warfare
Rewarded enemies
who surrender, cruel
to enemies who fight
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Mongol vs. China/Middle East
Conquest of China by 1220
Conquest of Afghanistan, Persia
Emissaries and rulers are killed
Ravaged lands to prevent future rebellions
Large-scale, long-term devastation
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42
The Mongol Empires after
Ghengis Khan
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Statebuilding:
Khubilai Khan (r. 1264-1294)
Ruler of China
Ruthless warrior, but religiously tolerant Hosted Marco Polo
Established Yuan dynasty in China
Two attempted invasions of Japan (1274, 1281) turned back by typhoons (kamikaze: “divine winds”)
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Statebuilding:
the Mongol Empire
The Golden Horde
Conquest of Russia
Established tributary
relationship
Ilkhanate
Abbasid empire toppled
Baghdad sacked, 1258
200,000 massacred
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Culture: Mongol Rule in China
maintained strict separation from Chinese
Intermarriage forbidden
Chinese forbidden to study Mongol language
Imported administrators (esp. Arabs, Persians)
tolerated religious freedoms
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Culture: Mongols & Buddhism
Shamanism
remains popular
Tibetian school of
Buddhism
becomes popular
khans as
incarnations of
Buddha46
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The Mongols
Western Integration
Experience with long-distance trade
Protection of traveling merchants
Volume of trade across central Asia increases
Diplomatic missions protected
Missionary activity increases
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Statebuilding: The End
Decline of Empire
Ilkhanate
Overspending
Factional fighting
Yuan Dynasty
inflation
Factional fighting
plague
peasant rebellion
Maintenance of Empire
Khanate of
Chaghatai in central
Asia
Continued threat
to China
Golden Horde – 16th
century
Continued threat
to Russia
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49
The Ottoman Empire
Osman, charismatic leader who dominates
part of Anatolia
Declares independence from Saljuq sultan,
1299
Attacks Byzantine empire
Followers known as Osmanlis (Ottomans)
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50
Ottoman Conquests
1350s conquests in the Balkans
Local support for Ottoman invasion
Peasants unhappy with fragmented,
ineffective Byzantine rule
Tamerlane defeats Ottoman forces in
1402, but Ottomans recover by 1440s
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The Capture of
Constantinople, 1453
Sultan Mehmed II
(“Mehmed the
Conqueror”)
Renamed city
Istanbul, capital of
Ottoman empire
Ended Byzantine
Empire, legitimized
Ottoman Empire in
Europe 51
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52
States and Societies
in Sub-Saharan Africa
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HE – Interaction
Cultivation of Bananas
Domesticated in SE
Asia
Malay sailors colonize
Madagascar, 300-500
CE
Introduce bananas,
yams, chickens
Fits African climate
Food supply increases
with this key crop53
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54
Society
Kin-Based Societies
Stateless, segmentary societies
No elaborate hierarchies,
bureaucracies
Average population of village: 100
Ruled by elders
Network of villages resolve disputes in
ad hoc manner
Higher government authorities rare
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55
Kingdoms /Empires of sub-
Saharan Africa, 800-1500 C.E.
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56
Statebuilding:Kingdom of
Kongo
Basin of the Congo (Zaire) river
Conglomeration of several village alliances
Participated actively in trade networks
Most centralized rule of the early Bantu
kingdoms
Royal currency: cowries
Ruled 14th-17th century until undermined by
Portugese slave traders
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57
Statebuilding:
Dar-al-Islam in Africa
Islam spreads to west Africa
Trans-Saharan caravans
Coastal east Africa through maritime
trade
Profound influence after 8th century
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58
Economic Systems:
Trans-saharan Trade
Desiccation of Sahara begins c. 5000
BCE
Introduction of Arabian camels
revolutionizes trade
70-90 days to cross Sahara
Arabs establish trading communities
Gao
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59
Statebuilding:
The Kingdom of Ghana
Not related to modern State of Ghana
Developed 4th-5th c. CE
Protection against camel-driving
raiders
Center of African gold trade
Imported from south to Ghana
Also sold ivory, slaves
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60
Culture:
Islam in West Africa
Kings of Ghana convert 10th c.
