western europe, in less than a generation, constructed democratic political institutions that paved...
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II. Western Renaissance
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Western Renaissance
Western Europe,
in less than a
generation,
constructed
democratic
political
institutions that
paved the wary
for economic
growth!
In addition, steps
were taken
toward broad
European
unity….a rebirth
—a true
renaissance!
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Post War Economic Boom
Click icon to add picture
The Postwar
Economic Boom –
The result of
Marshall Plan
dollars, spending
on the Korean
War, Keynesian
economics, a
mixture of
government
planning and free-
market capitalism,
and the growth of
the welfare state.
…is a school of macroeconomic thought based on the ideas of 20th-century English economist John Maynard Keynes.
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Christian DemocratsClick icon to add picture
Center-right political
parties that rose to
power in western
Europe after the
Second World War.
Rejected
authoritarianism, &
championed a return
to traditional family
values.
Advocated free
market economies,
limited gov’t planning
& instituted welfare
measures
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The Labour Party
Click icon to add pictureTook power in 1945 in
Britain and established a
“cradle to the grave”
welfare state that was
maintained even when
the Conservatives
returned to power. It
nationalized banks, iron
and steel industries,
public transportation
networks, public utilities
and provided free
medical service,
retirement benefits and a
system of progressive
taxation. The Labour
Party built the most
comprehensive welfare
state outside of
Scandinavia.
The Labour Party was last in national government between 1997 and 2010 under Tony Blair and Gordon Brown
This is the party that helped initiate the Common Market!
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Bretton Woods
Agreement linked
Western
currencies to the
U.S. dollar in
1944 and
established the
International
Monetary Fund
New Hampshire
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European Steel & Coal-1951
International
organization put
in motion by two
French statesmen
(Jean Monnet &
Foreign Minister
Robert Schuman)
to control &
integrate
European steel &
coal production
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Founders of the ECSC
Click icon to add picture The ECSC was first
proposed by French
foreign minister
Robert Schuman on 9
May 1950 as a way to
prevent further war
between France and
Germany. He declared
his aim was to "make
war not only
unthinkable but
materially impossible."
Jean Monnet- a French political economist and diplomat. ..regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity
Robert Schuman-twice PM of France; one of the Founding fathers of the EU
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EECClick icon to add pictureEuropean Economic
Community ( the
Common Market)
international
organisation created
with a view to bring
about economic
integration (including
a common market)
among its six original
members—Belgium,
France, Germany,
Italy, Luxembourg and
the Netherlands.
Created by the Treaty
of Rome, 1957
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Treaty of Rome (1957)
The Treaty of Rome
was the founding
treaty of the
European Economic
Community (EEC),
which later became
the EU
The negotiations that
led to the Treaty of
Rome began at
Messina, Italy in
1955. The Treaty was
signed in Rome in
March 1957 and came
into force in January
1958.
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Consumer Revolution
Postwar Boom-
full employment,
higher wages, &
expansion of
credit meant that
western
Europeans could
buy washing
machines, radios,
record players,
TV’s, and even
cars!
Click icon to add picture
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Kitchen Debate—refers to, what?
Click icon to add picture
The Nixon-
Khrushchev
“Kitchen Debate”
LISTENING TO
THE PAST
Page 942-43
Khrushchev and Nixon discuss the merits of the American way during the famous kitchen debate. (AP Images)
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Post War Soviet Union under Stalin
Return to
Dictatorship
Stalinization in
Eastern Europe
Establishing
Command
Economies
Censorship &
Opposition
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Nikita Khrushchev(1894-1971)
led the Soviet Union
during part of the
Cold War. He served
as First Secretary of
the Communist
Party of the Soviet
Union from 1953 to
1964
His domestic
policies, aimed at
bettering the lives
of ordinary citizens,
were often
ineffective,
especially in the
area of agriculture
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De-Stalinization
• At the 20th Communist Party Congress in 1956 , Khrushchev did in fact denounced Stalin as “a dictator, murder and a bad leader.”
• In 1961 at the 22nd Communist Party Congress he denounced Stalin's “Cult of personality” the fact that Stalin glorified Himself in books Statues, pictures- etc.
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Boris Pasternak
Doctor Zhivago: is an epic work
that provides several
fictionalized eye-witness
accounts of the upheaval in
Russia as the tsar is deposed,
communism rises from the
revolution, and a Marxist
government attempts to take
control.
Pasternak’s manuscript for this
novel had to be written in
secrecy and then smuggled out
of the Soviet Union because of
government censorship of
Pasternak’s work.
In the book, the protagonist
(Yuri Zhivago) believed that art
should not be enslaved by
politics and thus criticized his
oppressive government through
his writing.
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Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn(1918-2008)winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature
His writings, he felt,
brought global
awareness of the gulag,
the Soviet Union's forced
labor camp system .
Writings such as, One
Day in the Life of Ivan
Denisovick(published in
1962)
Its publication was an
extraordinary event in
Soviet literary history—
never before had an
account of Stalinist
repression been openly
distributed.
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Brinksmanship-1953
the practice of
pushing dangerous
events to the verge
of—or to the brink
of—disaster in order
to achieve the most
advantageous
outcome.
coined by Secretary
of State John Foster
Dulles under the
Eisenhower
administration,
during the Cold War.
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“Peaceful Coexistence”
Click icon to add picture
Hallmark of
Khrushchev’s
foreign policy
1955-1957
Khrushchev's
policy declared in
1956 Policy of
competition
between
communist &
capitalist nations
economics and
politics without
war!
