WESTERN INFLUENCES AND EARLY ATTEMPTS AT MODERNIZATION

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AT THE ENDOF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY The Ottoman empire consisted of the

Balkans (nowadays : Serbia , Bosnia , Kosovo , Macedonia , Albania , Greece , Bulgaria and large parts of Romania), Anatolia modern –day is Turkey , and most of the Arab world (with modern states of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan , Israel , Iraq, Kuwait, parts of Saudi Arabia , Egypt , Libya , Tunisia and Algeria).

THE POPULATION OF THE EMPIRE There are no reliable estimates of the

population of the empire but the number of inhabitants is often put at about 25 million , a low number for so large an area about 3 million square kilometres. The population of empire had probably been on the decrease during the 17 and 18th c-s, but the extent of these decrease is not known. The causes of the low population was the war , famine and disease.

In the Asiatic provinces of the empire the large majority of the population was Muslim(Turks, Arabs and Kurds)with significant Christian and Jewish minorities. In the Balkans, the majority was Christian. Religion division was important because empire was an Islamic empire, ruled on the basis of religious law.

Theoretically, the holy law of Islam ruled supreme in the empire but in public and criminal ,law was based on the secular decrees of the sultans, called örf or kanun

DHIMMI “Dhimmi “ community ,

non Muslim citizens of an Islamic states. Translated as a protected person (from arabic).The Dhimmi had their rights fully protected In their communities but as citizens in the Islamic states had certain restrictions (special tax).

SUNN’I AND SHI’I The large majority belonged to the

Sunn’I version of Islam . Shi’i minorities lived in the Balkans ,

Anatolia, Syria and Mesopotamia.

THE OTTOMAN SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: THEORY AND REALITY Ideology of ruling elite and

mass of population Ruling elite consist of 2

categories : “Askeri” consisted of all

servants of sultans: the military and the clerks of scribal institutions and the royal household (government workers )

“Ulema” the religious scholars who were belonged to the ruling elite.

POSITION OF SADRAZAM IN THE STATE SYSTEM.

Sadrazam was the highest dignitary of all, with another word Visier.

At the end he lost power, properties and live.

Considerable part of people had the status of vakif (plural evkaf – religious or charitable foundations ) was used upkeep of religious and public buildings : hospitals, libraries , mosques , schools , ets.

The elite was the keeper of a classic civilization a great tradition , based on written Islamic sources (of which the ulema was the keepers the system of religious called Medrese)

An important category among the ulema was formed by the müftüs- was the legal experts who gave legal opinions based on Islamic cannon law , which called fetva

The main enemy had been Habsburg Austria – 17 and 18th century .In the second half of 18th century was Russia under the Empress Catherine .

For the firs time The Ottomans had lost Muslim territory in its history.

The treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca(1774) recognized the independence of Crimea.

ENEMIES OF OTTOMAN EMPIRE

SULTAN SELIM 3 AND THE NIZAM’I CEDID OR NEW ORDER (1789-1807)

PEACE OF JESSY Territory, population,

economics ,administration and international relations all these fields was touched period between the outbreak of the French revolution.

Of course , changing relationship between the Ottoman empire and Europe.

The first ruler who came to the throne in 1789 was Selim 3 , he had corresponded with Louis of France.

Conformation of Kucuk Kaynarca 1774 territorial gains for Russia on the Black Sea shores.

NEW ORDER The programme of reforms called

Nizam’I Cedid (New Order) Increase state organization Sent students to Europe and learn their

languages Build a new army Selims reforms was unpopular, some of

the ulems disliked the French influence Selim lose his position and was killed

MUSTAFA PASHA AND MAHMUT 2 After Selim throne was brought by his

cousin Mustafa but Mastafa was deposed and came another cousin called Mahmut 2, supporter of Nizami Cedid

Later Mahmut 2 reconstitute this reform into the traditional name which called Segbans.

Lost territories (Serbia, Greece and Egypt)

International Relations Topic : Western Influences and Early Attempts

at Modernization Done by : Shaira Mamajanova and Saikal

Isakova Checked by : Ibrahim Koncak