Positive impact on trade, relations with
north Africa
Synthesized Islam with local traditions
Nearby Takrur aggressive missionaries
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61
Sundiata (r. 1230-1255)
Empire of Mali extends over Kingdom
of Ghana
Neighboring kingdoms as well
Took greater advantage of trans-
Saharan trade
Nominally Muslim, but did not force
conversions
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Mansa Musa (r. 1312-1337)
Grandson of Sundiata
Fervent Muslim
Performed Hajj in
1324-25
Constructed numerous
mosques
Supported Muslim
scholars
Empire declines after
his rule62
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63
Economic Systems:
The Indian Ocean Trade
East coast maritime trade weak until
2nd century
Bantu peoples populate coast
Swahili (“coasters”) engage in trade
with Arabs
Language a form of Bantu, influenced by
Arabic
10th century trade increases
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Kilwa
City-state on east African
coast
Fishing, limited trade, 800-
1000 CE
Turn to agriculture,
increased trade in pottery
and stoneware
Major trading center by 14th
century
Exporting over a ton of
gold per year by 15th
century CE
Imported Chinese
silk/porelain
64
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65
Culture
Islam in East Africa
Ruling elites in east Africa accept
Islam without forcing general
population to convert
Often retained pagan religious
traditions and practices
Islam serves as social glue with other
merchants, states
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66
Society
Some kingdoms, empires, city-states with well-
defined classes
Ruling elites
Merchant class
Peasant class
Other areas in sub-Saharan Africa continue to
use traditional kin-based groups
Extended families, clans
Land held communally
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67
Society
Sex and Gender Relations
Both sexes work in agriculture, men:
specialized skills
some expanded roles for women
Merchants, some military activity
Islamic norms slow to penetrate
African society
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Social and Economics
Slavery
African Slavery
Practiced since BCE
Most slaves captives of
war
Debtors
Suspected witches
Criminals
Used principally in
agricultural labor
Slave possession a
status symbol
Slave Trade
Increased trans-Saharan
and Indian Ocean trade
stimulates slave trade,
Creates internal African
slave trade
More powerful states
attack smaller kinship-
based groups
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Society
The Zanj Revolt
Slaves from Swahili
coast exported to work
in Mesopotamia
Sugarcane
plantations & Salt
deposits
869 CE, slave Ali bin
Muhamad mounts
revolt of 15,000 slaves
crushed by Abbasids
69
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Culture: ReligionAfrican Religion
diversity of religious beliefs
Ex. Ancestor worship
Christianity
1st century: popular in Egypt,
north Africa
Initially weak in sub-
Saharan Africa
The Christian Kingdom of
Axum, 4th c. CE
Ethiopia
Merchants, then kings
convert
Bible translated into
Ethiopian70
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71
The Americas and Oceania
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72
Snapshot: Mesoamerica
Societies had limited or no contact with
Africa, Asia, Europe
Brief presence of Scandinavians in
Newfoundland, Canada
Some Asian contact with Australia
Mesoamerica in period of war and
conquest, 8th century CE
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73
Statebuilding:
The Mexica and Aztec Empire
Tradition of kidnapping women, seizing cultivated
lands
Migrated and settled c. 1375 CE in Tenochtitlan
(later becomes Mexico City)
Agriculture
Chinampas, up to 7 crops per year
Mexica develop tributary empire by 15th century
Mexica joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan to
create Aztec Empire
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Aztec empires, 950-1520 C.E.
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75
Society: Mexica
Hierarchical social structure
Patriarchal structure
High stature for soldiers (similar to
Sparta)
Mainly drawn from aristocratic class
Land grants, food privileges
Emphasis on child-bearing
Mothers of warriors especially lauded
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76
Society: Cultivators & Slaves
Priests
Masters of complex agricultural/ritual calendars
Occasionally became rulers as well
Communal groups: calpulli
Originally kin-based
Management of communal lands
Work obligation on aristocratic lands
Slave class
Debtors
Children sold into slavery
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77
Culture: Mexica Religion
polytheistic
Influenced by indigenous traditions
from the Olmec period
Ritual ball game
Solar calendar (365 days) and ritual
calendar (260 days)
Not as elaborate as Maya calendar
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Culture: Ritual Bloodletting
More emphasis on human
sacrifice than predecessor
cultures
Sacrificial victims had tips of
fingers torn off before death,
ritual wounds
Victims: Mexica
criminals, captured
enemy soldiers
Personal rituals: piercing
earlobes78
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Statebuilding:
Pre Incan Empire
Development of autonomous regional states in Andean South America
Kingdom of Chucuito
Potato cultivation, herding of llamas, alpacas 79
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Statebuilding: The Inca Empire
Refers to people who
spoke Quecha language
Modern Peru, parts of
Equador, Bolivia, Chile,
Argentina
Population 11.5 million
Incas ruled by holding
hostages, colonization
No writing, used system of
cords and knots called
quipu80
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81
Statebuilding: Inca roads
Massive road building system
Two north-south roads, approximately 10,000 miles
Mountain route
Coastal route
Paved, shaded, wide roads
Courier and messenger services
Limited long-distance trade, held by government monopoly
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Society
Social elites dominated by infallible king
Claimed descent from the sun
Aristocrats receive special privileges
Earlobe spools as adornment
Priestly class ascetic, celibate
Peasants organized into community groups
called ayllu
Land, tools held communaly
Responsible for public works
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Culture: Inca Religion
Inti sun god
Viracocha creator god
Temples as pilgrimage sites
Peasant sacrifices usually produce,
animals (not humans)
Sin understood as disruption of divine
order
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84
Oceania
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85
Oceania
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86
Snapshot: Oceania
Societies established in almost all
islands in early centuries BCE
Trade between island groups
Long-distance voyaging on intermittent
basis
Brought sweet potatoes from South
America c. 300 CE
Voyages preserved in oral traditions
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87
Economics
Nomadic foragers of Australia
Virtually static culture
No agriculture
New Guinea
Swine herding, root cultivation c. 5000
BCE
Small-scale trade of surplus food,
some goods
Pearly oyster shells, spears, boomerangs
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Aborigine with Boomerang
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89
Culture: Religion
Loosely tied to environment
Myths, stories about geological
features
Rituals to ensure continuing food
supply
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Society
Complexity of population leads to
articulation of distinct classes
High chiefs, lesser chiefs, commoners,
artisans, peasants
Small multi-island empires form
Limited before 19th century
Yet controlled land allocation, labor and
military conscription