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Sputnik I (1957)
The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the
technological edge!
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Nikita Khrushchev U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960
Cuban Missile Crisis
1962
Berlin Wall1961
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U-2 Spy Incident (1960)Col. Francis Gary
Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.
Socialist revolution is being split between China and USSR.
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Berlin Crisis
Order in 1958 to
close the open
border between
East & West
Berlin in 1958.
1961-ordered a
wall around West
Berlin
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What they wantedThe WestPrevent USSR from
gaining control of East Germany
To see a united, democratic Germany
The EastMaintain control over
E GermanyMake the West
recognise it as an independent state
Stop the flood of refugees especially the skilled and professional ones – much needed in E Germany
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THE BERLIN WALL
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Ich bin ein Berliner!
(1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that
the West is with them!
Video clip
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• The Bay of Pigs was an unsuccessful attempt in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro’s regime.
• Several days before the invasion, the CIA destroyed parts of Cuba’s air force. The plan was to land at the Bay of Pigs with support from anti-Castro forces and overthrow the Cuban government without anyone knowing that the U.S. was involved.
• On April 17, 1961 about 1500 exiles with U.S. weapons landed at the Bay of Pigs. They intended to cross the island to Havana, but were quickly meet by Fidel’s army. By the time the fighting ended on April 19, 100 people were dead. It was a huge embarrassment for the Kennedy administration.
BAY OF PIGS
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Khrushchev Embraces Castro,1961
Castro: Revolutionary and Opportunist
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
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Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!
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Cuban Missile Crisis-1962
Khrushchev’s
decision to place
missiles in Cuba
nearly triggered a
nuclear war
between U.S. &
U.S.S.R.
Ended with
removal of Soviet
missiles in
exchange for Am.
pledges to leave
Castro’s regime in
power & to remove
Am. Nuclear
missiles from
Turkey
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An Historic Irony: Sergei Khrushchev, American
Citizen
Nikita Khrushchev’s Son is a U.S. Citizen and is a Senior Fellow at the Watson Institute for International Studies at Brown University in
Providence, Rhode Island.
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Leonid Brezhnev1964-82
Brezhnev Doctrine (1968) Soviet policy doctrine, introduced at the
Fifth Congress of the Polish United workers Party on November 13, 1968.
“When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, But a common problem and concern of all socialist countries”
Leadership of The Soviet union reserved to itself the right to define “socialism” and “capitalism.”
No country was allowed to leave Warsaw pact or to distribute that nations communist party’s monopoly on power
Used to justify the invasion of Czechoslovakia that terminated the Prague Spring in 1968 and Afghanistan in 1979
Replaced by the Sinatra Doctrine in 1988
This was similar to the Truman doctrine because they both claimed that great powers have the right to intervene in the domestic affairs of smaller countries!!
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Leonid Brezhnev
1964-Khruschev’s
successor
Limited
reStalinization--
Brezhnev and his
supporters started
talking quietly of
Stalin’s “good
points” and
ignoring his crimes.
Period of stagnation
Avoided direct
confrontation with
the U.S.
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Leonid Brezhnev
SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
Détente:New policy originally initiated by the West German chancellor, Willy Brandt!!
Easing of strained relationsThis involved the following:1972: Richard Nixon visited
Moscow. 1st U.S. Pres. To do so since start of Cold War.
Nixon & Brezhnev-signed the LT I Accord
1973: Brezhnev visited the U.S.
1975-Helsinki Pact-U.S., Canada, & 33 Euro. Countries formally agree to recognize Soviet territorial gains in Europe, the division of Ger. & Soviet domination of E.Europe.
Willy Brandt-->
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Détente
Leonid Brezhnev
& Richard Nixon
Easing of
tensions
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US Soviet Relations: Détente 1964-1980
Brezhnev attempts to reach out to Americans, while promoting socialist expansion
Period characterized by a reduction in arms and the understanding of spheres of influence
Helsinki Accords: Supported by NATO, recognized Human Rights
USSR and US continue to promote their agendas around the world
Arms Race ContinuesUSSR has largest military force in the
world, and nuclear parity with the USRelations deteriorate after USSR invades
Afghanistan.US Boycotts Soviet Olympics(1980),
provides aid and arms to the Taliban.
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Sinatra doctrine replaces the Brezhnev doctrine in 1988"Sinatra Doctrine" was the name that the
Soviet government of Mikhail Gorbachev used jokingly to describe its policy of allowing neighboring Warsaw Pact nations to determine their own internal affairs. The name alluded to the Frank Sinatra song "My Way"—the Soviet Union was allowing these nations to go their own way.
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Afghanistan (1978- -1989) Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in 1979USSR’ ’s “Vietnam” Resistance led by U.S. supported Osama Bin
LadenSoviets eventually successful in creating
successful in creating a puppet government Overthrown by the Taliban in 1996
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Religion1958-Pope John Paul
XXIII, called for first international conference since 1870
Second Vatican Council(1962-1965)
Council peace & human rights
Mass in the vernacularAbsolved Jews from
deicide (murder of God, which had been used as an excuse for violence against them for centuries
Pope John XXIII—Pope from 1958-63
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Second Vatican CouncilThe Second Vatican Council (also
known as Vatican II) addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world.
Of those who took part in the council's opening session, four have become pontiffs to date: Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who on succeeding Pope John XXIII took the name of Paul VI; Bishop Albino Luciani, the future Pope John Paul I; Bishop Karol Wojtyła, who became Pope John Paul II; and Father Joseph Ratzinger, present as a theological consultant, who became Pope Benedict XVI.